Famous Singers Fro M the Establish Ment of Italian Opera Down T O the Present

FAMOUS SING ERS OF TO-DAY AND YESTERDAY THE MU SIC LOVER S’ SER IES

T o ll o i he f w n g, each, GREAT COMPOSERS A ND THEIR WORK

By Loui s C . E lson FAMOUS PIANIS TS OF TO-DAY A ND YE S TER DAY B en r C Lahee y H y .

The ll w ach fo o ing, e , A HI STORY OF OPER A New Revised E dition By Arthur E lson MODERN COMPOSERS OF EUROPE New Revised E dition By Arth ur E lson ORCHE S TR AL I N S TRUME NTS A ND THE IR U SE New Revised E di ti o n By Arthur E lson S HA KE S PEAR E IN MU S IC

By Louis C . Elson

FAMOUS VIOLINISTS OF T0 -DAY A ND YE S TERDAY New Revised E dition B en r C Lahee y H y . FAMOU S S INGE RS OF TO-DAY A ND YE S TERDAY New Revised E dition B n y He ry C . Lahee

THE NATIONAL MU S IC OF AMERI CA A N D I TS S CE OUR S . New Revised E dition B Loui s C an d r hur E son y . A t l

The ll w ach fo o ing, e , AMERICAN COMPOSERS By R up er t Hughes an d Arthur Elson THE GRAND OPER A S I NGER S OF TO-D A Y New Revised E dition B en r C Lahee y H y . THE ORGAN A ND I TS MAS TER S New Revised E dition B en r C Lahee y H y .

’ WOMAN S WORK IN MU S IC

C r h 18 8 opy ig t, 9

B Y E A ND L . C . PAG COMPANY

( I NCOR POR A TE D )

A ll r ights r eser ved

Co r i h t [ py g , 9 36

E A ND L. C . PAG COMPANY

( I NCOR POR A TE D )

i a e n U S A . M d . .

PRINTE D IN THE UNITE D S TATE S OF AMER ICA BY THE C I R E S S I NC OLON AL P . FORE ‘ WOR D TO NE W ED I TI ON

T H E t m o f S i n o t - C sa re ire ent g r Gat i a zza , en d o f 1 - s e so n f o m th e at the the 9 34 5 a , r ar ti s ti c directi o n o f the M etro p o litan Opera o m New o f w -five s C pany , Y rk , a ter t enty year o f s t n u s an d o s s di i g i hed pr gres ive ervice , m s o f s e s t ark the end an era , and pre nt a fi ting o ppo rtu nity fo r a review o f no ted S ingers wh o have appeared s ince this bo o k was first pub i h d l s e . The field o f o peratic Singers was pretty well “ o as 1 2 a c vered as far 9 5, in Gr nd Opera ” S s o f o n o w o n inger T day , and is carried in f o o o r o d . this b k , an ther deca e Alth o u gh the space av ail able i s very limit ed the o pp o rtu n ity o i reco rding al so s o me o f o o an d G s in s the great Orat ri , Lieder , enre ger c o m S do s o t e m o f n m is wel e . pace e n p r it i ti ate details an d exp eriences leading to their s u c s s bu t r ef o u o f h m a ce , the b i acc nt eac y lead e d o u e A n d t s tu d . so the r a er f rth r y , per nal reco llecti o ns o f alm o s t every o n e o f thi s o u h d m u c su to gr p ave ad ed h plea re the wo rk .

E N Y LA H E E H R C . c o 1 O t ber 9 35 .

F PRE ACE .

I T has been the desire Of the au th o r t o

o o of mo m o s give, in a b k dest di ensi n , as complete a reco rd as po ssible Of the ” Famous Singers fro m the establish ment Of Italian Opera down t o the present

m o S but day. The aj rity are Opera ingers , in a few cases o rato rio and c o ncert Singers Of exceptio nal celebrity have been mentio ned

o als . To give co mplete biographical sketches o f all S ingers Of reno wn wo uld require a wo Vo um rk Of several large l es, and all that can be attempted here is to give a mere

“ ’ ’ bird s -eye view Of tho se who se names

x o u e e ist as singers Of internati nal rep t . Fo r m uch info rmatio n co ncern ing the earlier celebrities the au tho r is indebted

’ “ “ o o s u s S o t Clayt n Q een Of ng, Great

“ s F s S inger by erri , and The Prima

D o S u r s w nna by the land Edward , in hich interes ting vo lu mes m u ch will be fo u nd at length which i s greatly c o nden sed in this

’ m To M u t r little vo lu e . a rice S ako s c h s

’ S o u d u n m s o ' o venirs I pre ari , and t

’ ” a les on s M mo w M p e irs, the riter o we s so mething al s o in t he way. Of anecdo te and fact c o ncernin g man y s ingers Of the latter

u half Of this cent ry .

As it i s imp o ssible t o give bio gr aphical

S ketches o f m o re than . a comparatively small number o f singers who have achieved

o w wo u m ren n , the rk is s pple ented by a

chro n o lo gical table which is mo re co mpre

i v NO u ow h en s e. s ch table can, h ever, be

Fo r o f o perfect . singers the past the f llo w

“ ’ i n g au tho rities have been u sed : Gro ve s ” D o M u M u icti nary Of sic and sicians, C .

’ “ Egerto n Lo we s Chro nological Cyc lOp ae

CONTENTS

PA RT I

CHA PTE R

PRE FACE

F 1600 1800 A ROM TO . D . PAS TA TO MAR IO MAR IO TO TI E TI E NS PRIMA DONNAS OF THE FIFTIE S PR IMA DONNA S OF THE SI XTIE S PRIMA DONNAS OF THE S EVE NTIE S PR IMA DONNAS OF THE EIGHTIE S TE NOR S A ND BAR ITONE S CONTR ALTOS A ND BA S SOS PA RT I I

ORATOR IO SI NGE RS LIEDER A ND GE NRE SI NGERS POST WA R SINGERS

LI ST O F I LLU STRATI ONS

PA GE

LILY PON S Fr on ti spi ece JE NN Y LI ND JEAN DE RE S ZKE as Ro meo CALVE as Car m en ADE LINA PATTI NI LS SON as V alen ti n e LILLI AN NORDI CA MELBA as Mar guer i te EMMA EAME S EDOUARD DE RE S Z K E as M ephi s topheles A LVA R Y i n Rigo letto 2 80 PLA NCON as R amﬁs i n Ai da LAWR E NCE M ER VI L TIBBE TT

FAMOUS SING ERS OF TO DAY AND YESTERDAY

Fa mous S i n ers 12 g . es t u o of u m o w r c ltivati n the h an v ice, he ein mu sic exerts its greatest p o wer of fascina

o but o u o w u o f ti n , have br ght f r ard h ndreds co mpetito rs fo r the artistic laurels which are the reward Of tho se who reach the highest

o f mu o state sical perfecti n . For nearly a centu ry oppra was co nﬁned o o u o but 16 1 t the c ntinent Of E r pe, in 9

’ M L E i n e of u argarita de p , a native T scany,

o o She m a appeared in L nd n . was re ark ble for of u her plainness speech and Of feat res,

o u m w her r gh anners and s arthy appearance, and she mu st indeed have been po ss essed Of a ﬁne vo ice t o have been able t o retain

o o n u o 16 2 her h ld p blic fav r. In 9 she

o u but was ann nced her last appearance, it s o su ccessfu l that she kept o n giving last appearances and did n o t leave England fo r

u u u u o m several years , th s ina g rating a c st w i s o hich Observed t the present day . Margarita married the celebrated D o cto r

P u ep sch . Fr om 16 o 180 0 D 0 t A . 1 0 . 3

C ontempo rary with her was Katharine

o wo m fo r o u T fts , an English an , an acc nt

w o m we t o o Of h are indebted C lley Cibber,

w he the great critic and play right . S was a very beautifu l wo man with an exqu is itely

w o was o clear, s eet v ice . Her career sh rt, fo r m o u s , after having achieved a tre end

u o n e m s ccess in Of her parts, she beca e

m and o u u u de ented, , th gh event ally c red, she

u t o e was never ret rned the stage . Ther a

t wo wh lively rivalry between the singers , ich

u o fo r o w f rnished g ssip the t n .

o i o m Anastasia R b ns n , ild and pleasing in m w w of o anners, ith great s eetness expressi n

u was t o and large bl e eyes , engaged sing by

G o F a wh o m e rge rederick H ndel , at that ti e was m s o of o o the i pre ari the L nd n Opera.

s D Other singer he engaged in resden, Of who m Margherita D ur as t an ti was the SO

r an o o m u She p . Large, c arse , and asc line, is said t o have been distinguished as mu ch fo r the high respectability of her character 1 Fa mou s S i n er s 4 g .

fo r m u en es i n o was as her sical talent . S co nsidered the leading teno r singer Of his

was m an of m o s u day . He a i p ing ﬁg re and m w e o w u ajestic carriage, ith a cl ar, p e rf l,

o w u u . o as eq al , and ﬂ ent v ice The bass

B o who was m l fo r schi, chieﬂy re arkab e a voice o f immense vo lu me and a very vigo r

u o s style Of acting.

o o was Anastasia R bins n eclipsed, after a

o f w F Cu zzo n i career t elve years , by rancesca ,

m of o u S he and arried the Earl Peterbo r gh . left a repu tatio n fo r integrity and go o dnes s seldom enj o yed by even the highest celeb r i ti es Cuzzo n i m mm . ade an i ediate and

mm u a o o i ense s ccess, and H ndel t k great pains t o c o mp o se airs adapted t o display

u o S he u a her exq isite v ice . , in ret rn , tre ted hi m w o s o ith ins lence and caprice, that he i

o o o u fo r o Hi s ch o i c e l ked ab t an ther singer .

u o F u Bo o n fell p n a stina rd ni, a Venetia lady wh o had risen to fame in I taly u S h e was e u m an d legant in ﬁg re, agreeable in anners , F 160 t o 180 0 A . D 1 r om 0 . 5

om Cuzzo n i o n had a hands e face . , the o was m o m ther hand, ill ade and h ely, and

m w s u o her te per a t rbu lent and bstinate . A

o S n u a bitter rivalry at nce pra g p , H ndel far ming the ﬂam e by co mpo sing for B o rdo ni as diligently as he had previou sly do ne fo r i Cuzzo n .

u w s oo The p blic a s n divided, and the

was t o u o rivalry carried an abs rd p int . At

u m to o w length the singers act ally ca e bl s, and S O ﬁerce was the co nﬂict that the bystanders were u nable to separate them u ntil each co mbatant bo re substantial marks

’ o m Cuzzo n i was Of the ther s estee . then

w w t o She dispensed ith , and ent Vienna . was an d was reckless and extravagant, at

m m s o fo r several ti es i pri ned debt, ﬁnally dying in frightful indigence after s ubsist in u o m — a m o g by b tt n aking, sad ter inati n of Bo o o a brilliant career. rd ni led a pr sper o u s m o o o life, arried Ad lf Hasse, the direct r of o D o e the rchestra in resden, sang bef r 16 Famous S i n ers g .

F c o mfo rederick the Great, and passed a rt a

a e Bo u ble Old g . th she and her h sband died

1 8 S he a e - in 7 3, at the g Of eighty three and

- he at eighty fo u r. Other singers of this perio d were Lavinia

F o wh o m D u o f B o o ent n, beca e the chess lt n, and wh o is chieﬂy remarkable fo r having

’ “ ’ been the o riginal P o lly in Gay s Beggar s

M le R o ch o i s who m Opera arthe , sang any

’ u o - a wo m o a Of L lli s peras, an Of rdinary p p ear an c e but wo nderful magnetism ; Madame

M u n on e of w mo adven La a pi , the ildest , st t u ro u s and reckless wo men ever o n the

M o u stage ; and Caterina ing tti, a fa ltless

o f M o was singer, respectable habits . ing tti seized with the fatal ambitio n t o manage

o o of Opera, and s n reached the verge bank r u t c She o v o w to p y . c ntri ed, h ever, earn eno ugh by singing during the s u cceedin g ﬁve years t o s upport her respectably in her a e Old g .

TO o o o s F or this peri d als bel ng arinelli, 16 0 t 1 80 0 A D . 1 Fr o m 0 o . 7

Bro s chi who was o o f , the greatest ten r his

a e who g , perhaps the greatest ever lived,

fo r we are told that there was n o branch

of his art which he did n o t carry to the

of o highest pitch perfecti n . His career Of three years in Lo ndon was a co ntinu o u s

um t o m tri ph, and he is said have ade

— a s u m each year, very large in

o ‘ o o t o th se days . His singing als rest red

of S wh o was health Philip V. pain, a prey t o o f depressi n , and neglected all the a fairs

o m o u of S of his kingd . At the c rt pain his

u m mm u inﬂ ence beca e i ense ntil Charles III .

o w F u ascended the thr ne, hen arinelli q itted ” S “ o u o pain , at the r yal s ggesti n, and retired

B o o t o l gna . Of the long list of men wh o have dis

ti n ui sh ed m o g the selves as singers in pera,

u o u to o m o n ot u it is c ri s n te that al st , if q ite,

M o ol n m the ﬁrst were a ari and a Nic ini, a es

which are familiar t o u s as belo nging t o well

kn o o u wn ten rs Of this (nineteenth) cent ry. u s i n ers 1 8 Fa mo S g .

o ut o ut o Of Mari b little is rec rded ; b Nic lini,

who se full name was Nico lino Grimaldi Nico

wh o was o 16 o w t o lini, and b rn in 73, is kn n

o 1 m have s ung at R me in 69 4 . He re ained

o n u 1 2 6 but o f hi s the stage ntil 7 , the date

u ow N o death is nkn n . ic lini sang in England

1 0 8 u u m s in 7 , and at several s bseq ent ti e ,

was w o w o of and ell received . Addis n r te hi m o “ , c ncerning his acting, that he gave n ew m t o o u o t o o aj esty kings , res l ti n her es, ” o t o o and s ftness l vers . Caterina Gabrielli was the daughter of a

oo of a c k the celebrated Cardin l Gabrielli,

wa o o m o m 12 s 1 0 . and b rn at R e, N ve ber , 7 3

She o u u u u p ssessed an n s al share Of bea ty, a

“ o u She m ﬁne v ice, and an acc rate ear . ade her ﬁrst appearance when seventeen yeaI S '

’ u u Old at the theatre Of L cca, in Gal ppi s

’ S ofo n i s ba She was Opera, . intelligent and w u o f es an itty, f ll livelin s and grace, and

o o u n ot excellent actress . Her v ice, th gh

o w u was x u u l wo n p erf l , Of e q isite q a ity and

2 0 Fam ous S i n ers g .

o o o u degrees l st b th v ice and bea ty, Gabrielli

to Bo o 1 80 e retired ﬁnally l gna in 7 , and di d

1 6 a e of S - there in April , 79 , at the g ixty six . In the roo m in Paris in which the u n for t u

m o mu nate Ad iral C ligny had been rdered,

o on F u 1 1 u was b rn ebr ary 4, 744, the bea ti ful w but S o o u , itty, dissipated phie Arn ld .

a e o wh was At the g Of twelve her v ice, ich

m fo r o u re arkable p wer and p rity, attracted

o of M o the attenti n the Princess de dena, thro u gh who se inﬂu ence she was engaged

’ o n 1 t sing in the ki g s chapel . In 7 57 she m w ade her ﬁrst appearance in Opera, hen her beau ty and her acting enabled her t o

n o carry everythi g bef re her. The o pera was besieged whenever her

m was o u m na e ann nced, and all the gentle en of Paris co ntested fo r the ho no r Of thr o wmg

o u u o b q ets at her feet . At length she el ped w o u L aur a uai s o m a ith C nt g ; a hands e, d shing

o u o u of Her y ng fell w, f ll wit and daring. ho me m o u o f w She rese bled a little c rt, hich 16 to 18 A D 2 1 Fr m 0 0 0 0 . o .

as o o w the reigning s vereign, and her sal n was always cro wded by m en Of the highes t

o B m F distincti n . When enja in ranklin ar

i n o o rived Paris, he c nfessed that n where

u u u u did he ﬁnd s ch pleas re, s ch wit , s ch

o M o u brilliancy, as in the sal n Of lle . Arn ld . She remained faithfu l t o her l o ver fo r fo u r

ow o n - o years , when he best ed her a life pensi n

o s of cr wns . While she never pared

o n e wi t was any in the exercise Of her , she o o s u u ccasi nally the bj ect Of ridic le herself,

fo r w A bbe G ali an i was as , instance, hen the

o asked his Opini n Of her singing, and replied,

“ ” It is the ﬁnest asthma I ever heard . S Ophi e Arno uld appeared in several Of

’ u o u d to Gl ck s peras , and acq itte herself the s s o o f o m o o ati facti n the c p ser . Her v ice had n ot u x o s apparently f lﬁlled early e pectati n , but her beau ty and her acting made her a

u o o n e to s ccess . When V ltaire day said

“ m mo s am - o u her, Ah , ade i elle, I eighty f r

a old o mm ye rs , and I have c itted eighty Famou s S i ers 2 2 ng .

“ o u o s m ﬂ f r f llie , she replied, A ere tri e ;

am n o t o o mm I yet f rty, and I have c itted ” o u mo re than a th sand . In 179 2 she pu rchased the presbytere Of

li n an o u r t u S -et- Sh C c . e g , L zarches ( eine Oise) had a fo rtu ne o f livres and i n n u mer a

bu t t wo ble friends , in less than years she

o o u h r had l st her f rt ne, and e friends being

m o m an d dispersed by exile, i pris n ent, the

f o u o u o Sh e was r e sca f ld d ring the Rev l ti n,

u ed t o o w o She d c the l est stage Of p verty . went t o Paris and so ught an in terview with

F o u ché n o w m an who o n e , a great , had been m w o f her mo st ardent ad irers . He a arded

o o her a pensi n Of livres, and rdered that apartments sho uld be given her in the

’ H l d A n evilli er s 1 80 in Ot e g . In 3 she died

u Obsc rity . Amo ng the celebrated male singers o f this

o w Ga ar o Pac chi er o tti a d G o peri d ere sp , n i

B u i n elli vanni attista R b . The fo rmer o f these was c o nsidered t o have been the ﬁn est ~ A o 180 0 . D 2 Fr om 160 0 t . 3 singer Of the latter part o f the eighteen th

u o w m o cent ry . End wed ith a vivid i aginati n, u o mmo o o u nc n intelligence, and pr f nd sensi bili t u v ol ce w y, a tall and lean ﬁg re, a hich was u u Often ncertain and nasal, he req ired m u ch determinatio n and strength of charac ter t o overc om e the defects and take advan tage of the go o d qu alities which natu re had

u o him besto wed p n . Yet he is described by

Mt u m as e mo Lo rd . Edgec be decid dly the st ” S t o lot to perfect inger it ever fell his hear .

R ubi n elli o n o h o m u , the ther and, fr his f ll ness Of vo ice and Simplicity Of style pleased a ' r eat er u m Pac c hi er o tt i o u g n ber than , th gh

o s o u n ne perhaps exq isitely as that singer.

’ R ubi n elli s articulatio n was s o pure and well accented “ that in his recitatives n o o n e c o n versant with the I talian language ever had o ccasio n t o loo k at a libretto while he was

was u singing. His style tr e cantabile, in w was u hich he nexcelled . Upo n the retirem ent of ‘ S o phie Arn o uld 2 Fa mous S i n ers 4 g . a n ew star appeared in the perso n of A n toi

St u u nette Cecile Clavel . H berty, the da ghter o f a brave Old soldier wh o was also a m u o sician . Her ﬁrst appearances in pera w m w M ere ade in Warsa , where her father, .

was o t o F Clavel, engaged as repetit r a rench

o m F om w w t o Ber c pany . r Warsa she ent w m lin , here she arried a certain Chevalier de

Cr i s w fo r s p y, after hich she sang three year

S o u w t o P at trasb rg. At last she ent aris,

’ where she appeared in 1 777 in Glu ck s Ar ” m M m St u n o t u ida . ada e . H berty did r sh

m o - o u o u ete r like int p blic fav r . Her s ccess was o f o du r gained after years patient lab r, i n w u o g hich she end red bitter p verty, and

o m o o w s sang nly in r parts . In pers n she a

s m u w n ot all, thin , and fair ; her feat res ere

o m mo u of u u u ﬁnely f r ed, and her th was n s al

S but o u was ize, her c ntenance expressive . In 17 83 she r each edmthe su mmit Of her s u c

r Ole o f cess , when she appeared in the title

’ ’ P o D o o o u XV I who iccini s pera, d n . L is . , 160 to 1 80 0 D Fr o m 0 A . 2 . 5

I id n ot m u fo r o o m ch care pera, had it perf r ed tw was so mu ice, and ch pleased that he

M m St u s o granted ada e . H berty a pen i n Of

t o w o n e of livres, hich he added ﬁve

u m o m u Co n h ndred o re fr his privy p rse . cerning her perfo rmance of this part we are

o m “ t ld by Grim , Never has there been u mo nited acting re captivating, a sensibility mo mo u re perfect , singing re exq isite, happier ” mo o o byplay, and re n ble aband n .

1 0 M m t u o m In 79 ada e S . H berty retired fr

’ the o peratic stage and married C o u nt d E n t rai u es o S n g . After a p litical career In pai

u u wh o u hi s and R ssia, d ring ich the c nt and w o u om u ife passed thr gh s e trying vicissit des,

n but o n 2 2 d they settled in Engla d, the Of

u 18 12 o o u o u w J ly, , b th the c nt and c ntess ere

s wh o assa sinated by a servant, had been bribed by an agent Of Fo u ché to Obtain cer

o s o tain papers in their p sses i n . Gertrude Elizabeth Mara was the daughter

o S m mu Of J hann ch aling, a respectable sician 2 6 Famous S i n ers g .

of mo o Hesse Cassel . Her ther died sh rtly

af 1 but o ut ter her birth in 749 , her father o f

his limited means gav e her the best edu catio n

o u S he was o he c ld . As c nsidered a prodigy her father t o o k her fro m t o wn to town till

o w o m~ they reached H lland, here, after perf r

i n fo r o m m w t o g s e ti e, they ent England .

om mo Thence, after earning s e ney by giving

o t o m c ncerts, they travelled Ger any, arriving

1 66 w o un at Leipzig in 7 , here the y g singer Obtained an engagement at the theatre as

o f s i x u o ﬁrst singer, at a salary h ndred d llars .

F o m m o n u t o o s r this ti e she c nti ed pr per, an d she qu ite captivated that o pinio nat ed m o F . narch , rederick the Great

1 o w an d m In 77 3 she fell in l ve ith, arried,

m o n m Ma a handso e viol ncellist a ed Jean ra .

was o w m an He a sh y, extravagant , and fell

o but ou int dissipated habits , thr gh all

M m w s e o o him ada e Mara a d v ted t .

Her pers o nal appearance was far . fro m s She was S o n triking. h rt and insig iﬁcant,

2 Fa m ous i n ers 8 S g .

r M m M th her se vices . ada e ara passed e last

w She years Of her life at Revel , here died,

u 1 8 a e o f -ﬁv e. Jan ary, 33, at the g eighty On the celebratio n o f her eighty-third birthday she was Offered a po etical tribu te by n o less

o o a pers n than G ethe .

’ Of Madame Mara s co ntempo rary male singers Lu igi Marchesi is entitled t o men

o fo r o f hi s ti n , he had, within three years

u u o o f déb t , the rep tati n being the best

H all u o . e singer in Italy . visited E r pe,

n t t o St u c o m even pe etra ing . Petersb rg, in

w S o B pany ith arti and T di , esides his wo u o o w w hi m nderf l v cal p ers, hich enabled t o execu te the mo st marvello u s embellis h m was o for u o f ents , he n ted great bea ty per s o n fo r o o f , and the grace and pr priety his

u gest res .

Cr es c en ti n i t oo who o , , was c nsidered the

s o o la t great singer Of his sch l , sang at all

C u o was the hief cities Of E r pe, and given

o o o o s o o by Nap le n the Ir n Cr s , an h n r t o 1 A D Fr om 160 0 80 0 . . 2 9

“ m o u o which aro u sed any j eal sies . N thing

“ o u s Fe u of c ld exceed, say tis, the s avity

o the o o f o his t nes, f rce his expressi n , the

s o m or perfect ta te Of his rna ents, the large

’ f s Fo r style o his phra ing. several years after his retirement he was a professo r at

o o f M u the Royal C llege sic at Naples .

r s Billi n to n w as o M . Elizabeth g c nsidered t o th o be e ﬁnest singer ever b rn in England . Her father was a m ember o f the Italian

O o m pera rchestra na ed Weichsel , and her mo u o B was ther, a p pil Of J hn Christian ach ,

o u w o s o a leading v calist at Va xhall , h e v ice was o fo r o f o n ted a certain reediness t ne,

u ca sed, it is said , by her having practised

’ w o u u m ith the Ob e, her h sband s instr ent .

was o 1 0 Elizabeth Weichsel b rn in 77 , and began t o co mpo se pieces fo r the piano fo rte wh of a o u e. en eleven years g At f rteen , she

A o x o d She c o n ppeared at a c ncert at O f r . ti n u ed her stu dy o f the piano u nder Tho mas

B o on e o f o f D u illingt n, the band r ry Lane, i er s 30 Fa mo us S ng .

e was m 1 8 o o t o who m s h arried in 7 5, in pp si

o f ti o n t o the wishes her parents . They

o o an d w t o D u t o were very p r, ent blin seek

M r B m s . o a engage ents , and here illingt n p

ear ed Sm o S l n m p at a theatre in ck Alley, g g

Ten du c i n i with the celebrated c . Her early

effo rt s were n ot cro wned with the greatest

u but o s ccess , she did better at Waterf rd,

o n w u to o o and later , hen she ret rned L nd n ,

m o u u she was still re s ccessf l .

o was u o o Her v ice a p re s pran , sweet

o u o ex rather than p werf l , Of extra rdinary

u u o w tent and q ality in its pper n tes, in hich

it had so mewhat the tone co lo r o f a ﬂ ute o r

olet m u ﬂage . In her anner she was pec liarly

u w bewitching. Her face and ﬁg re ere beau

u o u u o f oo h u tif l , and her c ntenance f ll g d

mo r bu t o m , she had c paratively little talent

1 86 as an actress . In 7 she ﬁrst appeared at

o t he o f C vent Garden , in presence the king

u u was o and q een, and her s ccess bey nd her

n o h mo st sa gu ine anticipati ns . S e sang in a Fr om 160 0 t o 18 D 0 0 A . . 31

resplendently brilliant style, and brilliancy w o o n as an inn vati n in E glish singing.

r s B o on e M . illingt n day received a great

o m m o m o m o c pli ent fr Haydn , the c p ser .

o Reyn lds, the painter, was ﬁnishing her

o o n p rtrait , and Haydn, seeing it, said

“ m Yo u Yo u have made a istake . have

M r s B o to represented . illingt n listening the angels ; y o u sho uld have made the angels ” t o listening her.

4 1 6 w M r o In 79 , hile in Italy, . Billingt n

u m o u m died in a s dden and ysteri s anner.

S o o w hi s w o w w t o M n after ards id ent ilan , w o w F m here she fell in l ve ith a rench an, the s on o n m P Of a banker in Ly ns, a ed elican .

was m o m m an bu t n o He a re arkably hands e , so o ner were they married (in 179 9) than he

o mm to mo s u c enced treat her t br tally, and even tu ally she was o bliged . to r u n away fro m

i o o o h m . She retu rned t L nd n u nder the

o o care f her br ther.

On r e o o o m o aching L nd n, a lively c petiti n 2 Fa o u s S i n er s 3 m g . fo r her services began between Harris an d

S m Sh e heridan, the theatrical anagers .

to gave the preference Harris , and received

t o m s o sing three ti e a week, als

ﬁ was u 0 0 a a free bene t ens red at £5 , and

fo r o place her br ther as leader Of the band .

u o w u was Event ally, h ever, the disp te ended

o was by arbitrati n, and it decided that she

o u ou sh ld sing alternately at each h se . At

o f o u M r s B the height her p p larity . illing t o n is ‘ S aid t o have averaged an inco me o f

a year .

S he o m o n M 0 retired fr the stage arch 3 ,

180 6 on w o o t o , hich ccasi n she was the ﬁrst

’ o u M o mu o an i v intr d ce zart s sic int Engl d, g

“ i n m o of w g the Opera, Cle enza di Tit , hich there was o nly o n e manu s cript Co py in E n g

o t o f . o land That bel nged the Prince Wales, who fo r o s o lent it the cca i n . After a separa

o M r s B o n ti n Of ﬁfteen years, . illingt was

u t o o u but at re nited her sec nd h sband, he

o u m u m an d h er nce res ed his br tal treat ent, Fr o m 160 0 to 1 80 0 A . D . 33 d 1 8 1 8 was u o w om eath, in , ca sed by a bl fr his hand . One o f the m o s t po pular and charming

S S al o f 1 ingers at La cala, in the Carniv 79 4,

Gi u s s e a u o f was pp Grassini, the da ghter a

m o m w s he far er Of Varese in L bardy, here

o 1 She was b rn in 77 5. received decided advantages by m ak ing her debut with so me of s m — Mar the greatest artist Of her ti e,

h s i r es en ti n i c e C c . , , and Lazzarini Gras sini was an exqu is ite vo calis t in spite of h er o n c a ign ra ce, and albeit ﬁckle and

r i c i o u s mo u u p , a st bea tif l and fascinating

o m u u o u o o u w an , l x ri s, pr digal, and gener s , but u o o Her o heavy and d ll in c nversati n . v ice was o o o bu t C n t o riginally a s pran , ha ged a w o o . as o u u deep c ntralt It rich , r nd, and f ll,

ou m o m o th gh Of li ited c pass , being c nﬁned w o u o n e o o o u ithin ab t ctave Of g d nat ral no tes .

was o u Her style rich and ﬁnished, and th gh

Sh e n o t mu u o w s he did had ch exec ti n, hat

" was e n an d She n e er at el ga t perfect . v ou s i rs 34 Fa m S nge .

m n o o w te pted a ything bey nd her p ers , her

m w u dra atic instincts ere always tr e, and in the express io n of the su bdu ed an d so fter

o s " passi n she has never been excelled . Her

u was o mm an d ﬁg re tall and c anding, her car

r i age and attit u des had a class ic beauty c o m

bi n ed u o wn with a grace pec liarly her . Her

o u w s mmet head was n ble, her feat res ere y

r i c al o f , her hair and eyes the deepest black, and her entire appearance had an air Of sin

gular maj esty .

o o to w Nap le n invited her Paris, here she soo n became an Object Of inveterate dislike

t o m o . 1 80 u the E press J sephine In 4 , ret rn

i n t o t o B o o g Paris after a visit erlin, Nap le n

o f made her directress the Opera . In the

m S h e o o n sa e year visited L nd n, si ging alter

l w M r s B o o o n at e . y ith . illingt n In L nd n she

n o t m u w did ake a great s ccess, and hen her beneﬁt to o k place she asked the go o d-natu red

M r s B o t o S . illingt n ing, fearing that she w u n o t u o u n o ld s cceed al ne . In s cceedi g

6 Fa mou s S i n er s 3 g . s mo hi s o o u i v ice retained its riginal q ality .

s of S was o m His tyle inging b ld and anly, m w o s ixed ith c n iderable feeling, and he

18 1 excelled in ballads . In 7 he visited

m was w A erica, where he ell received . The career Of J o hn Braham i s of interest t o all who lo ve the traditio ns o f English m u was s o o sic . In his early days he po r that he was obliged t o sell pencils fo r a liv i n but mu o g, his sical talent being disc vered

o of u who o o him by Le ni, a teacher rep te, t k

u u a e of nder his t telage, he appeared at the g

o a e o f thirteen at C vent Garden . At the g abo ut twenty he was ﬁtted fo r the Italian

e o m m stag , and at nce ade his ark . Even

Cr es cen ti n i who was , placed in the back

’ o u o w B m gr nd, ackn ledged raha s talent , and when he sang in Italy his name was freely quo ted as being o n e of the greatest living

A S w b e singers . he gre Older attained a

o ou u o o u pr digi s rep tati n, never bef re eq alled

n m e in E gland , and whether singing a si pl 6 0 to 1 80 0 A D o 1 0 . Fr m . 37

o o o o r ballad, in rat ri , in the grandest dra m mu o of hi s atic sic, the largeness and n bility style were matched by a vo ice which in it s

w mo B m m prime as al st peerless . raha a assed

o u an d t o a large f rt ne, then aspired be a m m w u r e anager, an experi ent hich q ickly du d him t o o 18 0 s c e p verty . In 4 he vi ited

m m o A erica, and ade a grand peratic and

o o u was m uc c ncert t r . In private life he h

m was al w o u m o ad ired , and ays f nd in the st

o o u w c nservative and fastidi s circles, here as

man of u u u mo an d o u a c lt re, a h rist, a rac nte r,

was o f o he the life s ciety .

Braham was frequ ently asso ciated in Op w M m era ith ada e Angelica Catalani, the last o f the great S in gers who cam e befo re

u he u Sh e the p blic in t eighteenth cent ry . was wo m m a an Of tall and aj estic presence,

o m o l u u u a dazzling c plexi n , arge, bea tif l bl e e u s mm yes, and feat re Of ideal sy etry, a woman t o entrance the eye as well as the ear Her vo e was so o o f u . ic a pran the p rest Fa m ou s S i n er s 38 g .

u m o m s o f q ality, e bracing a c pa s nearly three o s o o w u n o o u ctaves, and p erf l that band c ld o w o ver helm its t nes . The greatest defect of i was w was her s nging that , hile the ear bewildered with the beauty and tremendo u s

o w of o w n u p er her v ice, the feelings ere

o u - She t o t ched, never appealed the heart .

She o u n o t M n o r c ld thrill like ara, captivate her hearers by a birdlike s o ftness and bril li an B o She m c . o y, like illingt n si ply ast n i sh u ed her a diences . Her private life was as exemplary as her

was She u . m p blic career dazzling was arried, a mo o m o u s t o M de fter a st r antic c rt hip, a .

Vallebr e u e F o f u g , a rench captain H ssars, who u o u t t o o u t rned be an ign rant , st pid man but of b n fo r , a driver hard argai s his

’ w mu o w ife s talents . His sical kn ledge is illu strated by an anecdo te t o the effect that

on o n e o o w w om ccasi n, hen his ife c plained

o Was t o o at a rehearsal that the pian high, h e had the defect remedied by sending fo r a A 1 D . Fr o m 1 60 0 to 80 0 . 39 carpenter and making him c u t o ff Six inches

u m e fro m the legs Of the instr ent . In spit

Of the reputatio n fo r avarice which her hu s

t o / M m wo n band helped create, ada e Catalani

o o o w m g lden pini ns by her s eet te per, liber

o ality, and benev lence . To wards the end of her career Catalani drew do wn o n her head the severest repro ba tio n o f all go o d j u dges by singing the mo st

S ow u extravagant and bizarre h pieces, s ch as

o o m o fo r o o n u variati ns, c p sed the vi lin, R le ” ” B G o d S . ritannia, ave the King, etc The

u ow t o p blic in general, h ever, listened her wo nderfu l executio n with u nb ounded delight

o hm and ast nis ent . In 1831 Madame Catalani retired fro m the

o u n a u stage . Y g and brilliant riv ls , s ch as

S o w t o o Pasta and ntag, ere rising c ntest her

o fo r a s s vereignty, and several ye r the critics had been dro pping pretty plain hints that it wo uld be the m o st j u dicio u s and digniﬁed h c o urse. S e settled with her family on an Fa mous i n er s 40 S g . estate n ear Lake Co mo ; but in 1 848 she w t o P t o e e o w ent aris scap the ch lera, hich was an d a few mo n o t then raging, in nths, w u o a m ithstanding her preca ti n, she fell victi t o a that dread dise se. C I I HAPTER .

S T PA TA O MARIO .

I T I S Impo ssible in these chapters to make mo re than a passing sketch of many famo u s

a n d we m u o o t singers, st theref re be c n ent w the m e m o of u Fo o ith er enti n s ch as d r,

Cam o r es e Pi s aro n i D amor eau who p , , and , all,

o w in their day, attained high ren n .

n o w o m t o u who m u s We c e Gi ditta Pasta, t

the o be placed in very fr nt rank, as an artist who cou ld transfo rm nat u ral fau lts Into the r e u who o u m wo ar st bea ties , c ld ake the rld

o o f m f rgive the presence any deﬁciencies , an d who engraved deeper impressio n s o n the m mo of r n o e ry her hea ers tha any ther, even

a e o s in an g Of great singers . Her v ice at ﬁr t

4 1 2 Famous i n er s 4 S g . was m u w w o u m li ited, h sky, and eak, ith t char , w o u o u o u ith t ﬂexibility . Th gh her c ntenance s a/re u w p , its feat res ere cast in a co arse w m o u . u as u u m ld Her ﬁg re ngracef l, her ove m w w o f ents ere awk ard, and, at the end her

o s he o u u ﬁrst seas n, f nd herself a dire fail re . S h e su ddenly withdrew fro m the Operatic wo o o s t o u w rld and bet k her elf st dy, and hen s he m m o reappeared she ade a great i pressi n . By Sheer indu stry she had increased the

o f o to two o range her v ice ctaves and a half .

o o m w Her t nes had bec e rich and s eet, her

S was mo u u bu t u hake st bea tif l, her geni s as a tragedienne su rpassed her talent as a

singer.

o u m m P etical and enth siastic by te pera ent, the cro wn in g excellence Of her art was a

m was u m grand si plicity . There a s bli ity in her expressio n Of vehement passio n which was s u o f m u o the re lt eas red f rce, energy w was w o hich never asted, exalted path s that

o m o f o o u never oversh t the li its art . Vig r s

Fa mou s i n ers 44 S g .

u o f the fail re a banker in Vienna, and, in

o r to o u r e endeav retrieve her f rt nes, she mained o n th e stage lo ng after her vo cal

w s w o n po er ere the wane .

o s o m o m R s ini , the celebrated c p ser, arried

o Co lbr an an pera singer, Isabella Angela .

S he o M was b rn at adrid, her father being

f m o c o u rt m u sician to the King o Spain . A ng

was e Cr es c en ti n i her teachers the celebrat d ,

her o o m him and style and v ice being f r ed by ,

o m 180 6 t o 1 8 1 o o n e she was, fr 5, c nsidered

o f S s u o the best inger in E r pe . After that

m o t o de ar t bu t ti e her v ice began p ; , as she

o w was a great fav rite ith the King Of Naples,

Sh e m 182 1 an d re ained at that city till , all

o o o o w t o g d, l yal Neap litan s ere expected

o s n w was o m m enj y her i ging, hich s eti es

u o ut u Sh e was o excr ciatingly Of t ne . b rn in

1 8 bu t n o t u 1 8 2 2 7 5, it was ntil that she

m r o s s who ar ied R ini, was seven years her

u o 18 2 w u j ni r . In 4 she went ith her h sband

to o o m u L nd n , and they ade a great pec niary Pa s ta t o M a r i o . 4 5

u s s s s n m for s cce , be ide bei g greatly ad ired

s o arti tic taste in private c ncerts . S o m e fo u r years after the appearance of Madame Pasta ano ther star Of the ﬁrst mag n it ude — S o u appeared , Henrietta ntag, a bea

i u wom o m t f l and fascinating an , and, as s e

m o f say, the greatest Ger an singer the cen

u u u o o o t ry . Nat re gave her a p re s pran v ice of u u i n rare and delicate q ality, nited with

o m we a s e c parable s etness . Essentially ing r

n ot m o s m t and a decla at ry arti t, the senti en of grace was carried t o s u ch a height in her art that it became equ ivalent t o the m o re

ro bu st passio n and fo rce which distingu ished

m o m o so e Of her great c nte p raries . She began singing min o r parts at the

a e o f theatre at the early g eight , and her regular début in Opera to o k place when she w h ” as o . S e to nly ﬁfteen appeared sing,

we o “ w o u of are t ld , ith the v l bility a bird, ” t o u s h e m and experience the pleas re i parted .

Her great ar t lay in rendering pleasing what r 6 Fa ous S i n e s 4 m g r .

wa u e ever she did . The ear s never dist rb d

o by a harsh n te . The m o s t ro mantic st o ries circu lated abo u t the adoratio n lavished u po n her by m en of

n w was o n o ra k and ealth, and it rep rted that singer ever had so many Offers o f marriage

o m o o But sh e fr pe ple Of exalted stati n . had m et B m o s o m o u in erlin a Pied nte e n ble an, C nt

o s to w o m S he m afﬁan c ed R s i, h beca e , and

S o u o Mlle . ntag ref sed all the ﬂattering ver

u m m t res ade by her ad irers . One Of her

m o s o was D e B er i ot t ardent l vers , the great

o who o n o o vi linist , , his rej ecti n, fell int a

o f o o m w deep state desp ndency, fr hich the fascinatio ns of the beau tifu l Malibran at

’ o u hi m S o s u o w length r sed . ntag ni n ith

Ro s s i was fo r a l o ng time kept secret o n

o u of o m but acc nt the Obj ecti ns Of his fa ily , she retired from the stage and lived nearly twenty years o f happy life in the var io u s

s of u o t o w u capital E r pe, hich her h sband,

t o S o was ac attached the ardinian legati n, Pas ta to M ar i o . 47

r . 18 8 o un c edited At length , in 4 , her f rt e

w w o a o u o was s ept a ay in the p litic l rev l ti n, and she ann o u nced her intentio n Of ret u rning t o She w o . as f 1 the stage at nce O fered £ 7 ,

’ 0 0 0 for the seaso n at Her Maj esty s Thea

o o on n tre in L nd n , and her ﬁrst appeara ce it was evident that time had but devel o o ped the artist . What little her v ice had lo st was m o re than co mpensated fo r by the deeper passio n and feeling which permeated

ffo s h e was u o u her e rts, and rapt r sly greeted . In 1852 she made a to ur of the large cities

S w u es Of the United tates, here she q ickly t abli sh ed herself as o n e of the greatest favo r

of M ites, in spite the fact that alibran and

Jenny Lind had preceded her, and that the country had hardly recovered fro m the Lind m o ania. In New Orleans she entered int an engagement t o sing in the City Of Mexico but w was u o hile her agent absent in E r pe, gather i n o o o m s h e was g t gether an peratic c pany,

w o f w o u seized ith ch lera and died in a e h rs . Fa m o u s i n er s 48 S g .

o St au di l who was o 1 80 J seph g , b rn in 7, at

o o u s was o n e o f m o W llersd rf, A tria, the st dis tin gu ished an d acco mplished basso s of

i u m an of ﬁrs t half Of th s cent ry . He was a f m m varied gi ts and ardent te pera ent, frank,

m e 182 u o o . pen , and a iabl In 5 he entered p n hi s n o vitiate in the Benedictine mo nastery at

M but two w t o elk, years later he ent Vienna

t o u u . u o ut st dy s rgery Here his f nds gave , and he was glad t o sing in the choru s at the

Kar n th n er tho r due o u Theatre . In c rse the o p po rt u nity o ffered fo r him to take leading

s an d o o n u o part , he s gained a great rep tati n . He was al so a great S inger o f ch urch m u sic

o o o fo r h o f mu and rat ri , which branc es sic he

o o had an inb rn l ve .

’ S t au digl s last appearance t o ok place in

1 8 6 o n m S u fo r few 5 , Pal nday, a days later

m m t o s o m he beca e a victi in anity, fr which

o m o u he never rec vered . He ade repeated t rs

o was m u m w abr ad, and ch ad ired herever he

’ n A S s o f S u we t . a inger ch bert s Lieder he Pas ta t o M ar i o . 49

o u i hi s r o m s was with t a r val, and pe f r ance Of

” ” “ E r lkOn i “ A u the g, the Wanderer, and ” fen thalt o s wo u Hi s were c n idered nderf l .

o u 186 1 an d u was death cc rred in , his f neral

o s o o f m o o the cca i n a great de nstrati n .

M u i o two dau h an el Garc a, the ten r, had g ters who b oth achieved the highest di s ti n c

o o n o M ti n the peratic stage . The eldest , aria F m M m M elicien, beca e ada e alibran , and she is m entio ned t od ay as o n e of the mo st won derful Operatic S ingers that the wo rld has

o u D o m pr d ced . aring riginality sta ped her

i wo m l fe as a an and her career as an artist, and the brightness with which her star sho ne thro ugh a brief and sto rmy history had so me thing akin i n it t o the dazzling but capricio u s

of m o passage a ete r.

S he was As a child delicate, sensitive, and

-w s he o o u self illed , and had a pr digi s instinct fo r o was ec ul art . Nevertheless, her v ice p i arl t u e y intrac able, being thin in the pp r

o m o n tes , veiled in the iddle t nes, and her F ou s i n er s 50 a m S g .

m r o into natio n very i pe fect . On leaving scho l

was who she taken in hand by her father, was mo re pitiless t o her than to his o ther

u u oo o o o p pils . He nderst d her disp siti n th r o u o u be ghly, and said that she c ld never co me great except at the price of mu ch

u fo r ou u o n S s ffering, her pr d and st bb r pirit

u o t o o o req ired an ir n hand c ntr l it . S oo n after making her débu t s he went w t o m fo r ith her father A erica, he had co nceived a pr o j ect fo r establishing o pera in the United States His c o mpany c o n

of ms M m s o n sisted hi elf, ada e Garcia, a , and

’ u M m hi s da ghter . aria s char ing vo ice an d perso nal fascin atio n held the public spell

o u o f o - o b nd , and raised the delight pera g ers t o h o f u m a wild pitc enth sias . While in

o F m M F o s New Y rk, a rench erchant, . ranc i

u M l o E gene a ibran , fell passi nately in lo ve

’ her an d S he o f with , , being sick her father s

u s u o br tality , and the pp sed great fo rt une Of

M n m o n m r alibra dazzling her i aginati , ar ied

2 Fa mous S i n ers 5 g .

’ severe discipline t o which her father s teach i n u S O g s bj ected her, its range extended that

o m o s it ﬁnally reached a c pass Of three ctave . Her high no tes had an indescribable bril li an c lo w o w s o o y, and her t nes ere s ft, sweet, and heart-searching that they thrilled with

of every varying phase her sensibilities .

