Der Resenkavalier, Lustspiel Or Libretto
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RICE UNIVERSITY PER ROSENKAVALIBR, LUSTSPIBL OR LIBRETTO by Sonja Augusta Skrotzky A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS Thesis Director's signature Houston, Texas May, 1967 ABSTRACT TITLE* Per Rosenkavalier, Lustspiel or Libretto? Author* Sonja Augusta Skrotzky, Undoubtedly* Per Rosenkavalier holds an esteemed tt position in the standard operatic repeAtoire• Unfortu- nately* the general public thinks of it only as that* an opera. In recent years, several endeavours have been made to establish Hugo von Hofmannsthal's Per Rosenkavalier as an art*?ork of literature* The most notable contri¬ bution towards this end has been Emil Staiger's "Per •Rosenkavalier* als Pichtung" (Universitas, 1950). After reading this article I have made an attempt to prove that Per Rosenkavalier can hold its own as a Lustspiel without the benefit of Richard Strauss* or¬ chestral scoref From the genius of Hofmannsthal emerges a text filled with traditional splendor, comic elements, and psychological motives. Chapter I deals with the planning of the comedy and the beginning of the famous Hofmannsthal-Strauss collaboration. The second part of this chapter is devoted to an analysis of general comic elements found in the text and ranging from the comedia dell' arte to the slap-stick comedy of the 20th century. 2 Through, finesse and delicacy the Lustspiel shows a uni¬ versal appeal which delights not only the naive audience but the intellectual sophisticate as well* The second chapter proves why Per Kosenkavalier id not a libretto in the traditional sense but a comedy in its own right* The poet parades before us characte¬ rizations, mannerisms, situations,and language, found in 18th century Vienna under the rule of Maria Theresa^ But Hofmannsthal's genius does not limit itself to the self-evident scenes, props, and dialogues, it goes deeply into historical detail and theatrical heri¬ tage* The whole of these ingredients gi^ves us a work which does not have any need of musical accompaniment in order to lift it to the realm of prominence in come¬ dy. It is thus that we are able to say that this is not a traditional libretto but a Lustspiel that ele¬ vates itself to success by its own merits*^ CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS , .. I INTRODUCTION . 2 CHAPTER I 1. Planning of Per Rosenkavalier ...... 6 2. Elements of Comedy in Per Rosenkavalier • 11 CHAPTER II 1* Comedy, according to Hugo von Hofmanns¬ thal . 37 2* Comedy in Language • <, « ••••••••« 40 3. Peculiarities of Dialogue • • V • • • • • 42 4. Re-occurrance of Themes • •••••••. 49 5* Eighteenth Century Vienna • •••••a* 56 6. Historical Elements • 64 7, No Need of Music ••••••.••*•••69 CONCLUSION v . 73 FOOTNOTES 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY . S i V "• . • . ......... 82 1 INTRODUCTION Since music has more limitations than language, the latter is able to express more completely than the former; especially in the capable hands of such a poetic and theatrical genius as Hugo von Hoitaannsthal. It is through his words that we see before us such a vast range of human emotions and thoughts as found in Per Rosenkavalier. In the folloT*ing pages, it shall be my endeavor to prove that Per Rosenkavalier is able to hold its oxm, as a comedy, on any stages that it is more than a mere libretto in the traditional sense. It is a comedy that not only gives pleasure to the more naive reader or audience due to its traditional splendor and broadly comic dialogue but appeals equally to the more sophisticated intellectual as it excites the imagination and encourages the intellect to seek deeper meaning in the complexity of Hofmannsthal's verbal elements, histo¬ rical background, and psychological motivation, in which it abounds? It may be noticed that I use the terra "Lustspiel” on some, and Mcomedy" on other occasions in reference to this play. In his essay "Komik- imd Lustspieltheo- ii Tie*' Otto Rommel states; Das aus dem Humor geborene Lustspiel erzeugt Humor, der aus dem Sinn fur Komik geborene Schwanlc erzeugt LachenV ... Kein Mensch vor- mag bundig auszugeben, ob sich z%i?ischen KomBdie und Lustspiel eine wesentliche Unterscheidung machen lasst oder wie der Schwanlc von der Komodie abzugrenzen ist, da doch bei Moliere z.B. die beiden Formen deutlich II 1 ineinanderlaufen. I find that the same holds true for Hoftaannsthal and since he does not make a clear distinction between the two terms I have used them as best suited to the particular situation in the work. Possibly the term "Lustspiel” is more suitable for Der Rosenkavalier than the more general term of "KomS- die" since the first unveils tragic tinges and human depth which the latter treats more casually. Also, a "Lustspiel" is a play in which problems peculiar