“ M r o w : She ma n o t . Ch rley rites y have

u u l bu t She was been bea tif , better than

u u s o mu S s bea tif l, in ch as a speaking, pani h, hu man co u ntenance is ten times m o re fasci

m u u nating than any a fa ltless angel face, s ch as Gu ido co u ld paint . There was a health of w bu t o u o f o w tint, ith a slight t ch the yell

o o m o m o o f r se in her c plexi n , a great bility

s o u o expre si n in her feat res , an h nest , direct

o f m , brightness the eye, a reﬁne ent In the

o m of of o n f r her head, and the set it her ” o u sh lders . Malibran co uld speak and e t e in ﬁve

u o o She had lang ages, and sing in any sch l . the characteristic of being able to ﬁre all her P s ta to M a r i o a . 53

o w w u was fell artists ith her geni s, and she

o S h e was o a tremendo u s w rker . als very

o o u o o f nd Of td r exercises , being a daring

- m an mm ho rse wo an d swi er. On the death Of her hu sband she married

De B er i ot v o t o w o m , the i linist, h she had

o fo r o m m been passi nately attached s e ti e, but sh o rtly afterwards she was thrown fro m

o w u E n her h rse, hile attending a h nt in g

She u n u land . s stained severe i ternal inj ry w u o o u n ot hich event ally pr ved fatal , th gh u ntil she had made hero ic effo rts t o co ntinu e m her career, and ﬁll all her engage ents . Her death pro du ced a painful sho ck thro ugh o ut u o for m u all E r pe, she had been as ch

m o wom was ad ired and bel ved as a an, as she wo rshipped as an artist . The geniu s Of the Garcia family sh o ne n o t

’ M m M o u less in ada e alibran s y nger sister,

P u i P u was a l ne, than in herself. a line thir

u o M n ot teen years the j ni r Of aria, and did beco me celebrated u ntil after the death of Fa m ou s S i n er s 54 g .

m m her sister. In the eanti e, Grisi and o r the great singers had appeared .

u was o of Pa line the fav rite child Garcia .

“ ” “ u wo u can u Pa line, he ld say, be g ided

o f but M a by a thread silk, aria needs hand ” of o ir n . At the age of Six she could speak ﬂu ently F S h in rench , panis , Italian, and English, and

o w m She t these she after ards added Ger an . also learned t o play the o rgan and piano as if w by instinct . In her early days she ent with

t o M o w m et her father exic , here they with m u o o n o n e o c any strange advent res, n tably

o w w casi n, hen they ere seized by bandits, who u o f o u pl ndered Garcia his savings, b nd him t o m him fo r hi s a tree, and ade sing life . Pauline was seven years Old o n her return t o u o me E r pe, and three years later she beca

o f o n e the pupils Of F ranz Liszt . When s he

t o was eleven her father died, and she began

u o o o u o st dy v ice with Ad lph N rrit , the ten r, Pas ta to M a r i o . 55

’ who had been o n e o f her father s favo rite

u p pils . Her ﬁrst pu blic appearance was made in

B u a e o f was r ssels , at the g sixteen , and it the ﬁ r st o ccasio n on which D e B er i o t ap

ear ed M m M p after the death Of ada e alibran , W his ife .

’ Pau line Garcia s vo ice was like that Of her

u o m t wo sister in q ality. It c bined the regis

s o f o al to o o o m lo w F t o ter c ntr and s pran , fr

o but u o f C ab ve the lines , the pper part an o riginally limited mezzo -so prano had been

o l c o n literally fabricated by an ir n discip ine, du cted by the girl hers elf with all the science

o f m . S was s a aster Her inging expre sive,

u u u descriptive, thrilling, f ll, eq al and j st,

m e brilliant and vibrating, especially in the di u m o w o o f and l er n tes . Capable every

t o style Of art, it was adapted all the feel

of u but u to o u u s s ings nat re, partic larly tb r t

o o r Of grief, j y , despair .

M V i ar do t o o f . , the direct r the Paris Opera, 6 Fa mous S i n ers 5 g . w t o o o t o was s o ent L nd n hear her, and delighted that he o ffered her the po sitio n of

o fo r o S he prima d nna the next seas n . was

o s m then nly eighteen , and by thi engage ent she was fairly embarked u po n a brilliant

M Vi ar do t o career . . fell deeply in l ve with

S o f o u o t o an d her h rtly a ter his intr d cti n her,

18 0 m u t o in 4 they were arried . Ret rning

s o m M m the stage after a h rt retire ent , ada e

V i ar do t m o o f a n d visited st the great cities, invariably received the m o st enthu sias tic w o m o m o o u elc e . On s e ccasi ns the a dience co uld scarcely be indu ced t o leave the ho u se

o f o m s he at the end the perf r ance . Once

o n o u s o f o played, acc nt Of the illne s an ther

n t wo si ger, the parts Of Alice and Isa ” ” i n o le D h bella R bert iable, c anging her

o u m o f c st e with each change scene, and rep resenting i n o n e Opera the o ppo site roles Of

s t prince s and peasan .

’ After Madame V i ar do t s retirement in

186 2 S he fo r m s o o a , held any year a pr fessi n l Pas ta to M a r i o . 57

r o o chair at the Pa is C nservat ire . In private

S he o m life has been always l ved and ad ired, and she is t o this day reco gnized as on e of

o of the great v cal t eachers Paris .

o o u o f o m F Ad lf N rrit, wh the rench stage i s o u u o f deservedly pr d, was a p pil Garcia, and fo r ten years was principal teno r at the

m l o o Acadé ie, creating all the eading ten r r les

o u u m o pr d ced d ring that ti e . He was id lized

u man m u i n by the p blic, and was a Of ch

ﬂuen e mu c in sical circles . He gave a dis

m o t o tinct sta p and ﬂav r all his parts, and was as reﬁned and pleasing in co medy as he

o mm was pathetic and c anding in tragedy .

It was he who popularized the so ngs of Schu

o w o e F c bert, and ther ise s ften d the ren h prej udice against the German m u sic Of hi s

m was ti e . In private life he witty, genial,

was o o and reﬁned, and , theref re, a fav rite gu est at the mo st dis tingu ished and excl u sive

“ ‘ o n s o u u t o n sal . N rrit was s bject alte ate

ﬁt s o f m o an d was excite ent and depressi n , Fa m o us S i n er s 58 g . affected t o s u ch a degree by some articles

s D u prai ing his rival, prez , at his expense,

fo r that his friends feared his sanity . Event u all w m y, hile ﬁlling an engage ent in Italy, he threw him s elf o u t of his bedro o m windo w and was in s tantly killed o n the paved co u rt

o yard bel w .

D u o u was s u prez, like N rrit , a t dent at the

o s o fo r m Paris C n ervat ire, and any years a

u m r s leading ﬁg re at the Acadé ie . At ﬁ t he was n o t u o but of a s ccess in pera, , by dint

u wo h st dy and hard rk, he achieved a igh

u o I n o s rep tati n . pers n he was in igniﬁcant , bu t hi s tragic passio n and splendid i n t elli

him o m gence gave a deserved pr inence . He

o m o m u m u u two m c p sed ch sic, incl ding asses

was of and eight Operas, and the writer a

s m o highly e teemed mu sical eth d . After ﬁnishing his Operatic career he becam e a

o s o o o pr fes r Of singing at the C nservat ire .

M m s wh o m a u ada e Gri i, de her déb t in

1 82 o n e o f 3, and held her place as the great

60 Famous S i n ers g .

’ o m o was in R ssini s El ira . R ssini delighted w o o f e ith her, and the direct r the theatr immediately engaged her fo r the carnival

o s eas n .

The u u o u o mm career th s a spici sly c enced, co ntinued fo r mo re than a quarter Of a cen

u u r m s u t ry, d ingwhich ti e Gri i delighted a di en c es o u o u o u o an d thr gh t the wh le Of E r pe, m o u w M o o f ade a t r, ith ari , the United

S tates .

o u o o f B elli n l 3 o The pr d cti n last pera, ” u 18 was o n e the I P ritani, in 34, Of great

m u i Of a e n o t o o n est s cal events the g , s lely

o u wo but u the e acc nt Of the rk, beca se Of v ry remarkable qu artet which emb o died the prin c i al u m u p characters, Grisi, R bini, Ta b rini,

L ablac he s u o i n and . Thi q artet c ntinued

o fo r s ub its perfecti n several years, with the st it uti o n o f M o fo r u n was later ari R bi i, and o n e o f the mo st n o table and interesting in

o f o m u the his t ry o peratic sic .

’ Giulietta G r i s i s wo manly fascinatio ns made P s M r i o a ta to a . 6 1

havo c . among that large class who beco me eas ily enamo red of the go ddesses of the

Sh e was m theatre, and the Obj ect Of any

s o S he m 18 6 pa si nate addresses . arried in 3

F m o u M u u s a rench gentle an Of f rt ne, . A g te

M ut n o t e b . Gerard de el y, she did retire

s m was u h er Thi arriage nhappy, and after release fro m it by divo rce she becam e the w of M o o ife ari , the great ten r . Grisi united mu ch Of the n o bleness and

o s w o m tragic inspirati n Of Pa ta, ith s ething o f M but the ﬁre and energy Of alibran ; , in

m o f the m o u the inds st capable j dges, she lacked the creative o riginality which stamped

o m wo each Of the f r er t artists . Her dra m w o m atic instincts ere str ng and vehe ent, lendin g something o f her o wn perso nality

’ t o o o o the c py Of an ther s creati n, and her voice as nearly reached perfectio n as any e ow o n ver best ed a singer . Madame Grisi co ntinu ed befo re the public u 1866 l o u ow s w ntil , a th gh her p er ere failing Fa m o u s i n er s 6 2 S g .

1 86 o f mm o rapidly . In 9 she died inﬂa ati n

u s Of the l ng .

F o m 1 8 w m r the year 34, hen she ade her

’ u n o o n u déb t at the Ki g s Theatre, L nd , ntil

1 86 1 o m o , when she retired fr the R yal

m o o n e o Italian Opera, Grisi issed nly seas n

o o of 1 8 2 was in L nd n, that 4 . It a rare thing indeed that illness o r any o ther cau se prevented her fro m fu lﬁlling her engage

n She o m o ub me ts . seld disapp inted the p

S n lic by her absence, and never by her i ging.

Altogether her artistic life lasted abo u t

- ﬁve D u u thirty years . ring sixteen s cces

u o sive years she sang, d ring the seas n , at

ea en the Th tre des Italiens in Paris, her gagemen t s there beginning in 1832 with m m her appearance as S e ira ide .

Bo u M o w th Grisi and her h sband, ari , ere m u ch admired by the Czar Nicho las Of

u m R ssia, and it is said that the Czar, eeting

o n e w w Grisi day alking ith her children ,

o s o u st pped and aid faceti sly, I see, these Pas ta to M ar i o . 6 3

ar e NO the pretty Grisettes . , replied

“ ’ m M o M o Grisi, these are y ari nettes ari , t oo I S t o Cz , said have been asked by the ar

to c u t his beard in o rder t o the better lo o k

o n e of . to do his parts This he declined , w h even hen the Czarina, fearing that e

’ might beco me a victim o f the Czar s di s

u But M o u . pleas re, added her req est ari declared that it was better t o incu r the displeas u re of the Czar than t o lo se his

o if n ot him v ice, saying that they did like

u o for t he with his beard, p n which he relied

o o o f o u wo pr tecti n his v ice, they s rely uld

n ot him w o u o like ith t his v ice .

D u h o ring the height Of t eir pr sperity,

Grisi and Mario lived in princely ext rava m gance . Their fa ily co nsisted of s ix daugh

e o f w o m u o u t rs, h three died q ite y ng, and t hey were enth u siastically devo ted t o o n e

a o n ther.

m u wh o was fo r Gia battista R bini, years

w was of Ben asso ciated ith Grisi, a native o us i n er s 64 Fa m S g .

mo w m u at the a e ga , here he ade his déb t g

’ o f w wo m t elve in a an s part, sitting after wards at the doo r o f the theatre between t wo

o o w the candles, and h lding a plate int hich

u o f D u p blic dep sited their O ferings . ring his early life he bel o nged to several wandering

o m o o o f c panies, in which he ﬁlled the p siti n

o o but 18 1 a e o f sec nd ten r ; in 4, at the g

was P fo r a nineteen years, he singing in avia

o f o u o m o Be salary ab t nine d llars a nth . fo re the end o f his career h e was paid

2 0 0 0 0 for S h £ a year his ervices at t e St .

P u m etersb rg I perial Opera.

’ R ubi n i s ou was m u e c ntenance ean, his ﬁg r

h ad n o o o awkward, and he c ncepti n Of taste,

o r u u ff but o character, pict resq e e ect his v ice was s o o m u inc parable in range and q ality, h i s m u u m s o sical eq ip ent and skill great, that hi s mem o ry i s o n e of the greatest tra diti o n s o f s o m of lyric art . Like any the

r of m u d great singe s his ti e, R bini ﬁrst gaine hi s reputatio n in the Operas o f Bellini an d as ta o M a r i o P t . 6 5

D o z m n o o f ni etti, and any Of the te r parts these wo rks were co mp o sed expressly fo r him mm o w u . The i ense p er, p rity, and sweetness of his voice have pro bably never

s u o m was of t wo been rpassed, and its c pass o o m o u ctaves, fr C in the bass clef. He c ld

o S o F als ing in falsett as high as treble , and with s uch Skill that n o o n e co u ld detect the

o o change int the falsett .

u 1 8 2 o n e of t he R bini died in 5 , leaving

o u m o n largest f rt nes ever a assed the stage . An other member o f the celebrated Pu ri

u was o o m u tani q artet Ant ni Ta b rini, a na

F z ou om tive of aen e . With t any single c m o f u he m w h anding trait geni s , see s, it the

o L ablach e t o o m excepti n Of , have c bined mo re attractive q ualities than any mal e

wh o was singer ever appeared . He hand

om u m of s e and gracef l, and a aster the art m s o u . o o Of Of tage c st e His v ice, a barit ne

O t wo o was u o u ver ctaves in extent , f ll , r nd, so o o u an d ual o u o u n r s, p erfectly eq thr gh t mo u s i n er s 66 Fa S g .

Hi s executio n was u nsurpass ed and u n sur

of w passable, a kind hich at the present

w - o o day is ell nigh Obs lete, and is ass ciated in the public mind with Sopran o s and ten ors o nly .

’ An amu sing instance of Tambur i n i s ver s atility was sh own at Palerm o du ring the

o o f 1 82 2 w u carnival seas n , hen the a dience

h m ums attended the t eatre ar ed with dr ,

u m o wo u tr pets, sh vels, and anything that ld m m o . u u t ake a n ise Ta b rini, being nable o m o mu ake his bass heard, sang his sic in fal

o om m s o e sett , an acc plish ent which delight d the audience that they laid aside their i n s tr u m o u l u en thu s i as ti ents Of t rt re, and app a ded

m o o w was s o cally . The pri a d nna, h ever, enraged and frightened by the ro ugh behav i or o f the au dience that she ﬂed fro m the

’ m was w theatre, and the anager at his it s

’ m u o u end . Ta b rini d nned the f gitive s satin

o o wi dress , clapped her b nnet ver his g, and a o n wi m ppeared the stage th a incing step.

o us i n er s 68 Fa m S g . s how that it was c u st o mary o r essential t o

o u s sing in greenh es .

’ Anecdo tes o f L ablache s genero sity and

o u n ble character are plentif l, and there are so me also which S ho w that he was a lo ver o f

o o o s . o o g d j ke Of these, perhaps the f ll wing

“ o s m u w Pu is the m t a sing. Once hen the ” ua L ablac he ritani q rtet was in Paris, was qu artered at the sam e hotel as General Tom

um who u Th b, was delighting a diences at a

u n s o u r who was va deville . An E gli h t ist, making strenuo u s efforts t o meet To m

’ u m u o o Th b, b rst int the great bass s apart m but s u ent , seeing ch a giant , hesitated, and

o o was o o fo r ap l gized, saying that he l king

“ ” T m um m L abla h o . a c e Th b I he, said ,

o n m in his deepest t nes . The E glish an ,

ak m B ut o u t en ﬂat aback, exclai ed y were mu ch smaller when I s aw yo u o n the stage

“ ” Y es d Labl h e . ac yesterday , replie ; that

how t o but w et is I have appear, hen I g ho me t o my o wn roo ms I let mys elf o u t an d P s a t o M a r i o 6 a t . 9

o m f o t o e enj y ysel , and he pr ceeded ntertain his visito r. In his student days L ablac he was s o do m in at ed by the des ire to appear o n the stage that he ran away fro m the co nservato riu m n o m m less than ﬁve ti es, each ti e being

o u caught and br ght back in disgrace . On o n e o ccasi o n he engaged himself to sing at

S o fo r u m o r e alern ﬁfteen d cats a nth, and

’ m o c ei ved a nth s pay in advance . He lin ger ed t wo days in Naples and spent his m o o o m o of ney, apparently als disp sing Of st

o A s o u n ot w his cl thes . he c ld ell appear at

S o w o u u o m n alern ith t l ggage, he ﬁlled his p rt a

w o u u . o tea ith sand, and set f rth A c ple Of days later he was capt u red by the vice-presi

of o o um dent the c nservat ri , and taken back t o m o s t o Naples . The i presari ha tened make go o d his lo ss by seizing the po rtman

u o w o t o tea , which, h ever, pr ved be very

o disapp inting. After Lablac he made hi s ﬁrst appearan ce 0 Fa mous S i n er s 7 g .

m in Opera his fa e grew rapidly, and in a

s o o o o o few year had reached c l ssal pr p rti ns .

Am o ng the ho n o rs which fell t o his l o t was that Of being m u sic teacher t o Q ueen Vic

o . o u 18 8 t ria His death , which cc rred in 5 , drew fo rth expres s io ns of regret fro m all

o f u o fo r parts E r pe, it was felt that in La

blache the wo rld Of so ng had lo st o n e o f its

brightest lights .

M o wh o o ow u o ari , f ll ed R bini as ten r in

u u was m o the celebrated P ritani q artet, re clo sely c o nnected with the career of Madame

s o for m Gri i than any ther singer, he beca e

u s n o was M o her h ba d . His pr per title ari ,

but o t o o o Cavaliere di Candia ; , in rder s the

am was o w o n the f ily pride, he kn n the stage

m o by hi s Christian na e nly . When he ﬁrst w to s 18 6 o mm s o ent Pari , in 3 , he held a c i si n

m n in a Piedmo ntese regi e t . The fascinating yo u ng Italian o fﬁcer was welc o med in the

s fo r highe t circles, his splendid physical

u an d hi s - as m u bea ty, art talents an a ate r P s o M a r i o I a ta t . 7

m u an u u in sic, painting, d sc lpt re, separated him o m a ll o o o f fr thers, even in a thr ng

o m m en brilliant and acc plished . In Paris

o u u he fell int debt, and, having a bea tif l

o o o s o D u o n v ice, he accepted the pr p iti n Of p

m o f chel, the anager the Opera, and entered

o u hi s wa up o n stage life . Th gh singing s

m m u s very i perfect and a ate ri h, his princely

u o u s o o o bea ty and delici , fresh v ice t k the

u o m m u s ical p blic by st r .

’ Mario will live in the wo rld s memo ry as

o - o u the best pera l ver ever seen . In s ch

“ scenes as the fo u rth act o f Les Hu gue ” ” o F o n ts, and the last act Of av rita,

’ Mario s singing and acting were never t o

o o o s s m be f rg tten by th e that witnes ed the .

Intense pass io n and highly ﬁnished vo cal delicacy c o mbined t o make these pict u res

o o u s u of mel di s ffering indelible . As a singer Of ro mances he has never been equ alled ; in th o se so ngs where mu sic tells

o o f o o the st ry passi n, in br ad, intelligible, 2 Famou s S i n ers 7 g .

m ardent phrases, and presents itself pri arily

o mo o M o as the vehicle Of vi lent e ti n, ari

oo of o of a e Fo r st d ahead all thers his g . a quarter o f a century he remained before the

u o f o o St u p blic Paris, L nd n , and . Petersb rg,

u 1 6 but he did n o t ﬁnally retire ntil 8 7 .

’ The st o ry Of Mario s life reads like a

o m m , was r ance . At ti es he steeped in the

h of o o o dept s p verty at thers, he enj yed great

o wealth and lived in princely style . Sh rtly

hi s s o u hi m after ﬁrst arrival in Pari , he f nd

s o o o self deeply in debt, and p r that he was o bliged t o sleep in a very cheap lodging h o u se where several peo ple o ccupied o n e

o o m o o u r . One night he aw ke and f nd a m an n o him t o r o b hi m k eeling ver , . What ” ” do o u " M o o u mo y want asked ari . Y r ney,

“ . o u m was the reply Take all y can ﬁnd, y

” “ n s w M o but me frie d, an ered ari , please let ” o u m m m c ntin e y drea s and y sleep . Mario was as careless in regard t o time as to m o i s o ney . It related that nce upon a Pas ta t o M a r i o . 7 3

m h o u t o ti e he arrived alf an h r early, keep

o m o o was mo an app int ent . N b dy re s u r

s M o m i n v es pri ed than ari hi self, and, after

ti ati o n o m g , he disc vered that he had istaken

’ o fo r m u t o w eleven O cl ck ﬁve in tes t elve, and wo u ld have been the cu sto mary half ho u r late if his calculations had been

o c rrect . Mario had a particular aversio n t o writing

w o letters, and hen he received an invitati n

fro m s o me pers o n of high degree he would

u t o -mo o freq ently say, Oh, I will write rr w,

’ and Mario s t o -m o rro w was the proverbial

o n e w m hich never ca e . He was nevertheless

an d ho u u fo r o n e t o kind t ghtf l every , and hi s pers o nal grace s and charm s he o wes his

e u o mu as t o fo r was r p tati n as ch his art , he

w s m u al ays mo re o r le s Of an a ate r. His wo u w n o t o u nderf l gifts ere devel ped by st dy,

u wo u o o f u like the eq ally nderf l v ice R bini, who s u rpassed in this respect every ten o r

o o r bef re after. Fa mous S i n ers 74 g .

As an in s tance of the admiratio n in which

M o was we o ari held by the fair sex, are t ld that a certain lady fo llo wed him wherever

She o t o hi m he sang. never sp ke , never

to u o him bu t tried press herself p n , never mis s ed a perfo rmance in any part o f the wo w o n rld in hich he sang, except three o ccasio ns when she was prevented by sick

o u fo r o o ness . This c ntin ed a peri d Of f rty years .

men of m s o o M o Like all si ilar di p siti n, ari was u t o o f u o s bj ect ﬁts wild, nreas ning

o u o m j eal sy, and his d estic life with Grisi was n ot w o f mo o u al ays the s thest nat re, th o ugh there was abs ol u tely n o cau se fo r

o u o n S . o n e o s o j eal sy either ide On cca i n,

Mario is said t o have wo rked himself up into s uch a state of excitement that he smashed

o o m t oo o everything in the r . Grisi, , nce reached s o great a depth o f despair that she

o - o o ru s hed o ut t o dr wn herself . A ﬂeet f ted

o o u friend f ll wed her, and reached her j st as

6 Fa ou s i n ers 7 m S g .

o th e lo t bu t mo o u y nd Of all the st f rt nate, and the memo ry he left was singularly kind

u i u and bea t f l .

m m o um u m of A e rand , p blished at the ti e

’ M o m s u n ari s retire ent , tates that d ri g his

o o n o career he gave, in L nd al ne, 9 35 per fo r man c es o f w 2 2 of , hich 5 were in Operas

D o n 1 0 M 1 o 1 12 izetti, 7 eyerbeer, 43 R ssini,

82 B 0 o u o 68 M o Verdi, ellini, 7 G n d, and

m 6 o ma zart , the re aining 5 perf r nces being

s o m o o pera Of seven other c p sers . CHAPTER III .

T TI E TI E NS MARI O O .

O E PO Y w S o M C NT M RAR ith ntag, alibran,

M m S o -D and Grisi, was ada e chr der evri en t who was o n e o f , the earliest and great

Of m o o u est interpreters Ger an pera . Th gh o u o o u thers have s rpassed her in v cal res rces , she stands high in the list o f Operatic trage

fo r o m u m diennes, and a l ng ti e reigned s pre e

e in her art . Her deep sensibiliti s and dra m o o u o atic instincts , her n ble el c ti n and

u m fo r stately bea ty , ﬁtted her ad irably trag

w was u edy, in hich she nrivalled except by

o m o w o o Pasta . Her v ice was a ell s pran , w o u n o t l u hich, th gh specially ﬂexib e, nited

o s w u m o m s ftne s ith vo l e and c pass . Her

a e but S he stage career began at the g Of six,

77 8 Fa mo us S i n er s 7 g . was seventeen when s h e made her débu t in

s um was Opera . Her highe t tri ph achieved

“ o o F o as Le n ra in the ideli .

m w M D i n . evr e t o Her arriage ith , a ten r

S o m met D s n o inger wh she in re den, did t

u o ut M m D evr i n t rn happily . ada e e t retired

1 8 m o fo r in 49 , having a assed a c nsiderable

u b o o ffo r t ne y her pr fessi nal e rts . Her e tirement o ccasio ned mu ch regret thro ugh o u t

m m o F Ger any, and the E per r rancis I . paid her the u nu s u al co mpliment o f having her po rtrait painted i n all her principal charac

l m M u u m ters , and p aced in the I perial se .

She 1 860 o o fo l died in at C l gne, and the lo win g year a marble bust was placed in the

o u B Opera h se at erlin . Madame D evr i en t mu st be clas sed with that gro u p o f dramatic singers wh o were t h e interpreters o f the scho o l o f mu sic which

o m f M o ar se in Ger any a ter the death Of zart , and which fo u nd its characteris tic type i n

M V o n for B o who Carl aria Weber, eeth ven, M a r i o t o Ti et i en s . 79

o n . On e o t o o o , side bel ngs this sch l, rather

o t o wo to bel ngs the rld, than a single

o nati nality.

F who was on m o a anny Persiani, c te p r ry

‘ Vi ar do t was u with Grisi and , the da ghter of Tac chi n ar di o o f n o mal , a ten r singer s l r u o Tac c hi n ardi w u ep tati n . was a d arf, h nch

u backed and rep lsive in appearance, yet he had o n e Of the pu rest teno r vo ices ever given

u o h by nat re and reﬁned by art , which, t get er with extrao rdin ary intelligence and admirable m o o f of eth d singing, and great facility exe c u ti o n fo r hi m m o , elicited the ad irati n Of the pu blic . His daughter Fanny Showed a passio n fo r mu lm o s was u sic a t as an infant , and caref lly

e trained by her father. At eleven y ars Of age she t o o k part in an Opera as prima do nna at a little theatre which Tac chi n ar di had bu ilt

o u - u o ut o f F o near his c ntry place j st l rence .

She o o f mm o m t o h had a v ice i ense c pass , whic sweetness and ﬂexibility were added by s tu dy 80 Fa mou s i n er s S g .

S he m o P and practice . arried J seph ersiani,

o m o s a e of w an Operatic c p er, at the g t elve, fo r her father did n o t wis h her t o go o n the

o u m stage, and th ght that an early arriage wo u n F o r ld cha ge her tastes . several years

’ she lived in s eclu sio n at her hu sband s ho u se but at last an o ppo rt u nity Offered t o sing in o S h e u o M a t . pera, and was nable resist it dame Persiani bel o n ged to the same style as

S o n ot o h o f o but ntag, nly in c aracter v ice in

m fﬁ M o s ch eles all her sy pathies and a nities . ,

of l in his diary , speaks the incredible technica

f u w o r m an d o m di ﬁc lties hich she ve ca e, c pares

o m w o fo r her perf r ance ith that Of a vi linist ,

o u u m o ﬂo she c ld exec te the st rid, rapid, and difﬁ c ult mu s ic with su ch ease as to excite the

w o f o m wo n o nder her hearers . Aside fr her

derful u M m exec tive art in singing, ada e Per siani will be remembered as having co ntrib

ut ed m o an o t o , perhaps , re than y ther singer

m m of o u aking the u sic D onizetti p p lar . Her

o u 186 death cc rred in 7 . M r i o to Ti eti en s 8 1 a .

The name Of Jenny Lind will be remem

w M s m o f bered hen alibran , Gri i, and any the

u o o be greatest singers have s nk int Oblivi n,

o o wo B o n e cau se Of her g d rks . esides being o f few n o f u the perfect si gers the cent ry, her life was characterized by deep religio u s prin c i les u m wo o f p and inn erable charitable rks, which n o t the least was the u s e Of the fo rt une Of o ver which S he made d urin g her

m o u o u o A erican t r, in f nding art sch larships

o t S w n and her charities in ede , her native land .

was o 182 0 at S o Jenn y Lind b rn in . t ck hOlm an d u o f oo but edu , was the da ghter p r cat ed a n o f p rents, her father bei g a teacher

n ua e mo o o m la g g s and her ther a sch l istress . Fro m her cradle she Showed the greatest

i m u s a e delight n ic, and at the g Of three she co uld Si ug with accu racy any s o n g that she

h e I mu s u had a . Her ical ed catio n began at

a e of but o w the g nine , n t ithstanding the brilliant career predicted fo r her by her 8 2 Fa mo us S i n er s g .

fo r m was o friends , her life any years a hist ry of patient hard wo rk and crushing di s ap

o i n tm en p t s .

When she was presented by her singin g

to o u Pii c ke o of teacher C nt , the direct r the

o u S o o m w w t o c rt theatre at t ckh l , ith a vie getting her admitted t o the scho o l of mu sic

o m n o m s s o c nn ected with it, she ade i pre i n o n him was o u s o , and it nly by great pers a i n

o u u to that he c ld be ind ced accept her.

’ In this theatre s h e appeared in child s

w s but parts hile carcely in her teens, when she was abo ut thirteen years Old her vo ice

u S he o u s ddenly failed . c ntin ed patiently

o m u u o u with her ther sical st dies , and in f r o r ﬁve years her vo ice ret u rned as s uddenly as it had left her .

S o o t h rtly after this, she sang at a c ncer

“ o f o u of R O the part Alice, in the f rth act ” o m u o m s o n bert , and ade s ch a fav rable i pres i that s h e was immediately given the part of

D er F r ei s c hii tz m h er Agatha , in , and ade

8 Fa m o us i n er s 4 S g . but so o n afterwards she appeared at C open

o u M r hagen , and then , thr gh eye beer again ,

o u m B r she pr c red an engage ent at e lin, where, ” of o o s h e m in the part Alice in R bert , ade

o o m o She n a pr f u nd i pressi n . ext sang in

s he m u m Vienna, where ade a veritable tri ph . On the last night Of her engagement her

was o o m o u carriage esc rted h e by th sands . Thirty times she was o bliged t o appear at

w n o w of o ow the i d her h tel , and the cr d scrambled fo r the ﬂo wers which she threw

m o w m u the in ackn ledg ent Of their appla se,

m o m u and carried the h e as treas res . She became the talk Of m u sical circles

ou o u u o o e o thr gh t E r pe, and prices r s en r m o u sl w was o y henever she t sing. She sang in Lo ndo n fo r the ﬁrst time in

1 8 o u u o u 47, and, thr gh j dici s advertising, the pu blic were wo rked u p to a great state of

o n w u o u s expectati . Tickets ere held at fab l

’ iddo n s s s o f M r s . S price , and since the days s o m eventh farewell , n thing like the excite ent JE NNY LIN D

s i r s 86 Fa mou S nge .

m o La Figlia del Reggi ent , and Le

F o o m was No zze di igar . In N r a she a

u fail re .

But again Cho rley m ay well be qu o ted

w o m e Of all the singers h I have ver heard ,

n s m o s uo us Mlle . Li d was perhap the st as id . Her reso l ution t o Offer th es v ery best of her best t o the p ublic seemed part and parcel o f

of o N u . o t her nat re, and her c nscience a n o te was neglected by her, n o t a phrase

u o u o was sl rred ver. Her exec ti n great , and , as is always the case with vo ices o riginally

u m n was rel ctant, see ed greater tha it really .

s was u e . Her hake tr e and brilliant , her tast

o m was o o h in rna ent alt gether riginal . S e u sed her pianissimo t o nes s o as t o make ” m m of o u m the rese ble an effect ventril q is .

’ Jenny Lind s to u r in America was event

ul w f . It began ith a serenade by a band of o n e u m u e h ndred and thirty sicians , preced d by seven h u ndred Of the ﬁremen o f New

o Y rk . The demo nstratio n o ccurred at o n e r i o to Ti e i en s 8 M a t . 7

’ o m o as O cl ck in the rning, and w witnessed

o w f o u o by a cr d o thirty th sand pe ple . The

fo r o o u o tickets the c ncerts were s ld by a cti n ,

was 2 2 — b and the highest price paid $ 5, y

u man D u an enterprising b siness . ring her

m was o o w stay in A erica, Jenny Lind f ll ed by crowds eager t o see her ; receptio ns were

was o t o arranged , and everything d ne keep u m She was u man p the excite ent . nder the

m n f r B n u m o w M . m om a e e t o . . g P T ar , fr h she later Obtained her release o n payment Of a fo rfeit of

1 1 M ut u r In 8 5 lle . Lind p herself nde the

m f M r o m m o . o anage ent Ott G ldsch idt, a

o f o o m S he pianist c nsiderable ability, wh m B o o 18 2 u arried in st n . In 5 she ret rned t o E u rope with her hu sband and settled in

D but m resden, eight years later they ca e t o n o o w E gland and resided in L nd n , hence they moved after several years t o Malvern

188 M m o m Wells . In 7 ada e Lind G ldsch idt

Sh e m m o n e o f died . is re e bered as the s i er s 88 Fa mo u S ng . sweetest singers and m o st charming wo men m Of her ti e . A singer who replaced Fanny Persiani and

o u wh o surpassed her in p p larity, sang in the s ame roles and in the same theatres

wh o o to o as Grisi, and , acc rding Ch rley, was the mo st ladylike pers o n he had seen o n of the stage the Italian Opera, except

m o was o B o o Bo M S . ada e ntag, Angi lina si rn

u 18 0 o t o m at T rin in 3 , and bel nging a fa ily o f o mu m artists, b th sical and dra atic , she made her ﬁrst appearance at the age o f

s o u m sixteen, and c red a decided tri ph . In

18 8 but w o u her 4 she sang at Paris, ith t

u o m u s mm c st ary s cce s , and she i ediately m o u ade a t r Of the West, visiting Havana,

New o P B o o Y rk, hiladelphia, and st n, in all of S he was m which places greatly ad ired .

18 1 u t o u o m In 5 she ret rned E r pe, and arried

m m Xi n davelo n i s a Greek gentle an na ed .

She u t o bu t was n ot ret rned the stage,

o u of the fav rably received ntil, at the end

i e s 9 0 Fa mo u s S ng r .

Sh e o 1 8 2 2 Ro magna . was b rn in , and, like

' s s howed her mo st Of the great ingers , talent

Sh e was u o o early . placed nder g d teachers , and attracted the attentio n o f Ro ssini by her

o o s o m u s beautifu l vo ice . He t k ch intere t in her that he gave her instru ctio n in so me

u o o of o f her parts . Th s she had the h n r

’ u being Ro s sini s o nly p pil . In 184 2 Sh e made her ﬁrst appearance in

o o Opera, and was s n after engaged at La

M m fo r o u Scala, ilan, where she re ained f r

s years . After thi she appeared at Vienna,

o u u o and then she travelled thr gh E r pe,

n u o creating a ge eral f r re .

A lbo n i was n o t — was an actress, she a

m o u S singer si ply and abs l tely, and her inging

was u t o o s ch as carry everything bef re it .

" o of o w u The t nes her v ice ere rich, f ll,

m o u — um u o u ell w, and liq id, s pt s, they have

n — o f u m bee called, and a p re and sy pa

u . n ot fo r the u thetic q ality It was even , pper

s was regi ter thin . Her artic ulatio n was [ a r i o o Ti et z s M t en . 9 1

l r u m o perfect y clea and ﬂ ent , even in the st

fﬁ u s m o di c lt passages , and her tyle and eth d W m e o o . ur o u er c nsidered dels Her ﬁg e, th gh

was ul o mm an d large, gracef and c anding, her

s o s o am She was o di p iti n was iable . b th inde m pendent and digniﬁed . While in Ger any ,

o m u o to and c paratively nkn wn , she declined

o s s r t o seek the fav r Of the pre , prefe ring

u t o u m of u tr st the j dg ent the p blic .

u o m w M m A lbo n i Once p n a ti e, hen ada e was sh e was o m of at Trieste, inf r ed the ex i s t en c e of o t o Off a pl t hiss her the stage . Having ascertained the names Of her detract o r s w to o u and where they ere be f nd, she

o m o d nned ale attire, in which her sh rt hair and ro b u st ﬁgu re helped t o complete her dis

u w t o w Co n g ise, and ent the café at hich the s i r a o r s m e p t t . Here she fo und them in full

o u o c ns ltati n , and , taking a seat at a table,

S he d t o o o fo r m listene their c nversati n a ti e .

w s he After a hile addressed the leader, say

“ i n g : I hear that y o u inten d t o play a trick s i n e r s 9 2 Fa mo u S g .

n am o u po n s o me o e . I very f nd Of a little

o m S o u practical j ke yself, and h ld be glad if yo u wo uld allo w me to j o m yo u o n this ” o o ccasi n .

“ “ u was i n With pleas re, the reply ; we tend t o his s an Opera S inger Off the stage this evening.

n o f She ui " I deed, and what is g lty

o Oh , n thing except that, being an Italian, she has su ng in M unich and Vienna to Ger man u She o u to a diences, and we think ght receive s o me castigatio n fo r her u n patrio tic ” co ndu ct

“ w o u — n o w I agree ith y , and please tell ” me w am t o do hat I .

“ w s Take this hi tle, said the leader. At a signal t o be given at the co ncl u sio n of the

u o o w e air s ng by R sina, the n ise ill b gin, and ” o u w t o o y ill have j in in .

“ to do s o I shall be very glad , replied

u t w o the singer, and p the histle in her p cket .

I n o u was the evening the h se packed,

F ou s i n er s 94 am S g .

o m 1 expressed s o me di s app int ent . In 853

m o u o o o S he arried the C nt Of Pep li, and s n

She n ot after retired . did again sing in

u 1 8 1 s he p blic, except in 7 , when sang the

’ o o o M c ntralt part in R ssini s ass , a part

o m o o which the c p ser had desired, bef re his

wo u w was death, that she ld take hen it

u prod ced . In s o cial life the C o u ntess Of Pepo li was as m uch the ido l o f her friends as she had

o u s u 18 previ ly been Of the p blic . In 77 she m o m M o arried a sec nd ti e, taking aj r Zieger

r u o o fo her h sband . Her death t k place at

’ d A vr a 18 the Ville y , Paris, in 94 . F o r several years the favo rite teno r o n the

F was u s o o rench stage G tave Hypp lite R ger,

m an o f m o o o a a iable and benev lent disp siti n , who was u fo r o o ed cated the legal pr fessi n .

was o 1 8 1 St He b rn in 5, at La Chapelle .

D s o o eni , Paris, and entered the C nservat ire

1 8 6 c ar r i n o ff o o w in 3 , y g , the f ll ing year, the

fo r co m o ﬁrst prizes singing and ic pera . His M a r i o o Ti eti s t en . 9 5

u was m F u 18 8 déb t ade in ebr ary, 3 , and he remained at the Opera Co miqu e fo r ten

t o th e m years, after which he went Acadé ie, and created a great sensatio n with Madame e ” w i ar dot o . as V , in Le Pr ph te His acting

o o m go o d b th in tragic and c ic parts, and he

n n ew o created ma y r les . In 18 59 he m et with an u nfo rtunate acci

o ar m u dent, and l st his right by the b rsting

f u n ut t o o a g , and this p an end his Operatic

s o u o t o career in Pari . He c ntin ed , h wever,

o o m sing in pr vincial t wns and in Ger any, u 1 86 1 w ntil , hen he reappeared at the Opera

B ut was C o miqu e . it evident that the time fo r m o m o o his retire ent had c e, and he t k

u o m o o o f p pils, bec ing a pr fess r singing at

o o 1868 ho ldi n t he the C nservat ire in , and g

o o u 18 p siti n ntil his death In 79 . m B m The antle Of raha , the greatest

o o f t o o English ten r his day, descended J hn

S m s o n o f m u who i s Reeves, the a sician ,

’ was o rn S o o 182 2 . b at h ter s Hill , Kent, in s i ers 9 6 Fa mo u S ng .

we o on s Reeves, are t ld , received the traditi m B m . Of raha , and reﬁned the

He o btained his early mu sical instructio n

o u fro m his father, and at f rteen held the

o u po s itio n Of o rganist at N rth Gray Ch rch .

Upo n gaining his mat u re vo ice he determined

o s o an d t be a inger, and at ﬁrst sang barit ne

o o m u sec nd ten r parts, aking his déb t in

o w s -o u - o u R u pera, at Ne ca tle Tyne, as C nt ” o m u B o o do lpho in La S nna b la . ef re l ng

o hi s . v ice develo ped into a teno r o f an

o u u u 18 excepti nally bea tif l q ality, and, in 4 7,

D u when he appeared at r ry Lane, he at o nce to o k a po sitio n as a S inger o f the ﬁrst

t o o ur rank . His acting, , was nat al and easy,

m t o u o . o anly, and the p rp se, exhibiting b th

s s o o o u o pa i n and p wer with t exaggerati n .

u m o wa His greatest tri ph, h wever, s

o o o hi s o m e o f achieved in rat ri , and perf r anc “ m S ” “ ” The Ene y aid, in Israel in Egypt ,

a 1 8 was of uc a at the Crystal Pal ce , in 57 , s h

u to nat re as electrify his hearers .

er s 9 8 Fa mous S i ng .

" o t o o f high rank. He bel nged the class

“ o u to m u ten o re di f rza, and sed ake a tre ff w m en do u s e ect with his high C, hich he

s o w pro d u ced with immen e p er. His vo ice was o n e Of great richnes s of t o ne and vo l u me but s m , his inging was arred by the per

s u s e o u t o o si tent Of the vibrat , a fa lt all co mm o n

Tamberlik S m , like i s Reeves and Jean de

s o o Re zke, sang riginally as a barit ne, and

o o Hi s devel o ped later int a ten r. delivery was o grand and n ble, his phrasing perfect,

w o f o and he sang ith a great depth expressi n . His elo cu tio n was s o ﬁne that every wo rd was w u f an d delivered ith f ll e fect, his dra m o w was u u u wa atic p er n s ally great . He s

t o o seen best advantage in her ic parts, in

u m which his ﬁne ﬁg re and ajestic bearing, together with the po wer and res o nance Of

o w d his v ice, ere isplayed .

Tamber lik was o o m 182 0 b rn at R e in , m hi s debut 1 8 1 oo ade at Naples in 4 , and s n

1 Fa mous S i n er s 0 0 g .

m a m u u o f m i n beca e an fact rer ar s . While retirement he had the rare experience of

e o wn o u o fo r 188 2 r ading his bit ary n tices, , in , a rumo r of his death went fo rth int o Italy and

F a o u n w o u r nce . Th gh it was e tirely ith t

o u o o m w f ndati n , the press at nce tee ed ith

u o o o f o e l gistic bi graphies the great ten r,

o o u o u u o which were C pied thr gh t E r pe . As

w o m m u they ere highly c pli entary, the s bj ect was mu m o o o f ch pleased, and ade a c llecti n them which he pasted int o an albu m and

o fo r 8 . 1 8 enj yed seven years He died in 9 . D u ring the same perio d there ﬂo u ris hed

Fo m o n e mo s m e Karl r es, Of the t re arkabl

o m who was o u bass s Of his ti e, p p lar in spite of the fact that he frequ ently o ffended by

o n o false int ati n . Fo rmes was the s o n Of a sexto n of Muhl

m o n wa s o 18 10 . hei the Rhine, and b rn in

He gained the greater part o f his mu sical edu catio n by singing in the choir Of the c u w u w o o fo r h rch . He gre p ith a str ng l ve o Ti t i e s 10 M a r i to e n . I

he m w fo r mu s t dra a, as ell as ic, and at the age Of s ixteen his enth u s ias m was su ch that w s o o o hen Es ler, the act r, visited C l gne,

o un Fo m s n o t u fﬁ m o y g r e , having s cient ney t o o fo r hi s pay b th the ferry and ticket, tied

o o u hi s n m his cl thes ar nd eck, and swa the

n m s o m Rhine, rather tha i s the perf r ance .

S t au di l When g , the bass singer, the .visited m F o m s s to s sa e city, r e li tened his inging

awe s s o t o with , and the next ea n he begged be all o wed to sing the part o f Bertram at

’ r was o n e of S t au di l s ta the Ope a . This g vo r it e o St au di l who r les . g , heard the per fo r m an c e s o o u , was pleased that he intr d ced

Fo m u s o r es as his s cce s r .

Fo m o m o o e r es , h wever, ﬁrst ca e int n tic by singing at so m e co ncerts given fo r the

o f _ _ u o o i n beneﬁt the Cathedral f nd , at C l gne,

1 8 1 o o m 4 . In the f ll wing year he ade his o u u t o en peratic déb t , his s ccess leading an

a emen t fo r i g g three years . He then sang n

V e 18 o o w i nna, and in 49 appeared in L nd n ith i n er s 10 2 Fa mo us S g .

om a German c pany, taking the part Of Zara ” “ Zauber ﬂOt e D u Stro in the , at r ry Lane

he fo r Theatre . The next year was engaged

o Italian Opera, at C vent Garden, and sang

o r o m there every seaso n f s e ﬁfteen years .

o w fo r o u m co m He had a v ice hich , v l e,

s u o n e o f m o pas , and q ality, was the st

s magniﬁcent ever heard, a tage presence

s o m o hand e and attractive, and excepti nal dramatic ability.

Fo m was man o f u e o r es a nsettl d, r ving

s o s o S m u o f m di p iti n , and pent ch his ti e in

u s S but 1 8 R sia and in pain , in 57 he visited

S u the United tates, and event ally began a

o u o wher wandering life in this c ntry , g ing

o o him mo ever fancy t k , and singing in al st all the larger cities .

188 2 -two In he, being then seventy years o f a e m M s u o o g , arried a i s Pa line Greenw d, wh o had been o n e Of his pupils in Philadel

S o s phia . h rtly afterward the happy co u ple

S an F s o wh f r settled in ranci c , ere he e

i er s 10 4 Fa mo u s S ng .

o o s was ano ther ten r Of high rank, wh e career

mo n t o m o co nﬁned al st e tirely Ger any, J seph

h k o 180 i hats c e . Alo is T c He was b rn in 7 ,

Wec kels do r f o m at Ober , in B he ia, and

m o u s 18 0 beca e a ch r s inger in 3 , rising in

o on u 18 m his pr fessi ntil, in 37, he ade his déb ut as a s o lo ist at D resden . In 184 1 he

fo r o o at D u sang a few nights in L nd n, r ry

u o o f m o Lane, d ring a seas n Ger an pera ;

s o o o M was al at Liverp l and anchester, and

“ o u o described as y ng, prep ssessing, and a

o o o o x g d act r ; his v ice is e cellent , and his

o u n ot w u o style, th gh anting in c ltivati n, is ” mo n to u o re i debted nat re than t art . He was also said to have pro ved himself “ the ” o f S o Ti chats h k hit the eas n . c e died in

1 88 6 .

A sin ger who was much mo re widely

o who e o t o m of kn wn, and b l nged the ti e

M o L ablache Grisi, ari , , and the great Oper

o o was atic representati ns Of th se days ,

o i o o o o a Ge rg R nc ni, the barit ne . He had M a r i o to Ti eti en s . 10 5

repu tatio n extending thro ugho ut Euro pe and

o m a d o w int A erica, n he es his celebrity

t o o ow t o o rather histri nic p ers than his v ice,

“ fo r we are told by Cho rley that there are few instances Of a vo ice s o limited in co m

x ah o so o pass (hardly e ceeding ctave) , inferi r

u s o w so ua o ut of u in q ality, eak, habit lly t ne .

lo w u u u m The stat re, the feat res n arked and

o mmo o m o c nplace, when silent , pr ising n th

i n t o u w o u g an a dience, yet hich c ld express

o f o n ot t o a dignity bearing, a tragic passi n

o r u w be exceeded , an ex berance Of the ild

u m o w m mo S o n ta est, q aintest , st hi sical , st p n eo us o m we c edy . These things have seen,

o o o i n s i n iﬁcan ce and have f rg tten pers nal g ,

o o w o m o v cal p er bey nd edi crity, every dis

u o i h of o q aliﬁcati n, the spell str ng, real sensibility It was o n e Of the many cases in which dramatic talent has made up fo r

o f o lack v ice .

o o fo r m o o R nc ni sang any years in L nd n ,

o m in all the great c ic Operas . He retired in i ers 10 6 Famous S ng .

H 18 m of . e 74, and beca e a teacher singing

1 died in 89 0 . In 1849 two stars Of impo rtance appeared

o o o M m M o n the peratic h riz n , ada e arie

i olan o M F M . Caro line élix Carvalh , and lle

o Ti eti n s Theresa Caro lin J hanna e . Madame Carvalho became the fo remo st

o n F was en lyric artist the rench stage, and gaged fo r many years at the Opera C o miqu e

but and at the Grand Opera in Paris, she

o n u o o B als sa g freq ently in L nd n , erlin,

S t u o u o . Petersb rg, and ther cities Of E r pe . Her ﬁrst public appearance was made at a

o m fo r o f D u z perf r ance the beneﬁt pre , her

of teacher, and she sang in the ﬁrst act

u o o L cia, and in the tri in the sec nd act o f u w La J ive . Her last appearance, hich

o o 188 two r e t k place in 7, years after her

m o m was o tire ent fr the stage, als at a bene

a o uff ﬁt , c ncert in aid Of the s erers by

o m u s the ﬁre at the Opera C iq e . On thi o o sh e w F u ccasi n sang ith a re .

o u s i n ers 10 8 Fa m S g .

- s o m o do t Garcia . Never was ighty a v ice

o s o sweet and l u scio us in its t ne . It had

o o f o o ut mo n ne the s pran shrillness, b was re

m o S o o u o u o u an d Of a ezz pran q ality thr gh t ,

s was softer than velvet . Her tyle Of singing n o u was n ble and p re, her acting ear est, ani m o was ated , and f rcible, her stage presence

o S u o m u imp sing. ch parts as N r a and L cre

Bo to e w s o tia rgia are said hav died ith her,

was h er o m grand interpretati n Of the , and she sang the part o f Ortru d in Lo hengrin s o o o u ﬁnely that, in all pr bability , she w ld have beco me no ted as a Wagnerian S inger had n o t death snatched her away in her

m NO pri e . singer ever became m o re p o p ular in England, where she lived for many

w was o years, and here her death c nsidered

o o Ti e i en s was o . M t as a nati nal l ss lle . b rn

m u 18 1 o f u e s in Ha b rg, in 3 , H ngarian par nt , an d ﬁrs t appeared in Opera in that city at

a e S h e o o n the g Of eighteen . sang in L nd e S o o m 18 18 a very eas n fr 59 till 77 , the ye r a r i o to Ti eti e s 1 M n . 0 9

o f e o o o her d ath , and was as great an rat ri M singer as she was Operatic artist . lle .

Ti eti en s m was tall , assive, and digniﬁed, and do minated the stage with her pres

1 8 6 ence . In 7 she visited the United

S m o o u but o tates, and ade a c ncert t r, n ne co uld have a full co nception of her po wer who did n o t see her in o n e o f her great

o who fo r parts . Like ther singers have years maintained their popularity in E n g

was mo m land , her private life st ad irable, and her kind and charitable nat u re endeared

to o her the nati n . CHAPTE R IV.

D O S OF T HE F F E S PRIMA NNA I TI .

THE years immediately follo wing 1850 were rather barren of stars Of the ﬁrst m u of o o o u agnit de in the line s pran s, alth gh

S o u F u o t ckha sen , a re, Wachtel, and Nic lini

o t o o all bel ng that peri d, besides Adelaide

P o o . hillips, the c ntralt The chief so pran o o f the year 1 85 1 was

M m Nan ti er -D of ada e idier, a native the Isle

Bo u o who o m w u u Of rb n , had a s e hat s ccessf l

u o but who career in the chief cities Of E r pe,

“ was considered a ﬁ r s t -rate singer Of the

o She a n o m sec nd class . had a g y, ha ds e

w me zo S O ran O o an d face, a inning z p v ice,

u neat exec tio n .

In the foll owing year appeared two singers

I I O

1 12 Fa m o u s S i n er s g .

u o impo sing stage presence . Her rep tati n

o w m o o was gained , h ever, re in c ncert and o o o bu t m mo rat ri than in Opera, her e ry will remain in America as that of o n e who did m u ch t o wards the cu ltivatio n o f the p ublic

fo r o taste pera . In 1865 she came to America o n a t o u r

M r o s w o m m with . Carl R a, h she arried in

186 u s D e o 7, her ﬁrst h band , Captain W lfe

1 86 Carvell, having died in 5. After this

m fo r o u u h they re ained f r years , d ring whic time they o rganized the Carl Ro sa Opera

o m fo r o m of C pany, the perf r ance English

- and Italian o pera . Madam e Parepa Ro s a was s o m the principal inger, and the c pany m et u n o t o with great s ccess, singing nly in o bu t s o o o o o pera, al in rat ri and c ncerts . In

18 1 t o o o n o u 7 they went Cair , Egypt, acc nt

’ o f o s s but u t o Carl R a health , they ret rned

m o m A erica bef re winter, bringing with the

m o S an tle Wachtel , the Ger an ten r, and y,

s o the Engli h barit ne . Pr i ma D o n as o the F ti es 1 n f if . 13

1 8 u t o u o In 7 3 they again ret rned E r pe, but Madame Ro s a was s oo n afterwards seized with an illness which terminated in

u r 1 8 . os her death In Jan a y, 74 The Carl R a

o m was u Opera C pany, which th s established,

m s u re ained in exi tence ntil recently, and has

u s u o m w m o been a s cce sf l c pany, al ays e pl y i n n 18 8 g several singers Of high ra k . In 9 , o to u s was wing a declining b sines , it decided to n o m u o r o wi d the c pany p , re rganize it, and meetings were held t o decide the matter. The star of 1 856 was Madame Pes c hka

n who 18 2 u Le tner, sang in 7 at the J bilee

B o o o u S h e a festival in st n . Alth gh had p

ear ed o o was but o w p in L nd n, she little kn n o u o wn o u w tside Of her c ntry, here she was

o u She s very p p lar . died at Wie baden in

1 89 0 .

Befo re 1 860 the French s tage al s o p r o du c ed two s s o f 18 8 inger high rank . In 5 Madam e A rt Ot made her debu t at the Par is 1 Fam o us i n ers 1 4 S g .

ho u Opera, t gh she had already been heard in

o B u m o c ncerts in elgi , H lland, and England . She was the daughter o f the ho rn pro fes s o r

B u o o was at the r ssels C nservat ire, and

M m i r - tau ght singing by ada e V a do t Garcia . Her engagement at Paris was du e t o Meyer

u was u to beer, and her s ccess s ch as draw praise even fro m the extremely critical

B o o o o o t o erli z . In the f ll wing year she t k

fo r m was Italian Opera, and any years well

o o u o u u o kn wn thr gh t E r pe .

M arguerite J o s ephine D ésirée M o n t aign y

A r tOt fo r u was m full was , s ch her na e in ,

o 18 1 86 s he m b rn in 35, and in 9 arried a well

o S s o - - m o TO kn wn pani h ten r, Padilla y Ra s . gether they sang in m o st o f the great Eu ro pean

u t m 18 8 cities n il their retire ent . As late as 7

s B w M m they ang in erlin , in hich city ada e

A r t Ot o f s m m settled as a teacher g g.

M m -M w o as ada e Galli arié, h se celebrity

M o an d m wo - was th e ign n Car en is rld wide,

u o f o S M éc én M r da ghter an pera inger, e a ié

Pr i ma D o n s o the F ti es 1 1 n a f if . 5

’ de l I s le She m u u . ade her déb t at Strasb rg

1 8 o u m m m in 59 , and ab t the sa e ti e arried

u o m wh o 1 86 1 a sc lpt r na ed Galli, died in .

’ Madame Galli-Marié s dramatic talent was

r eat an d u of g , . she has s cceeded in characters

o s u o n o t entirely Opp ite nat re . Her v ice was

m but m mo r e re arkable ; , like any Of the st

n o wn ed of u o artists the cent ry, her riginality an d arti s tic temperam ent were s ufﬁcient to

place her in the ﬁrst rank . ” “ m was o u Ma When Car en pr d ced, and dam e Galli-Marié was cho sen fo r the title

o B e w o to u o r le, izet r r te the part s it her v ice, w was o f m hich li ited range, having neither the lo w notes of a co ntralto n o r the high

f o o he w s o o . S a o w nes the s pran , h ever, o w t o m n ot o ing her dra atic capabilities , nly the ﬁrst but o n e Of the best Carmens seen

h e m of u ntil t ti e Calvé . In 18 59 there aro se fro m the Oppo s ite ends o f two o f m u the earth , stars the ﬁrst agnit de, who se brilliancy was sufﬁcient to S ilence the 1 16 Fa mou s S i n er s g . co mplaints Of th o se who declared that the

s o S u art Of inging was a l st art . ch wails have aris en fro m time t o time ever since

was o m a Opera established , and p ssibly they y have exis ted in so m e fo rm previo us to that

m b ut u t o o o ti e, p the present date there is g d

o u evidence that the art Of singing ﬂ rishes . It i s h u man nat u re to declare that things o f

u o t o o s of the past were s peri r th e the present ,

Cu zzo n i and in their day , Gabrielli, Catalani,

s n um Pasta, Gri i, and Jenny Lind, besides a

of o w u “ ber thers, ere all s ch singers as had ” o never bef re been heard . Between Pauline Lu cca and Adelina Patti

wi f o there was a de di ference, and yet b th

s u m m singer tri phed in the sa e parts .

Lu cca made her débu t at Olm u tz as Elvira ” “ New in Ernani, Patti ﬁrst appeared in

u Bo u m Yo rk as L cia . th L cca and Patti ade

u a e of o u their déb t at the g sixteen, th gh s o me autho r ities state that Lu cca was b o rn i n 184 1 and bo th singers fo llo wed in matri

1 1 Famo us S i n ers 8 g .

It happened that abo u t this time Meyer

o m o was o beer, the c p ser, casting his eye ver the o peratic wo rld for a singer t o who m he felt that he could entru st the creatio n Of the

’ part Of Selika in his yet u npublis hed L A fr i

’ o f u w caine . He heard L cca, and hen she was s inging at Pragu e he cam e o ver fro m B er

n u o t o S O lin o p rp se hear her . pleased was he with her perfo rmance that after the o pera

t o t o o n he desired be presented her, and

t o o o m be u u t o being taken her r , r shed p her

m o n o s and kissed her vehe ently b th cheek , mu ch t o the s urprise and embarrassment of

o u wh o n o t o the y ng lady, had idea as his

m o m o n o t o identity . A dern pri a d nna, l ng a o m u o f en th u s i g , experienced a si ilar b rst as m fro m an u nkno wn elderly gentleman who

o o als shed tears . After he had g ne, and she

o o m u m had rec vered fr her s rprise, she issed

u o f w o a very val able piece j e elry. It is nly

o o fo r o m o pr per, theref re, all c p sers intending t o make a demo nstratio n t o send wo rd befo re Pr i ma D o n as o the F t i es 1 1 n f if . 9

o o w M hand . On the f ll ing day eyerbeer called

ho f M ' u en at her tel and O fered lle . L cca an

a emen t B g g at erlin , which she accepted, and which t o o k effect at the en d of her Pragu e

m mo engage ent, eight nths later. D u rin g these eight m o nths Lu cca received a pro po sal o f marriage fro m the yo ung Prince

o b o who s e a m o L k witz, had fallen de p r tely l ve with her ; but she did n o t listen t o his

u n o u was r e appeals , and the f rt nate prince

d o m w ec te . S j e time after this event , hich was s o m o rtifying as t o pro bably affect his

o s o o u o u n o n disp iti n, he s ght and f d death

o f o o o m o the ﬁeld h n r, bec ing inv lved in a dueL

u n o w w t o B M L cca ent erlin . eyerbeer

o o u own mm t k her nder his i ediate charge, and she appeared in three o f his greatest

o o B characters, Alice in R bert , ertha in

“ ” “ 11 o Vi elka m o f Pr phete, and in the Ca p h w S . S e as ilesia in her eighteenth year, and her beau ty bo th Of pers o n and vo ice Fa ous S i n er s I 2 0 m g . excited the greatest admiratio n an d dro ve the

B u u . erlin . p blic wild with rapt re Under

’ Meyerbeer s su pervis io n she gained splendid triu mphs and was app o inted co u rt S inger fo r life . D uring this time of triumph in Berlin s h e was w o m visited by Adelina Patti, h se fa e was o o u o if als spreading ver E r pe ; in fact ,

’ o n e ma u u y j dge by ﬁnancial res lts , Patti s star was m u ch higher in the h eavens than

o f u for u r ec ei v that L cca, whereas L cca was i n o n e o u m o g th sand thalers a nth, Patti was bein g paid o n e tho u s and francs a night Lu cca was living in apartments o n a fo u rth

o o u u o o ﬂ r, in q ite an nc nventi nal style, and was w l in bed hen Patti called . Neverthe ess,

vi s ito r ' an d St r ako s ch she received her , , her

m n with . m of u f anager, any signs na fected

u m ﬁr m pleas re, and they beca e friends, their

o ﬁ t o rivalry being c n ned the stage .

’ L u c c a s progress t o fam e was n o w very

She e o o 1 86 1 rapid . appear d in L nd n in 3 and

I 2 2 Fa mo u s S i n er s g .

o n rec o rd as o n e o f the very highes t achieve . m s m ent in the lyrical dra a . In Berlin s he

u o c o m created a perfect f r re , singing in a

w o u B pany hich intr d ced Wachtel and etz .

o m was o s While the perf r ance in pr gre s , the ho u se and even the carriage o f the yo u ng prima do nna were dec o rated with the rarest

mo u u o w s u and st bea tif l ﬂ wers , and ith ch pro fu sio n that she was hardly able t o rec o n i ze o m g her h e . The Czar o f Ru ssia n o w wished t o hear

s o m i s o o thi inc parable s nger, he sent a p lite m s t o of u s u es age the King Pr s ia, req esting

h o o t u S e t S . that be all wed sing at Petersb rg, and Offerin g her a salary o f eighty tho u sand

fo r S o of o u m o ru bles the eas n f r nths . The

King o f Pru ssia had n o t the same scruples

o u s had o u F c ncerning R s ia that he ab t rance, s o o u o was n his graci s c nsent give , as it was,

s o o n o o w s o n al , the f ll ing sea .

m mm s s o t Lu cca ade an i en e impre si n at S .

u o f o Petersb rg, where at the end the seas n Pr i ma D on n as o the F ti es 12 f if . 3

she was serenaded by the band Of the Impe

u s w u m rial G ards . The treets ere ill inated from the theatre t o her hou se at the o rders

o s D m m Of the Cr wn Prince s ag ar, the E press gave her a priceless and beau tiful pair o f

mo u o u dia nd earrings , the p blic, thr gh the

of o w leader the rchestra, presented her ith a splendid diadem co vered with precio us

o s m m o st ne , and the e bers Of the rchestra su bscribed and made her a present o f a laurel

o But d mo wreath in g ld . the greatest e nstra tio n in her ho n o r o ccu rred when Sh e o rgan i zed a co n cert fo r the beneﬁt of indigent

u s of w x st dent , the receipts hich e ceeded ten

was f r tho u sand rubles . Then she called o

m u u ward thirty ti es, and the st dents nhar n es s ed her ho rses and dragged her carriage

o w o h me . They seized her sha l and t re it

o m fo r m m o o int frag ents e ent s , and she als had t o give u p her glo ves and handkerchief

u o fo r the same p rp se . Similar demo n stratio ns have taken place 1 2 Fa ous i n er s 4 m S g .

f m s o at di ferent ti e , and in ther cities, in

o o of o u o h n r ther singers . It is q ite an rdi nary matter i n Ru ssia fo r a singer t o be

o w o r w m an d called f r ard ten t enty ti es, even thirty times is n o t by any m eans s o extrao rdinary as it wo u ld be in Lo ndo n o r

N w o o r m o u Bo o e . Y rk, , re partic larly, In st n Jenny Lind lo s t a shawl in New York

o u u m o f u an d thr gh the enth sias the p blic, in 188 1 Patti enj o yed the experience in Bro oklyn of being dragged ho me by a crowd

o f u s enth siast . Perhaps Patti had the mo st cu rio u s dem

o n st r ati o n o o u o s d in L nd n, j st bef re she aile

’ fo r New Yo rk under Maples o n s manage

m M a les o n u o fo r th ent , and p is the a th rity e

o anecd te .

o m of o After the last perf r ance the seas n , Patti was esc o rted fro m the theatre to the train en ro u te fo r Liverpoo l by a pro cessio n

o o u m w Of theatrical pe ple in c st e, ith a brass

’ o n e o o m o r n f band . This was at cl ck in the

12 6 Fa mou s i n er s S g .

hi m hi s o u S o u against by irate and jeal s p se,

was o n o o was the case cl sed, and n tice taken

M m ow to of . the defence atters see , h ever, have arranged themselves t o the satisfactio n of o n fo r B o m all c ncer ed , the ar n arried the yo ung lady who had been the cau se Of

’ L u c c a s o us u m B o j eal y, and L cca arried ar n von o m of V o n Wallh fen, an inti ate friend

a who o wo u R hden, , als , had been nded at

M - - o u who o ow ars La T r, and had f ll ed her t o

America .

Pauline Lu cca was on e of the few singers

o u m gifted with riginal geni s, and she i parted S peciﬁc individuality t o each of her charac

mo o o . a ters, even the st c l rless Her vers tility was very great , and she had a repert o ire o f ﬁ -S i x o o w s fty r les . Her v ice a a full s o

r an o o f m u w p sy pathetic q ality, and ith a

of two o range and a half ctaves, extending t o al t C in , and capable Of expressing

o f mo o P h every kind e ti n . Like atti S e was o f u o n e m slender ﬁg re, and at ti e she played Pr i ma D on n as o the F t i es 1 2 f if . 7

Margu erite in Fau st o n alternate nights w u was ith her. L cca essentially a lyric

u m actress rather than a singer p re and si ple, and had the po wer o f realizing the highest dramatic co nceptio n bo th Of po et and c o m po ser ; she was able t o draw inspiratio n

o m fr the abstract idea, and she has been

“ ” u m called transcendentally h an . After her m emo rable to u r in the United

S 1 8 2 M m u o u tates, in 7 , ada e L cca c ntin ed

o u u o u 18 8 bef re the p blic in E r pe ntil 4,

w m n a since hich ti e she has lived in Vien ,

o l to and dev ted herse f chieﬂy teaching. While Lucca was thu s rising t o the high

of m o was o est pinnacles fa e, Patti als sc ring

u o o n o m great s ccesses . In L nd she had bec e

m o o m a per anent fav rite, and fr the year

186 1 w m e u o , in hich she ad her E r pean

u fo r m o w was déb t , re than t enty years she

o o engaged every seas n at C vent Garden .

of s he o In spite all rivalry, held her p si tio n there as the mo st p opular o pera s inger Fa ous i n er s 12 8 m S g .

m o m S he o Of dern ti es . has enj yed the same

o u o n o m p p larity the c ntinent , and in A erica

o h as mm o u als she been i ensely p p lar .

’ AdelinaPatti s vo ice was o n e Of mo derate

o w but of o u p er, great range and w nderf l

. o u o was u ﬂexibility Her pr d cti n fa ltless,

i s un o u o n e o f and she was , and , d btedly, the greatest mistresses Of vo calizatio n o f the

u . A S o u n o t co m cent ry an actress , she c ld

m o pare with any ther singers, and her greatest su ccesses were gained in su ch Operas as made the least demand u po n the

o o f o m histri nic capabilities the perf r er .

r e er t o I I e u ou Her p Incl ded ab t thirty Operas,

' m o oo o u o stly Of the Italian sch l, th gh she als sang in the Operas Of Meyerbeer an d Go u

o h e w s n f m n o d . S a o e o , and thers the any ” “ Carmens ; bu t while her interpretatio n

o was n Sh e was n o m n v cally excelle t , by ea s

ma i all t o M H n k u dr a t c . a mu eq al yw lle , and ch

s o t o he less Calvé, the latest and by far t

o f r l greatest interpreter that O e.

i a D on n as o th F i s 1 2 Pr m f e ift e . 9

O n e Of the m o st n o table events o f

’ M m s o u w ada e Patti career cc rred hen, in

1868 u o f o c o m , at the f neral R ssini, the

o M m A lbo n i p ser, she sang with ada e the ” u u u u s es t o mo o m R o s bea tif l d et, Q i H , fr

’ s “ S M o o sini tabat ater . On that ccasi n su ch an as sembly Of n o ted m u sicians and

Singers was gathered t ogether t o ho no r the great co mpo ser as pro bably never befo re

e u m o o To m t nder the sa e r f . hear that b u u mu t wo u ea tif l sic, rendered by s ch artists o o m o was to l ver the grave Of the c p ser, fee

u u of o in the tr est sense the geni s R ssini, and the part that he played in the music of th e u nineteenth cent ry .

The nam e Of Patti has always been asso c » c i at ed w n o t w o u ith high prices, and ith t

u fo r o u o r e ca se ; , alth gh ther singers have c ei ved u m s fo r o m larger s is lated engage ents , n o ne have ever s u cceeded in maintaining

u u o m s ch a nif r ly high rate .

u t o m 1 88 1 When she ret rned A erica in , 1 Fa o us i r s 30 m S ng e .

n s o f s o m r after a ab ence e twenty yea s, Patti held mistaken no tio ns abo ut the

m o o w A erican pe ple, and her early c ncerts ere

o m a bitter disapp int ent . High prices and

o n o t u u hackneyed s ngs did s it the p blic , and in o rder t o make a su ccess o f the to u r Madame Patti was o bliged t o thro w o ver her

F m m o m rench anager, and e pl y an A erican

wh w u n . o (He ry E Abbey) kne the p blic , and who immediately c ut the prices d o wn t o

n - v u o s u c o e half . E ent ally the seas n was c es sful o , b th artistically and ﬁnancially, her

o ow but , of v ice sh ing little sign wear, and

u o h er exec ti n being as brilliant as ever . At Bro o klyn the peo ple to o k the ho rses o ut o f

, h o m o n e her carriage, and dragged her e, facetio u s writer remarking that he s aw n o

o fo r t w o an d s ub reas n aking a ay her h rses,

i n o o w m s ti tut . g asses The f ll ing clever rhy e,

of m o m at the expense her anager, taken fr

” ‘ u o o of u P ck, v ices the Opini n the p blic very

’ t o o u 188 1—2 : neatly, in regard Patti s t r, in

1 2 Fa mous S i n ers 3 g . m ati n ee was o S o pe ple, and her hare f the receipts fo r that perfo rmance al o ne was

Madame Patti always had the advantage

m m m ar Of excellent anage ent . Until her r i age with the Marqu is de Cau x S he was u nder

m m o -ln - M an » the anage ent Of her br ther law,

St r ako s c h s o u ou rice , and assid s was he in his pro tectio n o f his yo u ng star fro m u n n ec es sary wear and tear that he became th e

o m o s s u bj ect f any j ke . It is said that he o o o o ccasi nally t k her place at rehearsals, that when visit o rs called o n her they s aw hi m s o m o w in tead, and s e pe ple, ith vivid

m o St r ako s ch fo r i aginati n , declared that sat

’ s o o o o f Patti ph t graph, and that he nce fered t o o of o fo r receive a declarati n l ve her . One i s apt t o do u bt the necessity “Of all

m m fo r m t o this anage ent , Patti see s have

m fo r - been ad irably adapted self defence, and

fo r s o m e even aggres i n in ﬁnancial att rs . An am u sing anecdo te is t o ld Of her by Max Pr i ma D on n as the F ti es 1 of if . 33

Mar etzek wh o o n e was , , day, when she a

s m m o m o o m all child, in a ent Of gener sity pr

s o o r o m o u i ed her a d ll, , as s e acc nts have it, s o me bo n -b o ns as a reward fo r singing in a

o was t o s c ncert . It be her very ﬁr t appear

n o t o o m s ance . Patti did f rget the pr i e, and when it was nearly tim e fo r her t o sing she

s fo r o M ar et zek o o a ked her d ll . had f rg tten

o m s S o u it, and pr i ed that she h ld have it after

o o r But n o the c ncert , the next day . , she

u s o r s h e o u n ot o o n m st have it ﬁr t, w ld g

n d s o o m an a ing. The p r was in despair . It was o w o but late and st res ere all cl sed, by s o me mean s he s u cceeded in get ting the

w h o s o r bo n - o u bribe, het er d ll b ns, and, r shing

s s h t o back in breathle s ha te, he anded it

m u o her. Then she beca e cheerf l at nce, and giving it t o her m o ther to be taken

of o n o m care , she went and perf r ed her part

o in the c ncert . One Of the mo s t am u s in g of thes e an ec

o was o o o M a leso n d tes t ld by C l nel p , the 1 Fa mo us i n ers 34 S g .

- o w m o who n o well kn n i presari , says that o n e ever appro ached Madame Patti in the

art Of o btaining fro m a manager the great est po ssible s u m that he c o u ld c o ntrive by

o t o 1 w . 882 o t o any p ssibility pay In , ing

o m o of m the c petiti n Henry Abbey, the A eri

m o M a les o n was o to can i presari , p bliged

’ raise Patti s salary fro m per night t o t o and , ﬁnally, per night , a s u m previo u s ly u n heard-Of in the annals

m o o was t o Of Opera . The price, re ver, be

’ paid at t wo o clo ck of the day o n which

was t o s Patti ing.

On the s ec o nd night of the engagement

B o s o M m was t o at t n , ada e Patti billed sing

“ s in Traviata . Expen es had been heavy

u w lo w s o w S o and the f nds ere , that hen ign r F ’ ranchi , Patti s agent , called at the theatre

’ o m t wo o o o u pr ptly at O cl ck, nly c ld

S o F was be scraped t ogether . ign r ranchi

o indignant , and declared that the c ntract was o an d M m o u br ken, that ada e Patti w ld

F ous i n er s 136 a m S g .

o n e o ou d all ready except sh e, which she c l n o t p ut o n u ntil the remaining $ 2 0 0 was

m fo r o m paid . It was already ti e the perf r

t o bu t o o m ance begin, pe ple were still c ing in , and after so me S light delay S igno r Franchi was able t o go in triu mph t o Madame Patti with the balan ce o f the am o unt Patti p ut o n her o ther sho e and pro ceeded

o Sh e m t the stage . ade her entrance at the

o m n w m pr per ti e, her face radia t ith s iles, and n o o n e in the au dience had any idea o f th e stirring events which had j u st taken l p ace .

w M m P i n In later years, hen ada e atti vested so me of her fo rtu ne in the beau tiful

- -No s o castle at Craig y , in Wales , the pe ple

m o t o ut o o w e pl yed p the place int repair, kn i n g o f her reputed wealth and extravagance

mo s ent in eno r u s bills . B ut Madame Patti was n o t t o m o u o u be i p sed p n , and the res lt was that the amo unts m elted do wn c o nsider

u u o f law ably nder the gentle inﬂ ence the . s o he F ti es 1 Pr i ma D on n a f t if . 37

u s c ut was o w e The nkinde t Of all , h wever, h n

B m who mu hi m a elgian gentle an , had a sed

at - -No s who o self Craig y , had ﬁshed, sh t, and

but wh o w m been entertained, al ays anaged

t o u u o o n u s be present d ring disc ssi ns b sines , sent in a bill o f fo r his services as agent

Under the manageme n t of C o l o nel Maple

s o n mo u u o u , Patti travelled in st l x ri s style . She had a special car which is said to have co st and a wh ole retinu e Of s er

u vants . At Cheyenne, the legislat re and assembly adj o u rned and chartered a special

t o m o m car eet the peratic train . A ilitary

was o band at the stati n , and nearly the whole po pu latio n tu rned o ut t o witne s s

t t o o w the arrival . Ticke s the pera ere ten

o was u of d llars each , and there an a dience

o pe ple. Califo rnia seems t o have been co nsidered

o u u o fo r P u o d btf l territ ry, atti left the q esti n u w o o ndecided as to whether She o u ld g s far. 1 8 Fa ous S i n ers 3 m g .

When she did arrive it was merely as a vis

‘ “ i t o r but w , her delight ith the heavenly place was S O great that she declared she

u s t i h m sing there . The necessary delay c urred by sending t o Chicago fo r n u mero u s

u o w o s u fﬁ tr nks c ntaining her ardr be, gave cient tim e fo r the excitement in S an Fran

o t o wo u t o o cisc rk p fever heat . Tickets s ld

u -Of m o o r m at nheard prices , and re less da age

o o w o m t pr perty as d ne in the scra ble . Adelina Patti made her ﬁrst matrim o nial

u 1868 w u to vent re in , hen she was nited the

M u u w n o t arq is de Ca x, an event hich did

w fo r interfere ith her Operatic career, she m w ﬁlled an engage ent Of six eeks at Paris , ‘ w o n t o St u w and then ent . Petersb rg, here the t own Opened a s ubscriptio n which

mo u t o u a nted r bles, and presented

w m o her ith a dia nd necklace . In 188 5 Madam e Patti o btained a divo rce

o m M a u s u o m o m fr the rq i de Ca x, fr wh she

1 8 o o w had separated in 7 7 , and the f ll ing

Fa ou s i n er s 140 m S g .

who had heard her in h er prime . As a

reaso n fo r its preservatio n s he says that s he

s w never ings hen she is tired, and never

. s a fo r o Si r M o M tr ins high n tes . rell acken

o s zie, the great thr at specialist, aid that she

th e m o wo u o had st nderf l thr at he ever saw . It was the o nly o n e in which the vo cal co rds were in abso l utely perfect c o nditio n

m of u s e w n o t after any years . They ere

w o r o u strained, arped, r ghened in the slight

but o u est degree, abs l tely perfect, and there was n o reaso n why they S ho uld n o t remain s o fo r o r w o ten even t enty years l nger . It was by her vo ice alo ne that She charmed and

u w o u delighted her a diences, and she ill d bt less be reco rded as the po ssesso r o f the mo st

o u She perfect v ice Of the nineteenth cent ry .

n s m s bu t o wit es ed the rise Of any rival , n ne

u o u o u m ever eq alled her in p p larity, th gh any

m o w . u excelled her in dra atic p ers L cca,

S m s s o ac e brich, Nil n , were all greater as

s bu t o f m tresse , all the rivals Of her pri e Pr i ma D o the F t i es 1 1 n n as of if . 4

o S m m nly e brich and Albani re ain , and sev

eral years mu st elapse befo re their careers

’ of will eq ual the length Patti s . Probably n o o ther singer has su cceeded in amassing s o great a fo rtu ne as Madame

o r Patti . Her earnings enabled her t p u

s i n 18 8 u u cha e, 7 , the bea tif l estate in

mo t o u o wn Wales , which she re delled s it her

ideas . Here she has lived in regal style and entertained lavishly many o f the mo st no ted

o wo pe ple Of the civilized rld .

Her wealth is by n o means co nﬁn ed t o

fo r h as o o real estate, she a rare c llecti n Of

w to mo ~ j e els , said be the largest and st bril liant o wned by any o f the mo dern actresses

o o f o w wo and pera singers . One her g ns , rn

“ ” o f was c ov in the third act La Traviata, ered with precio u s sto nes t o the valu e Of

’ Madam e Patti s mo st po pu lar rOles were

u o u s he e n o J liet and Aida, and th gh creat d n ew s of m o S he m ful part i p rtance, has a ply 2 Fa mous i n ers 14 S g .

ﬁlled the traditio nal r Ole o f prima do nna in m o f o has atters caprice and exacti n , and

o m 18 8 even created s e new precedents . In 9

was o u n i n she still bef re the p blic , singi g

o o o w c ncerts in L nd n and else here .

1 a mou s i n er s 44 F S g . tio n holds a m o re impo rtant place in mo d er n Opera than it did in the Operas o f bygo ne

s o m Of o days, and e declare that the art v cal i zati o n S s wh o m is extinct , yet inger can char by pu re vo calizati o n are s till as welco me as

o u m o i s of m the ever, th gh re expected the in

m o f dra atic branch their art . It i s do u btful whether a greater trio of s ingers h as been befo re the pu blic at an y

m u o an o ti e than Patti, L cca, and Nilss n , yet they appeared at a time when it was

m o was clai ed that v cal art dead .

D u ring the ﬁrs t half Of the cent u ry we have s een that so m e Of the great singers

s o u visited the United State . Garcia br ght hi s u t o m Sh e d da ghter A erica, where create a great sen s atio n an d fo u nd her ﬁrst hu s

S o o s G band . ntag cr sed the Ocean, risi, Al

o n o u b ni, and Jenny Li d had f nd appreciative

u s m m o m en a dience in A erica. A ng the ,

I n cledo n was the ﬁrs t singer o f impo rtance

o s w t o cr s the ater. Pr i ma D o n n a s o the ixt i es 1 f S . 4 5

We n o w arrive at a perio d when n ot o nly m s s o m u any great singer , and e Of less rep te, cro ssed the wild Atlantic fo r American do l

but m t o u lars, A erica began s pply singers t u o m o o o the E r pean arket . When C l nel

M aples o n was interviewed in S an F ranci s c o

’ u o u d ring Patti s t r, he declared that there were m o re than American vo cal s u u o m o ﬁf t dents in E r pe, and he enti ned teen who had appeared u n der hi s manage m u t o 188 u m u ent p 3. This n ber incl ded

who o u m m Patti, c ld hardly be clai ed as A er

fo r was o M o f ican , she b rn in adrid, Italian

s B u 186 1 8 . t 0 0 parent between and 7 , Clara

o u s o M u L i e Kell gg, innie Ha k, and Annie

o u s u m L i e Cary were gen ine A ericans, as

was s o who m al Adelaide Phillips, ade her

u i n ' 1 8 déb t 54 . In later years the nu mber

n increased till , at the prese t day, at least two o f the greate s t artists am o ng the

m o of m r o r w pri a d nnas are A e ican igin , hile at large nu mber have reached a high po si 6 Fa m o u s S i n er s I 4 g . tio n and may be des tined fo r the greate s t

o o s h n r . The star Of the year 1 860 was b orn in

m u m e Vienna, ade her deb t there, and re ain d

fo r s o m M there e years . arie Gabrielle

u s s was o n e o f o s s who Kra th e ingers, , with a

o o m s v ice far fr perfect, was able by her tyle,

r s mu t o her ph a ing, and her sical delivery, which m u s t be added the inco ntestable

’ o m t o s s p wer Of dra atic accent, be cla ed

m o th e s s n r o f m a ng greate t i ge s her ti e . In

1867 Sh e was en gaged in Paris and su n g

fo r m u there any years, except d ring the

o - war Franc Pru s s ian .

1 86 1 o m u In , Carl tta Patti ade her déb t, but sh e was o bliged t o abando n the o peratic

o n o u o f m s She was stage acc nt la ene s . an

s o f fo r m elder si ter Adelina Patti, and any

was o u o n o years very p p lar the c ncert stage, sharing with her sister wo nderful facility o f

u o u u u o f o exec ti n and bea tif l q ality v ice .

Pro bably n o Sin ger o f her time travelled s o

1 8 Fa mous S i n er s 4 g .

’ In 1 867 S he appeared at Her Maj esty s

o o M r was Theatre in L nd n as a gherita, and

fo r o o She reengaged the f ll wing year. then ret urned t o the United States and made a

o n r o u s fo r o u c ce t t r which la ted f r years . In 1 87 2 she was back again in Lo ndo n at Her

’ Maj esty s . In 1874 s h e o rganized an Englis h Opera

o m m s wo s c pany in A erica, tran lating the rd ,

o u s o m o of the training the ch r , and d ing st

o of r s s S u h hard w rk the ente pri e her elf. c

was her ardo r and enthu sias m that she s ang — in the winter o f 1874 5 n o less than o n e h un ~

-ﬁve m F o m m dred and twenty ti es . r that ti e

u 1 88 2 o o ntil , she was c nstantly bef re the

u o r o o to p blic in Opera c ncert, and in additi n

her mu s ical talents she was remarkable fo r

u s o was of e b iness ability . Her v ice larg

o m s u c pa s and great p rity, and when she

r S h e m mo of oo exem reti ed left a e ry a g d,

lar u o f o o p y life, f ll benev lent acti ns .

It is said that in her yo uth she was en : Pr i ma D on n as o the S ixt i es 1 f . 49

to bem t o o o m bu t gaged arried a sch l ate, the

mar riage was neces s arily t o wait u n til they

z s uf m She o n l ad ﬁcient eans . went the

was u s u o to him s a stage, s cces f l, and wr te y i n g that S he had s u fﬁcient m o ney and was

o u m u o ready . He, h wever, felt it inc bent p n hi m t o pro vide at least a capital equ al t o m s f u o o . her , and desired a rther p stp ne ent

s o u m o o Thi ann yed her, and her enth sias c led

Off M o -m n o w o . ney aki g was a sl pr cess with

im o s c o n h , and bef re he had sati ﬁed his

s cience she had ann o u nced her engagement

o o m an M s o t an ther . i s Kell gg retired in

2 m M r St r ako s ch s o n 18 8 . , and arried , a Of

he m o t celebrated i presari .

’ D u rin g Miss Kell o gg s travels in the

U nited States S he visited with her co mpany a great many to wn s which have s ince beco me mu - o m et w m sic l ving cities, and she ith any

m u o m highly a sing experiences , besides s e

w w mu s u hich ere less a ing than instr ctive . S he has exerted an edu catio nal inﬂu ence Fa m ous S i n er s 150 g . thro u gho u t the co u ntry which it wo uld be

f u t o o - s m di ﬁc lt ver e ti ate ; indeed, it can be claimed that the ambitio n Of many yo ung

Americans t o s tu dy m u s ic o wes i t s o rigin t o

ffo r o s wh o M s s o the e ts Of th e , like i Kell gg,

s m o m o s vi ited the s aller t wns, and ade it p sible fo r a large n u mber of peo ple t o enj o y

u s of o m ic a high rder .

The year 1 86 2 pro du ced a singer Of great

m di M u o f o ability, Il a rska, a native Cr atia, o n e of mo s o o o n e the t brilliant s pran s, and

m o wo m m Of the st eccentric en Of her ti e .

There s eem s t o be co n s iderable u ncertainty

o u o t o ab t her early life, b th as birth and

B o m u o r marriage . y s e a th ities it is stated

S h e was o 1 8 that b rn in 4 3, the year in which

s s o o m u w Patti, Nil n , and (s e say) L cca ere

o o of b rn . On the ther hand, the date her

i s o 1 8 6 1 8 birth placed b th in 3 and 37 , and there are many reaso ns fo r suppo s ing that o n e o f these earlier dates i s the right

o n e.

1 Fa o us S i n er s 52 m g .

u s n o t but o r t re specially attractive, her vig w m im and o riginality ere re arkable . Her

o o w u o f pers nati ns ere f ll life, and, while she o ccas io nally exaggerated in gesture o r ex

s s o s h e o pre i n, invariably held the attenti n

u She m o s difﬁ Of her a dience . sang the t

u s m o o c lt pas ages , and gave the st ﬂ rid o m o w rna entati n, ith ease and certainty .

u A s t r o ﬁamm en t e an d D o As L cia, , in rah ,

m s o m e she ade a great sen ati n , even at a ti when Adelina Patti was co ns idered t o be perfectio n in tho se parts The writer r e

“ m m o o D u e bers her in R bert at r ry Lane, when h er impassio ned acting resulted in a

u s he very f nny incident . While sang the

“ ’ ” u u o t o i u e m bea tif l aria, R bert , q j ai e, the Object o f her ado ratio n repo sed in o bliv i o n o n u o a o a red pl sh s fa . In her ab nd n she let her face rest for a m o ment o n t he

o f o w She o s head the s fa, where, hen ar e, m w w h there re ained a large, hite patch , hic a o u u t o u S e r sed the a dience la ghter, in pit o n as o the S ixti es 1 Pr i ma D n f . 53

m u o m o f the selves . Tr ly, the step fr the

u o u e m su blime to the ridic l s is v ry s all .