to situations and characters are solved, the movement towards this goal is surrounded by merriment, provided by varied elements of comedy. "Komodie", on the other it hand, ist beherrscht durch die *komische Gestalt4’, die im Lichte des absteigenden IContrastes gesehen wird; in ihr x?ird durch alle Lustiglceit hihdurch doch meist die Scharfe satirischen Zomes oder der Bitterkeit der Ohn- II 2 macht fuhlbar. I find very little "Scharfe des sa* k tirischen Zoraes" and hardly a trace of* "Bitterkeit der Ohnmacht" in Hofmannsthal’s text* Instead the dominating force seems to be irony, no matter which term ("Komodie" or "Lustspiel") we prefer, or if we combine them as Hof* ii raannsthal doess Das Element der Komodie ist die Ironie • •• Die wirkliche Komodie setzt ihre Individuen in ein tausendfach verhakeltes Verhaltnis zur Welt, sie setzt alles in ein Verhaltnis su allem und damit alles in ein I/O VerhHltnis der Ironie* J Hofmannsthal, like almost all comic %i;riters, uses irony in one form or another, since it unites descrip* tion and analysis, when used clearly and in an inter¬ esting manner* Besides irony, Per Rosenkavalier abounds in general elements of comedy. These range from the "Stegreifkomo* die” of the folk*theater to the slap-stick comedy of the 1920s* To this is added the magnificent splendor of the baroque theater tradition and a multitude of the poet’s own inventions, all of which will be discussed on the following pages* The combination of theatrical riches and poetic genius is what makes Per Rosenkavalier a successful comedy in its oxm right and detaches it from the term of traditional libretto* Hofmannsthal was not entirely pleased by the Straussian score, and Thomas Mann, in a letter to Hofmannsthal on February 5» 1911» shares the feeling completely when he writess Ich hatte den Rosenlcavalier schon vor der hiesigen Premiere in der Textausgabe ... gelesen, mit dem aufrichtigen Entziicken iiber so viol Anmut und Leich tigkeit. Aber wie, urn Gottes Willen, verhalten denn Sie sich nun eigentlich zu der Art, in der Richard Strauss Ihr leichtes Gebilde beiastet und in die Lange gezogen hat? t Vier Stunden GetSse um einen reizenden ScherzS ••• Wo ist Wien, wo ist achtzejmtes Jahrhundert in dieser Musilc? Doch nicht in den Walzern? • 0 • ist Musikdrama an- spruchvollsten Kalibersv Dabei ist Strauss von Wagners Kunst, die Deklamation mit dem Riesen- orchester nicht zuzudecken, gar nichts versteht, kein Wort verstandlich• Aber die tausend sprach- lichen Delikatessen und Kuriositat en des Buches werden erdriickt und verschlungen, und das ist am Ende gut, denn sie stehen in schreiendem stilisti* schen Wiederspruch zu dem raffinierten Larm, Kurz, ich war verstimmt und finde, dass Strauss nicht wie ein Kilns tier an Ihrem Werk gehandelt hat • CHAPTER I 1. PLANNING OF PER ROSENKAVALIER On July 26, 1928, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, in a letter to Richard Strauss, made the following state¬ ment: "¥enn ich so in die Leute, unsere Zeitgenossen, fur die wir ja schliesslich diese Sachen schaffen, mich hineindenko und hineinffihle, so schwant mir freilich ganz genau ... - was sie ersehnen wttrden, vodurch man ihren nach der Freude begierigen Gemiitern einen Sturm von Freude anbringen konnte - noch weit fiber die Freu- ij. de hinaus, die ihnen der Rosenkavalier beschert.” The above-quoted passage explains the primary reason for the writing of a comedy such as Der Rosen- kavaliert simply to bring joy to those who read it or view it on the stage* Hugo von Hofmannsthal turned to the writing of Lustspiele in 1907 because, he says, nIch verliess 5 jede Form, bevor sie erstarrte*M^ Having left be¬ hind a successful array of poetry and prose, as well as stage productions of highest caliber, the poet turned to the writing of elaborate and highly intri¬ cate libretti. Having been bom into the Viennese 6 culture with its rich theatrical and historical back¬ ground, it seems quite natural for Hofmannsthal to select the early years of the reign of Maria Theresa of Austrialas the setting for his Rosenkavalier« nDas Theresianische Weltwesen war irdisch und naiv und voll Fr Smraigleeit# Bs war voll Mut zur Ordnung und Natur und voll Erhebung zu Gotti Es war natumahe und, wo es stolz war, voll echtem Stolz, ohne Steifheit und HSr- tev Haydn, Gluck und Mozart sind sein unverganglicher 6 Geist gewordener Xnhalt .n The milieu of the late baroque period, around 1740, proved charming subject matter in the hands of Hofmannsthal, whose imagination, poetic talent and love of his Austrian heritage restored those years-gone-by in the form of a delightful comedy, which was set to music by Richard Strauss*' Hugo von Hofmannsthal* a only earlier association with the composer had been when the poet added addit¬ ional lines to the Recognition Scene of Straussopera Electraaffoilowing this, the composer