Ilma di M urska made her début at Flo r

S h e ence, after which sang at Pesth, Vienna,

m u o o m em B . erlin , Ha b rg, and L nd n Her o r t o m y is said have been re arkable, and her

u s o fo r S he o u facility in learning eq ally , c ld

me o m learn her part by rely reading it, s e

m o 1 8 m i h o . ti es bed , fr the sc re In 7 3 she m o u S s ac ade a t r in the United tate , an

o u of o M r c nt which was nce given by . de

o wh o m D u i Viv , was her anager . r ng this

o u r u m t r her eccent icities , ca sed her anager mu fo r m ch anxiety, at ti es when he needed m o an d lar e s u ms t o ney, , having paid g , her, felt co nﬁdent that she was able t o fu rnis h

u n to f nds, she had always sent her earni gs

u h who m to i n her da g ter, see s have kept her

o o f o o m a chr nic state p verty . The c pany

M r . e o de o e i n New Yo r o n u u s 1 I Di g Viv di d k , A g t ,

- 18 8 at th e a e o f s e en s i x. He was n s ru men a i n 9 , g v ty i t t l in tr o du cin g t o th e Am er ican pu blic man y ar tis ts wh o

e o me we - h av b ec ll kn o wn . 1 Fa mous S i n ers 54 g .

o o w t o travelled acr ss this c ntinent, and ent

u New A stralia and Zealand . D uring the Au stralian t o u r Madame di M u rska becam e

mu o very ch interested in Alfred Anders n,

o u m u o t o om a y ng sician bel nging the c pany .

o w o He fell int bad health, and, hen c nﬁned t o hi s o o m s r by sickness, the eccentric inger

s u o u hi m o o w in isted p n n rsing . S n after ards

u m w they were q ietly arried . They ere then

S m o o in idney, and the arriage t k place in

m 8 M r D 1 . . o o u ece ber, 75 Anders n c ntin ed

S O ill that he was o bliged t o retu rn t o M el

o u w w t o b rne, his native city, here he ent

’ o u m m his father s h se . It see s that the fa ily

w o t o m fo r M m ere Opp sed the arriage, ada e

u was u m s s o was di M rska ref sed ad i i n , and

o bliged t o stay at a ho tel There seem also

t o have been so me peculiar ﬁnancial t r an s ac

o fo r o o w Mr t o u . ti ns, , acc rding acc nts, hen

o w was o m or Anders n died, hich s e three

o u m o m M m f r nths after the arriage, ada e di

M u o s um o f mo rska l st a large ney . This

1 6 Fa mo us S i n er s 5 g .

u o o n o o Pl t dined cap n and ther dainties, and was a mo del in regard to table m an

o o ners . Her parr ts c st her a great deal

o f m o fo r ney, they had a decided antipathy

t o o r m s u o s u t o silk da a k ph l tery, partic larly

o s but M m M u s ﬂ wered pattern , ada e di r ka always seemed pleas ed when the bill s fo r the depredatio ns Of her pets were presented

t o her.

w o m was o w Once hile the c pany at Glasg , on e of the m embers fed a parro t with parsley

D i Mu two till it died . rska called in learned Scotch profess o rs t o ho ld a po st -m o rtem

m o exa inati n, and they decided that the bird

o f w had died allp aper, and charged three

u fo r t o g ineas heir Opini n . S o me few years later Madame di M urs ka was u t o u t o S ind ced ret rn the United tates , where a p o s itio n was secu red fo r her in New

o as o but o u o s Y rk a v cal teacher, alth gh p s u o u s h e o m essed Of nd bted talent , c pletely

t o m to u s n o r failed i part it her p pil , was Pr i ma D o n n as o the S ixti es 1 f . 57

s he o u s u o Her any l nger s cce sf l in c ncerts .

mo w t o u ney, hich had been sent her da ghter

u m as fast as she earned it , had all been sq a

o o dered, and she fell int the direst p verty . The mu sicians Of New Yo rk interested them

s ln u fﬁ mo selve her behalf, and s cient ney

t o o m She u was raised send her h e . s rvived

but o m —i n 188 o n u a sh rt ti e, and, 9 , Jan ary 4,

o u was m her tr bled life ended . It an extre ely

m o to sad ter inati n a brilliant career, and its sadness was emphasized by the fact that her

u o s m da ghter, wh se happine s had see ed her

o u o mm u o greatest s licit de , c itted s icide ver i her grave . It is said that General E der,

o f u o hearing the tragic event , ca sed a st ne to be erected at the graves o f his eccentric w u ife and da ghter. One o f the mo st impo rtant and brillian t

s o rivals Of Adelina Patti was Chri tine Nilss n, Sw a ede . Miss Nilsso n was the o nly dau ghter o f a

o i o h o m r S Oabal n e Wex . S e p r far e at j , ar 8 Fa m o us S i n er s I 5 g . was o r 1 8 m w b n in 43, the sa e year in hich

o was o u Patti was b rn, and seven years y nger

o u o who was than her y ngest br ther, the

s o n o f hi s wh o of third parents , and , being

m u u u o a sical nat re, had st died the vi lin in

s wa o u w o u the be t y that he c ld ith t a teacher . He tu rned his talent to acco u nt by playing

o at balls in the neighb ring villages . When Christine was nine years Old she was wo nt t o sing the native m elo dies o f

o u t o o t o her c ntry, and she, , learned play

’ her bro ther s vio lin in o rder to acco mpany her

o v ice .

s he w When reached her t elfth year, her mo ther u sed t o take her t o the n eighbo ring

w o m fairs, here, her g lden hair tied si ply u nder a handkerchief, she played and sang t o m u wh o wou o u ad iring r stics , ld c ntrib te

m o o t o o who their s all d nati ns her br ther,

o u passed his hat ar nd .

At the age Of thirteen came a turn ing

o She was p int in her career . at a fair i n

ous i n ers 160 Fam S g . c o uld n ot bear to part with her if she did . Acco rdingly Christine went with Judge

To er n er hel m who w Bar j , placed her ith the o n es s L euh u s en o m o , f r erly a v cal teacher, fro m wh o m the yo u ng singer received her

r o m m ﬁ st less ns, and, at the sa e ti e, attended

o o Halm s t adt due m w sch l in . In ti e she ent t o S o o m o o o u t ckh l , where she t k less ns nder

’ F B w Six mo m ranz er ald, and in nths ti e she

o u sang at C rt . The yo u ng singer n ow went to Paris

o m B o L euh u s en acc panied by ar ness , and

o u s o u War tel began a c r e Of less ns nder .

S he so o u o pr ﬁted by his instr cti n, that she made her début at the Theatre Lyriqu e o n

o 2 186 o “ Oct ber 7 , 4, as Vi letta in La Tra ” w y viata, and after ards appeared as Lad

A s t r o ﬁamman t e “ D o n Henrietta, , Elvira (

Gi o van n l S he m a e etc . re ained at the The tr

u n w sh e Lyriq e early three years, after hich

’ w to Her M t s ent England and sang at aj es y , Pr i ma D on n as o the S ixti es 16 1 f .

ma o on king her ﬁrst appearance as Vi letta,

86 o n u 8 1 . P J ne , 7 N twithstandi g that atti

th e wo u of had rld at her feet, the s ccess

s s o was m m Nil n extre ely brilliant , her i per

“ so natio n Of Margu erite in Faust calling

o u s o f rth nstinted prai e, and it is the Opini n o f many that in that part she has never

o o f M r been excelled . Her representati n a

u was u m u g erite that Of a q iet, si ple girl, f ll of maidenly reserve d u rin g the ﬁrst three

- u o u acts, a deep nat red y ng girl, restrained fro m the fu ll expressio n o f her feelin gs by

u every instinct Of her better nat re, and every

u o e r le Of her daily life . This very f rbearanc of style made her ﬁnal surrender a tho u sand

m mo m u u was ti es re i pressive than is s al . It

o m o n e w u o o -fo r u acc plished in ild, nl ked r sh o f u mo o u u s dden e ti n , ca sed by the nexpected

u o u w ret rn Of her l ver . The pict re hich Nils s on o f gave this tender, gentle girl, in the

e x o u o o f o an d pensiv , an i s j y her ﬁrst l ve, in th e an d m despair isery Of her darkened life, o us i n ers 162 Fa m S g .

was o n e o ver which painters and po ets might

w o w w u m ell g ild ith enth sias .

Nilss o n had a vo ice Of wo nderful sweet

u o mo ness and bea ty, and p ssessed the st

o o u o o he th r gh skill in v calizati n . S c o uld

w F o t o reach ith ease in alt , and sh wed

“ ” n u o Zau ber ﬂdt e adva tage in s ch peras as .

was o w Her singing c ld, clever, and shre d ,

an d She u f s o w calc lated her e fects ell, that her audience was impres s ed by the semblance

mo u o Of her being deeply ved . The e l gies Of Lo ndo n and Paris dwelt m ore u po n her act

i n u o mo u o g than p n her singing, re p n her

infu sio n of her o wn individuality into M ar

u u u o g erite, L cia, and Ophelia than p n any

m o m S he was co n erely v cal achieve ent .

s ider ed a dramatic artist o f the ﬁnest intu i

o mo m s n ti ns, the st agnetic pre e ce, and the

o t oo rarest expressive p wers . There was, ,

m o m m a reﬁne ent , a c pleteness, and an i agi

u w was o native q ality in her acting, hich alt

u u gether niq e .

Pr i ma D o s o the S ixt i es 16 n n a f . 3

Fro m 1870 t o the s pring o f 187 2 Miss

s o - i n m s h e m et Nils n was A erica, where with

o o 1 8 2 s h e u t o a perfect vati n . In 7 ret rned

o o u m D L nd n, and in J ly was arried by ean m M S s s t o . tanley, in We t in ter Abbey,

‘ u u s R o u zeau d Sh e s A g te , Of Paris . vi ited

m s s o o 1 — A erica again in the ea n f 87 3 4 . In

1 88 1 s o fo r s m , Nil s n sang in Opera the la t ti e, but co ntin u ed t o S ing in o rat o rio and co n

u 1 888 w m certs ntil , since hich ti e she has

m n u s o re ai ed in the secl i n Of private life .

o t o M u S t r ako s c h M Acc rding a rice , iss

o o m Nilss n nce visited a celebrated pal ist,

D es bar o lles who m , exa ined her hand, and to ld her that she wo u ld enco u nter many

o u w mo s wo u u tr bles, Of hich t ld be ca sed

m o r o by adness by ﬁre . This pr phecy

o to u fo r s m s u pr ved be tr e, everal ti e d ring her Am erican to u r s he was annoyed by i n

o o s he was o sane l vers . In New Y rk, bliged t o seek the pro tectio n o f the co urt fro m a m an wh o t o pestered her wi h attenti ns, and Fa ous i n er s 164 m S g . again in Chicago she had a very un pleas an t ex o o f f s u s perience, b th which a fair ca ed

om o m B ut mo s e sensati n at the ti e . re seri o u s than these incidents was the lo ss o f a great part o f her savings thro u gh the B o sto n

o o w 188 2 ﬁre, and this was f ll ed in by the

o f u M R o u zeau d o m death her h sband, . , fr

u m wo o u insanity, ca sed by ental rry ver b si ness reverses .

’ The events which led up t o Nils s o n s retirement fro m the o peratic stage are to ld

o o M a les o n bu t m u m m by C l nel p , it st be re e bered that he was a man m u ch harassed by

u o f r l m a o hi s the pec liarities p d nnas, and experiences with Madam e Nilsso n were n ot

o f the least his trials . In 1 868 Nilsso n was s o su cces s fu l that she revived the dro o ping fo rtu nes o f Her

’ M s s aje ty Theatre, which had recently been

u o w m m w b rnt d n . At the sa e ti e Patti as

o t s o singing at C ven Garden . Nils n felt that her achievemen t s were equ al t o tho se

er s 166 Fa m ous S i ng .

’ z fo r Nilss o n s o o M ae gi e slight indisp siti n . ” m o o da e Nilss n ees a leetle h rse, he said .

N oticing a ripple o f laughter amo ngs t the

u m a dience, he repeated the state ent that

“ ” o o w Nilss n was a leetle h rse, hen a face tio u s o c cupant of the gallery brought do wn o u m “ wh the h se by re arking, Well, then, y

’ ” d0n t yo u tro t her o u t " B r ign o li was a

u s u o o u o u very ef l ten r, and t red the c ntry

m w o u m o many ti es ith vari s pri a d nnas . H e was u of o o f m u as f ll ddities as sic, and a very amu sing st ory is t o ld o f hi m in co nnectio n

n m with an Havana e gage ent . It appears that

was s o s o he di pleased at his recepti n , he decided that o n the next night he wo u ld

u o o o p nish the pe ple by having a s re thr at . He sent n o tice at the pro per time t o the m wh o o t o of anager, , acc rding the laws the

o u was o t o o t o c ntry, bliged rep rt the fact

o m o o was s the g vern ent . A d ct r ent by the a utho rities t o as certain the state o f his

a n o o f o o n he lth, and ﬁnding sign indisp siti Pr i ma D ow n s o tli e S ixti es f . 167

o o s o u o o l ked very eri s, and t ld the ten r that

of o w s o it was a case yell fever . This fright ened the capricio u s singer that he declared

m t o o ok hi self perfectly able sing, and he t his revenge by singing s o ﬁnely that he o u t :

s o o u u o d h ne his previ s rep tati n, and electriﬁe

u his a dience .

’ Ni ls s o n s w t o ﬁrst care, hen she began

u w was to u s m fo r accr e ealth, p rcha e far s

o her parents and her br ther . When she ret urned t o Sweden in her pri m e she met with su ch a receptio n as had n o t been

ow m o f S he kn n since the ti e Jenny Lind . entered enth usias tically into the life of her

o m o fo r m o n the c patri ts , played dances the

o n o o f vi li , as she had d ne in the days her child

o o o f o u o n s . h d, and sang the s g her c ntry

In 1887 M adam e Nil s s o n married a sec o n d m o o s fo r u o u t ti e, ch ing her h sband C n

s M w l Ca a di iranda, and after her fare el

o s 1 8 88 m n . c ncert , given in , retired per a ently

D u r in g her stage career Nilsso n gave t o 168 Fa mou s S i nger s the wo rld new and reﬁned interpretation s o f m w - o w o s but o any ell kn n r le , her nly

’ creatio n was the part o f Edith in Balfe s

“ ” ’ “ s m o o u w B oi to s Me Tali an , th gh hen

hi s t o h ele was o u p p ﬁrst pr d ced in England,

1880 o f M in , she sang the part argaret .

She also gave a remarkable dramatic and po etical interpretatio n o f the part of Elsa

“ ” o in L hengrin .

of m o Of all the singers Ger an pera, by w we n o w m Wa n er o at hich ean g , n ne has t ai n ed s o great a rep utatio n as Frau Amalie

M n o o o o f u u u ater a . With a s pran v ice n s al

o um o m u ow v l e"c pass, and s staining p er, a

m u ﬁne stage presence, and great sical and dramatic intelligence Frau Materna left

o to d s u n thing be e ired in certain r les . Amalie Materna was b o rn in Styria at a

l m S t o w p ace na ed . Ge rgen, here her father was o o m s was 18 a sch l a ter. , This in 47, and when she was twelve years of age her father m died, leaving his fa ily penniless .

a mous i n ers 170 F S g . became a member of the cho ru s at the

’ S u e Landes theatre, and by pp s advice

fo r She Tr euman n engaged her Vienna.

w o o had m ean hile devel ped her v ice.

’ Materna s ﬁrst salary was fo rty gulden a mo but was s o s u c nth, her ﬁrst appearance c es s ful that this was raised t o o n e hundred

u Fo r t wo f g lden . years she sang in O fen bac li a n o was m o r les, and it at the ter inati n o f her seco nd seas o n that she became eu gaged at the Karl Theatre in Vienna, at a

of o u u w yearly salary ﬁve th sand g lden, ith an extra ho no rarium of ﬁve gulden for each

o m perf r ance . While appearing nightly in the light works of the French and German co mpo sers of the

m F u M u ti e, ra lein aterna st died diligently du ring the day at the mo re exacting roles o f

w P o s o P o h heavy Opera ith r fe s r r c , and in

1868 n “ o f Ho ffka ell , sa g, in the presence p

’ m D o ai r eister Esser, nna Elvira s grand “ ” o D on fr m Gio vanni . r i D o n as o t/ze S irrt i es 1 P ma n f . I 7

s s was d w s E er elighted ith her , and insi ted that Hofr ath D ingelstedt s hou ld give the

‘ o u n u y ng si ger a hearing, and the res lt was that she was engaged fo r the I mperial Opera l l o n se. Sho rtly after h er engagement at the theatre in Gratz s h e married an acto r nam ed

F who riedrich, was engaged with her when

we t o she nt the Karl Theatre, Vienna .

In 1 869 s h e made her debu t at the Impe

o u s o o f S rial Opera H e in the r le elika, in the ” “ - was t o Africaine, in which part she able

m o fo r wo n de nstrate her capabilities, she a

u s o signal s cces , and was at nce placed in a high po s it io n amo ng Opera singers of the

r s o Ge man ch o l .

S o o w o fo r till higher h n rs ere in st re her .

18 6 w - In 7 , t enty eight years after its ﬁrst

“ o n o D er des u n o f c cepti n , Ring Nibel gen

was o m B u Wagner perf r ed entire at ayre th , on which o ccas i o n the part of Bru nhilde was

u t o F u M e entr sted ra aterna . The r ally 1 2 Fa mou s i n ers 7 S g . magniﬁcen t impers o natio n which she gave

fo r wo -w u o earned her a rld ide rep tati n . It was a part fo r which she was exceptio nally

u w well q aliﬁed, and in hich she never had

u an eq al . It is stated that Wagner, hearing M atern a s ing at Vienna while she was at

m o u w the I perial Opera H se, and hile the pro du ctio n of the Nibelu ngen Trilogy was u mo m m : No w pper st in his ind, exclai ed I

o u m B u n w have f nd y r hilde . I take her ith thanks I am glad t o have fo u nd her in

Vienna .

D u w was ring the Wagner festival , hich

o o 18 M o m held in L nd n in 77 , aterna c nﬁr ed the high reputatio n which she had gained in ” m w “ was r o Ger any, and hen Parsifal p du c ed 188 2 B u M a in at ayre th, atern created

of u the part K ndry .

1 8 82 s In she vi ited the United States,

i n ‘ singing in New York, Cinc n ati, and Chi

o 188 o the cag , and again in 4 she cr ssed Atlantic and sang in the Wagner fes tival of

o s i e s I 74 Fa m u S ng r .

t o c she had passed at Vienna, and the fa t that Wagner had fo u nd her there and en tru sted her with the creatio n o f his greatest parts . In private life Materna is simple and

f he u o u u na fected . S is as npretenti s in her

s o per nality as she is great in her talent .

S he has the u n assu min g manners which s o endeared Parepa-Ro sa t o the hearts o f the

o pe ple . As an artist she may best be called a

mu She n o t o vo cal sician . was a v cal tech

n i ci an o f o o of o the sch l j enny Lind, Nilss n,

or . o o u u Patti, Gerster Her v ice, th gh nable

t o o m u o r n give phen enal r ns, trills , cade zas,

u was of m was adeq ately trained, and re ark

wo of able richness and breadth . The rk the po et rather than o f the singing teacher

was o apparent in her interpretati ns, and the dramatic intensity and passio nate fo rce o f her delivery were effective even u po n the

o u u w c oncert stage . It is d btf l hether any Pr i ma D on n a s o tbe S ixt i es 1 f . 7 5

singer will ever co mbine m o re o f the qu ali ties which are essential t o theperfect inter

’ r etati on o f s o M p Wagner peras, and aterna

‘ m a o ow r ezft es t y, theref re, be set d n as the g

n o f s o o si ger her ch l .

’ Materna s o rigi n al co ntract for three years at the Imperial Opera H o u se was many m ti es renewed , and she scarcely ever left

u o n o Vienna d ring the seas . Occasi nally she was F o B m u heard in rankf rt , erlin, Ha b rg,

She o o o and Leipzig. als sang in L nd n in

o the Wagner c ncerts, and she visited the

S - m S r e United tates several ti es . ince her

m n to u tire e t, she has left Vienna take p her

m o a u St o n per anent ab de in the Ch tea . J ha n,

u near Gratz, which she has p rchased . When Bizet wro te Carmen he intended

' fo r M o a ver s at ile o f it arie R ze, artist the

She o m F . rench stage , h wever, had ade an engagement in England which prevented her

o m o fr creating the r le as intended, and it was r e-w fo r M m -M but al ritten ada e Galli arié, Fa o u s i n er s 176 m S g . tho ugh she at ﬁrst had made s o me o bj ectio ns t o the character which Carmen was s uppo s ed to w m mo u represent, she after ards beca e fa s in that part .

M i o was o 1 8 6 ar e R ze b rn in Paris in 4 , and in 1 865 gained ﬁrst prizes at the Paris

o o om o C nservat ire in singing and c ic pera . In the sam e year she made her débu t at the

o m u fo r fol Opera C iq e, and was engaged the

o o u u w l wing f r years, d ring hich she appeared

o was in many roles . Her peratic career unifo rmly su ccessfu l she made several to u rs o f u o m t o m 18 E r pe, and ca e A erica in 7 7, after which she becam e a member of the

o o m Carl R sa Opera C pany .

At the o utbreak o f the Franco -German war o o m , she left the pera and j ined the ar y, s ervin g with the greatest zeal in the ambu

m F o r u n lance depart ent . her services d ri g

u l u i of that str gg e and d r ng the siege Paris , s h e received the Geneva Cro ss and a di e m M s . plo ma fro . Thier

8 F am ou s i n ers 1 7 S g .

o u enter her wind w . The g ard ﬁred and the m s u o u m an o i g ided y ng dr pped dead . Madam e Ro ze has of late taken u p her

w s residence again in Paris, here she teache ,

o s o o and cca i nally sings at c ncerts . The year 1 868 bro u ght fo rth ano ther great expo n ent of Wagnerian characters t o wh o m has been acco rded by many go o d critics a very high rank am o ng dramat ic

o o m o 18 8 s pran s . Lilli Leh ann was b rn in 4

u u was u n at W rzb rg, and ta ght si ging by

m o who o m her ther, was f r erly a harp player

m o s u S o h an d and pri a d nna at Ca sel nder p r, the o rigin al hero ine of s everal o peras written m by that aster .

’ Frau lein Lehmann s po sitio n in the Oper

o n ot wo n u Sh e m atic w rld was s ddenly. ade her first appearance in Pragu e as the Firs t ” Bo Zauber fiot e w e y in , after hich she fill d engagem ents in D antzig ( 1868) and Leipzig In the latter year she appeared at

B r V i elka was s o u s u e lin as , and s cces f l that Pr i a D o as o the i ti es 1 m n n f S x . 79 s h e u m 1 8 6 received a f rther engage ent . In 7 s h e was o m m app inted I perial Cha ber singer .

’ She n o w began t o s ing in Wagner s

s of Wo li n de Operas, taking the part g and ” Helmwi e “ B m u g , and she sang the ird sic

’ s o B u 1 880 in Wagner tril gy at ayre th . In s h e made a s u ccessfu l appearance in E n g

n o n la d as Vi letta , and again as Phili e in

’ M o Sh e o M s ign n . als sang at Her aj e ty s

fo r t wo o 1 88 Theatre seas ns, and in 4 she went t o C o vent Garden and made a s ubst an

u s o o o tial s cces as Is lde . The f ll wing year

s S fo r she vi ited the United tates , and sev

eral years was frequ ently heard in German

o u r u o bu t pera, acq i ing a great rep tati n, in

1 89 2 she was taken ill and ret u rned t o Ger

m an m o o o f y . At that ti e the c nditi n her

health was s uch that it was feared s h e wo u ld

never sin g again but in 1 89 6 s h e reappeared

t o s B u and was engaged ing at ayre th, where s h e electriﬁed the wo rld by her m agniﬁcent

o m o f o r e perf r ance . One the critics wr te 1 80 Fa m ou s i n ers S g . garding the event Lehmann i s the greates t

m s t dra atic singer alive, de pite the fac that her vo ice i s n o lo nger fresh ; but her art i s o u mm s o c ns ate, her tact delicate, and her appreciatio n o f the dramatic s it uatio n s o

u a t o m o acc r te, that see her si ply in rep se

u is keen pleas re .

Like all the greatest Wagnerian singers, her repu tatio n was made in wo rk of a very

ff u was u o f di erent nat re . It , indeed, beca se her ability t o s ing m u s ic of the Italian sch o o l that she was s o highly s u cces s fu l in the

o s m a s h er Wagner r le , and it y be tated that

’ o an d M n s u fﬁ l ng career, ater a , are s cient

u o of o ft - s o ref tati n the repeated a serti n, that

’ Wagner Opera wears o ut a singer s vo ice rapidly . In 18 88 Lilli Lehmann married Pau l Ka

of B o o o u lisch, erlin, a ten r singer Of g d rep te .

The marriage to o k place after an engage m of was o ut ent several years, and carried ,

m N w o m o o m e . in a st inf r al anner, in Y rk

1 2 Fa ou s S i n er s 8 m g .

o o f u o n who sch lar high rep tati , , having taken part in the revo l u tio nary m ovement o f 1 8 8 t o o w 4 , went New Y rk, here he

r m o ma ried an A erican lady . On acc u nt o f

was o t o her health he bliged take her, and

M n t o t the child , i nie, the West , and hey s o Kan w M r ettled at Leavenw rth, , here .

u u o m o t m Ha k acq ired s e pr perty . At this i e

s o n Kansa was still pe pled by India s, and

was o u u m life r gh and nsettled . A idst wars ,

u n o u s s o m in dati ns, h rricane , and attack fr

M n u Indians, in ie Ha k spent her early

o o childh d .

’ Her mo t her s health did n o t impro ve even u mu o o n nder these sti lating c nditi s, and the

m m o t o ean as fa ily ved New Orl s, taking p

w M r i n m o . u sage a stea er ned by Ha k .

s s was o u o bu t Thi ve sel l st d ring the v yage,

m New the fa ily arrived safely in Orleans, in tim e t o witness the siege of that city du ring

o f o u the War the Rebelli n, the b rning o f o o n l the c tt presses and ships, the batt e, Pr i ma D on n as o tne S ixt i es 1 8 f . 3

o u o o o o and the cc pati n by N rthern tr ps, all

fo rm mo st interesting and striking r ec o llec

o m of ti ns . Yet a idst the scene strife , the

yo u ng girl was singing fro m m o rning till

o m o u o s u r night , r a ing ab t the plantati ns

o u m n m r nding the city, cli bi g trees , i itating the

o o n o s o ngs Of birds . The negr es the plantati ns

u o n s t o ta ght her their s g , she learned play

o o the banj , and she rganized theatrical per fo r m an c es mo m a ngst her play ates . All her

o o t o inclinati ns p inted a stage career, and when a co ncert was arran ged fo r the beneﬁt of o w o o f war the wid s and rphans the , she

t o s o u n o t mo was invited ing, th gh re than

w o ld t elve years .

u This was her ﬁrst appearance in p blic, and the pieces which she sang were “ Casta

’ D o o m u o iva, and a selecti n fr A ber s Cr wn ” D m o u o wa ia nds . Her s ccess in this c ncert s s o w m u d t o great , that hen the fa ily ret rne

New o was u S o Y rk, she placed nder ign r

r r n i o u o E a t begin her Operatic ed cati n . 1 8 Fa mous i n er s 4 S g .

She m o f ade rapid pr gress, and a ter several

of M r o essays at the private theatre . Le nard

o m u u u J nes, she ade a s ccessf l déb t at the

m of M u o f Acade y sic, singing the part

m “ S o m u bec o m A ina in La nna b la, and i n o o u w as g at nce a p p lar singer . This in

1868 m m , and later in the sa e year she ade

ebut o o her d in L nd n .

Under the management of Mau rice Stra ko sch she made a t o ur thro ugh Ho lland and

R u o w ssia, and was als ell received in Vienna,

1 8 0 m o u in 7 , at the I perial Opera H se . In

18 t o o o 74 , she was invited j in the R yal

o u B m Opera H se at erlin , as leading pri a

o o f m o d nna, by the express desire E per r

i m m u u W llia and the E press A g sta. Here

m o u she re ained f r years . In 1 87 7 she appeared at the Theatre de la

M o B u 18 8 u nnaie, r ssels, and in 7 she ret rned

o m D u o of t A erica . ring the spring seas ns

1 8 8 t o 1 880 o n s 7 , she sang alternate night

’ M s o o w o s . ith Nilss n, at Her aj e ty in L nd n

CHAPTER VI .

D F THE S E VE E S PRIMA ONNAS O NTI .

THE decade beginning with the year 1 860

a m o n o u w s re arkably pr liﬁc in si gers, pr d cing n o t o n ly the prima do n nas wh o se careers we

o u but have reviewed in the previ s chapters,

o o m o f o o o als s e the ﬁnest c ntralt , ten r, and barito ne singers Of the latter part o f the cen h m tury . With eac decade we ﬁnd the A eri

m o can singer re in evidence . We have had

o u o an d M u Clara L ise Kell gg innie Ha k,

o o o o the s pran s , Adelaide Phillips , c ntralt ,

ou u m and Annie L ise Cary, and the n ber

o u we increases as we pr ceed, ntil ﬁnd

Am erican singers standing o n an artis tic equ ality with the best that the wo rld can

o u pr d ce . Pr i ma D on n as o tne S even t i es 18 f . 7

The decade o f 1 8 70 Opens with a prima

o o m m o - a d nna fr the A erican c ntinent , singer who has held her place in public

s m o fo r M m e ti ati n nearly thirty years , ada e

n o t u mar Albani . While she was s ch a v ello u s o o u o r c l rat re singer as Patti Gerster, she c o mbined s o many excellent qualities that she is j ustly entitled to a po sitio n

mo of u a ng the great singers the cent ry .

o n e O l n l o n As critic expressed his p , she

“ u i u u u o was bea t f l, t nef l, birdlike, inn cent, ” t o m and ladylike, which ight be added, “ w ” al ays reliable .

’ Madame A lban i s family name was Marie

o u mm u an d s h L ise Cecilia E a Laj e nesse, e

o 1 8 0 of F - was b rn , in 5 , rench Canadian par

m Mo ents at Cha bly, near ntreal . Her father was o o of s o a pr fess r the harp, she began

mu s mo life in a ical at sphere . When she was ﬁve years of age the family mo ved t o

M o n was o treal , and she placed in the c nvent

S oeu w Of the acre C r, here she received her 188 Fa mou s S i n er s g .

u o u mu u o ed cati n, and s ch sical instr cti n as

o o u o 1 86 the c nvent c ld pr vide . In 4 the

m m o m t o fa ily again ved, this ti e Albany,

Y M u N . . , and when lle . Laj e nesse entered

u o o s o she o p n her pr fes i nal career, ad pted

am o f u s was the n e this city, beca e it here that she decided u po n beco ming a pro tes

i o n al s singer . While singing in the cho ir o f the Catho lic Cathedral s he attracted the attentio n o f the

o au u o be t o n bish p by her be tif l v ice, and s r gly u t o t o u o rged her father take her E r pe, and place her u nder pro per mas ters fo r the

o m of m l To devel p ent her re arkab e talent .

o u o was pr vide the necessary f nds , a c ncert M given in Albany, after which lle . La

u s o t o je nes e and her father pr ceeded Paris , where she co mmenced her s tu dies with D u

o m mo w o n t o prez . After s e nths she ent

M m u of L am ilan , where she beca e a p pil

wh o o u s o h of be perti, th ght ighly her that

“ ” t o o n dedicated her a treatise the shake .

Fa o us i n er s 19 0 m S g . m o Of o f u o w st the large cities E r pe, here her

o n s m rep utati n has bee teadily aintained .

’ Madame A lban i s ho no rs have n o t all been wo n o o u s h e mm in pera, th gh has an i ense

o u F repert ire, incl ding Italian, rench , and

m n o Sh e o o n e o f Ger a peras . is als the

o m o o o o o f re st c ncert and rat ri singers, and has had the ho no r o f creating n u mero u s

o o s s pran parts at the great fe tivals . At

u of S i r u S u the req est Arth r llivan , she travelled fro m Bru ssel s to Berlin expressly

“ “ to sing the part o f Elsie in the Golden ” s o o m Legend, at its ec nd perf r ance in that

Sh e w was city . had created the part hen it

o u 18 86 pr d ced in .

n M m In E gland, where ada e Albani has m e o m fo r s o m ad her h e any years, she is as popular and as highly respected o n ac

o u o f o m o n o u c nt her d estic life, as acc nt of her artistic career, and her friends are n o t o nly nu mero u s but i nclu de many of the mo u o of st intellect al pe ple the day . Pr i ma D o n as o tne S even t i es 1 1 n f . 9

N otwithstanding the su ccess which M a m m F da e Albani ade in England, rance,

u o o u i R ssia, and ther c ntr es, she had her

o m o n e m trials and disapp int ents . At ti e, w was S M hen she singing at La cala, in ilan,

f o she was su fering fro m a slight h arseness .

M o u s wo u u st a dience ld have been ind lgent , but n ot so M e who u the ilan se, are partic larly cru el t o singers who have made their reputa

o o s M ti n in ther place . The ilanese hissed

o u was and gr aned . H skiness in a singer , t o m m o ho w the , a cri e . The ten r, seeing m o o d w u i n atters st , was taken ith a s dden

o o n A lbahi t o o n disp siti , and left carry the ” o m o o was “ u perf r ance al ne . The pera L cia, and it pro ceeded n o farther than the m ad

fo r M m scene, ada e Albani, indignant at the

m o u o n treat ent acc rded her, t rned her back

u m o s m an the a dience, and in a t digniﬁed

m o ff n c ur ner, arched the stage, leavi g the

t o o n of o u o No tain fall a scene c nf si n . entreaties o r argu ments o n the part o f the ou s i n er s 19 2 Fa m S g . impresario wo uld indu ce her t o ﬁn ish the o o r t o o u m pera, even c ntin e her engage ent at La S cala . C o l o nel M aples o n tell s this sto ry co ncern

’ n o o m i n g A lba i s ﬁrs t L nd n engage ent . He heard o f her singing at a small theatre at

M wou s u c alta, and, thinking that she ld be c es s ful m o f o u , he ade her an fer, thr gh an

’ a o f o t o M gent , a c ntract sing at Her ajesty s

Sh e t o w t o Theatre . agreed it, and ent

o o bu t o n o L nd n, , arriving there, she t ld the cabman t o drive her t o the “ Italian Opera

’ o u n o f o t o M a H se . He, i stead g ing Her j

’ es t s o o t o o w y , t k her C vent Garden , hich

o o to o he wa was als dev ted Italian pera . S s

’ o u t o m o f e sh wn p the anager s ﬁce, and stat d that she had co m e t o sign the co ntract which

M r M a les o n o ff . M r p had ered her . . Gye, t n t o o o n M hinki g play a j ke his rival , aple s o n m o ut o , ade a c ntract , and Albani signed

M r o it . . Gye then t ld her that he was n ot

o o M a l es o n but he o u do u ' C l nel p , that c ld m ch

a ous i n ers 19 4 F m S g .

an d n but o m certain pleasi g, , as regards f r ,

s o gracefu l th at we listen to them with ” delight . An interes ting anecdote concerning Ma

m o n e w m a o da e Albani, and hich y tend t

co nﬁrm the faith of tho se wh o d o u bt theo

t o f w wa rists, is the e fect that , hen she s

o u u n o to y ng and nk wn, she paid a visit

o who o a thr at specialist, had a the ry that,

m o o fo r an by exa inati n , it is p ssible expert t o tell whether the po ssesso r has an o rgan

u o f o u s sceptible pr d cinga ﬁne singer, even

o n ot ow mu Si c n if he d es kn , and never sa g

n o a te .

f m w o u ow A ter exa ining Albani, ith t kn ing

u o for o u hi m her partic lar reas n c ns lting , he

l m M o u u exc ai ed y dear y ng lady, Nat re has

o u wo u o Y o u given y a nderf l rgan . can, if

o u o m o n e o f o f y will, bec e the greatest sing

o u m u ers . If y po ssess dra atic ability eq al to o m o f o u o o u the end w ent y r thr at , y can b o m mo u ec e a fa s lyric artist , and I advise i a D o a s o tne e e i es 1 Pr m n n f S v n t . 9 5 y o u t o devo te yo u r energies to the cu ltivatio n ” o o o f y u r p wers .

o u him di s a The y ng singer thanked , and p

r d S o m w ea e . p e years after, he ent West,

o n e i n o o m and day Chicag , a hands ely

’ hi s o f D o dressed lady entered ﬁce . n t ” o u o w me " B ut was y kn she said . he u t o vi s i t u nable recall her last , ntil she

n m w o revealed her a e, and related the h le

m m u s ur incident , when he see ed very ch

o o wn w o m prised at the pro f o f his isd . In 189 8 Madam e Albani paid a visit to

S o u w she th Africa, here had a grand recep

o of ti n . After a career nearly thirty years,

o u she is still as p p lar as ever . The histo ry o f Emma Abbo tt is o n e which will be read with interest by all

u n an d m o u o u n o fo r str ggli g a biti s y g pe ple, it is a sto ry o f brave battling agains t innu m r l f u M o e ab e di ﬁc lties . iss Abb tt was the

u of oo mu o f o da ghter a p r sic teacher, Pe ria,

o ao Illin is . Her early years gave her an 196 Fa mo u s S i ng er s

u w w q aintance ith hardship hich, perhaps, enabled her t o keep u p her co urage in the

f m u w face o all Obstacles . I b ed ith the desire t o m ot help the fa ily ﬁnances , she g the idea

o o n o wn ou for Of giving a c ncert her acc nt,

m u u o even as a s all child she had a bea tif l v ice .

a e of w t o At the g thirteen, when she ent

Mo u u o n t o o m nt P laski, a visit s e friends,

ut o u o Sh e she p her idea int exec ti n . was tru s ted by the printer fo r her pro grammes

he o o and handbills . S p sted her n tices with

o wn a u o o u her h nd, and sec red a g d a dience .

o s mo u to o s of Her pr ceed a nted ten d llar , w o w t o hich three d llars ent settle her bills, and with the remaining seven dollars she

u i n ~t r i u m h t o her m o ret rned p ther . After

i u o to th s , she gave g itar less ns pay her

a o f n o o . e sch ling At the g sixtee , she heard

fo r oo - Of a vacancy a sch l teacher, and walked

m to oo o mm w nine iles see the sch l c ittee, ith

u o o of u the res lt that, in rec gniti n her pl ck, the

was t o F o u m o place given her. r nths later

Fa m ous i ers 19 8 S ng .

While in To ledo she heard that Miss Kel

o o w o l gg was in t n , and she called at her h tel

o he fo r M s s and as ked t see her . S sang i

o wh o wh o Kell gg, received her kindly, and was s o pleased with her that she gave her

t o E r r an i New o o u a letter , Y rk, and en gh m o ney t o enable her t o st udy for two years .

u u Th s ended her bitterest str ggles . After st udying so m e time she secu red the po sitio n o f S o pran o in the ch o ir o f the Fifth Avenu e

u w of 1 0 0 on M a ' Ch rch, ith a salary $ , 5 , and y

2 0 1 8 2 fo r u o w , 7 , she set Off E r pe ith a large s u m o f mo ney su bscribed by the wealthy

o u w o m o pe ple Of the ch rch , h se ad irati n she

o had gained by her v ice and her character.

Sh e s oo m u n ade her déb t in Paris, and m o m ade a sensati n . In Paris she arried

u o u u of New E gene Wetherell, a y ng dr ggist

York . If Miss Abbo tt is n ot enro lled amo ng the

o u m great pera singers, it is beca se her a bi Pr i ma D on n as o the S even ti es 1 f . 99

‘ o w o m fo r ti n led her a ay fr the beaten track, ,

n m u o havi g ade a rep tati n, she established an

o m o f o wn o pera c pany her , which existed in

m fo r A erica several years, and enabled her t o make a fo rtu ne es timated at half a millio n

o u 18 8 d llars . Her h sband died in 9 , and his

' l o ss was a blo w fro m which she never fully

e he was w reco ver d . S herself taken a ay in

m 18 1 her pri e in 9 .

In 1 87 3 a yo ung singer made her debut

D s who o at re den , was destined t achieve a

u o o f high rep tati n as an interpreter Wagner,

to s o o and rival the greatest tars f her scho l .

e e M who was o I n s t er Th r se alten , b rn at

u u D e b rg, Eastern Pr ssia, appeared in resd n

m Fo r n as Pa ina, and as Agatha . early ten

s h e o D s n m years sang nly in re de , taking any

o Of the s pran o roles in Italian Opera . In

18 82 B u u she sang at ayre th , as K ndry, at

of who the desire Wagner, had a very high

i o o f w was m Opin n her ability, hich a ply

u j u stiﬁed by the res lts . 2 0 Fa mou s i n er s 0 S g .

o o s he M a 1 882 In L nd n appeared in y, ,

m m s o when she ade a great i pres i n , and the

o u critics declared that, th gh her art in sing

’ i n n o t s o M g was perfect as aterna s, her

o was s m o w u v ice fre h, agniﬁcent , p erf l , and

s h o u B s that e had great pers nal bea ty. eside

o o o o m p ssessing a v ice Of extra rdinary c pass, with deep and po werfu l n ot es in the lo wer

o m register, she was c nsidered an ad irable

188 s he was o Wa actress . In 3 ch sen by g

t o o f o B u ner sing the part Is lde at ayre th, w was e am hen she describ d, idst all the

s was o u o prai e that best wed p n her, as a yo u ng singer who was never kn o wn o ut of D resden u ntil she sang in Lo ndo n the

v o u s pre i year .

M m o -Klafs k who ada e Katharina L hse y, was o m M b rn in the sa e year as alten, and was fo r several years prima do nna at the

m u s m 18 Ha b rg Opera, vi ited A erica in 9 5, and died u nexpectedly at Hamb u rg the fol lo wing year as the res u lt o f an o peration .

2 2 Fa mou s i n er s 0 S g . o f u m M m M ar s ch atters in Vienna, ada e c hes i s was o m to . A vi it theref re ade Vienna, w s u M ith the re lt that lle . Gerster became a

u o f M of p pil archesi, and after a year hard

u wo n o o st dy ﬁrst prize at the C nservat ire .

“ ” Abo ut this time Aida was bro ught o u t

o m o m t o at Vienna, and the c p ser Verdi ca e

u o u o s s perintend its pr d cti n . He vi ited the

o s o o m u C n ervat ire, and a little s irée sicale was o o s o s o given in his h n r . On thi cca i n

s was Gerster sang everal pieces, and Verdi s o pleased that he advised her t o go o n the stage . S o o n after this Gers ter go t an engage m ent to sing at Venice u nder the m an a em en t of o ar di n i She two g Sign r G . spent

o s S o seas n singing in Italian and panish t wns ,

’ bu t in 1 877 s h e appeared l n Berlin at Kro ll s

s n m u n Theatre . Thi e gage ent was the t r ni g

o o f fo r m o f her p int her career, by the agic voice she t u rned the seco nd -class theatre into a re s o rt t o which the no bility ﬂo cked Pr i ma D on n as o Me S even ti es 2 0 f . 3 e m o very night, and the venerable e per r and

o u w o r o w of his c rt al ays held the fr nt seats .

F o r w s o m o m o three eek the c pany, c p sed of u o t o m t o m singers nkn wn fa e, sang e pty

o u s w of h se . Then, hispers the fact that

’ Kro ll s Theatre had a singer o f extr ao rdi

u i n u nary ability res lted increasing a diences .

m o m was The e per r ca e and delighted, and

o t o o u was u an invitati n sing at c rt the res lt .

u m m After this tri phant engage ent, Gerster m m S o G ar di n i w arried her anager, ign r , hile w they ere in Pesth .

om w m m o M a C pared ith any pri a d nnas,

’ m G ers t er s u da e life has been u neventf l . Her po sitio n as a s inger was as a r ep r es en t ati ve of o ld of u u the art bea tif l singing.

Sh e m w u m o o char ed ith gracef lness, s thness,

u s of u o the and exq i ite ﬁnish exec ti n, and mo m u w v st perfect sical taste, hich e ery

m o o phrase, even in the st ﬂ rid passages,

She o u n o t awe revealed . c ld , like Pasta, but s he co uld fascinate and charm She Fa m ous i n ers 2 0 4 S g . was n ot s but was u a great actre s, she gracef l

o n and pleasing the stage .

M adame Gerster vis ited the United States s m bu t of o everal ti es, at the end the seas n of 188 1 she declared that she wo uld never sing again u nder the management Of C o lo nel

a les o n u n e M p . He had h rt her feelings by g

He h ad on o m m lect . called ther e bers Of

o m o w o u at the c pany, and sh ed vari s little

o t o m but o n tenti ns the , he never called her n o r inqu ired abo u t her health when she was n ot w w o ff t o E u feeling ell, and ﬁnally ent ” o o u o o -b u r pe with t saying G d y . This h rt

o f S o Gar di n i w the feelings ign r , as ell as

o of o u but n ever th e th se his talented sp se, she less ret u rned as a m ember of his co mpany i n

18 8 —8 w was be 3 4, hen there great rivalry

o tween Gerster and Patti . On appr aching

s o n Cheyenne, Patti insi ted having her car detached fro m the train and making a sep

o u n o t t o arate entry, as she c ld bear share

m o of t he mu u the ad irati n ltit de with Gerster.

s i er s 2 0 6 Fa m o u S ng .

o u an d w o m m u t o u p the t r ent h e, ch the regret o f Americans who remembered the days when her s inging gave the m o st exqu isite delight .

Signo r and S igno ra G ar di n i had a beauti fu l s m t o w e tate in the Ca pagna Of Italy, hich

o w they retired between seas ns, and here they

u S o enj oyed entertaining their g ests . ign ra

G ar di n i x was devo ted t o the cares o f her

o u o o t o h seh ld, and pr ved herself be an excellent hou sekeeper and an acco mplished

o o c k . In this ho me no thing was wanting t o make it a mo st delightful place o f residence fo r even su ch a spo iled child as a prima

o B ut " s d nna . alas thi happy life was des

o o o o o M a les o n tined t end very s n . C l nel p in his mem o ir s declared that Gers ter was

mo s f u o t o et o n a t di ﬁc lt pers n g al g with , an d n o w Signo r G ar di n i was fo rced t o th e s m o u s o fo r t was o a e c ncl i n , i rep rted that the beautiful prima do nna was in the habit of Pr i ma D on n as o tae S even ti es 2 0 f . 7

wa t o u o u u o f m giving y frightf l tb rsts te per . To this cau se is attrib uted the lo s s Of her

o o o f u v ice, as well as the l ss her h sband .

“ ” M o o r The Villa ezzana was cl sed, and p tio ns Of the e s tate let t o vario u s small m M m w w far ers . ada e Gerster ent ith her

t o but oo m o t o children Paris, s n after ved

B b m o Sh e erlin and eca e a v cal teacher . was o nly twenty-eight years Of age when at

o f m the height her fa e, and at thirty her

o t o M a les o n career was ver . Referring p o m o wh o t o m nce re, was never inclined ince matters when he was ann o yed by a prima

o et o o o d nna, we g the f ll wing anecd te . While travelling between Lo u is ville and

o - Chicag , the sleeping car in which Gerster was travelling bro ke do wn and had t o be

- M m u side tracked . ada e Gerster was req ested

t o l chan e o o was i m o s g int an ther car, as it p sible t o co ntinu e in the o n e which she was o u but o u t o cc pying, she p sitively ref sed m o Sh e t o an ve . had paid ride in that car, d Fa m ous i n er s 2 0 8 S g .

o u o n o o in that car w ld she g and in ther.

No argu ments c o uld indu ce her t o change m . her ind At last an expedient was , dis

o — o c vered , the stati n agent at the nearest

m ﬁ n e- o o man place was a re arkably l king . He was dressed up and intro du ced to her as

o f o the president the r ad . He ﬂattered her

t o o o till she began s ften , and then t ld her that the co mpany wo u ld be u nder great o bligatio ns t o her if s h e wo uld co nsent to

s o B u u e an ther car . He had a r ssels carpet laid fro m the do o r of her car t o that which

was t o o u she cc py, and the lady, pleased at the deference sho wn t o her by s o high an f o s t o m O ﬁcial , at last c n ented ake the change .

’ So me o f the pre s s criticisms o f G er st er s perfo rmances du ring her t o u r in 188 1 were

mu s o o w highly a ing. The f ll wing ere se lect ed fro m a paper published in a large

“ ’ o u M r s G er s t er u S thern city : . s L cia is

u o f o ur o u o ur s ec s ta' the L cia y th , and ﬁr t

10 Fa mo u s i n er s 2 S g .

o f wo -w u o ma cal ability and rld ide rep tati n, y be allo wed here as an argu ment in favo r of a

o n fo r For o u pr per traini g critics . abs l te

u m a w v lgarity it y be a arded a ﬁrst prize .

It was written in 1882 in a city which lay s

m t o o o u fo r clai civilizati n , and the nly exc se its intro du ctio n is the h o pe that it may serve

o o a g d end .

Th e n e was as r eso u e as u su a w divi l t l , hich

th e wa s h e o u to be n we s a n e e s o e . by y , ght , b i g ll d The edito r o f this p ap er m akes n o gr eat p r eten s io n s i n th e wa o f mu s a r s m bu t w en a en u n e y ic l c itici , h g i s i x un r e o ar r an s r a s u bs an d w s a h d d d ll g d pi l t i t, b ck

a o n s e -a us n r o n o m e er- a an e u cti , lf dj ti g, ch t b l c d , f ll

ewe e o u r - r o o r s n o r n o n o m er a o n j ll d , f th p f, ip ti g c gl ti

n h r o o s es to u m m s H r o mes to o w e e . e c t , p p h p hi lf

a r a m h as e en n o t e w n e m r o e di ph g vid tly , lik i , i p v d with o ld age Her u pper r egis ter i s up -s tair s n ear th e s w e h er ower r e s er i s o s e fo r kylight , hil l gi t cl d

a r s T h e a o r es a er o r me h er r e act r ep i . f id p f d t ipl

o f s n n r o i n h er e es an d s ea n to s o me i gi g, ll g y , p ki g

n h n s h s am m Her s mi es at o e at t e w at t e e e . i g , ti l

h r n th e s en es wer e n e H r s n t e fell e behi d c divi . e i g

i n w en s h e o n es en e to a a en o n to th e g, h c d c d d p y tt ti

au en e to m r a ear th e o er ear e n di c , y c itic l ( th b i g Pr i ma D on n as o the S even t i es 2 1 1 f .

o e u s eeme to be a en n o f o r s s mo f ld d p) d bl di g f ti i ,

r es en o damﬁn o o r ar e e er Her o s um e was c c d , c ith . c t th e h armo n i o us blen din g o f th e cir cu s ten t an d

a o o n s e an d was er o r eo us ar r n a ten b ll tyl , v y g g , b i g den c to s s o me o f i ts o n en s o ut at th e to y pill c t t p , Th e I t ali an p ar t o f th e bus in es s was as ﬁdgety an d

u r o u s as u s u a an d em o n s r a e w a ear f i l , d t t d h t ly as s o ci atio n s with h an d-o rgan an d mo n key will a o m s cc pli h . “ Th e en er a e an d es e r ea o f n a ur e v bl Ob f k t ,

was as us u al h i s a ear an e er n ear r es em n , pp c v y ly bli g

a s o e i n a o rn er r o er o r wa er -t an o n a t v c g c y, t k n arr o w- au e r a ro a He was n o t u a r eci g g il d . f lly p p a e un h e urn e t o o o ff th e s a e en h e t d til t d g t g . Th

a ear ed to th e es a an a e an d s eem e to a e pp b t dv t g , d t k an in ter es t i n gettin g o u t o f s ight as qu ickly as p o s s e an ef o r i n w h e h ad the ear a ro a ibl , f t hich h ty pp v l ” f h au en e o t e di c .

M u St r ako s c h o n of a rice , behalf Christine

s o o u u ub Nil s n , br ght s it against a paper p li sh ed in a large to wn in New York S tate fo r

“ printing an article u nder the head o f Nils ” s on Sw w u o o indle, in hich the b c lic edit r declared that Nilss o n was n o singer and co uld n o t be co mpared with Jenny Lind ; 2 1 2 Fa mo us S i n er s g . therefo re she had n o right to charge Lind

s price .

M r S m who m u a cella e brich, ade her déb t in

18 as o i s o n e m o 7 7 an pera singer, Of the st

m u o f u She talented sicians the cent ry . was bo m i n 18 8 rn in Galicia, at Le berg, 5 , and was u m u w ta ght sic by her father, hile very

o u S he o y ng. appeared in a c ncert at the a e o o o g Of twelve, playing b th the pian f rte

o Sh e o u u s and the vi lin . c ntin ed her st die o n the s e instru ment s u nder Stengel and

B u m o s s o m r ck ann , pr fe rs at Le berg, and then went t o Vien n a t o c omplete her st udies u F z ow nder ran Liszt . Here, h ever, she was fo u nd t o be the p o s s esso r of an un u u o w n t o c ul s ally ﬁne v ice, hich she bega t i vat e u m o u an d nder La perti the y nger,

to o m o she decided bec e an pera singer.

m h er Her engage ent in Athens, where

u o o was i u u déb t t k place, h ghly s ccessf l, and s h e D o next appeared at resden in Oct ber,

18 8 em u 7 , where she r ained ntil the spring

2 1 Fa m o u s S i n ers 4 g . had the Opp o rtu nity t o admire her in the

s o s capacitie Of singer, vi lini t, and pianist . As a vio linist she c o u ld be lis tened t o with pleas u re ; as a pianist s he was co n s idered

o o f o ar i . t c w rthy a place in the fr nt rank, p u lar l o f o y as an excellent interpreter Ch pin , while as a singer she was o n e o f the “ great ” of lights the day .

M S m m o m lle . e brich arried her f r er teacher,

S fo r m m tengel , and has any years ade her

o m D h e in resden .

She o wo m is an ardent h rse an, and is said t o have ' called fo rth a so mewhat do ubtful

o m m o m m o of m c pli ent fr the E per r Ger any, when her ho rs e becam e frightened du rin g

m u m an a ilitary review, and she s cceeded in

m w “ M a aging the ani al ith great skill .

“ m o u w n ot da e, said he, if y ere the

o ou wou greatest singer in the w rld, y ld ” m s o f t he u be e pre s circ s .

1 8 M S m m ou of In 9 7 lle . e brich ade a t r

S a o the United t tes, singing in c ncerts in Pr i ma D on n as o tne S even t i es 2 f . I 5 m o u m st Of the large cities, and f lly ain

u o taining her high rep tati n .

18 u o o u m In 79 , at T rin, an ther y ng A er

m u a e o f ican singer ade her déb t , at the g

M m o f eighteen . arie Van Zandt ca e a

o m of D u o New Y rk fa ily tch extracti n . Her mo was o f o m o w ther a singer s e ren n , and had been a m ember of the Carl Ro sa c o m

M was u L am pany . arie ta ght singing by

debut u w perti, and after her in T rin she ent

’ t o o o M L nd n , and appeared at Her aj esty s

was r ec el ved o n Theatre, where she well acco u nt o f the fre s hness o f her voice and

o o w her u naffected style . The f ll ing year she appeared in Paris at the Opera Co miqu e

M o m u u as ign n , and ade s ch a s ccess that she w s mm fo r m of a i ediately engaged a ter years .

o u o m Alth gh her v ice was extre ely light , it was of w u m o u ﬂex s eet q ality, and arvell sly

u s i n s t an ta ible . Her s ccess in Pari was n eo u s m o f o , and she beca e the pet s ciety,

t o besides which she was, strange say, well 2 16 Famo u s S i n er s g .

o w m liked by her fell artists, and ad ired

m o m o o m by her i presari . A br ise Th as, the

o m o t o im c p ser, declared her be the very

o o o f M o pers nati n ign n , and she sang in

- that r Ole sixty on e nights t o crowded ho u ses . It is do ubtfu l whether any singer ever wo n mo m o f o re rapid fa e . At the end her seas n

m s o o m S w u she had i pre ari s fr eden , R ssia,

' ~ m o . England, and A erica ffering her engage m i s s to o n o s i x ents . It aid , , that less than

o m o o o fo r c p sers wr te peras her, and that

’ “ ” D elibes s me was o n e o f Lak these .

’ o m 188 o “ B In N ve ber, 4, R ssini s arbiere was M revived, and iss Van Zandt was cast fo r She was o w the leading part . , h ever, s o o verco me by nervo usness that she lo st

o o u her v ice, and was, in c nseq ence, treated mo st shamefu lly by the press and public o f ﬁckle Paris Sh e therefore o btained

o f s and o leave ab ence, played in C pen

o St . hagen and ther places , appearing in

s u o n D m 188 1 . Peter b rg ece ber 7th In 5,

i ers 2 18 Famous S ng . tr at ed but o of , the st ry the incident reached

m m t o o f o u A erica, and ca e the ears a y ng man who had been an early playmate o f the

m o a d o f o o w pri a d nna, n wh se a fecti n had gr n

m o n w o stro n ger as ti e passed . He ent ver to n o u F Paris, and challe ged the y ng rench

o m F m m an t o m o rtal c bat . The rench an ackn o wledged the irrepro achable character of M but m lle . Van Zandt, expressed hi self as being qu ite at the service of the gentle m n f r mo u D of a o any a nt Of ﬁghting. etails

n o o n the ﬁght are t ﬁle .

M was o W iss Van Zandt b rn in Texas, here

er o w oo h father ned a ranch , and her childh d was spent in the enj o yment of the free life i m m o f the pla ns . Her fa ily later re o ved to

New o t o o o She m t Y rk, and then L nd n . e

who was s o w Adelina Patti, pleased ith her vo ice that she gave her every encou rage m t o ent, and is said have called her her

s u cces so r B ut there have been s o many s u ccesso rs o f Patti " r i a D on n as o Me S even t i es 2 1 P m f . 9

’ few s M u A year after iss Van Zandt s déb t, an amu sing rivalry s prang up between her

o o u m o o mm and an ther y ng A erican s pran , E a

S o was o Nevada . bitter the h stility, that o n e Mi was evening, when ss Van Zandt

u u n the o m taken ill s ddenly d ri g perf r ance, her friends went s o far as t o declare that she had been drugged by the adherents o f

M u u iss Nevada . S ch little q arrels are

u mo m o freq ent a ng pri a d nnas, and are do u btless largely en gineered by the news

w o fo r s o papers, h se appetite the sen ati nal is

o m o u s en r .

2 18 8 m o of On April 7 , 9 , at the ay ralty m e M the Cha ps Elys es district in Paris , arie Van Zandt was married t o Petro vitch de

T ch er i n off u o u o , a R ssian state c ncill r, and pro fe s so r at the Imperial Academy of M o s c o w w was o u h , after hich it ann nced that s e wou o m ld retire fr the stage. CHAPTER VII .

P F E RIMA D O NNAS O T HE E I G HTI S .

TO every o pera-go er of the pas t ten years the n am e of No rdica has beco me alm o st as familiar as that o f Patti was du ring the last

o o o r No r generati n . N rdica, rather, Giglia

m s um dica, was the na e a s ed by Lillian No r to n when s h e made her debut o n the

Sh e o F m Operatic stage . was b rn in ar ing

to n M e. a e of e , , and at the g ﬁfte n, giving

o m great pr ise as a singer, she entered the

N w B o M e o o o . England C nservat ry in st n, ass ,

’ s h eil where e s t u died vo ice u nder J o hn O N . Three years later she gradu ated fro m the

o o o o S h e m C nservat ry with h n rs . was re ark able fo r her beauty and amiability as m u ch

fo r o wh was S o o th e as her v ice, ich a pran Of

2 2 0

Pr i ma D on n as o Me E i /zt i es 2 2 1 f g .

u D u o f u p rest kind . ring her years st dy at

the Co nservato ry she gained m uch exp er i

s u o ence by inging in ch rch and in c ncerts ,

fo r m s he o m S m u and a ti e acc panied a el R .

’ ’ u d A r t o m Kelley s Tablea x C pany, receiving

fo r her s ervices as vo calist the mo dest c o m

en s at io n o f o s p ﬁve d llar an evening.

o o was On leaving the C nservat ry, she

to o invited sing in c ncerts in Philadelphia,

B mo t o N w S . u e alti re, Cleveland, L is , and

o w o o s o ra Y rk, here she t k leading part in the

“ ” “ ” t o r i o s o f “ o M Elijah , Creati n, essiah , etc.

In 1873 s he was engaged fo r a co ncert t o u r

S o d B u m Ho l in England, c tlan , Ireland, elgi ,

F u land, and rance, d ring which her reper

o o o f s m u o t ire c nsisted clas ical sic nly . D u ring this t o u r s he sang at the Crystal

o o o o Palace, near L nd n , and at the Tr cader

P Sh e t o M w in aris . then went ilan , here

u o u S o S an i ovan n i she st died pera nder ign r g ,

m o u at B and ade her peratic déb t rescia, in “ T raviata. 2 2 2 Fa m o us S i n ers g .

o 1 880 was In Oct ber, , she engaged at “ ” o fo r t o m of F u Gen a ﬁf een perf r ances a st ,

w sh e o o o f M u in hich t k the part arg erite .

S h e n o w ext sang at N vara, here she to o k

“ ” o f o o an d w the part Alice in R bert , as

afterwards engaged for thirty-ﬁve perfo rm

“ “ ” an c es u F u o o at Aq ila in a st, Rig lett , ” u and L cia .

m was St ‘ Her next engage ent in . Peters

’ ” u L A fr i cai n e b rg, where she sang in , tak

“ i n o o f M of g the r le Inez, in The arriage

” “ ” F o u o M o igar as Cher bin , in ign n as

F “ o o u M u ilina, in Ug n tti as Q een arg erite,

’ “ “ D o n o 11 in Gi vanni as Zerlina, and in

Pr O h et o B o o p as erta, besides ther peras. Thu s s he acqu ired in a c o mparatively sh o r t

m o f m wo ti e, and by dint extre ely hard rk,

u s o q ite an exten ive repert ire . In 188 2 she endu red the cru cial test o f

o u wh the Grand Opera H se in Paris, ere, in ” o f u w so u spite the Claq e, hich is freq ently o z t o Off n ew s ma e rgani ed kill singer , she d

2 2 Fa mo u s i n ers 4 S g .

o u o was o r j rney, n thing ever after seen

of him o r o f l o o u heard the ba l n . The q es

o o f hi s o m n ti n death , theref re, re ai ed in

o u of m o d bt , and when , after a lapse re than a

o s was o u M m d zen year , it ann nced that ada e

N o rdica was abo u t t o enter the b o nds o f

m m o s o m s h e u f mu atri ny a ec nd ti e, s fered ch

an n oyance fro m the ru mo rs which were

s o u to ff Mr o pread ab t the e ect that . G wer

was o u o f wo s in vari s parts the rld . The e

u mo s o t o o u d o r r never pr ved have any f n ati n,

fo r n o m u and, except the a n yance, st have

been so mewhat ﬂattering as evidence o f the interest taken in the prima do nna by the

u p blic .

1 88 o n i n B n m d In 7 N rdica sa g erli , and a e

o m u o f B mo a c plete capt re the erlinese, a st

u nu s u al achievement fo r an Am er ican prima

o n S he ls o o o d na . a appeared in L nd n at

D ur a t s r y L ne, and by the swee ness and fre h n o f o n ess her v ice, and by the alter ating charm and inten sity o f her st yle as an Pr i ma D on n a s o t/te E i nt i es 2 2 f g . 5

wo n ﬁr m o o n actress, she a and lasting h ld

B s u S h e n o w o the riti h p blic . enj yed the m o m s o o st arked cial attenti ns, and sang at a state co ncert at B u ckingham Palace befo re

u o m o o f ss an a dience c p sed princes , prince es,

u o s d kes, Indian r yaltie , etc . The Princess o f s m o w Wale ca e f r ard and thanked her, the

hi s o um prince added w rd, and her tri ph was

o m m h ow c plete . The cli ax was reached,

was o mm ever, when she c anded by the

u t o m h q een sing in West inster Abbey. S e “ S m ” w sang Let the bright eraphi , hich selectio n has fo r years been the standard f o m o r o . a state ccasi ns Indeed, it y be said that when a prima do nna has been c o m ” m an ded to “ S m sing Let the bright eraphi , m h in West inster Abbey, she has ac ieved

o o o the highest h n r p ssible in England . Madam e Albani has exceeded this in having

o o o f u w u had the h n r l nching ith the q een, but this latter was m o re a trib ute to h er wo wom rth as a an than as an artist . F u s i n er s 2 2 6 a mo S g .

’ One o f N o rdica s greatest assumptio ns has

“ ” of r Ole of o been that the Elsa in L hengrin .

he s u S has the feeling, the arti tic nderstand i n w o m w u u o g, hich, c bined ith bea tif l v cal

s o u t m o s gift , brings the t delicate shading

f o u u w o the part . It is d btf l hether any ” greater representatio ns o f Lo hengrin have

w o n been given than hen N rdica sa g Elsa, o and Jean de Reszke the title r le .

Her su ccess in s u ch parts led her t o devote her attentio n m o re particularly t o

o 18 w Wagnerian r les, and in 9 4 she sang ith

s B u h great su cces at ayre t . No rdica has fo r several seas o ns visited the United States as a m ember o f the Abbey

u Co m o and Gra Opera pany, which c ntained

u mm a m M s ch singers as E Ea es , elba, Calvé,

D e z Plan c o n S calchi, the Res kes, , and Las

1 8 u salle . In 9 7 , when Abbey and Gra

M m o was o t o failed, ada e N rdica a credit r the extent Of When the affairs of

o m w m n the c pany ere arranged, an agree e t

2 2 8 Fa ous i r s m S ng e .

u for been f lly appreciated by Opera singers, the co llaps e o f the s easo n s eem s t o have given

t o o s of rise c nsiderable bitterne s feeling.

Madam e No rdica t o o k u nto herself M a

m S o o B o da e calchi, the c ntralt , and arr n

B er th ald o u o wh o , a y ng ten r, in a night

m o u o u achieved fa e, and t red the c ntry giving

o bu t u s c ncerts, with little s cce s . Whatever truth there m ay have been in the repo rted co o lness between Madam e No rdica and Jean

o m o r de Reszke, either dipl acy the exigen

’ cies o f t he o pera singer s hard lo t bro ught abo u t an o sten s ible reco nciliatio n ; fo r in

o o u n o s o o f 1 8 8 L nd n , d ri g the pera sea n 9 , Jean de Reszke sang Tristan with Madame

“ o o w o N rdica as Is lde, hen a critic wr te, We have s o often been to ld that this m u s ic can n ot u we s o o be s ng, and have ften heard it s ho uted and declaimed by Tristans who

o u n o t o w o u c ld sing, and by Is ldes ith t a

o was ou o n ot o to v ice, that it a d ble j y , nly

u bu t ' to u s lu hear it s ng, hear it s perbly ng, z i es 2 2 Pr i ma D on n as of tae E gnt . 9 with all the co nﬁdence and apparent ease o n u o m t o S u o o r e is acc st ed in a ch bert s ng, ” M o m a assenet r ance .

n o w m Madame N o rdica is in her pri e . What new h o no rs she m ay wi n we canno t

o but n o w s o f resee, she stand high in the fr nt

o rank o f the great singers f the day . In

s m M r o D o ehme 1 89 6 he arried . Z ltan . The

m o o engage ent , which had been nce br ken o ff m t o u m o , ca e a s dden cli ax while N rdica was o M r D o ehme u in Indianap lis . . s ddenly

d o m m appeare , having travelled fr Ger any, and in a few h o u rs they were married with o ut o r o u o u m any display previ s ann nce ent . Madam e No rdica wins many friends by

o o f m w frank, engaging c rdiality anner, hile her imp ul s ive natu re and enth usiasm help

o m d f u m im her ver any i ﬁc lties . One ay agine the c onsternatio n cau sed in the Bo sto n Symphony Orchestra by her startling dec la

o at s rati n , a rehear al , that they were like a

m oo o Kala az band . Perhaps the s re is still 2 0 Fa mo u s i n er s 3 S g . o bu t w m o pen , her inning anners will cl se it

m m o m the next ti e that she c o es am ngthe . One o f the m o s t brilliant singers amo ng

u m o f m who u the n ber A ericans have, d ring

o f u wo n di s ti n c the latter half this cent ry,

o o n o mm . ti n the peratic stage, is E a Nevada

S he i s the daughter of a physician named

m o m o f Willia Wallace Wix , Nevada City, Cal . As a child she was s o m u s ical that she

u o sang in p blic when nly three years Old .

m o d w s he was u o u Her ther ied hen q ite y ng, and she received her edu catio n at a semi

o S h n o w i n . e nary Oakland , Calif rnia was co nsu med by a desire to go t o Eu ro pe and m u o f o m o n e ake a st dy v ice, and she beca e o f a party of girls u nder the care o f a D o c t o r wh o was t o s o m Eberl , e c rt the and keep

o B them u nder his pro tecti n in erlin . When

s o the ves el anch red in the Elbe, the passen gers were tran s ferred t o a smaller steamer t o D r o n o be landed . . Eberl went b ard the

m w o little stea er with the rest, alked int the

2 2 Fa o us i n er s 3 m S g .

o o w m x v ice, which is, h ever, extre ely ﬂe ible, and is u sed very effectively in the upper

m of o registers . The great erits her v ice lie

o f o m u in her staccat e fects, chr atic r ns,

w u - which she gives ith great p rity, and

m o xec notes in altissi . The defects are e s

i o f o of oo o w s ve lightness t ne, lack g d l er

o m Sh e wo n n tes, and a rather i perfect trill . many friends by her reﬁned manners and

u u n o t c lt re, and if a great singer she is ” o n e certainly an agreeable . Ano ther admirer tells u s abo u t a perfo rm

“ ” u ance o f Lu cia . In the ro ulade d et

w u o bet een the ﬂ te and the v ice, after

o m o was u the c petiti n ended and her f ll,

ﬁr m ffo m shake, as e rtless as the si plest

was o u o o ff strain , ab t half ver, she ran the

o u u stage, the shake c ntin ing j st as perfect

wa s h e all the y , and as disappeared left a

l o u am o o u s B ut ﬁna n te away p ng the cl d . wit h all this brilliant exec u tio n s h e delighted

mu u s o s w as ch by her s tained n te , which ere Pr i ma D on n as o t/ze F i /i ti es 2 f g . 33

u ﬂu t elike u S he s o won of u . bea tif l , q ality al the affectio n and res pect o f all her asso cia

ates, by her kindly ways .

o o was w fo r M A staccat p lka ritten lle .

w t o o Nevada , with a vie exhibiting her v ice, and her rendering o f it was co nsidered a

m o u o o f o u arvell s exhibiti n v cal techniq e .

Alth o ugh her vo ice was criticis ed as bei ng

h fo o M t o o r . lig t grand pera, lle Nevada was

o t o s engaged at nce ing in Italy, after which she sang in 18 83 at the Opera C o miqu e in

o s u s Paris, and has had an excepti nally cce s ful o u o m career, b th in E r pe and A erica,

18 8 was m w o m where, in 5, she war ly elc ed .

1 8 8 mm In April , 9 , E a Nevada sang in Paris

o u o u o o n o after a t r thr gh H lland, sh wing

u o f o s dimin tio n her artistic p wer . A little anecdo te was t o ld c o ncerning a

“ o m o f u P w perf r ance L cia in aris, hich tends t o show the kindly dispo sitio n o f the

m o She mad ou . y ng pri a d nna was , in the

o m m o o u m an scene, acc panied in a st delici s F ou s i er s 2 34 a m S ng .

ﬂu ti s t o s was ner by the in the rche tra. One

o ften p uzzled du ring the celebrated du et t o

determine which were the no tes o f the ﬂ ute

o s o f No w and which were th e the singer . and then a pathet ic vibratio n wo u ld reveal

the hu man vo ice and cau se it t o ris e t r i u m

u m n Sh e phant ab ove the instr e t . taxed the

skill of the m u s ician t o the u tterm o st to fo l

low hc r o u r m a s o f o u thr gh the int icate ze s nd .

o u n o u s s s s he fo r m o . When, thr gh erv ne , a

m o o o s o f s o th e ent f rg t the w rd her ng,

hu mble m u sician came to her res cu e and

impro vised a few sparkling variatio ns t o

enable her t o regain her breath and r ec o l

o lect the l o s t phrases . At the end f the

u two o o o m r o m d et , p wdered f t en advanced f t h e wings with a gigantic bas ket Of ﬂ o wers which had been sent t o her fr o m Ro me by

o m s Sh e s o s s e friend . selected the ﬁne t r e,

t o oo s n t o and, advancing the f tlight , ha ded it the leader o f the o rches tra t o be pas s ed o n

o was t o the ﬂu te player. The acti n taken

6 Fa mou s S i n er s 2 3 g .

m o o s The arriage, which t k place in Pari ,

o 1 88 was o in Oct ber, 5, a great s cial event

m o o n s S in the A erican c l y in Pari . peeches were made by C o n s u l -General Walker and

m o m s om o ot . s o hers A br i e Th a , the c p ser,

M o m was there , and called her ign n, y dear ” o n s h e o s o m interpreter, which r e fr her

w to hi m ut m o u seat, ent , p her ar s ar nd his

s s him w neck, and ki ed . The edding pres

w m u ents ere any and val able, and the descriptio ns thereo f ﬁlled many co lu mns o f

n w o m the e spapers . Never bef re had an A er ican prima do nna been the centre o f s o mu ch m excite ent .

r o o mo o o ou Afte a sh rt h ney n , a c ncert t r

S u M a in the United tates was ndertaken .

m did n o t o m da e Nevada retire fr the stage, but after ﬁfteen years she is s till as po pular

o u o t o o t o as ever, th gh her v ice is light be effective in any o f the grand Operas of

o m m dern ti es . Unq uestio nably the greatest artist of her r i a D on n as o t/ze F i /i t i es 2 P m f g . 37 scho o l o n the o pera stage at the present day

mm w o o m mm is E a Calvé, h se pr per na e is E a

o u S h e was o 1866 D éc az e R q er . b rn in , at v o n h er ille in the Aveyr , father being a civil

m m of o o S n engineer, and a e ber a g d pa ish

m u o u w fa ily . He nf rt nately died hen his

u mm was s of a e da ghter E a sixteen year g ,

m o o u m and left his fa ily in p r circ stances .

mm who was E a, was the eldest child,

o u u o u o f br ght p in a c nvent, the q iet life

r t o bu t s h e which was ve y attractive her, was prevented fro m taking the veil becau s e

m o h er o m her ther needed help at h e .

m o m who A gentle an fr Paris, heard her

o n e o l u sing day in the c nvent chape , rged her mo ther t o send h er t o Pari s fo r m u s ical

m u o wn s training, and ch against her wi hes the yo u ng sin ger began the co u rse of train i n g which led to her appearance o n the

Operatic stage . Life has n o t been all suns hine fo r Emma

Sh has u Calvé . e acq ired her art in the Fa m o us i er s 2 38 S ng .

o f ex er i sch o o l adversity . Her early stage p en c es n ot u s u o u were highly s cce sf l, th gh she w s debu t a reengaged . Her was made at

B u s M o as r s els at the Theatre de nnaie,

“ ” M u F u 188 1 D u arg erite in a st, in . ring this seas o n s h e received a salary o f a h un

o o m o w dred and f rty d llars a nth, hich was incr eas ed the n ext year t o two hu ndred and

o 1 88 w o . t s f rty In 4 she ent Pari , where s h e created the leadin g part in “ Aben ” m D u o Ha et , by b is, at the Theatre Italien,

u s u and was decidedly s cces f l . Her teachers u p t o this time had been

o m u o but a ten r na ed P get , and Lab rde, she n o w began t o st udy u nder Madame M ar c hes i o o u s u o u , and then f ll wed a s cces f l t r

u w m u in Italy, d ring hich she gained ch by

s o o n w h o ul as ciati it the Italian pe ple, and c ti v t d m s s s h e a e her dra atic in tinct . Here saw

o D u s o Elean ra se , the great actres , wh se imperso natio ns made a great im pres s io n o n

’ n e m s o the yo u ng si ger . Calv s i pas i ned act

2 0 Fa m o u s i n er s 4 S g .

u o f o m lent q ality her v ice, and her astery o f h u o s tec niq e, her vict rie have been gained

m m u s s by her dra atic i p l e .

Her next t r iu mph was achieved in the

o f m o r t o s u fo r character Car en . In der t dy

t o S w this part she went pain, here she

S s s s o learned the pani h dance , a s ciated with

S s o l m u the pani h pe p e , and learned as ch as p o s s ible o f the character of the Spanis h peasant .

In 189 4 s h e appeared at the Opera Co

mi u e s as m u m q in Pari , Car en . Her tri ph has

o m m o f s o r was o n e o bec e a atter hi t y . It f the greates t events in the annals of the lyric P m M stage . atti had played Car en , innie

u m M m Ha k had played Car en, ada e Galli M m arié had played Car en , and all had

achieved s u ccess in the par t ; bu t Calvé

was m o Car en . Her c nceptio n Of the char

was o es acter a revelati n . Her fascinating g

u s o m o o f t re , her c plete aband n, the grace

u o m her dances, her dazzling bea ty, all c bined Pr i ma D on n a s of tne F ig/i t i es 2 4 1 t o make her Carmen -o n e o f the m o st wo nder

l m s o o o S he fu i per nati ns ever given in pera .

u has been criticised as ncertain , as giving

ff o f m di erent interpretati ns at di ferent ti es, bu t the fact remains that Calvé stands pre

m i n o o f o e inent the w rld peratic art . Her

u swinging, gracef l walk, her fascinating half

s u s o u s Oriental dances, her ge t re , her infecti ,

s s m t o m u reckle irth , all help ake p the daz zli n g impers o natio n with which her nam e is

s s o a ciated .

’ e o Of Calv s v ice little has been said ,

u s o o f beca e, in the perfecti n her art, the

o n o o u v ice is t btr sive . It is light and

m u sy pathetic , rich in q ality, and she never

o Sh e u m s w m f rces it . freq ently isse hat any

s wou o o u ingers ld seize as a v cal Opp rt nity,

fo r of m f the sake dra atic e fect , and yet her

s m m m o u m “ Ha g g has a arvell s char . The

van ai s e u n o m t o , as s g by Calvé, is s ething m m f m re e ber o r a lifeti e .

u o m Calvé has a s perb , lithe f r , and her 2 2 Fa m o u s S i n e r s 4 g .

s m o l large, dark eye and delicately de led

u m n feat res give her a char ing appeara ce .

- She o o u as , is frank, c rdial, y ng spirited, e y

o n s m o h er g i g, and is inten ely ad ired, b th by

s o n a s ciates at the theatre, and in the drawi g

o o m Sh e i s u o u s o m o of r . a c ri c binati n the

o o m m No devel ped w an and the si ple girl . o n e can prevent her fro m saying and d o ing as s h e s bu t m u o m please , her i p lses are seld

Sh e s o o u r u nkind . believe th r ghly in spi it u ali s m o o s o o , the s phy, and a tr l gy . When

w h er ever she sings , she carries ith an

mu o m o s n o a let fr Hind tan, and thing can

u t o w o u ind ce her appear ith t it . Her ﬁrs t visit t o America was in the sea

s o n o f 18 — u w s he 9 3 9 4, d ring hich appeared

M o B o t o fo r r m as ign n, in s n, the ﬁ st ti e in

f o u n any part o the wo rld . Her recepti n d ri g

u was She n ot a that to r splendid . did ag in

i m u o 1 8 — 6 vis t A erica ntil the seas n Of 9 5 9 ,

but u o o s o wh she ret rned the f ll wing sea n , en

“ her appearan ce as Margu erite in Fau s t

Fa m ous i n ers 2 44 S g .

’ but s h e m Patti s ever was , has the sa e easy vo calizatio n and marvell o u s sp o ntaneity that

’ s t u m co n ti ted the great char in Patti s singing.

M elba i s the dau ghter o f a wealthy citizen o f M o u r u s t elb ne in A ralia, and in that city,

o m s he s m fr which take her stage na e, Nellie

M o r 1 86 ' was m u itchell was b n in 5. There ch m u s a a n m bu t was exer~ ic l t le t in the fa ily , it

c i s ed fo r h o wn o m o fo r t eir enj y ent nly,

w o f S o s they ere c tch Presbyterian de cent, and the idea o f the s tage was Obj ectio nable

t o m F o r s o n dau h . the . this rea , while their g ter was given every advantage in the stu dy

n o o r o her o Of the pia f te, vi lin, and harp, v ice

was n o t u S n everth e. c ltivated . inging was

s s e le s her chief delight , and her great de ir was t o o take less ns . In 1 883 Miss M itchell married a Captain

m o n but m was n o t Ar str g, the arriage a

o n e o happy , and when her father, sh rtly

t was o o mm s s o om af erwards , app inted c i i ner fr Au stralia t o the C ol o nial exhibit ion in Lo n r i Cop h t 1896 b A . D o n y g , , y up t M E L B A “ ” as M ar u e r i t e i n F g au s t .

2 6 Fa m o u s S i n er s 4 g . cad enzas are accomplis hed with the ease and brilliancy that belo ng t o natu rally gifted singers .

Perhaps the mo st severe o rdeal thro ugh w t o 1 8 hich she ever had pass was in 9 3,

m debut M when she ade her in ilan . The

Milanese are very jealo u s o f their i n dep en d

of o w ence Opini n , and hile they will accept

n s o u leniently a begi ner, the arti t wh se rep ta tio n has been gained o u t o f Italy is likely t o fare badly at their hands . When it was

o u M t o n M ann nced that elba was si g at ilan, a feeling h o stile t o her at o nce made itself

M d m us manifest . When elba arrive , the i c i an s and critic s did their best t o keep o ut o f

u o o the way and avo id an intro d cti n . St ries w o w her ent f rth, hen rehearsals began, that m vo ice was like a stea whistle, and every thing that co uld c o ntribu te to wards a failu re

’ a o M m M s en deav w s d ne . ada e elba s friend o t o s o m fo r m red keep all thi fr her, and a ti e

u bu t n o w t o they s cceeded , she began be Pr i a o n n as o t e E i ht i es 2 m D f h g . 47 pes tered with an o nym o u s letters making

of v o u s o u threats ari s kinds . This nnerved the prima do nna that it was fo u nd advisable t o acquaint the prefect of the police with

o f m u the details the atter, and the intrig e

o u was st pped . On the eventf l evening the

o u was was h se packed, and there an air Of ” w u o as . h stile expectancy. The Opera L cia The singer appeared amidst silence which was interrupted n o w and then by hissing

o u o s nds . Hardly had her ﬁrst n tes been heard when it was evident that a change of

o u Opini n had taken place in the a dience, and the o vatio n which s he received after the m ad

was m o u s o scene tre end s . The pres ext lled h er o m o inc parable singing, and her vict ry

o m was c plete .

Melba is n ot a great actress ; she h o lds her au dien ce e n tranced with her marvell o u s

o o an d s u m v calizati n , her greate t tri phs have always been in th o s e o peras which m ake the smallest demands u p o n the dramatic powers 2 8 Fa mous S i n er s 4 g . of o u n ot the singer. Adelina Patti c ld sing

was t o o w to in Wagnerian Opera, and ise m M m . ake the atte pt elba, advised by her

o B u friends, nce appeared as r nhilde and was n o t u s s s he m u s s o a s cce , and t re t c ntent with being co ns idered the greates t voca li s t o f the day .

Madame M elba has vis ited America several

m s u s o 1 8 — 6 ti e , and d ring the eas ns Of 9 5 9 and — 1 89 6 9 7 was u nder the managem ent of Abbey

u o s of c o m and Gra . After the c llap e that pany s h e became the s tar of a small o pera co mpany travelling as far as the Paciﬁc

o Sh e m o m w c ast . akes her h e in Paris, here she spends a p o rtio n o f each year with her

s o n She m r m . is si ple and f ank in anner,

o u n u n o t t o m gener s by at re, and given alice

o r o u s j eal y .

' C alifo rnia added a star t o the o peratic

ﬁ r m am en t S S o wh o m in ybil anders n, ade

u 18 88 u s s u m m her déb t in , nder an a ed na e,

’ at u M o S he was s uc The Hag e, in an n .

2 0 Fa mo us S i n ers 5 g . in alt being in itself a phen o m enal pro duc

o M S o i s n s ti n . iss anders n a ﬁ ished actres , having recei ved the m o s t careful trainin g at

s o f M wh o o o the hand assenet , wr te als

“ ” ’ fo r S -S e u s t o Thais her . aint a ns entr ted ” o o of her the creati n Of the title r le Phryne,

o of o m and, in t ken his delight at her perf r

u ance, presented her with a val able necklace . Mis s Sanders o n becam e very po pular in

an d u bu t m et St . Paris in Petersb rg, with

s s o o o New o le fav r in L nd n and Y rk . Once

n o o D was when she sa g in L nd n , Van yck

t h e o s s o tto ten r. At the rehear al he sang

vot e o t o m s s u in rder save hi elf, and he p

o po sed that she was d ing likewise . In the

at r o m evening, the pe f r ance, the Opera was ” M o M S o t; an n , which iss anders n sang in

u o t wo u m - s h e E r pe h ndred and ﬁfty ti es,

w s o m o w of o a verwhel ed by the p er his v ice .

D m o Van yck, hearing her s all , clear t nes ,

n t s h e was o u m and thinki g hat nerv s, ca e

t o o f o u a m u near fer enc r ge ent , and rged her Pr i ma D on n as o the E i ht i es 2 1 f g . 5

“ o u t o u o t o let y r v ice . This is all the vo ice I have, she replied, and he, still think

n s h e o u m i g needed enc rage ent, sang all the

o u o m m it l der. Her great pers nal char akes

o s o o w self felt acr s the f tlights, and hile she was heavily handicapped in having t o sing w u m o u o was ith s ch a tre end s ten r, she yet able to captivate the au dience by her sin

er i t c y .

u who m u Ella R ssell, ade her déb t in

o o i s o f o Pr v , Italy, a native Cleveland, Ohi .

o Her v ice is large, rich , and even, she has an impo sing stage pres ence and mu ch beauty

Sh e u o w and dignity . travelled in E r pe ith

u m s ccess , and ﬁnally ade her appearance at

o 1 88 C vent Garden in 5.

An other American debu tan t e of 1 885 was

M o f o who arie Engle, a native Chicag , at present is o n e o f the o pera company at

o She has o C vent Garden . a light v ice, high

ﬂ wa and exible . Her ﬁrst appearance s at

m o f M u New o the Acade y sic in Y rk, in 2 2 Fa mo u s S i n er s 5 g .

o u s s s s mem a c ncert given by p pil , a i ted by

o f M a les o n o m o o bers the p Opera C pany . C l nel M aples o n made her an o ffer which was

s h e o m t o accepted, and went with his c pany

S an F s o s h e m u ranci c , where ade her déb t ,

s t o o o s he and afterward L nd n, where has

fo r s o appeared several sea ns . She h as s o far fo ll o wed th e co nventio nal do mestic life o f the prima do nna as t o marry

u r o u was u s and sec e a div rce . Her h sband G

m u m o m tav A b rg, a theatrical anager, wh she m r 188 hi m was n o ar ied in 9 . Her life with t

an d o u - h er happy, he c ntin ally ill treated . At last she fo u nd that he had a wife living in

m u o Ger any, and she sec red her div rce in

189 6 .

In the Abbey and Grau o pera c o mpany o f 1 89 4 a s inger wh o attracted co n s iderable

o M m S o o attenti n was ada e igrid Arn lds n .

S he was the dau ghter o f a Swedish teno r and was bo rn in Sto ckho lm S he made her debut o o o 188 but in grand pera in L nd n, in 7 ,

2 Fa m ous i n er s 54 S g .

America is n o w lo o ked u po n as n o thing

u u u fo r o f o who n s al, the list th se have

u o o acq ired distincti n is already l ng. Clara

o u o o u L ise Kell gg, Annie L ise Cary, Ade

s M M u laide Phillip , arie Litta, innie Ha k,

M A lwi n a V aller i a mm arie Van Zandt , , E a

M S S o Nevada, arie Engle, ybil anders n, Lil

o — es m s lian N rdica, y , the list ight ea ily be

increased even withou t enu merating the large

m f o s nu ber o ten rs and bas es . The year

1 89 0 witnessed the déb u t o f o n e who i s

o an d already ackn wledged as a great artist ,

w o u o ho adds t her la rels each seas n . One

who t o o o u o er , a gl ri s v ice and attractive p

s o n alit m o w i n t elli y, adds dra atic p er and

gence o f a high o rder .

mm m was o but E a Ea es b rn in China, at

a very early age was bro u ght by her mo ther

w u o t o Bo o . st n, here she received her ed cati n

r s m was o m m u s M . Ea es a highly acc plished i

’ m u s m u cia , and was her da ghter s earlie t sic

o o d teacher. As her v ice devel pe , she began Pr i ma D on n as o the E i ht i es 2 f g . 55 to u o s o s sing in ch rch ch ir and in c ncert , where the beau ty o f her singing attracted a

of o s h e w go o d deal attenti n . After ent to

o f u Paris, she experienced c nsiderable dif ic lty

m o t o in o btaining an engage ent . The r ad the o pera is full of intrigu e and machina

o M s m m wa to ti n . i s Ea es ade her y the

o S h e was fr nt by sheer talent . ﬁrst engaged t o o m u but fo r sing at the Opera C iq e, ,

o m o o w to m an s e reas n best kn n itself, the agemen t repented of having Opened its

o o s t o u o d r an nkn wn singer, and gave her n o h e o o n part . S theref re asked that her c

m n u u tract ight be a n lled, and her req est was granted .

u o s A p re, fresh v ice, ﬂexible and expre s

m o o o o ive, re arkably g d int nati n, and an

s o u attractive per nality, were the q alities w m ith which Miss Ea es ruled the stage . Her fau lt at ﬁrs t was a degree of calmness

m n was in the m o re vehe ent sce es . This ” u F u n o ticed partic larly in a st, and yet her 2 6 Fa ou s i n er s 5 m S g . interpretatio n o f the role o f Margu erite i s

o s o c n idered excepti nally ﬁne . In 1 89 1 she accomplished the difﬁcult feat

“ ” o f of s o singing the part El a in L hengrin,

o o n e but after nly rehearsal , her greatest

“ as sumptio n is that o f Elizabeth in Tann ” u w 1 8 ha ser, in hich she appeared in 9 5, and gained a reputatio n fo r o riginality o f c on cep

tio n which the greatest Wagnerian singers

o had never devel ped . D uring the seaso n o f 1 89 8 in Lo ndo n t he

n n w u s 1 8 1 M m gai ed e la rel . In 9 iss Ea es

u o mar r l n M r u ca sed a sensati n by y g . J lian

mo S o o u o f mu Wet re t ry, a y ng artist ch

om s um O f mar pr i e . The circ stances the

r i a e o m an d g were rather r antic, gave rise

at the tim e t o a go o d deal of news paper

o mm M s s m w o m o c ent . i Ea es, h se ther was

o m o t o m u s ewhat Opp sed her arriage, el ded

h er u o o the vigilance Of nat ral pr tect r, and

was qu ietly married in the Old chu rch at

B w s ray, hich dates back years . Thi

Fa mo u s i n e s 2 58 S g r .

’“ tr Madam e . Eames has several t i mes been o bliged in her o wn interests t o maintain an independent po sitio n in dealing with man w m agers, and hen, after her great A erican

u S cho effel u s ccesses, the Abbey, , and Gra

Co mpan y wo u ld n o t Offer her what she c o n s idered u m s wo u n ot j st ter , she ld retreat

o m w ak fr the stand hich she had t en , and the co mpany decided t o punish her by

o u was letting her al ne . The res lt , that Madame Eames reaped a go lden harvest

u o u u u o s o in E r pe, and b ilt p a rep tati n great that her name is n ow mentio ned as o n e of the o u o o —M f r g reat s pran s, elba,

o m Calvé, N rdica, and Ea es . With this slight sketch o f an interesting

we m u o fo r o mu career st be c ntent, a w rd st

o u M u s w . ho be added ab t lle Zelie de L s an, made herself po pular t o Americans du ring h er co nnectio n with the Bo ston Ideal Opera

o m o m 18 8 —88 u C pany, fr 5 , when she sec red an m o o engage ent in L nd n, and is rapidly

CHAPTER VIII .

TE N ORS A ND B ARITONE S .

THE Operatic ten o r is frequ ently as mu ch

t o m o S o o o f a trial the i presari as the pran .

B r ign o li wo uld feel hu rt u nless he received what he co n s idered the pro per amo unt o f

u o u o appla se, and then he w ld have a s re

o u t o . thr at, and be nable sing Ravelli had

mor o f M u u s a tal hatred innie Ha k , beca e she o nce choked his high B ﬂat with a t oo

o m m o c prehensive e brace, and his expressi n o f u o o u rage, being nderst d by the a dience as a tremendo u s b urst o f dramatic en thu s i

m was o u as u o u . , , in c nseq ence, l dly appla ded

o of o w o ut Nic lini, in behalf Patti, nce ent

m u h s o n o and eas red t e letter a p ster . It

’ had been agreed that Patti s name was t o

2 60 T s a n d B a r i t o es 2 6 1 en or n . be in letters half as big again as tho se u sed fo o s o r any ther singer. It was di c vered that

m who was s o m m the na e Of Nevada, al a e ber

o m was o o Of the c pany, a fracti n ver the

u o t o stip lated size, and all the p sters had be c u t in s u ch a way that a strip was taken

’ o ut o f m m Nevada s na e, and the iddle dash

’ f of was m u o the E and the A s a p tated .

S o me teno rs have travelled with nu mero u s

who o u s retainers , always cc pied seat at the theatre fo r the purpo s e Of directing the ap

lau s e but o o f p , n thing the kind has ever

o f o o or o been heard with a c ntralt bass .

s o wh o m u Erne t Nic lini, ade his déb t in

18 was fo r o m m o 55, s e ti e c nsidered the best

F o on bu t e rench ten r the stage, he is bett r

’ kn o wn as Madame Patti s h u sband than as a

o u 1 8 8 . singer. Nic lini died in Jan ary, 9

F an c elli M as w r e no s o f m and ini e te r erit , w u u o o B r i n o li wh o fo r ith bea tif l v ices ; als g ,

w m F n c elli w t enty years lived in A erica . a as a o m an t o very ign rant , scarcely able read Fa o u s i n er s 2 62 m S g .

r w o to M a les on o o rite . Acc rding p , he nce attempted t o write hi s name in the albu m o f o o mo S o the Liverp l Philhar nic ciety, with

u s deplo rable res lts . He wi hed t o write ” F Pr 1mo o s s o u o but ancelli, Ten re A l t , after

f o w s u o u great e f rts, hich re lted in vert rning t he - o u u : ink b ttle, the signat re appeared th s Fan eli Prim o Ten o re Ass

’ M as i n i s vo ice was mo re s ensuo u sly beau

’ u F an c elli s an d mo u o f tif l than , he was re f ll

o w u of c nceit . He travelled ith a retin e ten

o u o o o o an d pe ple, incl ding c k, barber, d ct r,

w o u m la yer . He als disting ished hi self in

Lo ndo n by sending wo rd t o S i r Michael

o o u o o f o t o C sta, the c nd ct r the rchestra,

m r u n om o u t o , c e ar nd his apart ents, and

o u mu o f thr gh the sic his part , as he did

o n o t care t o attend the rehearsal . C sta did not go; an d Masini retu rned t o Italy w in great rath .

o o me e Ca o ul who m J seph Vict r A d e p , ade

d bu t 1 86 1 was fo r m s c o n his e in , any year

F ou s i er s 2 64 a m S ng .

was o 182 o He b rn in 3, and btained his ﬁrst o m 18 peratic engage ents in 54, singing in m several Ger an cities . His ﬁrst appearance

o o was 1862 w in L nd n in , hen he sang the ” of o u m part Edgard in L cia, and ade a

m u co plete fail re . His later appearances

o u u o u br ght better res lts, and yet his p p lar ity was gained mo re on acco u nt of the ﬁne qu ality and great po wer of his voice than

u s e o f fro m any artistic it . His high C was o o his chief attracti n , and this n te he pro du ced from the chest with tremen do u s

ow p er. Wachtel san g in America du ring several

B 18 o . seas ns . He died in erlin in 9 3

m o ow r fo r The greatest Ger an ten r, h eve , m n was m wh o was a y years Albert Nie ann , blessed with a magniﬁcent vo ice and a ﬁne

u fo r m o o appearance, s itable the i pers nati n

’

o w . Of Wagner s her es, in hich he excelled

was o 18 1 n M a de He b rn in 3 , at Erxlebe , g

w o n 18 u . b rg, and ent the stage in 49 At ’ T o r s a a B a r i ton es 2 6 en n . 5

s o m s o r ﬁrs t he ang nly s all part , else in the

o u s but m o u ch r , , as he i pr ved with st dy, he

o of vo n u attracted the attenti n Herr H lsen ,

o m General , Intendant Of the R yal Ger an

wh o o hi m t o B h o . T eatres , t k erlin He enj oyed a great rep utatio n fo r a qu arter of

u m was a cent ry in Ger any, and selected by

n t o S mu Ba u Wag er sing ieg nd at yre th , in

m to m 1886 18 6 . 7 Until he ca e A erica in ,

188 w o o and 7, hen his v ice had l ng since

o o ut o f departed , his nly appearances Ger many were i n the u ns u ccessful pro d uctio n

“ o f u 186 1 Tannha ser at Paris , in , and he

’ n o n o 82 188 o m l sa g in L d n in . In 7 he f r a ly

m s retired fro the tage . Heinrich Vo gl wo n distinctio n as an inter

o f ' o o preter Wagner r les . He was b rn in

18 A u M u was u 45, at , near nich, and instr cted

in singing by Lachner, and in acting by

en k m o f o J , the stage anager the R yal

M u s m Theatre, nich . At thi theatre he ade hi s débu t in 1 865 as Max in D er Frei 2 66 Fa mou s S i er s ng .

u n me sch tz . He was e gaged at the sa theatre almo st permanently after : his débu t

was mm o u and always i ensely p p lar. In

1 868 m o m o a he arried Theresa Th a, als

o f o o m m singer ren wn, and fr that ti e they

o generally appeared t gether .

o o o V gl played L ge, in the Rheing ld, and

“ ” S m u w w ieg nd, in Walkyrie, hen they ere

o u 186 18 0 and pr d ced in 9 and 7 , his greatest

’ triumphs have been gained in Wagner s o o was o u peras . When the Tril gy pr d ced at

B u 1 8 6 of ayre th, in 7 , he played the part

o was fo r m L ge, and highly praised his ad ira

m o ble decla ati n and ﬁne acting.

o o S Theresa V gl was the riginal ieglinde,

- Mu was u u at nich, and very s ccessf l in

he was o 18 6 o . S Wagner pera b rn in 4 , at

u u T tzing, Bavaria, and st died singing at

M u o o i n the nich c nservat ry, appearing ﬁrst

u 1 86 Opera at Carlsr he in 5.

’ M o o w t o w o As ari s p ers began ane, pe ple wo who wo u u him m ndered ld s cceed , and any

2 68 Fa m o u s S i ng ers

for o o seaso n ten years in L nd n . His ﬁrst

m m was 18 w engage ent in A erica in 7 3, hen he was a member of a co mpany o rganized by .

Ma les o n u s o p , which incl ded Nils n , Annie

l M u m o u s Ca o u . L i e Cary, p , and a rel In A erica

m o u o u . he he beca e very p p lar, alth gh was c o nsidered in E uro pe to have disappo inted the high expectatio ns which his early career

u u o o o had j stiﬁed . He had a p re ten r v ice f

u but o t o o m u richest q ality, wing s e fa lt in hi s m o o f o u o eth d pr d cti n it decayed rapidly, and his declining days were a s u ccessio n o f u nfo rt u nate and u nsu ccessful attempts t o

o o w o wa regain his l st p ers . As an act r he s m o m ow u el dra atic rather than p erf l, and he was l o oked upo n as a hard wo rking and

m z o u extre ely eal s artist . Campanini had a varied and highly inter esting experience o f the triumphs and

u s o f wa s on vicissit de life . He s the Of a

s m an d was " o u u t o black ith , br ght p his

’ wh to o father s trade, ich he ﬁrst left g ’ T s a n a a r i n es 2 6 en o r B to . 9

w He u so ldiering ith Garibaldi . ret rned after

o o w w o o the war, and his v cal p ers ere s n dis co vered by a mu s ician who happened to

him u fo r hi m o u hear sing, and sec red a c rse

u o m o n o Of free t iti n in the Par a c servat ry . At the age Of twenty-on e he co mmenced his

met career as an o pera singer . He with

o m u s was t o s e s cces , and engaged travel in

u fo r w - o u o mo R ssia t enty f r d llars a nth . On

u to m w t o M his ret rn Italy, Ca panini ent ilan

o o o fo r w m and t k less ns a year ith La perti, ” w S F u hen he appeared at La cala in a st .

o was m o s n His repert ire re arkable, c nsi ti g of o B ver eighty Operas . eginning his career

w o f as o ith a salary eighty cents night , he r se

’ u u M a les o n s m ntil he received, nder p anage m o n e s o ent, a night , and in sea n w was ith Henry E . Abbey he paid

o o w o yet he died p r as ell as v iceless . He was m u ff m n si ple and na ected in his a ners , an d m a of , like ny his fraternity, careless and

m o but m i pr vident , he had any friends and 2 0 Fa m ou s S i n er s 7 g .

i with the public Was very popular on ample

o u gr nds .

Maples o n relates that when he ﬁrst en

Cam am m t o o o gaged p appear in L nd n , he was o n e day sitting in his o ffi ce when a ro ugh -loo king individual in a c ol o red ﬂannel

n o o o r o shirt , with c llar, a beard Of three f u r

’ o an d m ot days gr wth , a s all p hat, entered an d anno u nced that Campanini had arrived ” o o “ o u u " in L nd n . Are y s re exclaimed

m o wo h o w o u the i presari , ndering it c ld

u o him interest the individ al bef re . The

- o o n u o u t u strange l king bei g b rst la ghing, and

was u u declared that he q ite s re, as he was

wa s m am an m l s u . hi self C p . It a terrible cr her fo r M ap les o n t o find that hi s great star was s u ch a ro u gh -lo o king c u st o m er, bu t Campa nini mo re than j u s tified the repo rt s abo u t his singing as s o o n as he made hi s first

n appearance o the stage . An American wh o had th e h o no r o f being fo r thre e years ﬁrst teno r at the Ro yal Opera

us i n er s 2 7 2 Fa mo S g .

' s m us a dr ama t o mu pre ent day t be set sic . ,

The actio n o f the play ' m u s t n o t be inter r u t ed u o p by appla se, enc res, and the presen tatio n o f o w o u o f o ﬂ ers . This c ntin ity acti n

o o of mo m is n ticeable in every pera dern ti es, w m o r F hether Ger an, Italian , rench, and in itself marks a decided fo rward mo vement

o f in the annals lyric art . There have been many co mplaints that

o f r ui n s t he o the singing Wagner Opera v ice, but t o co ntradict this statement we have o nly t o lo o k at the careers o f the greates t M m Wagnerian singers, aterna, Leh ann,

B m m o randt, Nie ann, Winkel ann, V gl, the

D e o B m o who Reszkes , N rdica, re a, and thers have su ng the m us ic o f Wagner fo r years w o u u o o e -fo r d o o The ith t any nl k d eteri rati n . fact is that they learned the art of vo c ali zati o n w m who o m be , hile any have c e fo re the public as Wagn erian singers have been practically ign o rant Of the ﬁrs t princi

s o f o o u o To o u (i c e ple v ice pr d cti n . sh t and E D O UA R D D E R E S Z K E A S ME PHIS TO PHE L E S

Fa mo u s S i n er s 2 74 g .

mu s u t o sic was ch that he decided prepare.

m f for o o hi sel the peratic stage, and began t

u Ci affei o n w o o st dy with , and later ith C t gni .

’ He made his debut in 1874 at Veni ce as a

r o for o m o ba it ne, and s e years sang barit ne

s u o u u o part , ntil he f nd the strain telling p n

' art i s ti call n d o s his health . He phrased y a p

s s o was o f se ed sensibility, and his v ice ex

c ellen t quality ; bu t feelin g that he was n o t

u o m fo r f lly prepared, he retired fr the stage

m s u h S P s a ti e and t died wit briglia in ari .

1 8 but o In 79 he appeared again, as a ten r, ” in “ o t o M w m R ber , at adrid, hen he ade a

t u o m m was grea s ccess , and fr that ti e he

regarded as o n e of the greatest ten o rs o f the

a e u g . Of recent years his s ccesses have

been chieﬂy in Wagnerian roles . He is an

o to u s ideal L hengrin, and has added his la rel

s as Tri tan and as Siegfried . Pro bably n o teno r since the days Of Mario has awakened su ch widespread pu blic inter

s i n w . o 1 8 6 est His e tates P land, hich in 9 ’ o r s a n a B a r i ton es 2 Ten . 7 5 were exten s ively impro ved fo r the receptio n o f hi s o u s M - bride, the C nte s ailly Nesle, his

o o f o s s of o as l ve h r e and sp rt in general, well as the j ealo u s ies o f the n u mero u s ladies wh o w o n e o fo r m vied ith an ther his s iles, all in their t urn fo rm ed themes fo r newspaper

m o mm s o a and agazine c ent . The per nal p

earan ce o f p , as well as the geniality the

o t o m hi m o great ten r, helped ake an bj ect o f fo r m an o f s interest , he is a great phy i

u cal bea ty and grace .

Jean de Reszke created a fu ro re in

m v o u s A erica, and has isited the c ntry everal tim es u nder the management o f Abbey and

u . o m 1 8 Gra When that c pany failed in 96,

D e Reszke attempted t o fo r m an o pera co m

t o s o s o o pany ﬁnish the eas n , and in d ing he

incu rred a great deal o f po pu lar indignatio n

m o f M m . o who by his treat ent ada e N rdica,

” o to o m n felt bliged leave the c pa y, and by

in du cing Madam e M elba t o assume Wagne

o w o rian r les, in hich she pr ved to be a fail 2 6 Fa mous S i n ers 7 g . u r e m of w . He beca e the Object ne spaper attack o n acco u nt of the large price which

m fo r s but mu of he de anded his service , ch

o i s u m fo r m this indignati n n erited, the si ple reas o n that the remedy lies with the public

w o rather than ith the singer. An pera singer is j u s tiﬁed in getting as m u ch m o ney

s r as o as his service will b ing, and l ng as he

s o m s o r u ﬁnd pe ple, whether anager p blic, who n t o r as k are willi g pay that p ice, he will

i s u s s it . When the price ref ed, it lie with him t o determine whether he will s ing fo r

s m o o r w s o m le s ney ithdraw, and it eld hap pens that it i s nece s s ary fo r a th o ro ughly

o u t o w w p p lar artist ithdra , except at the end o f s his career . Patti received her highe t

w i m t h e prices hen she was past her pr e, and same m ay be said o f alm o s t every great

o ma o u n artist . The reas n y be f d in the fact that their greatnes s do es n o t dawn u po n the general pu blic u ntil years after their

i s po sitio n earned .

2 8 Fa m o u s S i n er s 7 g . there t o act as s u bstit u te fo r a teno r who was o u n o t i s e m n ill, and c ld ﬁll h ngage e t .

o s o was o m u The cca i n the perf r ance, nder

’ “ M as s en et s m m o f anage ent, a cantata, Le

u u s u Gladiate r, by Pa l Vidal , at the In tit t F de rance .

Within two ho u rs Van D yck st u died and s ang the teno r s o lo s with s u ch an effect that he imm ediately becam e the topic o f c o nver s o mo m u s s ati n a ng ical Pari ians .

‘ was n o w m o u u He engaged by La re x,

m o of for m the cha pi n Wagner in Paris, a ter o f o u r s u r w o e s f r yea , d ing hich he sang the r l o f s S m u 1 88 he Tri tan , ieg nd, etc . In 7 sang

o bu t it s r o u o u s L hengrin , p d cti n ca ed a great

m o t o o l s o f u s . deal excite ent , wing p litica ca e

s s th e o m o m Neverthele , perf r ance f r ed a go lden epo ch in the histo ry o f Wagnerian

’ art . Van D yck was n o w indu ced by Levy and

G OO o f B u t o r t he o u c , ayre th, take pa t in pr d

“ ” o o f s 18 88 Fo r s was ti n Par ifal, in . thi he ’ o s a a B a r i on es 2 Ten r n t . 79

F M o ttl m s o drilled by elix , and he ade great

a su ccess that he was at o nce engaged fo r

o o the f ll wing year . He has pro ved himself the ﬁne s t r ep r e

s en tati ve o f the character o f Parsifal that has

m n o t yet been heard, even Winkel ann being

S 1 888 D excepted . ince Van yck has been

engaged at Vienna .

M r D m 188 6 . Van yck arried, in , the

dau ht er ' o f S s o o s g ervai , the great vi l ncelli t

m o s o f B e o and co p er. He is a knight ad n f

o o f o o f the rder the Li n Zahringen, and an

f a m o f F o fﬁcer o the Ac de y rance .

o s o S o Of Wagnerian ten r , Ant n ch tt and

Hermann Winkelmann gained a high repu

i n o m m hi s u 1 8 tat o . 0 The f r er ade déb t in 7 , bu t hi s career was inte r ru pted by the o ut

Of F a o - m war o u break the r nc Ger an , thr gh

o which he served, as he had als served

o u o f 1 866 u s thr gh the war against A tria .

Alth o ugh his repu tatio n was high in Ger m m o m m i m any, he ade a c paratively s all 2 80 Fa mous S i n er s g .

o n lm pressi n in England . Wi ke ann to ok the

o f B u w i n 1 882 part Parsifal at ayre th , hen , , , sixteen perfo rmances of that wo rk were

’ n u u o o give nder Wagner s s pervisi n . He als

m t o m w M S c ar i a ca e A erica ith aterna and ,

m o o m s o aking a g d i pre si n . M ax A lvary also was well kn o wn in the

s s n United State as a Wagnerian i ger. He

m o t debut 1 88 1 a ade his pera ic in , and p

ear ed M o o o u p in the etr p litan Opera H se,

o 188 w m New Y rk, in 5, since hich ti e he

has been heard in Am erica d u ring several

s o S sea ns . His best parts were iegfried, Tris

us h e fo r m tan, and Tannha er, and was any

o m u years leading ten r at the Opera in Ha b rg.

o m 18 8 a e His death , in N ve ber, 9 , at the g

of o -o n e was u of f rty , the res lt an accident .

Of s oo F o m o the Italian ch l, rancisc Ta agn ho lds a high po sitio n in the o peratic wo rld

s o He of t o d ay a a ro bu st ten r . excels in

m o u as o o o dra atic r les , s ch Otell and Arn ld ,

“ an d he made a great s u ccess in Cavalleria

Te r s a d B a r i ton es 2 8 1 n o n .

s o o s s R u ticana . In her ic r le he sing and

m o u o acts with a si plicity, p wer, and a th rity n o t s urpassed by any o ther ten o r Of this

o o u n generati n . He was b rn at T ri , and began his mu sical educatio n at the age of

debut was m m o eighteen . His ade in Paler ,

a e of w - hi s u at the g t enty three, st dies having meanwhile been interrupted by military du

o ties . In Venice he sang with J sephine de

o f o u who Reszke, the sister Jean and Ed ard,

o but n F o r m had a sh rt brillia t career . any

m S w was years he re ained at La cala, here he

' mm o u i s t all bi - i ensely p p lar. He , g chested, an d m o u erect , always i p sing, and, nlike mo u s st Italians, he has fair hair and bl e eye .

“ An American critic wrote of hi m as hu rl i n o o w o u w g f rth his t nes ith t reserve, and ith a vo cal exuberance n ot reached by any living

o u m o o w m ten r . He q ells and ves by ver hel ” i n s o g strength and plend r .

Tamagn o was o nce the defendant in a law su it bro ught again s t hi m by the manager o f 2 82 Fa mous S i n er s g .

o B u o s the pera in en s Ayre . It appears that in 1 89 0 the ten o r was engaged fo r a seas on o f o o m fo r w was to f rty perf r ances , hich he receive Of this s u m was

o o u paid in advance bef re he w ld leave Italy . When he arrived at B ueno s Ayres a revo luti o n o o u t o o u o m br ke , and nly f r perf r ances

o w m en deav Of pera ere given . The anager o o o mo s red t rec ver his ney . An intere ting

wa feat u re Of the trial . s that it bro u ght o u t the fact that Tamagno always travels with a

u o f u all claq e eight , and that it is stip lated in his co ntracts that he s hall have eight tickets

' fo r u s e s o w their . Thi , h ever, has been de

m o n o t nied , and it is stated that Ta agn has

m of fo r s read a criticis his singing year , kn o ws n o thing abo u t the critical o pinion o f him o , cares less ; als that the eight tickets

fo r m t o are intended his fa ily . He is said

- o of a e be the highest priced ten r the g . B efo re leaving the teno rs a wo rd sho u ld

o o wh o be said c ncerning Edward Ll yd , in

2 8 Famo us i n ers 4 S g .

o m . o u o as W tan He has a tre end s v ice,

s s o s sings with ease, and get a plea ing s ftne s

s to w o w into hi s to ne . He is likely be ell kn n

u in the fut re .

S an tle who o Charles y, is kn wn in England

s o of o as the greate t barit ne the Vict rian era,

o o 18 was b o rn in Liverp l in 34 . Having a

o o f u t s o m s v ice ﬁne q ali y, exten ive c pas , and

o w t o u great p er, he left England st dy in

1 u n n 1 8 o o M 8 . ilan in 55 Ret r i g in 57 , he t k

M u t he s am les so ns of an el Garcia . In e

o o o s year he appeared in rat ri , inging the ” f m o Hi s part o Ada in the Creati n . ﬁrst

n o d was 1 8 appeara ce in pera in Englan in 59 ,

o D o o as H el in in rah at C vent Garden .

o u M r S a tle mo Alth gh . n y sang al st all the

o o o was n o t o fo r barit ne r les in pera, he n ted

o o but fo r hi s o histri nic p wers , rather v cal

hi s o w o f n o n th e abilities , and p er seizi g exact sentiment and s igniﬁcance o f his part . In 187 1 he visited the United States as a ’ T n o r s a n a B a r i to es 2 e n . 8 5 m m of o o m e ber the Carl R sa Opera c pany, du ring which time he reaped su bstantial

o o 1 88 m o o u h n rs . In 9 he ade a c ncert t r

u in A stralia .

1 8 2 o B n m In 9 J seph en ett , the e inent

“ w o : o m o s o o f critic, r te The f re t barit ne the

u s an d o u h day is still with , th gh his p ysical means have s u ffered changes which n o skill

o can av id, he is a greater artist than ever, ” o f for hi s wo and retains plenty vitality rk .

M r S an tle m 1 8 M . y arried, in 59 , iss Ger

u m u of tr de Ke ble, the grandda ghter the

o u M celebrated act r, and his da ghter, iss

S an tle s o but Edith y , had a h rt exceedingly

n o s o u brillia t career as a c ncert inger, previ s to m 188 t o Ho n her arriage, in 4, the . R . H .

o Lyttelt n .

B t F u F Jean aptis e a re, a rench singer, will be remembered as the creat o r o f the part o f

’ M o o “ F u ephist pheles in G unod s a st . He was o o mu ﬁn e o a g d sician and a act r, and he o wed mo re to his geniu s as a co median than Fa m ou s i n ers 2 86 S g . t o hi s o was o f o m s v ice, which great c pas ,

u h e tho ugh n ot o f a brilliant q ality . In t winter o f 186 1 he made his ﬁrst appearance

s o u at the Grand Opera in Pari , th gh he had made his Operatic déb u t nine years befo re at

o m u F o r m the Opera C iq e . any years he r emam ed u at the Grand Opera, d ring which time he was a pro minent ﬁgure i n o per

o F u o 18 0 atic hist ry . a re was b rn in 3 , and was the s o n Of a singer at the church o f

M o u was but lins . His father died when he

o ld a e of seven years . At the g thirteen he entered th e so lfeggio class at the Co nserva

0 1 i n t o w m t re Paris , hich city his fa ily had m o w was ved hen he three years Old . At

’ the breaking o f his b oy s vo ice he to o k up

o o u was fo r o m pian and d ble bass, and s e time a m ember o f the band at the ‘ Odéo n

‘ o was s theatre . After his v ice ettled he

o o u héat r e j ined the ch r s at the T Italien , and

18 0 r on o in 5 again ente ed the C servat ire, w 1 8 2 z s fo r here he gained, in 5 , the ﬁrst pri e

F m o s i n r s 2 88 a u S ge .

o f o f o i o was the part Iag , in Verd s Otell ,

o s m of c n idered a asterpiece lyric acting, and Iago is at the present day his greates t o r le .

M u was o 1 8 8 M a rel b rn in 4 at arseilles ,

fo r and, having a penchant acting and sing

i n t o o m o g, began play in c edy and light pera

hi s o w m o o o in native t n . His a biti n s n led

him t o s w o e Pari , here he entered the C ns rva

o s u w V authro t t ire and t died singing ith , and

o w D u o pera ith vern y. He gained the ﬁrst

o u 1 86 prizes in b th s bj ects in 7 .

“ In 1869 he made his début in Les Hu

‘ u en o t s but was n ot o s uﬂi g , he c nsidered c i en tly su ccessful to secu re a permanent

m s o w n fo r of o u engage ent , he e t a series t rs

l S m Hi s L o n in Ita y, pain , and A erica . ﬁrst do n was m 18 appearance ade in 7 3, when he t o o k the par t of Renato at the Royal Italian

was h u t of Opera, and engaged t ere, as a res l hi s u u 1 8 s ccess, every year ntil 79 , playing

of D o n o m a the parts Gi vanni, Tell, Al aviv , ’ Ten o r s a a B a r i ton es 2 8 n . 9

o m H el, Peter the Great, Valentine, Ha let,

u o o m and the Caciq e . He als played W lfra

F D u m 18 8 and the lying tch an , and in 7

’ “ appeared as D o mingo in Massé s Pau l and ” Virginia .

1 8 o mo e In 79 he nce r appeared in Paris,

m m had taking the part Of Ha let . His na e beco me established since his previo u s ap

ear an c e was n o w p in that city, and he a mo u st decided s ccess .

o u m M M u u o o Ab t this ti e . a rel ndert k the management o f Italian Opera at the Theatre

o was des Nati ns . His enterprise hailed w o P wh o w o u ith j y by the arisians , ere desir s o f o having Italian pera . Maurel surro unded himself with a c o m

o f u Mes pany the ﬁnest artists , incl ding

m M mo -D e e N da es ari n, Adler vri s, evada, and

Tr emelli G a ar r é the o , and y , br thers De

z M u m Res ke, and a rel hi self.

o w o ff N t ithstanding the attracti ns O ered,

o u x d the o m M the tlay e ceede inc e, and . Fa ous i e s 2 9 0 m S ng r .

M au rel relieved himself of a large amo u nt

mo m o t m Of ney in a re arkably sh r ti e . His ﬁnancial disasters in n o way interfered with

a u o u o o f his rtistic s ccesses, and his pr d cti n

’ “ M as s en et s Hero di ade o n F u , ebr ary 1,

w u m 1 88 as . 4 , a great tri ph Victo r Mau rel c o mbines a goo d voice with a m o st attractive perso nality and a great

u o u o love Of his art . He is nd btedly t be co nsidered o n e o f the greatest barito nes o f M M r s o . u the p e ent day . As an act r a rel is ma has gniﬁcent , as a singer he never had a m o u o n but u w arvell s rga , he has sed it ith

h e t o exqu isite art . If ceased sing he ~ wo uld still be o n e o f the greatest o f Shake

n o o i s o u l sp ear ea act rs . As Iag he insidi s y

o o o w m t h r ilL great , as Rig lett ver hel ing and i n g.

S 18 He ﬁrst visited the United tates in 74, and he was at o nce accepted as a great artist . Amo ngst Operatic barito nes o f the past

2 2 Fa mo us S i n ers 9 g .

o of m tr l the breath, and re arkable breadth and intelligence . His ﬁrst appearance t o o k place at Free

’ M Mr o trade Hall, anchester, at . de J ng s

1 8 0 o u . c ncerts in Jan ary, 9

M r D was o B t . avies b rn at e hesda, Car n ar vo n s hi r e o s af r ec ei v , N rth Wale , and , ter

’ i n g his early edu catio n at Friar s Grammar

S o o B o o o n ch l , at ang r, he btained an exhibiti

u o o at Jes s C llege, Oxf rd . He gained his

B M but was n ot . A . and . A . degrees , de

o t o u o fo r o o w v ted st dies nly, he st d ell in

wo of the athletic rld his University, playing

o o o m o w n f tball in his c llege tea , and r i g in the Varsity trial eights . After leaving Oxfo rd he began t o stu dy

m u o u u i sic seri sly, and entered the G ldhall

S oo o S ch l, taking less ns later with hake

o o f speare . He has a large repert ire bari

o o i n w u t ne peratic parts , hich he has s ng

u s o n e of with great s cces , and he is the best

o o o o o o f t rat ri and c ncert barit nes he day. ' ’ Ten ors an a B ar i to n es 2 . 9 3

m 18 6 o m He visited A erica in 9 , and c nﬁr ed

o o o u hi m the g d acc nts which had preceded . In the list of famo u s barito nes of the

m m r e r e present day, A erica is ad irably p

D B m who sented by avid ispha , has gained his greatest reputatio n in the part o f Falstaff

’ o o m in Verdi s pera f that na e .

M r B m was o . ispha b rn in Philadelphia, in

18 u 57, his father being a Q aker . Like m o f s o f t o - was i n any the singer day, he

fo r o mm but n tended a c ercial career, , bei g mo m u u re interested in sic , he event ally all o wed hi s love fo r art t o o verco me his

fo r u o r m desire b siness , , as he has hi self

w w o f a . said, he ent the y least resistance

’ His father s mu sical pro clivities manifested

m o n u u m the selves the ﬂ te, which instr ent

u u an d o u B m he played bea tif lly, y ng ispha so laced the leis u re ho u rs of his yo u th with

u but mu the g itar and zither, never learned ch o f o um o any ther instr ent . On every p ssible o o was m m o f ccasi n he sang. He a e ber Famous S i n er s 2 9 4 g .

o o ur o several ch ral s cieties and ch ch ch irs, and had the advantage of many m u sical

o o o m u friends . He t k parts als in a ate r

m o m u m o m dra atic perf r ances, and th s ade s e progress in his art . In 1 885 he gave up business and went t o

o o w L nd n, here he has since resided . He

u w V an n uci n i S st died ith , hakespeare, and

m 1 8 1 m u La perti, and in 9 ade his déb t in ” o o B o o L nd n in La as che, sc ring an instan

an s u al o m o t eo u s ccess . He s ade a pr vincial to u r with Sims Reeves .

M r B m o of . ispha has a repert ire nearly

o n ﬁfty r les, and can si g entire parts in Ger m n F h T a . , Italian, renc , and English here are few artists who wo rk as co nscientio u sly fo r o o ar e the general g d Of art, and there few who have made s o general a s u ccess in

u w o f o mo t s ch a ide variety r les, a ng the bes of w o o m B hich are W tan, W lfra , and eck m o Wi o u o n esser. He is als th t a peer the

o o m of c ncert platf r as an interpreter Wagner.

I X CHAPTER .

CONT R A L T A ND B S S OS A OS .

THE co ntralto in an Opera co mpany has a

om w to s e hat thankless task . Her fate is be

bo o r u u o r o m either a y, else a n rse, d enna, s e

m a e S he u character which i plies g . freq ently is obliged t o stand mu te while the prima d o nna warbles and trills and receives the

u o f o u mu appla se the h se, and yet the sical demands u po n the co ntralto are equ al to

o m u o o o th se ade p n the s pran . A co ntralt o wh o was deservedly po pular fo r many years during the middle o f this

u was Sh e cent ry Adelaide Phillips . was

o S o -o n - o 18 b rn in tratf rd Av n in 33, and in

18 0 m t o 4 went with her fa ily Canada, after w i n B o o h 18 ards settling st n , w ere, in 43, she appeared as an infant pro digy at the Bo st o n

2 9 6 ’ on t r a /tos a n a B as s os 2 C . 9 7

Mu eu m 18 0 o s . In 5 , her v ice having attracted

on was o u t o attenti , she intr d ced Jenny Lind,

wh o t o u m u s ub advised her st dy sic . A

“ s o oo u cripti n s n raised the necessary f nds, and she was s ent t o M anu el Garcia in L o n

do n w o u t o , after hich an ther f nd was raised

t o o t o w s he m enable her g Italy, here ade

debut 18 M Sh e her in 54 at ilan . sang with

u m of o m s ccess in any cities b th he ispheres, and her reperto ire co n s is ted o f all the c o n t ralt o parts in the Operas that held their places o n the Italian stage du rin g the twenty-ﬁve years that she was kno wn as

o S i 18 w B o o an pera nger . In 79 , hen the st n

d o m was o m I eal Opera C pany f r ed , Adelaide

P was o o She m hillips the chief c ntralt . ade D m her last appearance, in Cincinnati, in ece

ben 1 88 1 .

In 188 2 the state of her health was su ch

‘ o t o o t o that she was bliged g Carlsbad , and she died there on Oct ober 3d o f the same year. 2 8 Famous S i n ers 9 g .

In private life Miss Phillips was highly

m fo r was n o t o o estee ed, she nly an artist f

n bu t wo m o f sterli g abilities , a an grand char

mo o h acter and a st dev ted friend . S e was l w u M ar shﬁe d M . m b ried at , ass , here the fa ily had lived fo r so me years on an estate which

u to bu her s ccess had enabled her y . Her

was o n e of u o but life hard and nceasing lab r, s h e had the x s ati sfac ti o n o f being able t o care fo r of m who w the necessities her fa ily, ere

o thro wn up n her in early life . A m ezzo -S oprano who to ok the public by

o m was Tr ebelli st r in the early sixties Zelia , o r was m o w o w , as she re idely kn n, after her

m Tr ebelli -B o m m M . em arriage, ada e ettini N

’ ber o f Mer elli s Italian troupe was gifted with s o brilliant a vo ice and so mu ch executive

o ou p wer . Her appearances in the Opera h ses i n m w o f um ub Ger any ere a series tri phs, p lic and critics al ike , being carried away by

o w x her v ice, ith its brilliancy and ﬂe ibility,

d o o o an her c ntr l ver it .

0 0 o u s i n er s 3 Fa m S g .

u de Ti et i en s M u Tr ebelli incl d , as arg erite ; , as S G i u lin i as F u s s iebel ; g , a st ; Ga sier, a

M s o S an tle ephi t pheles ; and Charles y, as

Valentine . Since the days of A lbo n i there has been n o co ntralt o singer t o wh o m the adj ective

“ great co u ld be s o ﬁtly applied as t o S o ﬁa

‘

She was o . u S . calchi b rn in T rin, and her

w o Sh e m parents ere b th singers . ade her debut 1866 M u i n th e o f in at ant a, part

U m B o M w was Ulrica ( all in aschera) , hen she

s Of a e s o nly ixteen years g . Her ﬁr t appear

o o oo two ance in L nd n t k place years later, and fro m that time she remained a favo rite

n w m mo " in E gland , here she sang in the e ” o of “ o rable seas n Cenerent la, and every seaso n afterwards fo r m o re than twenty-ﬁv e

M m S w ow i n years . ada e calchi is ell kn n

‘ m w u A erica, here she ﬁrst appeared nder

’ a l es o n s m m 1 88 2 She M p anage ent in . had

s R io o been inging in Janeir , and reached New Yo rk after a sto rmy vo yage Of twenty ’ r l os B a s s 0 1 Co n t a t a n a os . 3 two h er s u u days , which left in ch an exha sted co nditio n that she was i n c ap ac itat ed ‘ fo r a mo s o w nth, and her illne s played hav c ith

’ M a les o n s m m p anage ents . S calchi was the p o ssesso r of a vo ice o f

ou u u u u delici s q ality and n s al range, every, n ote in its compass of two and a half o ctaves bemg of a wo nderfully s oft yet penetrating

o o f o w o u t ne, and great p er . Her p p larity was s uch that Patti and o ther prima do nnas

eal feared her as a rival, and regarded with j o n sy the applau se which attended h er per for man c s S was m u w e . calchi i b ed ith the

m o m m r e pri a d nna te pera ent , and had the g ulati o n parro ts and o ther pets d u ring her

o o o of her travels . C ncerning this p rti n

u M a les o n o t o eq ipage, p tells an anecd te the

’ effect that S c alchi s parro t died the night

o o m S bef re the c pany reached alt Lake City,

1 88 m u in 4, a bereave ent which ca sed that lady t o go in t o hysteric s and take t o a bed

‘ of s o s sicknes . N twith tanding every art Of 0 2 Fa mous S i n ers 3 g .

er s u as wn u o u u p and s ch threats as c ld be sed,

S u t o calchi ref sed appear, and her part had

o s u u t be taken by a bstit te . In 1876 Sign o ra S calchi married Co u nt

u o o o m L igi Albert L lli, and her h e is at the

S o u . Villa ﬁa, T rin , Italy

Marianne Brandt is o n e o f tho se sin gers who have made their reputatio n as exp o n en t s o f o h e u Wagner pera . S is the da ghter o f m o f m B o ff a gentle an Vienna, na ed isch , and it is related that she ass u med the name o f Brandt upo n beginning her stage career o n o u n o f s who o acc t her parent , str ngly o t o o u o bjected her g ing p n the stage, and

w o thre in her way every p ssible Obstacle .

M o w was m to arianne , h ever, deter ined per

w ou o d severe, and she ent thr gh a peri Of

wo k o t o patient, hard r , in rder gain her

u o i s h o n e m ed cati n . It said t at at ti e she

u o s an fo r o n s pp rted her elf, d paid her less s

w n by se i g.

ﬁ h was b u M Her rst teac er ra arschner, at

s i s 30 4 Fa mou S ng er .

m s o m of ti e , taking part in s e the earlier rep resentatio ns of Wagner Opera in New

o o s Y rk and ther citie . The next co ntralt o singer t o appear in o was o u of pera Annie L ise Cary, a native

S o f M a w was o the tate ine, here she b rn

18 6 m w in 4 , at Wayne . Her fa ily ere all m us was o u of s ix ical, and she the y ngest m u B m was sical children . y the ti e she sixteen her vo ice had devel o ped wo nderful

u was to o m q alities, and she able sing fr C

t o F of in the bass clef in alt , a range three o a e of ctaves and a half. At the g eighteen s he t o B o s o u o o went t n , and sec red a p siti n

u o u mu in a ch rch ch ir, while she st died sic .

Her career in Bo sto n was mu ch the same as that of many yo u ng aspirants for artistic

“ ” o o u o o h n rs , ch rch ch ir and ch res , it

o u B s ma has been faceti sly called . y thi it y be understo o d that she earn ed her bo ard by

s s s o u o u a i ting in the h seh ld d ties , while her ch u rch cho ir po sitio n enabled her t o pay fo r s B as s os 0 Co n tra lt o a n d . 3 5

on o her vo cal less s . Her splendid v ice and m u sical intelligence s o o n enabled her to

o m t o Obtain c ncert engage en s, and bef re she went abro ad she san g in many festivals and at the Handel and Haydn S o ciety c o n

On o n e of w o o was certs, hich ccasi ns she

o e w - o ass ciat d ith Parepa R sa .

B n o s mu m o ei g p sessed Of ch a biti n, and with the energy which characterizes the

S of M M natives Of the tate aine, iss Cary o o M u rganized and gave a c ncert in sic Hall ,

’ which brou ght her eno ugh fu nds fo r a year s stu dy abro ad . Her P uritan trainin g fo rbade

o f o was o the idea pera, and it her intenti n ~ t o u fo r o o o o st dy c ncert and rat ri . At the

o f was o u end her year she disc raged, and declared that she sang n o better than when

TO h . o she arrived t is her teacher, Gi vanni

o m n o for on e o f C nti, ade dissent, his idea

n was o er a M u w si ging p . iss Cary ﬂ ng do n

m u o o m s u her sic , and left the r in di g st .

And n o w came a c u rio u s mental r ev o lu 0 6 Famo us S i n e s 3 g r .

tio n : having refus ed t o c o nsider the p o s

s i bilit of o n o n y singing in pera, and havi g

o u o l that acc nt left her teacher, she sh rt y

s met m o m o afterward an i presari na ed L rini ,

fo r o m o f her wh she sang. He fered an

m t o engage ent sing in Italian Opera, and

Fo r two she accepted it . years she was

’ L or i n i s o m n o f in c pany, taki g all kinds

’ 186 w t o fo r fu r parts . In 9 she ent Paris

u m et M u ther st dy, and while there a rice

S t r ako s c h who was m f o m n , at that ti e r i g

o o o m fo r o u the Nilss n c ncert c pany , a t r m M in A erica . iss Cary accepted the engage

w h e ff h er o m m ent hich O ered . The c pany

o s of M o n o o M s c n isted iss Nilss , s pran ; i s

o o Br i n o li o Cary, c ntralt ; g , ten r ;Verger, bar

o an d Vi euxt em s o . o u it ne, p , vi linist This t r

d two 18 M laste years , and in 7 3 iss Cary

th e a again appeared in Opera, creating p rt of m w o m as A neris, ith Ital Ca panini Rha

m w “ was o u da es, hen Aida pr d ced at the

w o Academy of M usic in Ne Y rk . The

0 8 Fa mous S i n er s 3 g . ho pe and co u rage t o the man y who ar e t o- m m u day aking a si ilar str ggle .

’ One of the members o f M aples o n s c o m

w S 1 88 pany hich visited the United tates in 4,

w u was and hich incl ded Patti and Gerster,

B elo cca o o of m u m Anna de , a c ntralt ch erit .

o u o w Her ﬁrst appearance in this c ntry, h ever, was made u nder the au spices of Mau rice

St r ako s ch 18 6 w was n ew , in 7 , hen she a star

M B elo o n o zo . c ca the Operatic h ri n . lle de was u u u o o w n s ally attractive in pers n, with br n

s -w o m o hair, large black eye , dead hite c plexi n,

mm o m Sh e was dau h and sy etrical f r . the g

o f M B ll kh o o . o f S e t . ter de , a sch lar Peters

u m o o o f b rg and acting I perial C uncill r State . M B l . e o c c a o u lle de sp ke ﬁve lang ages, and becau se of her arist o cratic birth was so ught

c o f o after by the highest cir les s ciety. M aples o n seems to have been well aware o f o n o " m fo r o n o n e her ideas s cial atters, o ccasio n he made u s e o f hi s knowledge . t o

m o ut of a dilemm Hi s c o m help hi self a. ’ Con tra /tos a n a B as s os . 30 9

' was i n D u o n e u of pany blin, and the s ite

o o m o was m o M r s at the h tel clai ed by b th lle .

S m o M B elo c ca alla, the pri a d nna, and lle . ,

o o wo u the c ntralt . Neither ld give way u ntil

o u u M a les on a happy th ght str ck p , and, after taking the landlo rd aside fo r a sho rt c o nfer

w w u ence, he asked hether there ere act ally n o o ther ro oms in the ho use eq ual to the ”

u o . u o disp ted nes There is a s ite ab ve this,

“ but was the reply, they are reserved spe c i ally fo r Lady Spencer (wife o f the Lo rd

u of m Lie tenant Ireland at that ti e) , and it wou ld be impo ssible fo r me to let any o n e

” ’ m “ w oo u s e . e else the Well, can t l k at ” " M a l s on o them suggested p e . The landl rd

ow Males o n u M assented, and sh ed p p , lle . aBelo c a o o w o o c f ll ing. As s n as she entered the ro o ms she d eclared that they were

u o u o n m delightf l, and she sh ld insist re aining

o u o M a leson there . Of c rse the landl rd and p

u but o an d gave a rel ctant delighted c nsent,

S e e m n o u o n Lady p nc r ade req isiti . 10 Fa mo u s S i n er s 3 g .

The principal c o ntralt o at the festival at

18 6 was M m wh o Cincinnati in 9 arie Bre a, is t o -day co nsidered o n e of the greatest inter

r eter s of M B m wa p Wagner. iss re a s bo rn

S o m in c tland, and ade her ﬁrst appearance in

’ o S t m h e . o o S c ncert at Ja es s Hall, L nd n . was

o u to F u wh o was s o w intr d ced ra Wagner, ell pleased with her that she Offered her an en gagem en t t o sing the part Of Ortrud in L O

h en r i n o u o g and gave her pers nal instr cti n . In 1 888 a Lo nd o n theatrical manager s aw

o m m u i an d was her play in s e a ate r theatr cals , s o stru ck by her talent that he wanted t o star

S he dechn ed o o her as an actress . his pr p si

o o s was ti n , feeling that the peratic tage

she better su ited t o her capabilities . When

B u 18 appeared at the ayre th festival, in 94,

u u s he m an as K ndry and Ortr d, ade

h s w n o immense triu mph . S e ang ith appar en t f o u u u e f rt, nat rally and gracef lly, as all tr e

do o was u o u singers . Her v ice f ll, r nd, and w o o ell placed , and her c l ring perfect .

12 Fa mou s S i n er s 3 g . n o r o f o who i s is the heavy villain the pera,

w t o o al ays a bass, able keep within half a n te o f the path laid do wn fo r him by the c o m

o Two o who m p ser. bass s ade their appearance at ab o ut the same tim e were Signo r Foli ( 1 86 2 ) and S igno r A gn es i and fo r many years they were asso ciated with Italian o o o o o u o u u o Si pera and rat ri thr gh t E r pe . gn o r Fo li was an Iris hman who se real name was m o o Allan Ja es F ley . He was b rn at

t o m Cahir, Tipperary, and went A erica when

o u o wa ow u very y ng. His v ice s a rich , p erf l

of mo t wo o o m o w bass re than ctaves , fr E bel

t o F an o of o the line , d he had a repert ire ver sixty Operas . Of late years several s ingers o f English an d Am erican o rigin have achieved distinctio n witho ut the necessity o f Italianizing their

m B m for n st an c e na e, ispha , i , being a strik i n m o u o s g exa ple . There are vari s reas n

s fo r o f i s as igned the necessity a change . One that the name m u st be po ssible of pro nu ncia ' ’ on tr altos a n a B as s os 1 C . 3 3

o w o o u ti n by the Italians, in h se c ntry the

m s o Opera singer ger inate , and the ther is that Americans and Englis h have n o t yet learned t o m but appreciate a singer by his erits, rather

m of m o u o u by his na e . One the st ridic l s ins tances of Italianizing was in the cas e o f

M r o of B o o wh o m . J hn Clarke, r klyn, beca e

o o di B o o Sign r Gi vanni Chiari r cc lini . On

o S an tle o u n ec es the ther hand , y never f nd it

t o o m n o r S m sary bec e Italian, did i s Reeves . Myro n Whitney is a name needing n o Ital i an i zati on mm m o u . E a Ea es has f nd her

m n o t o o w o of na e bar ren n , and a sc re sing ers wh o are n o w climbin g the ladder o f fame

n o t m d of o -S o o are asha e their Angl ax n rigin . Lou is F erdinand Leo po ld A gn es i (A gn i ez) was of m u um a native Na r, Belgi , and in

to b om o his early days essayed e a c p ser .

“ o u o u t o o le No r He br ght an pera, Har ld ” m w m et w u s and, hich ith indifferent s cce s ,

m n and then he beca e a singer, receivi g i n u o o m D u z was s tr cti n fr pre . His career 1 Fa mo us i n ers 3 4 S g . n ot o fo r 1 8 bu t was l ng, he died in 7 5, he a mo o u s st p p lar inger .

m Fi s who fo r m E il cher, any years has

s o w o been a s ciated ith Wagner pera, was the

’ s o n o f m u sicians, his father having been a well -kno wn basso and his m o ther also a

o f o w singer ren n . He ﬁrst appeared at Gratz

a e of 1 862 o o at the g seventeen . In he t k the management Of the theatre at D antzig

fo r 18 2 and held it eight years . In 8 he became a member o f the Royal Opera at

D s an d m u 188 re den, re ained there ntil, in 5, he went to New Yo rk and j o ined the German o S m o m pera . ince that ti e he has bec e well

o m mo kn wn in A erica, having appeared in st

’ o f s o of the repre entati ns Wagner s Operas .

Emil S c ar i a was fo r many years kn o wn as

s o mo ar ti u a ver atile singer and act r, re p c lar l m o m u y in Ger an pera . He ade his déb t

1862 D u u in at essa , after having st died in the co n s ervat o ir e at Vienna and with Garcia

o o F o m 1 86 t o 1 8 2 wa in L nd n . r 5 7 he s at

F o s i n er s 316 a m u S g . of fou r years he went t o Paris fo r fu rther

m u u t o . st dy, and ake his déb t

o a u o a s His v ice is f ll, rich , res nant b s , capable of sending fo rth no tes o f immense

o um o r o o f mo u v l e, th se the st tender q ality .

o f o His appearance is that a great , tall , br ad

o u w i u sh ldered giant, ith fa r skin and bl e

m o eyes, and his stage presence is i p sing. F o u r years after his debut in Paris he

’ e of 11 Cat alan i s cr ated the part Re, in ” M u t o him Elda, and assenet entr sted the ” creatio n o f Le R o i de Laho re when it wa o u M s pr d ced at La S cala in ilan . He

o o has als created the parts Of Carl V , in

’ ’ M ar c h etti s “ D o n o d A u st ri a Gi vanni , and ” D o n D u ieg e, in Le Cid . He was engaged in Lond o n du rin g the seas ons fro m 18 80

8 m u mm s o . 4, and beca e i en ely p p lar He

m E n lan d ‘ fo r has any friends in g , he has a weakness for everything co nnected with

o s s sp rt , in the be t sen e . No twithstanding the many parts in which ’ on tra /tos a n a B as s os 1 C . 3 7 he m s s u has ade the greate t ccess , his as

u m o of r Ole o f M o s s pti n the ephist phele , in ” “ F u mo o a st, re than any ther, established hi s u o rep tati n as a great lyric artist, and he is generally co nceded t o be o n e Of the

s o o f u greatest bas s the cent ry . Of late years a French basso has arisen to share the po pu larity o f Edo uard de

—Pol o wh o fo r mo Reszke, Plang n , re than a decade has been o n e o f the permanent stars

o u M Plan o n wa Of the Paris Opera H se . . c s

for m but intended a ercantile career, having been an en thu siastic singer fro m the age of

ou o o f f r, he rebelled against the decisi n his

to parents . He was nevertheless sent Paris, and entered a large an d fashio nable sto re t o

n o o lear the bu siness . One day The d re

him fo r Ritter, the pianist, heard sing, he

u o o s o o was sang p n every p s ible ccasi n, and s o pleased with his vo ice that he advised hi m t o u o to mu o u t rn his attenti n sic . Thr gh the inﬂu ence o f Ritter he was admitted to 18 Fa mo us S i n er s 3 g .

E o D u u t the c le prez, and thereby inc rred he

u o f m severe displeas re his fa ily .

M o m . Plang n ade his ﬁrst appearan ce at ” o S B t . u u o Ly ns as ris, in Les H g en ts , and

m fo r two o 1 88 re ained there seas ns . In 3

u t o m he ret rned Paris, and ade his Parisian

u o u M o déb t at the Grand Opera H se as ephist , ” F u w S in a st , a part in hich he excels . ince that time he has s ung all the chief bass roles

o u at the Grand Opera H se, and has created

‘ ’ - o f F o I . S S aen s s the parts ranc is , in aint

” ’ o D o n o m z M as s en et s “ Ascani , G e , in Le

” ’ “ ” P u o u n o S o Cid, and ittac s , in G d s aph ,

w 18 when that wo rk as revived in 9 3.

P o was o but M. lang n b rn in the Ardennes, since his po sitio n as a singer was assu red he

w o has resided in Paris, here als his parents, wh o se Obj ections were disarmed by his s uc im o h . cess, have j ined Befo re cl o sing this chapter of basso s a few wo rds sho uld be said co ncerni ng three eminent Si ngers who se reputatio n was made

’ o tra ltos an a B as s os 1 C n . 3 9 i n o o o o S o ~ rat ri and c ncert singing, t ck M u o . . ha sen, Henschel, and yr n W Whitney Ju liu s St o ckhau sen was o n e of the mo st

n u was remarkable si gers Of the cent ry . He

o 1 2 6 b rn at Paris in 8 . His early career was of u fo r o o a varied nat re, he t k part in

o o i o m c ncerts as singer, vi l nist, acc panist,

umm n o t and even dr er. He did ﬁnally de

o n mu o o u 18 8 cide sic as a pr fessi n ntil 4 , when he t ook the part of Elij ah in a per fo r man c e of t o o o B tha rat ri at asle, and his

u u u s ccess decided his f t re career .

’ Sto ckhau sen s singin g in his best days m u n wo u to o e st have bee nderf l . Even th s who heard him o nly after he had passed his

m was om t o fo r pri e, it s ething never be

o ~ o f o o o o g tten . His delivery pera and rat ri

m u was u ex sic s perb in taste, feeling, and

ec uti on but was of S u , it the Lieder ch bert and S chumann that m o st pecu liarly su ited

im u r e h , and these he delivered in a tr ly

r a e wa u o f the ma k bl y . The rich bea ty 2 0 Famous i n ers 3 S g .

o o of e v ice, the n bility style, the p rfect m m phrasing, the inti ate sy pathy, and the intelligible way in which the wo rds were

om t o m wo n given , all c bined ake his singing

derful hi hes t l achi evem en t t o . His g is said have been his delivery o f the part of D o ct o r

’ M u a S u m arian s, in the third p rt Of ch ann s ” F u a st . Fo r many years Stockhau sen has been o n e of o o f m the chief v cal teachers Ger any, and has recently celebrated his go lden wed~ cl to mu o o w ing the sical pr fessi n, hich he

o m 18 8 f r ally entered in 4 .

ou n o t but Alth gh an Opera singer, rather

o m us 1c 1an m of o a br ad , the na e Ge rg Hen schel will be remembered fro m the fact that fo r a few years he was co nsidered o n e of the mo st excellent o rat o rio and co ncert sin gers

o u was o B bef re the p blic . He b rn at reslau

1 8 0 a e o f o mm in 5 , and at the g eleven c enced

u f his st dies u nder D o cto r S chae fer . A year later he made his débu t as a pian ist at

2 2 Fa mous i n er s 3 S g .

S m o o wo n y ph ny c ncerts , and an enviable

o o m u wo p siti n in the sical rld .

M o who was o 1 8 6 yr n W . Whitney, b rn in 3

u M a e at Ashb ry, ass . , decided at an early g

o n o o mu Fo r f ll wing a sical career. ten

o w t o years he sang in c ncerts, and then ent

u u V an n uc i n i Italy, where he st died nder , and

o o u R an de er n o w later in L nd n nder gg . He

m o u B ade a t r Of Great ritain, and at the Birmingham festival sang the r Ole of Elijah in s u ch a manner as to make an im mediate

u o fo r m s u rep tati n hi self . He has a perb

o w u o u bass v ice, hich nder l ng and caref l m e w training beca e ﬂ xible and even , and hich

fo r o extended nearly three ctaves . After achieving a repu tatio n in England he r e

u t o A n er i ca o m 1 8 6 t rned , and fr 7 he has

u o w s ng nly in his native land, here his

u o i s u rep tati n nexcelled .

Fo r m M r h n any years . W itney sa g in

o bu t o i n t er r e light pera, he als gave an p ” f o u “ o u ati Of the King in L hengrin, nder ’ on tr altos an a B as s os 2 C . 3 3

o o f o o o m w the bat n The d re Th as , hen the

m o m o A erican Opera C pany was ﬂ ated, which is said to have been ﬁner than any heard in

u M r this co ntry . Of late years . Whitney has retired fro m the stage and settled in w B o o . st n, here he teaches singing To give an acco u nt o f all the singers who have appeared in grand o pera wo u ld requ ire

o u m m o several v l es . Of A erican singers al ne there are many mo re wh o have achieved

m oo fa e than can be placed in this little b k .

A lwi n a V aller i a of B mo was w , alti re, ell

o w n o w m kn n, and is arried and settled in

mm u Has tr eit er England . E a J ch, Helene ,

M mm o o u D o arie Litta, E a Abb tt, L ise tti are all o f American o rigin and became well

ow M S u n m kn n . argaret Reed, za ne Ada s, S usan Strong are singers who se stars are

in the ascendent .

m o n um of As ti e passes , the n ber singers who se names are handed do wn as famo u s is very small in proport io n t o the nu mber of 2 Famous S i n ers 3 4 g . s who om o u ingers c e bef re the p blic, and it is po ssible that even s o me o f tho se men ti o n ed in this bo ok may become dim in the distance Of years .

PART TWO .

FAMO U S SI NG ERS O F TO

A ND YESTERDAY.

C P HA TER I .

ORATORI O SI NGE RS

D U RI NG the years which h ave elapsed s ince this bo o k was ﬁrs t publi shed many excellent singers have co me befo re the pub

f al lic . The greatest o these have n o t l been o er p a singers . We believe that in Orato ri o and Li eder

o u s o m o f singing is f nd the highe t f r the art , fo r s m us o m o o e the inger t p rtray a d , int rpret

oe o m o a atm o s the p t and c p ser, and cre te the

h er e w o u O f m o p ith t the aid dra atic acti n ,

32 7 2 F am o us i n er s 3 8 S g .

G n r e s o s ce o r o u m . e nery, c st e inging has als

x t o o s been e alted an art by several exp nent . m B ut co stu e aids the arti st in gen r e singing. M any o f the great o pera singers have al so excelled in recitals an d the memo ry O f

e t s s u t s as M S m r ci al by ch ar ist arcella e brich ,

st S u m - e o u Erne ine ch ann H ink , Ed ard Cle m C es Gi liber t w o o ent , harl . Ed ard J hns n and t i f o hers s still resh .

0 o o u m T g back thr gh any years , the

’ pres en t writer rem embers h earing Geo rg Hen schel when he s ang th e leading r Ole in a

’ perfo rmance o f B ach s Pas s i o n Acco rding to

St M h w M u s o s o . att e at ic Hall , B t n , in April

’ 188 1 an d Hen sch el s s i n n was O f , gi g a kind

to th e 1n emo r — di ct o s i live in y , i n , phra ng,

b t o n r o s u ch as to O ff wo u rea h c t l , er a nderf l

es so o f s l n in the art inging.

I n 1888 dw r d o o s E a Ll yd , a n ted Engli h

n o o o the C t M a F te r , t k part in incinna i y est

i val an d fo r s v e a ea s w was , e r l y r after ards

d u A m w o hear freq ently in erica . Ed ard Ll yd

0 Famous S i n er 33 g s .

o mo o o o o 18 the f re st rat ri ten rs . In 9 3 he m o u m ade his ﬁrst t r in A erica .

Henry Plunkett Greene was bo rn in D ub

186 was u fo r bar lin in 5 . He ed cated the , but o u d mu s u S u als st ied ic in D blin , t ttgart ,

F o o o ma u l rence and L nd n . He de his déb t

u 188 18 m in D blin in 7 . In 99 he arried a

u o f S i r h s u e P da ghter C arle H b rt arry , and became a pro fesso r o f singing at the Ro yal

“ o O f M u o o M n w C llege sic , in L nd n . ea hile

was m d fo r o o r a he in great de an c ncerts , to rio and recitals a n d made several trips t o

h was a t e United States . He specialist in F Irish o lk S o ngs . His ﬁrs t appearance in

was 18 the United States in 9 3.

t o f M a o 186 A na ive iner l Ridge , Ohi ( 5)

m was fo r om r r o H . Evan Willia s , s e yea s , p

n n r A f m inen t as an o rator io and co cert te o .

o u w o u vo n Feili ts ch ter l ng st dy ith L ise ,

M to . S u J a vage, and Dennis ehan , he began a appear in public about 189 1 . He s ng in

o o 18 m o o o en L nd n in 94 , and ﬁlled any rat ri r to r io i n e O a S g r s . 331

m n t u o u E 18 6 gage e s thro gh t ngland . In 9 he

M F st was so o at o . . l ist the W rcester, ass , e ival Du ring his career he gave mo re than o n e

o u was o n e O f th sand recitals , and the ﬁrst American vo calists to intro du ce English

i'o w u r translat ns , hich he sed in all his ecitals

1 0 0 after 9 . His reperto ire in cluded practically all th e o o o n u se m a o e rat ri s the in , and ny p ras in

o o rm c ncert f .

M m No vellO- a n ada e Clara Davies , ative o f C ff was ote ardi , Wales , n d as a singer

o u o was o and c nd ct r . It her R y al Welsh

’ Ladies Cho ir that wo n the ﬁrst prize fo r

’ cho ral singing at the Wo rld s Fair in Chi cago She was a teacher i n Lo ndo n fo r so m bu t u e years , event ally settled in

New o Y rk . Emma Thu rsby was o n e o f o u r mo st

o m o o o o o t o pr inent c ncert and rat ri c ntral s , fo r m o oo New any years . B rn in Br klyn ,

o s u w mo Y rk , she t died singing ith the st 2 F m o us i n er 33 a S g s .

o an d ﬁn w M u c n ted teachers , ally ith a ri e

Str ako s ch u w o m o u u o , nder h she t red E r pe

n fo r s v s 18 6 s he a d America e en year . In 7

’ was s o o s wi h Gi lm o B d l i t t re s an , and the fo ll o wing year with the Theo do re Th o mas

s Sh e o u m n u o o u Orche tra . t red a y E r pean c n tries exten s ively as well as China an d

Japan .

s o o o s o M u f es o o Elli n Van H e, b rn in r re b r

s s 18 0 was m u o ub Tenne ee , in 7 , ch bef re the p

i n l c abo ut the beginning o f the ce tu ry . After gradu ating fro m H o ward Co llege he stu died

Ne o k w L u cksto n e s inging in w Y r ith I . w R s e an d o P s ith Jean de e zk K enig in ari ,

S i r e o o o o Co o H nry W d in L nd n , and t gni in

R o m m d hi s d bu O e . He a e é t in pera , singing the part o f Walth er in Philadelphia Then he t o u red thi s c o un try twice with M a

m S mb i ch i n o i n da e e r , c ncert , appeared

’ o do u ee s u Si r L n n at Q n Hall , nder Henry

' Wo o d an d i n 18 - 1 0 0 u Ni , 99 9 sang nder ck

i s at th e ew dh u s o ch G an a c ncerts in Leipzi g,

Famo us i n er 334 S g s .

but w o m o us o o f kind , ith s e cavern t nes dis m h tinct dra atic valu e . S e had a decided temperament and a certain appreciatio n o f

f h n grandeu r o style . S e do es o thing in a

sm wa . She ff r all y is very e ective, ve y frank ,

‘ o an d o u o — n o m c ncise tsp ken , there is sha ” o ab ut her .

M u was o out w c u s x iss B tt b rn in S h i k , S s e , gained a scho larship at the Ro yal Co llege O f M u sic an d later stu died i n Paris and in

w 1 0 0 Berlin ( ith Etelka Gerster) . In 9 she m r u m o o a ried Kennerly R f rd , als a singer, th an d together they to u red all . o ver e wo rld

u S o -m e o m c o m d ring several years . p r inent

f r po sers wro te wo rks especially o her . She was o ften co mmanded to sing befo re Qu een

o w o Vict ria , King Ed ard , and King Ge rge and was created o n e o f the Dames o f the

m — o o h a s a . S e w s Briti h E pire , great h n r a

wom o f u u o o o w t an stat esq e pr p rti ns , i h a

o o u o o m i o g rge s v ice , and a d nant pers nality m ff which ade u nfailing e ect . r r i er O ato o S i n g s . 335

M u Fo o o co n riel ster , als a n ted English tr alto m t o m w , ade her ﬁrst visit A erica ith

o u the Arbo s Qu artet . B rn at S nderland in

18 Of t Fo th e 77 ( a great niece Birke ster, artist) she entered the Ro yal Co llege O f

M u i n o o 18 6 m her r o sic L nd n in 9 , and ade p

’ fessi o n al début in a perfo rmance o f Parry s “ ” u fo u o f King Sa l , at Brad rd . As a p pil

m wOn e i n Anna Willia s she sev ral p rizes ,

’ ’ clu ding the M u sicians Company s medal fo r

u o 1 0 0 the best st dent in the C llege , in 9 . The fo llo wing year she to u red Canada with

’ M m A lban i s o r o m e ada e c nce t c pany , and th n R u o n u u . t E r pe, i cl ding ssia Af er her visit

to . . 1 0 was the U . S A in 9 4 she awarded the Beetho ven M edal o f the Lo ndo n Philhar mo S o So w m nic ciety . o n after ards she arried and retired . Lillian Blauvelt was m uch befo re the public all o ver the civilized wo rld in the late

’ 18 0 m o s o . o 9 , and received any h n rs B rn in

o o New o 18 u Br klyn , Y rk in 74 , she st died 6 F mo us i n er 33 a S g s .

singing at the Natio nal C o n servato ry in

New o k u M m Fu r sch - M Y r nder ada e adi , and

Pa a u She a w o u . l ter , in ris ith J cq es B hy

o F um sang in c ncerts in rance, Belgi and

M o o w m o e u sc , and ade her p ratic déb t in Bru ssels at the Theatre de la M o nnaie in “ ” M o o m ireille . Then f ll wed any co ncert

m h o engage ents in America . S e sang bef re

u o o f u M ar Q een Vict ria England , Q een

h er i ta o f F g Italy , and at the Handel estival

s P Sh o . e at the Cry tal alace sang, by r yal

o mm o n co c and , the Ode at Albert Hall the

r o n ati o n o f w King Ed ard , and received the

o o m She was m co r nati n edal . awarded any deco rati o ns fro m Eu ro pean co u ntries and was the o nly wo man to receive the R o m an Order o f Cecilia Her activities co n

u 1 1 ti n u ed ntil 9 4 . Her vo ice was a high

so prano . M adame Jeanne J o-melli is a native o f

m t m s u o u sh e was A s erda , and t died pian ntil

ﬁ w h s he s u d ed i w fteen , after hic t i s nging ith

F us i n er 338 amo S g s .

Yaw n o fo r hen om en Ellen Beach , ted a p

o w o ally high v ice, ith a range c vering

o u o was o w o nearly f r ctaves , kn n all ver the United States du ring the six years pre

f o ow ceding, and the ten years ll ing the o f p ening o this centu ry . B o rn in B o sto n she s tu died there and in

N m St P u ew o u . Y rk , and ade her déb t in a l ,

M o 18 She t o innes ta, in 9 4 . raveled al ne,

o o n o mu w all o wn t k sic ith her, played her a o m m w r e cc pani ents , and al ays began her

r citals with a vo cal exe cise .

’ M iss Yaw s activities were n o t co nﬁned to m c fo r o u o A eri a , she sang in pera in E r pe

o m 1 0 to 1 0 fr 9 5 9 9 , and appeared at the

M o o Ne o 1 10 L u ci a etr p litan in w Y rk in 9 as . “ She created the leading role in The Ro se o f ” P w fo r S i r ersia , ritten specially her by

r u S u She w o o m o A th r llivan . r te s e s ngs

fo r o wn s e 1 10 M ss Y aw m her u . In 9 i beca e M r s . o w Vere G ldth ait , and she has since

fo lived in Cali rnia . r i o er s Or ato S i n g . 339

As a co ncer t singer Em ilio E dvar do

Go go r z a has been well kno wn in America f r m o o New o . o any years B rn in Br klyn ,

o 18 was u S Y rk in 74 he ed cated in pain ,

F was bo so rance and England . He a y p r an o in English chu rches befo re he r e

o m New o u tu rned t A erica . In Y rk he st died

th M o m o w . singing i W C . derate , and E ili

m o m e ut 18 Agra nte , and ad his déb in 9 7

o r M m m I n in a c nce t with ada e Se brich .

1 1 1 m mm m m 9 he arried E a Ea es , the pri a

o u u t d nna , and , ntil she retired , sang freq en ly

o w in c ncerts ith her .

1 1 Ma c t n o f I n In 9 4 r ella Craf , a ative di an a o li s u n o m o an d m p , ret r ed fr abr ad ade

o u She c ncert to rs in her native land . had

f h m o n u o . o been a p pil C arles R Ada s in B st , after which she went to no ted teachers in

M M u Sh m o ilan and nich . e ade her peratic début at the E lber feldt Stadt-Theatre in

Sh e as La Traviata . w selected by Richard Strau ss to sing the part o f E lektra in the 0 Farn o n s i n er s 34 S g .

f o M u A revival o that pera in nich . fter her su cces s in Germany sh e gave a recital in New

w o f w o o o o u . Y rk , sh ing a v ice p er and q ality Sh e had a ﬁne dramatic sense which was her m o st po tent means o f expres si o n ; and she

o u o mm u at c ld c and a s ave style , and give an m o s her f o m o m p e o rep se . Her ad irable c m and o f phrasing called fo rth m uc h c o m men dati o n was o u o f , and the n table feat re her singing.

Po F o f M vla risch , a native arstal Den m o m m u smal u i o ark , c pleted her ed cat n in

P m ﬁ m o aris , and ade her rst i p rtant appear

o w o o s ance in a c ncert ith C rt t , the piani t , who o o m She s fr e als acc panied her . ang

u w P s o m q ently ith ari ian rchestras , in cha ber

o s F Sw c ncerts , and recital in rance, itzerland

m u 1 1 sh e m to and Den ark , ntil in 9 5 ca e America and made her debu t in New Yo rk

m 10 M m F o n N o ve ber . ada e risch has been heard in all parts o f the co untry du ring the intervening years .

2 F m s i n r 34 a ou S ge s . weeks lengthened o ut to fo u r years o f har d wo an d u u h e was u rk faithf l st dy , and grad ated. He n o w set fo rth in search o f employ m m w at P ent , and beca e a aiter the endennis

u m m o f a Cl b in Lo u isville . The e bers th t

u o o e h i s o cl b t k a de p interest in v ice, and helped hi m get a po sitio n in a bu siness o fﬁce

o o o in B st n . There he w rked faithfully

u u d ring the day , and st died singing in the

w u ub r o t evenings ith Arth r H ba d . He g o o o m t an d o o ccasi nal c ncert engage en s , s n

o ‘ o f attracted attenti n . Being advised the necessity o f Eu r o pean prestige he went to

o o d w o f L nd n , hire a hall ith the last his

. was savings , and gave a recital Then he su mmo ned to B uckingham Palace to sing

o o u M bef re King Ge rge and Q een ary . Since that time Ro land Hayes has given

o m o f th e ~ ci ti es o f u o i n c ncerts in any E r pe,

u M o o w u a o f cl ding sc , and acq ired sheaf excellent testim o nials to hi s artistic ac com Or ator i o S i n er s g . 343

‘ li shmen ts Fo r om an p . s e ten years he has

n uall o u w as y t red his native land , as ell

u o an d u o E r pe, his art is niversally rec gnised .

fo r mu an d He has striven the highest in sic,

o m u n o t o a his pr gra s incl de nly the cl ssics , but he has bro ught th e negro Spiritu al to the

f c o n o w o wo . k ledge the ivilized rld In sh rt , Ro land Hayes is o n e o f the outstanding r e

i t li s f n c a t s o the prese t day . P CHA TER II .

LI E DE R A N D GE NRE SINGE RS

I N these two gro ups we h ave placed tho se singers who have been m o re particularly

u Li eder o r o disting ished in , Art S ngs , and

Gen r e o r o . in , class s ngs Acco rding to the dicti o naries all so ngs o F F o m m riginated in the o lk S o ng. r the

o S o So devel ped the Art ng, and the ng

Cycle .

Fo So o w m The lk ng is str phical , hich eans

m u s m f r that the sic is i ilar o each verse . The m u o f the So o n o n sic Art ng, the c trary ,

o o w m o f wo an d f ll s the eaning the rds , is

o f m o o ﬁtted to the expressio n the d . The S o ng Cycle is a series o f A r t S o ngs k m wo r ing u p to a deﬁnite cli ax .

Gen r e S o o o o m The ng is a f lk s ng in f r ,

344

6 Famou i n er 34 s S g s .

o m a m o r ta i n acc p ni ents in his s ng eci ls , which his deep insight and artistic i n terpr e tati o n left little to be desired . His vo ice was

o was o f m u barit ne . He the father a sical

m an d u o m fa ily, his da ghter , Helen , gave s e N excellent recitals i n ew Yo rk . In 19 1 1 M ax Heinrich gave a dramatic

w o o t a o m m o f reading, ith pian f r e cc pani ent ,

’ “ ” o s o c mu Tennys n En h Arden , the sic being

o f h S au w c was o that Ric ard tr ss , hi h rec rded as a remarkable declamatio n o f a n ot to o

o u o m p p lar p e . In a review o f a recital given by Miss Helen Heinrich in New Yo rk ( 19 1 1 ) a critic wro te that she sh o wed sign s o f her

’ “ father s inﬂuence o n e o f the best i n terp re

f i e e ters o l d r that has been kn o wn here .

u o w c o These inﬂ ences sh in her di ti n , plastic m of o w to e anner phrase, and p er delin ate mo o o m n Th d and c nvey dra atic sig iﬁcance . e ” f o m clarity o her dicti n is re arkable .

o o - mm wh o o u Dr . The d re Lierha er, t red Li er n d e r e i n er s ed a G n S g . 347

” n li eder i n 1 0 the U ited States as a singer 9 4, was a native o f Lemberg ( 1886) and was educated fo r a medical career at Vienna

fo r om University . In Vienna he practised s e

s u years a a thro at specialist . H e st died

M an d singing in Vienna and ilan , ﬁnally

w t S o u F o ma i h t ckha sen in rankf rt, and de

debut o n his in Vienna , appearing in a j i t F h o w t e o . c ncert ith ritz Kreisler, vi linist After to u rs all o ver Eu ro pe he visited

m an d o o an d A erica , then settled in L nd n became a pro fesso r at t he Ro yal Academy

o f M i r as a usic . He had a br lliant caree

an d o u s n singer, appeared bef re the A tria , m u n o u t . Ger an , R ssian , and E glish c r s

That he" m ade a deep impressio n i n this co untry is sho wn by the fo llo win g extract from a New Yo rk review o f his début : “ His program was as u nco nvention al as his perso nal and artistic manners were free

o m f fr restraint and a fectatio n . Also he 8 Famous S i n er s 34 g .

o a m u o f i devel ped a l rge eas re intell gence , Hi f . s was o n e o taste, and training recital the few o ccasio ns o f real pleasu re whi ch the

ff r a o f o seaso n o e ed . There w s evidence l fty

f u understanding o the task he had ndertaken . His p u rpo se evidently was to co ver a wide

to o w o t t n ﬁeld , and disc ver idely c n ras i g m m o n o to anners and o ds . There is need

o o n w o e was rep rt defects , the recital the h l a larger pleasu re than any o n e o f its numer ” o u s single featu res . Lu dwig Wij lln er made his American dé but M o New o at endelss hn Hall , Y rk City o n o m 1 1 0 8 o m co n N ve ber 4 , 9 , in a p r gra

o f w o h u two sisting t elve s ngs by Sc bert , by

m two u o o two b h Brah s , by H g W lf , yRic ard

r o um s S u u S . wa t a ss , and f r by ch ann He

o M u 18 8 b rn in nster, Westphalia , in 5 , the

so n o f m o u o an d an e inent c nd ct r, teacher ,

m f o o co po ser . He received the degree o D ct r

o f P o o hav m u a hil s phy , g been ed c ted at the

u r o f M u as nive sities nich , Berlin , and Str s

0 F am o us i n er 35 S g s .

o u u o f m thetic and res rcef l in play ien , he po ssesses also the subtle po wer o f suggesting

u o f t o r at the pict re the hing he sings , the mo s her e m o o o p , if it be a d , and yet c ntrives to co nﬁne the pro cess within the legitimate

o m o f c o o mm d ain a ncert pr gra e , and calls to his aid n o t the slightest suggestio n o f

a m o u o r m theatrical st ge eth d , gest re de ean o r a u mu . He is s t rated with the text and sic o f o o tr a s m the s ngs he p n y , and gives the with a directness and sincerity n othing sho rt o f irresistible to the bear er who has imagina

o to r to to u . ti n be stirred , and hea t be ched He is o n e o f the impo rtan t facto rs o f the ” m m u c o A erican si al seas n . In 19 0 9 Reinho ld vo n War li ch made his ﬁrst appearance in America giving a recital o f o M o l New o s ngs in endelss hn Hal , Y rk “ No t o o r City . nly is his v ice ( bass) ichly ” “ o o o u w o a r but s n r s r te c itic, every phrase he sings has been mo deled as deftly as the

u a o f o m ut u s rf ce s e bea iful stat e . Li e e n d e r e i n er 1 d r a G n S g s . 35

Reinho ld v o n War li ch was bo rn in Petro

18 so n o f a rm o a grad in 79 , the Ge an rchestr l

o i n i o f direct r the serv ce the Czar . He

u o o an d o m o o w st died vi lin , pian c p siti n hile

u o u m u o r to q ite y ng, at Ha b rg C nse va ry , and

a u w u a l ter st died singing ith S lli , and Br g

i i F n n a o o . g o tt in lo rence, d Thiele at C l g e He made his ﬁrst appearanc e as a pro fes s i o n al at a e o f but w singer the g seventeen , isely

u to u o me ex ret rned his st dies , and gained s

er i n e o o o o p e c in pera and rat ri .

m o w u u a Then he beca e kn n , and b ilt p ﬁne

u o n o f o u rep tati as a singer s ng cycles , b ild i n g his pro grams to reach a dramatic height o f mo o e ti n . Reinald Wer r en r ath was bo rn in Bro o k

1 lyn in 883. In early childho o d he was taken by his parents to Co penhagen but in two years t hey retu rned to Bro o klyn an d at the a e o f ten a to u h F g he beg n st dy t e vio lin . ive

a a u o f o w ye rs l ter he began the st dy v ice, ith his father who was a Danish ten o r o f high 2 Famo us i n er 35 S g s .

u m rep utatio n bo th in E ro pe and A erica .

New o e fo r He entered Y rk Univ rsity , and fo u r years led th e Glee Club and the Wash i n t o n t o S o o g Heigh s Ch ral ciety . He als s o u u o ang in vari s ch rch ch irs . In 19 0 8 he attracted attentio n by singing

’ the part o f Car ac tacus i n E lgar s Orato ri o M F F at the Wo rcester ( ass ) estival . ive

o o P years later he gave recitals in L nd n , aris , f Berlin and o ther cit ies o Eu ro pe . He to u red America with Geraldine Farrar in 19 1 5 and three years later he went as far

P was as the aciﬁc Co ast . Then he engaged at the Metro po litan Op era H o use in New

Yo rk .

C c F o o e il anning, a high barit ne, b rn in

o um u s o 188 m u o C l b , Ohi , in 3, ade a rep tati n

o f o s fo r o m was as a singer s ng , and s e y ears

o w o m o a to o kn n fr c st c ast , beginning in

1 0 the o o f Ne o 9 6 . In rep rt a w Y rk appear

1 0 8 o f o ld o m o o ance in 9 , in a recital c p siti ns

s Gr étr so o Ga parini , y , and f rth , the critic

Famous S i n er s 354 g .

m was the Netherlands ar y . She taken to

o a e o f o u u a o H lland at the g f r , and st died pi n

She am u f u ntil ﬁfteen . bec e a p pil o Co rnelia “ Zan ten who was o r o f van , als the teache

u u u o J lia C lp, and she st died repert ire and inter pretati o n with Heinrich van Eycken in

Sh m u as li eder Berlin . e ade her déb t a

18 o u u o an d singer in 9 7 , and then t red E r pe

She wa to o u England . s the ﬁrst intr d ce the

o o f s ngs Catharina van Rennes . Her ﬁrst

to S s 1 10 M visit the United tates wa in 9 . iss Ko enen was no ted as an interpreter o f

a was uc u H ndel , and specially s cessf l in

o o f u r m s ngs serio s and d a atic character . “ ” m u a w o o n e Her dra atic tter nces, r te critic,

m c n n o f w o t . o ere dra ati , stagey The t es her appeal were sincere . As an interp reter she ” stands alo ne .

: u Elena Gerhardt , made several to rs in

2 1 1 o Am erica between 19 1 and 9 7 . B rn in ” 188 was s o Leipzig in 3, she di c vered by

u w u was Arth r Nikisch hile still a st dent , and Li eder n d e r i n er s a G n e S g . 355

o fo r few at nce engaged the o pera . After a appearances she decided to devo te herself

to o t o a o o o u entirely c ncer and r t ri , t red

’ u o m u at u E r pe , ade her English déb t Q een s

w m 1 0 6 Hall in a co ncert ith El an in 9 .

She was a o n o an d o n e o f the n s pra , leadi g “ w o o n o w un u critics r te , Her v ice, , has a iq e

on an d and ﬂawless beau ty . Her t es are so ft rich to th e ear as the pile o f velvet to the

T u to uch . hey have a deep and insin ating sweetness like the luscio u sness o f full

o u o o u u o n ﬂav red fr it up n the t ng e . A s ggesti

o f n o o bility is in their large, free pr gress , less stro ng an d co mmanding than i n grati at i n d ua o o u g an insin ting. Thr ugh t their range her to nes are exqu isitely even o n their

Sh n o o a c o o e u t . ﬂ r . ses a v c l tri k She is as ” u f u sincere as she is su re in her q est o bea ty . “ After hard study fo r three years she realized that the greatest gift is the po wer to assimilate and give o ut the message o f an a o —o u rtistic creati n , nly grad ally she 6 Fam ous S i n er 35 g s . plumbed the depths o f her artistic tempera

' ment . She stu died all S chubert ( 60 0

o um m — s ngs) , Sch ann , Brah s practised

o u o n o n e — d ble phrases breath , self depend

fo r t o u o wn i n ent interpreta i n , g ided by her sti n ct and experiences . Undo ubtedly Julia Culp was o n e o f the — ch li eder greatest artistes in her lin singing,

—who o u ever visited this c ntry .

o o e o 188 1 B rn in Gr ning n , H lland in , she began her career as a vi o linist and appeared

u e o f o u t Si in p blic at the ag f r een . At xteen sh e began to stu dy singing with Co rnelia van

Zan ten m m o a o r an d at the A sterda C nserv t y, later co ntinu ed her wo rk in Berlin with

m u Etelka Gerster . She ade her déb t in

M a u w u o 1 0 1 th e gdeb rg ith B s ni , in 9 , and

fo l next year gave a recital in Berlin . Then

o w o u o u u o o u l ed t rs thr gh the E r pean c ntries , and she so o n established a reputatio n as the i f best l eder singer o her day . It was n o t until 19 13 that she cro ssed the

8 F mous i n er 35 a S g s .

a an d a u o n o o f her early ye rs , grad al rec g iti n her t r n ar ist y . She began ear ing her living

a e o f' wo at the g sixteen by needle rk , and

’ then as a mannequ in in a dressmaker s estab li hm n wa h s e t . s e Her health gave y , and de t r mi n was e ed to try the stage . She a keen o u o ut a bserver, had initiative, and str ck n ew line fo r herself in the m u sic halls an d

u m o w cabarets . Event ally she beca e kn n

o u o u u o m Sh e thr gh t E r pe and A erica . visit

m o ed the United States three ti es , the sec nd

m o u she was ti e, ten years after her ﬁrst t r,

a o u with Albert Chevalier . After her l st t r

New o k fo r a she established herself in Y r ,

f was a m c o . ti e, as a tea her her art She di s eus e w m o n e who , hich eans talks her “ o she w o o o o n Ho w to s ngs , and r te a b k ” o chatter a s ng.

was n o t w o u She gifted ith pers nal bea ty, vo ice o r any o f the supp o sed essentials fo r

u but m u m s ccess , beca e s pre e in her special ar t o mo u u o u , c llected and edited a st niq e gr p L n i n s i eder a d Gen r e S ger . 359 o f F o o f ou o rench s ngs vari s peri ds , and w o o o o o f ' r te a b k giving the st ry her li fe ,

o u u which sh ld be read by all st dents . The fo llo wing quo tatio ns ar efro m an ex cellen t w d um revie by Geral C berland , in the “ M m f 1 M a u sical Ti es o Lo ndo n in 19 3.

’ u m dam e G ilbert s vo ice is al o st negligible .

- m u o o u m . Its q ality is rdinary, its v l e s all

m o s In high registers thin and al t plaintive ,

é— B u t o i o hardly a v o ice at all . the v ice s nly — a medium o f expressio n i t is n o t the v o ice

u She that sings b t the brain behind it . can m o i d u u ake a s ng real , and viv , and bea tif l with a qu ite o rdinary and ins igniﬁcant o rgan . “ When yo u hear h er sing o n e bf the i mpu dent bro ad Chan s o n s Popu lai r es that she

o e o u o u f has c llected and edit d , y tell y rsel that the thing is so wo nderfully do ne that it wo uld be i mpo s s ible fo r her to do anything

m u o w else . Ten in tes later , h ever , she

' gives yo u a selecti o n o f L egen des D o r ees in 60 Famous i n er 3 S g s . which scenes fro m the life o f Jesus Christ

u u m i n are pict red with s pre e patho s . What

i n h er u o ﬁnite pity gest res , in her v ice, and in her facial exp ressio n "What deep humanity and u nderstanding " She sings y o u a

um o f Chan s on s Pom adour s —a o u n ber p , gr p o f Chan s o n s de Fr an ce —a o n o f , selecti

‘ Chan s on s du X VI I I i ecle She o s to S . bel ng

o u m m o n co ntry and n o ti e . Her i aginati n

m r o u e b aces all c ntries and all ages . Never

o o to r o d es she tear passi n tatters , rathe d es Sh u . e she hint and s ggest , and indicate gives the essence o f emo tio n rather than the mani f i n o l m o n estat o . Ab ve all she p aces i plicit c

ﬁden e o u She o c in y r intelligence . kn ws very w u r ell that y o will understand eve ything.

She o u m u o can give y spite, i p dence, vexati n ,

uo as m n s e o lang r , and appeal in a y c nds as ” r o r f r m there a e w ds o her o o ds .

u e was o Po to e o Sir Harry La d r b rn at r b ll ,

18 0 as u S o . w near Edinb rgh , c tland in 7 He

so n o f o u h i s o o the a p tter , and d ring childh d

62 Famous S i n er s 3 g . all o u — o w c ntries , played g lf ith presidents ,

m o f u states en , ﬁnanciers , kings ind stry ,

-ﬁ hter s o f w r e and even prize g , all hich is

o w wo o o c rded , and ell rth reading, in his b k ,

“ ’ R o ami n in the Glo am l n

th e m o f o o f w At ti e the W rld War , hich

o so n was m u his nly a victi , La der did great servi ce i n entert aining the tro o ps behind the F . o r was 1 1 lines this he knighted , and in 9 9 m beca e Sir Harry Lau der . A m o st interesting and u sefu l career has

o f C Sm m been that atherine iley Cheatha ,

o w to u m kn n the p blic as Kitty Cheatha , and reno wned as an auth o rity o n and interpreter o f the literatu re and so ngs o f childhoo d .

M m was o iss Cheatha b rn in Nashville,

u o Tennessee, and received her early ed cati n

o o o f u in private sch ls that city, st dying mu sic later in France and in a special co u rse

mad her at the University o f Berlin . She e

o 1 0 I n 1 1 débu t in L ndo n in 9 4 . 9 3 she gave a recital befo re ﬁfteen tho usand studen ts in Li eder an d en r e i n er s G S g . 363

o n u 2 1 1 o o Berlin , and Jan ary 4 , 9 4 , she t k

’ an impo rtant part in a pi o neer children s co ncert given by the New Yo rk Philh ar

o Th e o m o o f m o nic S ciety . pr gra c nsisted

’ Gilbert s Com edy Overtu re ( fo r an Uncle

’ “ ” emu S u s S m R s Opera ) , Haydn s rpri e y

’ o o f M s o mu t o ph ny, part endel s hn s sic

’ ’ M umm D m o m u ids er Night s rea , s e N rs er y Rhymes by Edwin Lear, set to m u sic by

M r s S u o o fo r . Elizabeth prag e C lidge ( her

’ “ ” s o n o ffm u S o ) , and H ann s N tcracker t ry

" w mu Chaiko v sk — o f w ith the sic by y , all hich

o mm o n M m were c ented by iss Cheatha .

’ M iss Cheatham s pro grams o f child so ngs o f all natio ns are o f great valu e and deeply

She o f interesting. has been a leader large

t o mm u S ga herings in C nity inging, a speak

u o o o s o er, a th r , c llect r, tran lat r and adapter

f o o f m o u s r e o child st ries any c ntrie . Her

a o o u citals h ve been heard all ver this c ntry, “ w two o o and she has ritten b ks , Kitty “ m— o o k u Cheatha Her B , and A N rsery 6 Famo us i n er s 3 4 S g .

wo b m Garland , ven y Kitty Cheatha .

u o o who Eva Ga thier , a s pran singer has

en r e o been heard chieﬂy in g s ngs , is a Cana

o w o f dian , b rn at Otta a and a niece Sir Wil

r u o m m m o f f id La rier, f r er pri e inister

Sh e u c the Canada . ﬁrst appeared in p bli at

f A u Lo n age o ten . fter st dying singing in do n P M m o t c , aris and ilan she ade an pera i “ ” u Par v i a m o déb t at , in Car en , and she als created the part o f Yn o ld in the Lo ndo n p r o “ ” f P e M She du cti o n o ell as and elisande .

o u u o o w t red all E r pe, being ass ciated ith

u B achau s lm s ch artists as , E an , Albani ,

P u o u l nkett Greene and H ar ld Ba er , and she

o u s to u Ha extended her t r Japan , A stralia ,

Sh e m w New . aii , and Zealand ade research

M a n Fo So was in Javanese and laya lk ngs , a pio neer i n s 1n g1n g so ngs o f Stravinsky and o m o om o but ther dern c p sers , in her earlier days was identiﬁed mo re particu larly with

o Canadian s ngs .

66 F amous S i n er s 3 g . graphy and transatlantic co mmu nicatio n was established abo u t the beginning o f this

u F o m mm cent ry . r this beginning an i ense system o f wireless co mmu nicati o n has de v elo ed we o m p , and have the radi , by eans o f which so unds can be heard fo r tho us ands o f m iles . R adio has become o n e o f the great i n d str i s M on o f um fo r r e u e . illi s instr ents ce1v 1n g have been installed in all part s o f the

m o u wo rld . News can be trans itted r nd the wo o u o rld instantane sly , p liticians and states m en to u an d can appeal directly the p blic , many f o rms o f entertai n ment are given o ver the air . Natu rally this has m ade a great change in

r u o s s the o ppo rtu nities fo the m sical pr fe io n .

o n o o s u w C ncerts are w br adca t ro nd the o rld . m Distance is eli inated . Richard B o nelli ( his stage n ame) was

o r o New o b n at Byr n , Y rk , and entered Syracu se University with the intentio n o f Po i n er s 6 s t War S g . 3 7

m u s beco ing a civil engineer . He st died ing

i n fo r w o u an d g three years ith Har ld B tler ,

m mu s o decided to ake sic his pro fe si n . He

o u u w u c ntin ed his st dies ith A stin Alexander ,

New o w t o in Y rk, and then ent Jean de

R -es z ké P but war o o u t in aris , the br ke and h u to m 1 1 m e ret rned A erica in 9 5, aking his “ ” débu t in Fau st at the Academy o f M u sic

o o n in Br kly . The war at an end he decided to t ry a

o u to u o m et career abr ad , and , ret rning E r pe,

who o u him to Bakst , the artist , intr d ced the m f M anager o the o nte Carlo Opera H ou se .

F om s s r this tart he develo ped . He ang in Bru ss els with M ar y Garden and thro ugh her inﬂuence was engaged fo r the Chicago

Fo r m Opera . so e years he was bu sy with the o w o s o pera , ith festivals , c ncert and radi

oa br dcasting. In 19 32 he j o ined the M etro po litan Opera Co mpany and m ade a great su ccess at his ” u M o o n F u r 2 1 déb t in an n ebr a y 5, 9 33. 68 Famo us i n er 3 S g s .

Amo n g the popular and talented recitalists o f the past few years S o phie E raslan sho uld

m o be enti ned . At her recital at Carnegi e “ H all i n 19 17 she sang with singularly M F “ w o r . w seizing style, r te inck, in hich

o o mmo w there is n thing c nplace, in hich there is an eager desire fo r the expressio n o f every shade o f meaning that c an be squeezed from m . o h as r o w the text Her v ice e arkable p er ,

o o an d u w d o m an d c l r, rich q ality, i e c pass , she has co nsiderable facility i n its emplo y h m f ment . S e is o st successful in s o ngs o a ” o m a tragic, s bre c st .

who to o was i n the M o Anna Case , , etr

o o m fo r m p litan Opera C pany a ti e, has been

o o u an d active all ver the c ntry in recitals , has o n e o f the mo st beau tiful o f light lyrical

f o f So o o o o . pran s , capable variety c l r M adame Elizabeth Schumann to u red the

S 1 2 1 w S u United tates in 9 ith Richard tra ss ,

o o f hi s om o o o singing s ngs c p siti n , and pr ved herself to be a sin ger o f distinctio n . The

0 Fam o us S i n er s 37 g .

m s m D o u ight be an Engli h singer , Willia thi tt who a but , had appeared a year e rlier , he no ted a marked impro vement o ver that sing ’ m er s perfo r ance . Lo u is Graveu re made extensive recital

o u u u mm o t rs , and d ring several s ers held v cal F L s o an d o s . classes in San ranci c . Angeles B ut in 19 2 5 he again made a New Yo rk M u o w r . o déb t as a ten r , hen Henders n “ wro te He is the ideal fo r all s i n ger s o f wo m o — o r rthy a biti ns , ab ve eve ything, the

’ ’ Gr av eu r e s singer s singer . standing is mo st u nu s u al in that while satisfying the taste o f the m o st critical o f listeners he yet manages to interest and m o ve the m o st u n

m has u critical , and this eans that he s per eminently the capability o f making even the mo s s m u —a st cla ical sic vividly intelligible, ” very rare talent . The career o f Lawrence Tibbett has been

o w steadily pr gressive . Beginning ith rela

ti v el m o n e u y s all things , achieving s ccess

2 F m u Si n er s 37 a o s g .

New M oo o u o The n and R g e S ng. S o o n after he j o ined the M etro politan Co mpany he fo u nd him self o n the fro nt page o f the newspapers o n acco unt o f his artistic “ interpretatio n o f the part o f F or d in The ” M o f o w S o as erry Wives Winds r , ith c tti

F als ta o f ff. At the cl se o his scene depicting

’ Fo o u u w w rd s j eal sy, the a dience ent ild , and refu sed to allo w the perfo rmanc e to pro ceed

u b w u ntil Ti bett ans ered the c rt ain call . There seems to have been so me reluctance to a o w w o m to u ov o ll a ne c er receive s ch an ati n , but the audience pe r sisted and Tibbett event u ll m S u a y bo wed his ackno wledg ents . ch a triumph fo r a newco mer was almo st u n precedented . There have been few singers o f American

wh o i u o birth have ach eved s ch distincti n , and i n 19 32 when th e very mo dern and rath “ ” er un pleasant o pera E mpero r Jo nes was put into rehearsal Tibbett was cast fo r the

o o f o o u o r le the her , and at its pr d cti n , Jan Pos t ar i n er s W S g . 373

ua 1 1 u was u u o a . ry , 9 33, his s ccess neq iv c l “ It has been written o f him that he is a “ o o f mu o o pi neer sical expressi n , he p ints ” “ wa — o u u to o the y , all that he t ches t rns g ld ” “ u o f u o in the cr c ible his geni s . In c ncert so ngs Tibbett searches far belo w the su rface

fo r m w a their inner eaning, he gives , ith

o o w o w o but br ad p er all s ngs , hich n ne he

wou u o n u ld vent re , characteristic pict res ,

umo o u en r e o u h r s, satirical , g s ngs req iring ” a cting. “ r o f m n d o o m A singe char ing a wh les e .

o who m the o u pers nality, can elt heart in y r

o o m n o m ho w ﬂi n t m i t b s atter y life has ade , , ” - n ff u by singi g with u na ected path o s . Th s was M erle Alco ck described by a hard bo iled critic when she gave a recital in New Yo rk

1 18 in 9 .

M o a n a o f o the erle Alc ck is tive Wisc nsin ,

u r o f M et o m She re da ghte a h dist inister . cei ved mu a u o M o her sic l ed cati n at Des ines ,

o w u New o w I a , and st died later in Y rk , ith Fam ous S i n er s 374 g .

o o m Po H r Herbert Withersp n and E il lak . e

o i o She u v ice s co ntralt . has s ng in grand o o o w m pera , and has appeared as s l ist ith any o f n the leadi g o rchestras . M iss Alcoc k was a m ember o f the M etro

m f r m m o a o o o . p lit n Opera C pany, s e ti e

F P o - o n red att n , an excellent bass barit e ,

m u u has been heard ch d ring recent years , in o o o f S o u M an rat rio . He is a native th

Co u u n chester, nnectic t , and st died singi g in

New o w o m u Y rk ith pr inent teachers , incl d i n m V ilo n e es ch ei dt g Willia t and Adelaide G . He made his deb ut with the New Yo rk

o o S o 1 1 was a m m o f Orat ri ciety in 9 9 , e ber the Philadelphia Opera Co mpany in 19 2 5 and o f the Cincinnati Co mpan y fro m 19 2 6 to 1 2 B u t o w o lo 9 9 . he is best kn n as s ist with the leading o rchestras and o rato rio

o as o s cieties and in the festivals . He w app int

’ o o o f o c o ed pr fess r v ice at the Tea hers C llege,

s M East Lan ing, ichigan . M adame Nina Ko shetz is a Russian singer

Famous S i n er s 376 g . o n e o f the outstanding favo rites o f the r e

o r m cital platf .

Bo rn in Philadelphia and r ec e1v 1n g her m u u o Co o sical ed cati n at the nservat ry , she was o n e o f fo u r singers cho sen in the ﬁrst co ntest held by the Nati o nal Federatio n o f M u u 1 1 he m r o sic Cl bs in 9 5. S ade her p

' fes s i o n al u o 1 2 1 w déb t in Oct ber , 9 , ith the

M inneapo lis Sympho ny Orchestra u nder

m Oberh o ffer 1 2 m E il , and in 9 7 she beca e a member o f the Chicago Civic Op er a Co m pany . M iss M ei s le has appeared at all the lead i n F o u b e g estivals in this c ntry , and has en called the ideal festival star In 19 2 9 she went abro ad and made a debut at o o w u u r C l gne, sang ith the K rha s O ches

S an d tra at cheveningen , appeared at the

' r She o o Berlin State Ope a . has been s l ist in

’ Verdi s Requ iem at the Stadiu m in New

o o u m was o Y rk f r ti es , and she als the

o o o m P s l ist at a perf r ance, at hiladelphia , Pos t r i n er Wa S g s . 377

’ f t M P o M u s . o Bach s S . atthew a si n sic M adame Sigrid Onegin ﬁrst appeared in America at a co ncert o f the Philadelphia

o n o 1 1 2 2 few Orchestra Oct ber 3 , 9 , and a weeks later m ade her New Yo rk o peratic

‘ débu t at the M etro po litan Opera H o u se as “ ” A mn er i s i in A da .

' o S oc o m o o was B rn in t kh l , her girlh d

F a e o f spent in rance . At the g ﬁfteen she w o u 1 n m t w . . 1 ent st dy ith E R We ss , Ger any ,

m Sh e m and then she spent a ti e in Italy . ade h er u 1 12 Berlin déb t in 9 . Wh ile singin g in M unich so me years later

S no - em ig r Gatti Casazza heard her , and gaged her fo r the M etropo litan Opera

o m C pany . M adame On egin has given recitals in m o st o f m n the large cities , and has delighted a y “ ”

u c . w a dien es Her dark face rites a critic , “ w w lightens ith intelligence, brightens ith

o f m n m o f m an display i d . She is a istress ” l n o c ners the c n ert hall . 8 Famous S i n er 37 g s .

’ M adame Onegin s v0 1c e I S classed as a

o o but a o u c ntralt , she has cle r res nant pper to nes which have been likened to what po ets have in mind when they write o f silver “ um f tr pets . Her sense o su stained vo cal

o f m o u o f line, lded and f sed phrase, the best o f r m o f m o u o hyth , and the play d lati n is the

o o f n r clear t ken the perceivi g, p actical ,

. I m i po ised singer . n her is accu u lated w s do m o o w m , c ntr lling ill and directing te pera

F n w m . ar o ent ra ging is the v ice, as ide is th e o f o o m a o f range c l r it y bear , the change m ” o o d it may co nvey . In Febru ary 19 33 M adame Onegin was awarded the Go ld M edal o f the Swedish

So o f S fo r ciety aint Erik, her share in the m p resentati o n o f Swedish art in A erica .

who Ethyl Hayden , has given several hu ndred recitals and has appeared with many o f the great o rchestras in the United

S o f s n o Pen n s l tates is a native Wa hi gt n , y

w S ea vania . She studied singing ith Jean

80 F amo us S i n er 3 g s .

m u was o o Berlin and Ha b rg, and she s l ist F at the Salzbu rg estival .

1 2 m o u In 9 5 she arried Ott Kra se, direct

r 1 m m m o at Vienna . In 9 30 she beca e a e ber o f the Chicago Civic Opera Co mpany mak i n u S i e li n e' o n o r 2 8 g her déb t as g d Oct be . In her recitals M adam e Lehmann has gi v

o m o f — a m en p r gra s the highest type , Br h s ,

S u S h um S au ch bert , c ann , and Richard tr ss , which she sings with a v o ice o f her0 1c p r o

o o to m p rti ns , adapting it the dra atic , the

a o um o o u an d p ssi nate, the h r s and the tender , with the highest type o f imaginative mu sical “ o o n e o rte U n realizati n . As critic rep d ,

ff o w w m o a ected , gl ingly ar and h nest, she s m m o an d ee ed in her anner and her pers n , m m ” her u sic was the s a e . M adame Lehmann has rec eived high

o o o fo r f o f Pub h n rs abr ad , she is an O ﬁcer lic

n u o F I str cti n in rance, and she received the

Swedi sh M edal o f Arts and Sciences .

M 1 1 2 a o was n On arch 4, 9 3 c ncert give Pos t r i n er s 8 1 Wa S g . 3 in New Yo rk by the Scho la Canto rum at which M iss Anna Case was to sing a gro up

f F o n to s o Italian o lk S gs . Owing illne s

M s o u d n o t an d u u iss Ca e c l sing, a s bstit te was o u o o M s u o f nd , at sh rt n tice, in i s D s lina

o u P o f Giannini , a y ng hiladelphian Italian

who was u o f M m parentage , a p pil ada e M m arcella Se brich .

M e u u o iss Giannini display d a bea tif l v ice , o f m u m rich ti bre, and she sed it ad irably

n u F o m m a d delighted her a dience . r that ti e

M m he o n iss Giannini was in great de and . S gave a charity recital two years later befo re a distinguished audience which ﬁlled Carnegie

was o w . Hall , and her p ers had ripened She a m cclai ed as a real singer . “ omm o f o u ou s a Her c and p lent res rce , “ w o fo r o critic r te, t ne shading beﬁtting wo an d u an d o rd phrase, delicate n ance, br ad o u s o o w fo r tline be p ke the artist , sh ing her ” the ou o f o m o self th ght the c p ser . Since her débu t M iss Gian nini has made Famous S i n er 382 g s .

ou o f mo w o o t rs al st the h le civilized w rld . B o rn in 19 0 2 she i s still in her ea r ly pr ime and is known fro m the Atlantic to the

P o i n u o u New aciﬁc c ast E r pe, A stralia ,

Zealand and m Hawaii . Few sin gers have co me so rapidly to po p

l r i M u a ty as iss Giannini .

F a an o r ser Gange, excellent barit ne, is a

o f u Sc o m native D ndee, tland . H is A erican

u o o o déb t t k place in a recital at Ae lian Hall ,

New o o n u 18 1 2 Y rk City, Jan ary , 9 4 . He

r o o at a e o f appea ed in c ncert, as a bass , the g fo u rteen and two years later was bass so lo ist in a perfo rm ance o f The M essiah He

u w A m w o o st died ith y Sher in , in L nd n , and

’ his appearance at Queen s Hall was fo llo wed by a recital to u r in Au stralia with his teach

u n u w hi . o o s w er D ring a sec d t r , ith ife,

A m o o u y Evans Welsh, a s pran , a h ndred and eighty-seven recitals were given in ten mo nths .

l in m M r an Since his arriva A erica . G ge

8 Fam o us S i n er s 3 4 g .

o u o f w f u A n d el q ence hich has ew eq als . as to her artistry we quo te fro m the review o f “ a co ncer t given in B o sto n in 19 31 : M iss

u o fo r A stral exhibited a threef ld talent, the mu sic o f Strau ss and M arx sho wed th e pro fo u nd stu dent and interpreter o f Germ an li e er She as m o f d . w s o . the istres vital t ne

n m N s and stirri g rhyth . o pre ent day singer

o w m u can excel her in ver hel ing, and yet bea

u s o f to u m ti f l , bignes ne . Eq ally dra atic , i f o f m o u was o m re lyrical q ality, her perf r

‘ ’ n m i a ce fro A da .

M w n o f Ho t S ary Le is is a ative prings ,

1 0 0 was u o Arkansas , ( 9 ) and a ch rch rgan

o a . ist and singer at Little R ck , Ark nsas She j o ined the Greenwic h Vi llage Fo llies and did so well that she became prima do nna o f the

Fo 1 2 m Ziegfeld llies . In 9 3 she ade her o peratic début at M o nte Carlo as M ar gu e “ ” r i te i n F u L o n a st , and later appeared in do n P o M o , aris and Berlin . She j ined the etr

o o m a New o p litan Opera C p ny in Y rk , in i n er Pos t War S g s . 385

1 19 2 6 an d remained a member until 9 30 .

She made a Vienna début as M argu er i te “ F ” in au st .

u M o o f m La ritz elchi r , a native Den ark , became a member o f the M etro po litan Opera

Co m 1 2 6 s u m pany in 9 , and di ting ished hi self

o — o a o . in Wagnerian r les , her ic ten r He

n has also wo distinctio n as a recitalist . He ﬁrs t stu died singing in the sch o o l o f the

R o 1 2 as yal Opera at Co penhagen . In 9 5 he w

to u o invited sing at Bayre th , and sh rtly ‘

afterwards cam e to America fo r r hi s New “ u m o f o o Yo rk déb t . A aster v cal l veliness ” m o o w o o n e and i aginative ev cati n r te critic,

C‘ and excepti o nally autho ritative and elo

u o o m u c q ent an ther wr te . He has et with s

s o do P s u o ces in L n n , ari , B en s Ayres , Ber

’ u M t n lin and Bayre th . elchio r s Tr i s an is a achievement which m o unts in a steady cre

o o m to scend fr the ﬁrst the last . In the same seaso n an excellen t basso

o M o o om an j ined the etr p litan Opera C p y , 86 Famous i n er 3 S g s .

o P n f m a a n e o o a . an Ezi i z , ativ R e, It ly Ab

o d ning his career as a civil engineer, he stu died singing an d made his début at the

’ e o ll er T atr Reale de Op a . After singin g in

u was fo r a T rin and Naples he , three ye rs ,

n o S M u leadi g bass at La cala, in ilan , nder

o w T scanini , and hile singing there Gatti

him u him fo r Casazza heard , and sec red

M o o o m a the etr p litan C pany . He has reper

o o f o m o mo u o t ire thirty peras , his st fa s r les “ ” “ ” o Go dun o ff o em being in B ris , La B h e, “ ” “ ” P o F u arsifal , L hengrin , a st and i ” A da .

o h o m w n o w i J hn Charles T as , a ell k n bar

o e u o f m but t n , began the st dy edicine , he wo n a scho larship at the Peabo dy Institute m in Balti o re and studied singing instead . He was a chu rch singer fro m the age o f n an ine . He went into light o pera d sang in “ ” “ ” M m A l l s m eb o s o s etc . ayti e , pp , He

o New o 1 2 1 gave a s ng recital in Y rk in 9 , an d m om o u ade s e c ncert to rs . His operatic

8 Famou i n er s 3 8 s S g . at the M etro po litan Opera H o u se in New

Yo rk bro u ght him so pro minently befo re

u 1 the p blic early in 9 33, has been a singer

o m o ut o fr his early y h . While still a b y

o o u o u s pran in a ch rch ch ir , he sang a d et with M adame Schum ann - Heink at a festival

N s o o o ew . in Trent n , Jer ey He has been s l ist with many o f the large s o cieties thro ugho ut

S o the United tates , and has had c nsiderable

o w experience abr ad , here he appeared in

o o M u mak L nd n , Vienna , Berlin and nich ,

m 1 2 i n g his o peratic débu t at Ha bu rg in 9 7 . He was a member o f the S candinavian State Opera while abro ad fro m 19 2 7 to

1 0 S u 9 3 . ince his ret rn he has been active in m o f S o m any parts the United tates , bec ing o n e o f the o w o o best kn n ten rs , even bef re his succes s at the M etro po litan Op era H o u se . “ O n o o o n e that ccasi n critic declared , the newco mer gave an exhibitio n o f s tylistic

- singin g that ranked with the best displays o f Gallic examples we have heard at o u r Opera t r i n er s 8 Pos Wa S g . 3 9

o co m h use . He phrased with ﬁnesse and

l t mu un u se o f the p e e sical fo datio n . His m ez z o vo ce spelled tru e mastery and revealed itself so beautifully in the delivery o f the

‘ ’ fam o u s D ream that the per fo rm an ce pau s ed then and there u nt il Cro o ks had b o wed m o re than a half do zen ac kn o wl edgmen ts o f the pleased demo nstratio ns

o m u fr the a dience .

F who m u rederick Jagel , ade his déb t at the M etro p o litan Opera H o u se in New Yo rk “ ” R hadam es was o oo as in Aida , b rn in Br k

18 Fo u him to o lyn in 9 7 . rt ne enabled g abro ad and in 19 2 4 he made hi s o peratic dé “ but o o l R o do l o at Liv rn , Ita y , as f in La

o em u s B h e . D ring three years he wa sing i n i n o S w g H lland , pain and Italy, and hile at

M M r the Del Verne Theatre in ilan , . Gatti Casazza heard him and secu red him fo r

f 1 2 -2 8 M o the seaso n o 9 7 at the et r po litan . After the clo se o f the New Yo rk seaso n he has been bu sy in many parts o f No rth an d Famous S i n er s 390 g .

o m n o f r S uth A erica . His singi g is n ted o the o u m o w r ndness , the range, the ell ness , the

o f t o o evenness scale hat his v ice displays , als fo r o his phrasing, dicti n and style . On e o f the m o st brilliant yo u ng singers o f

Po o o u s o recent years is Lily ns , a c l rat ra

‘ r n f F f a o o . o n o p rare gifts B r in rance, a

F a m o en rench f ther and Italian ther , she tered the Co nservato ire at Paris at the age o f

m u w u . u ﬁfteen She arried a D tch la yer , A g st

M r i tz es .

Lily Pons made her Am erican début at

M r o o o u New o the et p litan Opera H se, Y rk , “ ” o n u 8 1 1 me Jan ary , 9 3 , in Lak , creating a m sensatio n . Since that ti e she has given r e citals in many o f th e large cities befo re great

and enthu siastic au diences .

1 1 Po w On April , Lily ns sang in a fare ell “ o m fo r o o f u perf r ance, that seas n , L cia , and received an o vatio n at the end o f the

m M r - o o f ad . . scene Gatti Casazza , direct r

M o o mo u ° the etr p litan Opera , ralized th s

2 Fam o us i n er 39 S g s .

M o o ou New o the etr p litan Opera H se, Y rk ,

1 m u early in 9 33, after arked s ccesses

o u o o f thro ugh ut E r pe . With a reperto ire

10 6 o 10 0 0 o grand peras , and s ngs in their o u u m o riginal lang ages , a p re and li pid v ice ,

m o f o she is a istress her art . B rn in a little m o u ntain village o n the bo rders o f Sax o ny

o m mo was n and B he ia , her ther a ﬁne si ger

F o m m and her father a go o d pianist . r the

mu she received her early sical training. At the age o f sixteen she was sent to the co n s er vato r two y at Dresden , and there, years

amo u o u o F later, the f s c nd ct r , ritz Reiner,

u o f heard her sing. Thrilled by the bea ty her vo ice he u rged her to sing fo r the m an

o f u s n ager the Dresden Opera , and th bega

h om r mu her p en enal caree . Her sical ability is aided by perso nal charm and beauty

New o w o o f M A Y rk critic r te her, iss

’ R ethber s o o w g v ice ﬂ ed like a silver river , m m u s o . li pid , serene and ni pa si ned The sheer

u o f o u o f o o bea ty t ne , p rity int nati n , the Pos t ar i n er W S g s . 393 co mplete co ntro l o f the dynamic m o dula — ” o was t . ti ns , all this a deligh

m u w ho o M o E an el List, j ined the etr

o o m m p litan Opera C pany in the sa e year , is

o o u m to m a bass . B rn in A stria he ca e A er ica in his yo u th and gained his early exper i ence in vo cal interpretatio n in the New Yo rk m u to o vin g pict re ho u ses . Retu rning Eu ro pe he lear il ed the ro utine o f Italian and

Wagnerian o pera in Vienna and Bayreuth . “ ” He sang three roles in The Ring at Bay

u 1 was fo r re th in 9 33, and then engaged

o f the Metro po litan . He made the part the “ ” L an dgr av e in Tannhau ser ( at his debut )

mm f w r o i ensely e fective, ith the depth and mance o f his ﬁne vo ice and his impo sing

u ﬁg re .

o un o w t u u u A y g Italian ten r, i h an n s ally

m u M o high range , ade his déb t at the etr “ p o litan Opera H o u se as the D u ke in Rigo ” m i M o . n o lett His na e is N artini .

o o was o B rn in Ver na , Italy, he the nly Famous Si n er s 394 g .

o m O f o u a e O f b y i n a fa ily f r . At the g ten his vo ice was tested by the cho irmaster O f

’ F m u o u o u u . San er s ch rch , and f nd bea tif l Gio vanni Zen atello and his wife to o k interest

bo him o u o in the y , and gave v cal instr cti n w was hen he eighteen . Three years later he made his Operatic dé

’ “ ” u Pu as fo r b t . Bellini s I ritani w revived him M w m us ié o at ilan , ith the in the riginal him F w o o u to o . key, hich t k p ab ve high C After a number O f Eu ro pean appearances he

m to New o m i n ca e Y rk, and beca e engaged m o wo u o u . radi rk , achieving ch p p larity In 19 31 he j o ined the Philadelphia Opera Co mpany and remained with it fo r two

o seas ns . Ro se Bampto n and Helen Jepso n are two yo ung American girls who achieved débuts at the M etro po litan Opera H o u se direct from m A erican training.

o m o a o f R se Ba pt n , a n tive Cleveland ,

o w u uff o u Ohi , gre p in B al , st died at the

6 Famo us i n er 39 S g s .

B r u n n hi lde w as w u . , in hich she s perb M adame Lj un berg is a nat ive o f Su n

Sw u O f mu deval , eden , the da ghter sically

o o n e gifted parents , the nly Of eight chil

to o w m m u dren sh arked sical talent . At the age o f sixteen she entered the

o m o f S S o o m R yal Acade y inging in t ckh l , and two years later j o ined the Ro yal Op era

h m u E li z a Sc o o l . There she ade her déb t as ” beth au an d was en in Tannh ser , then

o gaged by the R yal Opera . Three years later she sung at Co vent

o o w o o Garden , in L nd n , here she t k Wagner

’ T S l e She r Oles o os ca a om . ian , als and creat “ ” ed the title r Ole in the o pera Ju dith written

o Sh e n a fo r her by Eu gene Go ssens . the p

d 1 1 ear ed D an . p at resden , Berlin In 9 3

u o h er M Art r B danzky heard in ilan , and

her en gagement at the M etropo litan was the

resu lt .

o o O f mo B o rn in L nd n , an English ther

m Stu eck o ld was and Ger an father , Grete g Po t r i r s Wa S n ge s . 397

o c ma She br ught up and edu ated in Ger ny . made her ﬁrst co ncert appearance in Bremer

' at a e O f haven the g sixteen , and her ﬁrst

u wo u m o a t . per déb t years later , in N re berg

She o u o w to a r e c ntin ed , h ever , speci lize in

li eder wo u u o cital and rk ntil Br n Walter , the

o u o s M o a c nd ct r , heard her ing a zart aria at

o n fo r u o w c ncert . He arra ged an a diti n hich led to an en gagement at the Stadtische Oper

o f She n at o n Berlin . sa g the last co ncert c

u t u iki sch an d a d cted by the late Ar h r N , p

' ear ed m m u Fu rtwan ler p any ti es nder g ,

n r Blech and Wei gartne . Jo ining the M etro po litan Opera Compan y in 19 32 she has sung the r Oles o f the M ar s “ ” s cholli n R o s en kavali ar A i da Wa in , , the g

o O f E ls a E li zabeth E va nerian r les , , and

S i e li n de o n i n g . She has als bee very active recital wo rk co n cernin g which the New Yo r k “ m w o u O f o a Ti es critic r te, Bea ty dicti n , cle n

cut o f o calligraphy her v cal line, her plastic

u mu s phrasing, her s perb icianship, and the 8 Fam o us i n er 39 S g s . warm and brilliant timbre o f her vo ice are ” o tho r ughly established . Grete Stu eckgo ld is as di stin gui shed ' i n

o o . o n c ncert as in pera , and W J . Henders “ wro te that her recital teemed with s o many ” u m s perlative achieve ents . Eide No rena made her New Yo rk début “ on F r u 1 M i mi BO eb ary 9 , 9 33, as in La ” em u u h e, and capt red her a dience by the charm and simplic ity o f her perfo rmance .

Pr o u 1 2 6 mem evi sly she had been , since 9 , a ber O f the Chicago Civic Opera Co mpany .

M a am o e w o m was o d e N r na , h se na e riginally

E i dé was o o o w Kaj a , b rn in Osl , N r ay, and

e o o b gan her career as a c ncert singer in Osl ,

o o m o St ckh l and Co penhagen . Her ﬁrst per atic experience was a small r Ole in a perfo rm

’ “ ” a O f u u u nce Gl ck s Orphe s and E rydice , and the fo llo wing year sh e sang in fo u r n ew o he u m peras . Then s st died in Wei ar and

o o P Sh w n o s . e t in L nd n , Italy and ari e t

M fo r u o w o who ilan an a diti n ith T scanini , ;

0 Famo us S i n er 40 g s . so mu fo r n m ch needed Wag erian dra a .

u 1 M m M In Jan ary 9 34 , ada e aria Olszew

o o wo n o o o ska , a c ntralt , g lden pini ns by the richness O f her vo ice and the elo qu ence o f her

o he o histri nic gifts . S als gave recitals and pro ved herself o n e O f the gifted li eder sin gers “ O f o r o u o u o w co n g ge sly p lent v ice, ell ” tro lled . In Febru ary 19 35 the Metro politan Opera

o u u w o m F H se a dience elc ed Kirsten lagstad , a m a c SO r an o w o o u dra ti p , gifted ith a gl ri s m vo iceand m uch perso nal char . She is the

au O f d ghter a pianist , and is herself a pianist as well as a singer .

She w f O f is , in private life, the i e Henry

man o f o t o o u o . a J hns n , a b siness Osl B rn

m o w mu Ha ar , N r ay, she received her sical

o w S edu catio n entirely in N r ay and weden . She was eighteen when she made her o p er ati c bu o o dé t at the Nati nal theatre in Osl , “ in Ti eﬂan d At Sto ckh o lm she co ntinu ed her stu dies fo r two y ears and in 19 2 3 made . r i n er s 1 Pos t Wa S g . 40 her appearance at Scho nberg playing A gatha “ ” F hii z A i d n d M mi r e s c t a a i . in y , M o re dramati c r Oles fo llo wed in the same year at Oslo and she made su ccessful ap

ar n E ls I s o lde 1 p e a ces as a and . In 9 33 she

u an d o o w sang at Bayre th , again the f ll ing

w she was O ff year , after hich ered an engage m M o o ent at the etr p litan Opera H o u se . She made an instantaneo u s and co mplete suc “ w o an cess , sang ith ravishing l veliness , ” I s olde r m that bu ns with u nquenchable ﬂa e . One o f the best kno wn and m o st po pular

o o o radi singers is Nels n Eddy , a barit ne, who was o P o o b rn in r vidence, Rh de Island ,

o u u P a br ght p in hiladelphia , and beg n life

m an u w as a newspaper . He st died singing ith

u o m the best teachers in E r pe and A erica , and his chance fo r public wo rk came when he was ass igned the r Ole O f A m o n as r o in a ” special perfo rmance O f Ai da by the Phila delphia Operatic S o ciety . Since then he has had many o peratic engagements in the east 0 2 Famo u i n er 4 s S g s .

n P o m and o the aciﬁc c ast . He has had cine a

o o m w c ntracts , and c ncert engage ents ith

o m o f o s e the leading rchestras , and has tak en s u o u M w ch seri s tasks as the St . atthe

P o mu an d Pa o f assi n sic, rsifal . A singer versatility . Grace M o o re has wo n distinction n ever b o o u o a fo r ef re c nferred p n singer, early in 19 35 the Nati o nal S o ciety O f Arts an d

S w m fo r co n ciences a arded her their edal , spi cuo u s achievement in raising the standard o f cinema entertainment thro ugh yo u r co n tr ibuti o n to Co lu mbia Pictu re Film Pro duc

‘ ’ f o o o . ti n , One Night L ve

o o w O f c o B rn in the little t n Jelli e, Tennes

u - m o o see, and ed cated at Ward Bel nt c llege

her mu in Nashville , she began sical career by singing in the Baptist chu rch o f her ho me

to wn . She went to Washin gto n an d made her ﬁrst co ncert appearance as an assisting artist

to M o o f M o o artinelli , the ten r the etr p litan

0 Fam o us i n er s 4 4 S g .

they will beco me. stars in the o peratic ﬁrm a m ent .

u 1 o m o In Jan ary 9 34 R se arie Brancat , a

o u o f o an d y ng girl Italian parentage, b rn

o u u a m o br ght p in K nsas City , ade her per “ ” b u Gi lda i n o o atic de t as Rig lett , and cau sed a sensatio n such as had n o t been felt i n Chicago since the histo ric débu t O f M a

m - da e Galli Cu rci .

m to fo r Her father anaged send her , a

r to m S o o O f M u yea , the East an ch l sic, in N Tw’ o ew o . o R chester, Y rk years later she wo n w o was the At ater Kent state c ntest , and

m o o granted a scho larship at the East an sch l . She next went to New Yo rk and became a

f e u O . a p pil Estelle Liebling Then , at the g o f twenty-two her o ppo rtu nity c ame in Chi

a o c g .

o a o o n O f Helen Jeps n , s pran , is a ative

o o o Akr n , Ohio . There she sang in the W d

w M o u wo la n eth dist Ch rch , and rked in a m o o o o r usic st re . This w rk gave her the pp P n er os t War S i g s . 40 5 tun i ty to hear man y pho no graph reco rds o f

Sh as to no ted singers . e w invited spend a

umm u u u New o k an d s er at Cha ta q a , Y r there met H o ratio Co nnell o f the Cu rt1s I n i P st tute . , hiladelphia By his advice she se cu red an au ditio n and wo n a scho larship at

u s u was w the C rtis In tit te, and she a arded

o fo r She m sch larships ﬁve years . ade her début at the Metro po litan Opera H o u se in a —“ ’ n ew o pera The Pasha s Garden She was d a ﬁn f 1 calle the r diant d o 935.

' 0 /zr on olo zm l Table 4 8 C g .

NA ME Bi rth D ebut £311 Death

ear o n 1 1 1 6 1 6 1 1 B d, J h 7 7 7 3 7 7 79

R aﬁ n o n . 1 1 1 8 1 I , A t 7 4 73 779 797 mo r e o n e o 1 16 1 1 1 8 A v li, A g l 7 74 79 u ar du c ci T o mm o o 1 2 0 1 1 1 G , as s To s can 7 745 77 u a a n ae an o 1 2 1 1 8 1 G d g i, G t 7 5 747 7 4 797 a r e a er n a 1 0 1 1 89 1 6 G b i lli , C tt i 73 747 7 79 n o i e n a 1 2 8 1 8 1 8 180 Mi g tt , R gi 7 74 7 7 7 Ci r an di E r o e 1 8 1 1 6 1 0 p , c l 73 7 54 7 5 79 r n o u a e e n e S o e 1 1 1 8 180 A ld, M d l i phi 744 7 57 7 7 3 a o r n o a 1 2 1 8 1 8 1 0 C l i, A gi l 73 7 5 7 3 79

Ten du c ci i u s o Fern an n o . 1 6 1 8 1 1 1 80 0 , G t di 7 3 7 5 79 C atle n n e 1 1 62 1 8 1 8 y, A 745 7 7 4 7 9 m n n a u i a de 1 0 1 6 1 8 A ici , A L c 74 7 3 7 9 M an zu o li o an n 1 2 1 6 1 1 , Gi v i 7 5 7 4 7 7 R au zzi n i en an o 1 1 6 18 10 , V zi 747 7 5 Pac chi ero tti as ar o 1 1 6 1 6 182 1 , G p 744 7 9 79 n s an o an n 1 0 1 0 180 0 1 81 A i , Gi v i 7 5 77 5 e r an a a en a 1 1 1 All g ti, M d l 77 799 R u bi n elli o an n a s a 1 1 1 180 0 182 , Gi v i B tti t 7 53 7 7 9 ar a er ru e E i a e 1 1 1 180 0 1 8 M , G t d l z b th 749 7 7 33 e ru n Fr an es a 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 L b , c c 7 5 7 7 799 79 a es e a 1 2 1 1 1 18 6 D vi , C cili 7 5 773 79 3 ar es u 1 1 180 6 182 M ch i , L igi 7 55 774 9

a a i er a ar n a . 1 6 1 1 1 180 1 C v l i , K th i 7 77 5 79 3 S a n u er n o n e e Cécil e 1 6 1 1 8 18 12 i t H b ty, A t i tt 7 5 777 7 9

S o e ean i er r e . 1 1 8 18 1 2 li , J P 7 55 77 e ae 1 6 1 182 6 18 2 6 K lly, Mich l 7 4 779 an r i a o r 1 1 180 6 B ti , B gitt Gi gi 7 59 779 A damber er a en n 1 1 80 180 g , V l ti 743 7 4 a n a eo 1 1 80 180 2 18 16 B bbi i , M tt 7 54 7

r o u M r s . n n a an a 1 6 1 80 180 0 180 C ch , A M 7 3 7 5 ara err e ean 1 6 18 1 182 G t , Pi J 7 4 4 3 S o r a e A n n S e n a 1 66 1 80 180 8 18 1 t c , li 7 7 7 S es ti n i o an n a 1 8 1 1 P , Gi v 7 3 79 C r es c en ti n i Gi r o lan o 1 66 1 8 1 1 2 18 , 7 7 3 8 46 I n cl edo n ar es en am n 1 6 1 8 182 6 18 2 6 , Ch l B j i 7 3 7 4

as s u . 1 66 1 8 18 1 182 B i , L igi 7 7 4 5 5 o o an n ae 1 68 P 18 0 V gl , J h Mich l 7 4 ' o a l Ta ble 0 Ci t r on o l g zc . 4 9

B i rth Debut $1221 Death

n o n M rs . E a e n ee Billi gt , liz b th ( Wei c hs ell) 1 768 1784 180 9 18 18 S a n u n ean n e ar o e i t A bi , J Ch l tt Schr o ed er 1764 17 86 18 18 18 50 182 2 18 o n s M r s . n é e o o e . 1 0 1 8 Dick , ( P l ) 77 7 7 33 ra am o n 1 1 8 18 2 18 6 B h , J h 774 7 7 5 5 er i n o i er es a 1 6 1 88 18 2 18 B t tt , T 7 7 7 3 54 a ari n u s a o 1 6 1 8 1 80 2 P L zz i , G t v 7 5 7 9 r e i ae an o 1 1 18 2 18 6 C iv ll , G t 774 793 9 3 ras s n o s e n 1 1 18 1 18 0 G i i , J phi e 7 73 794 7 5 e e ri n i F e i e 1 1 I 82 18 2 P ll g , l c 7 74 7 9 5 9 3 a a an n e a 1 1 18 2 8 18 C t l i , A g lic 7 79 7 9 5 49 am en o u Fr an ms van 1 80 1 18 2 18 8 C p h t , c 7 79 7 7 4 ibo n i u s e e 1 80 18 1 18 S , Gi pp 7 1797 8 39 e u i o an n i a s a 1 8 1 180 0 18 2 186 1 V ll t , Gi v B tti t 7 9 Tac chi n ardi o o 1 6 180 1 8 1 18 0 , Nicc l 77 4 3 5 a i Fi o 1 8 180 1 8 0 18 G ll , lipp 7 3 4 3 53 C o lbr an o s s n Is a e a n e a 1 8 180 6 18 2 18 (R i i) , b ll A g l 7 5 4 45 Fo r n o n 1 0 180 18 ti , A t 79 7 59 u n o an n a s a 1 180 18 18 R bi i, Gi v i B tti t 79 5 7 44 54 ar i a an u e del o o o V 1c en t e 1 180 8 1 82 8 18 2 G c , M l P p l 7 7 5 3 a e i o an n 1 8 18 10 18 1 18 1 D vid , G v i 7 9 4 5 Fo o r -M ai n vi ell e o s e n e 1 1 8 10 18 d , J phi 793 33 Pi s aro n i B en adetta o s am u n a 1 18 1 1 18 2 18 2 , R d 793 9 7 S e en s a er n e 1 18 1 2 18 1882 t ph , C th i 794 35 L ablach e u 1 18 1 2 18 18 6 , L igi 794 56 5

B e n i s us e e de . 1 18 1 18 g , Gi pp 79 3 3 49 B e n i s S n o r a au n e o n de 180 0 18 1 P 18 g , ig Cl di R zi 9 53

r i en M m e. ar a 1 2 18 1 18 B gh ti, M i 79 4 36 C am o r es e o an 1 8 1 81 6 18 2 P p , Vi l ti 7 5 9 as a u a 1 8 18 16 1 8 0 186 P t , Gi ditt 79 5 5 o n e o m en o 1 0 18 16 18 1 18 D z lli , D ic 79 4 73 B o c c abadati u a 1 1 1 0 , L igi 8 7 85 am ur n i n o n i o 180 0 18 18 18 18 6 T b i , A t 59 7 D am o reau au r e Ci n thi e Mo n t alan t 1 80 1 18 1 18 6 186 , L 9 4 3 S o n a en r e e o u n es s o s s 180 18 2 0 18 18 t g, H i tt (C t R i) 5 54 54 C u ri o n i er o 1 0 1 8 1 , Alb ic 79 5 No u rri t o e 180 2 18 2 1 18 , Ad lph 39 ’ 10 Ckr on o lo zm l Ta ble 4 g .

Be D eb t - u tiied

S r o er-D evri en t e m n e 180 18 2 1 18 1860 ch d , Wilh l i 4 47 Fi s er - en Fr au 1 80 18 2 1 18 6 18 6 ch Acht , 5 5 9 U n er ar o n e 180 18 2 1 1 8 0 18 g , C li 5 4 77 C ar ado ri - an ar a a er n a All , M i C t i R o s albi n a 180 0 182 2 1846 1865 a o n ar n n e 180 2 182 2 18 186 P t , M y A 44 3 u r e er 180 6 182 1 8 2 18 6 D p z , Gilb t 5 4 9

r as M m e . u e m ee o ru s 1 80 18 2 18 1 18 6 G , J li Ai D 7 5 5 9 a r an ar a Fe a 180 8 182 18 6 18 6 M lib , M i licit 5 3 3 a a e es ar e 180 0 182 186 186 B di l , C 7 5 5 ram a ar e a 180 182 B bill , M i tt 7 7 em e o n o n 180 2 18 2 8 18 2 T pl t , J h 5 S tau di l o s e 1 80 18 2 18 6 1861 g , J ph 7 7 5

r s u a . 1 8 1 2 182 1861 186 G i i , Gi li 9 9 ert a E mm a 1 8 1 1 8 0 18 6 18 Alb zzi, 4 3 4 47 S e u n r u r E war S e en 1 80 18 1 18 2 g i , A th d d h ld 9 3 5 o n o n o r o 18 10 18 1 18 18 0 R c i, Gi gi 3 74 9

i s o M m e. n n a 18 1 18 1 1 88 B h p , A 4 3 4 er s i an Fan n 18 1 2 18 2 18 8 186 P i , y 3 5 7 S o o s n a 18 1 18 2 18 t ltz, R i 5 3 49 o ewe o a n a o e 18 18 2 18 8 1866 L , J h n S phi 1 5 3 4 r M m i e r 1 2 18 F e e e. a r a . 8 18 18 g , (L vi G h d) 3 47 o ri an i a o eo n e 180 6 18 18 18 8 M , N p l 33 47 7 No vello ara n as as a 18 18 18 1860 , Cl A t i 33

S aw ar M rs . r e S aw 18 1 18 1 8 18 6 h , M y ( Alf d h ) 4 34 43 7 o o e E a e 18 2 0 18 18 0 P l , liz b th 34 7 Pi s ch ek o an n a s 18 1 18 186 18 , J h B pti t , 4 35 3 73 Nau ari a o o res en e a , M D l B dict J o s ephi n a 18 1 8 1 836 1856

S e u i n M r s . A n n h de 1 81 8 18 6 188 q , ( C il ) 3 9 ' ' as e an ean n e n a1s 18 1 18 6 18 C t ll , J A 9 3 59 Ti ch ats c h ek o s e o s 180 18 18 0 188 , J ph Al i 7 37 7 5 Fr as chi n i ae an o 18 1 18 1 8 0 , G t 5 37 7 Vi ar do t - ar a au n e 182 1 18 1 8 0 G ci , P li 37 7 ar o Ch ev ali ere an a 18 12 18 8 186 188 M i , di C di 3 7 3 e e o an n i 18 1 18 8 1 86 B ll tti, Gi v 3 3 3 o er u s a e o e 18 1 18 8 18 18 R g , G t v Hypp lit 5 3 59 79 Fr ezz o li n i E rmi n a 18 18 18 8 18 188 , i 3 53 4

’ 12 br o n olo zea l Ta ble 4 C g .

Bi r th Debut “3251 D eath

s A del ai d 18 18 1881 1882 Phillip , 33 54 i ar e 18 18 18 8 18 1 W lt , M i 34 57 7 9 N1 o 1n 1 E r n es 1eo las 18 18 18 8 18 8 c l , t N 34 55 7 9 e Fr an 18 18 6 B tz , z 35 5

o an s o r F . v o n . 18 6 18 6 18 1 R kit ky, Vict 3 5 7

Pes chk a en n er Mm e. n n a 18 18 6 18 0 L t , Mi 39 5 9 i n i m n o n i o 18 2 6 1 8 1862 186 G gl i , A t 57 5 Fan c elli us e e 18 6 188 , Gi pp 3 9 S an tle ar es 18 18 y, Ch l 34 57 ar m o n ar e 18 18 188 M i , M i 39 57 4

A r t o t Mm e. ar u er i e o s e n e , M g t J phi 1835 1857 1887 au n E m o 18 2 18 8 1880 N di , ili 3 5

n e ro n . 18 6 18 8 18 Whit y, My W 3 5 97 les n e 1 a i ar e M m e. e 8 0 18 G ll M i , C ti 4 59 u a au i n e 18 1 18 188 L cc , P l 4 59 4 - a o n M m e . e i n a 18 18 P tti Nic li i , Ad l 43 59 - Tr eb elli e i n M m e. Ze a 18 8 18 18 2 B tt i, li 3 59 9

S er r n o n Mm e . emm en s 18 1 860 h i gt , L 34 S car i a E m 18 8 1860 188 1886 , il 3 4 r aus s ar e a r e e 18 2 1860 K , M i G b i ll 4

Fo an am es Fo e . 18 1 186 1 li , All J ( l y) 4 A n es i o u s F er i n an eo o 18 1861 18 1 g , L i d d L p ld 33 7 C a o u l o s e o r m e ee 18 186 1 1 8 p , J ph Vict A d 39 95 a ar o a 1 8 0 1861 1 880 188 P tti , C l tt 4 9 e o ar a o u s e 18 2 186 1 1882 K ll gg, Cl L i 4 u rs a I ma 18 6 1862 18 8 188 M k , l di 3 7 9

r au s D r . E m 18 0 188 K , il 4 9 en s e eo r 18 0 1862 H ch l , G g 5

s s o n r s n e . 18 186 1888 Nil , Ch i ti 43 4 a er n a m a e Fr au Fri edrl ch 18 18 18 M t , A li ( ) 47 64 94 a e an e o n a 18 2 186 P t y, J t M ch 4 5 o e n r 18 186 V gl , H i ich 45 5 o er es a o ma 18 6 186 V gl , Th Th 4 5 o e ar e 18 6 186 R z , M i 4 5 Nac hbau r F ran 18 1 8 , z 35 65 o E war 18 1866 Ll yd , d d 45

am s ar es . 18 8 1866 18 Ad , Ch l R 4 79 lef/an alo i ca l Ta ble 1 C g . 4 3

NA u x D ebU t tl r ed

S a S o a 18 0 1866 c lchi, phi 5 ran ari an n e 18 2 1 86 B dt , M 4 7 ar n n i e o u i s e 18 6 186 1882 C y, A L 4 7 e m an n i 18 8 1868 L h , L lli 4 au i n n i e 18 2 1 868 1886 H ck, M 5 V au c o r beil n n a S er n er 18 186 18 18 8 , A t b g 45 9 73 9 e r o n ar e 18 1 86 1886 H ilb , M i 49 9 ar o m as 18 1 8 0 1 8 0 K l, Th 47 7 9 au r e o r 1 8 1 86 M l , Vict 45 9 G a ar ré u an o 18 8 18 y , Gi li 4 73 D el u en e Par u al e 1 8 0 P t , q 7 S o n o n 18 6 18 0 ch tt , A t 4 7 S u er o s e as s e be 1 8 0 18 0 ch , R (H l ck) 5 7

an ar e . . E . L a eu n n es s e Alb i , M i L C j

E r n s . 1 ( Mr s . e t G ye) 850 1870 S er n n o n e e 18 1 18 1 t li g, A t i tt 5 7 am an n I a o 18 6 18 1 18 0 1 8 6 C p i i, t l 4 7 9 9 V all eri a A lwi n a o m an n 18 8 18 1 , L h 4 7

a en e m Mm e . E u en e 18 2 P pp h i , g i 7

o E mm a M r s . e er e 18 0 18 2 Abb tt , ( W th ll) 5 7 a en er es e 18 18 M lt , Th 55 73 M c G u cki n ar o n 18 2 18 , B t 5 74 B elo c c a n n a 18 1 8 1 , A di 54 74 e er e wi I 8 I S R ich , H d g S3 74 S a es ear e am 18 18 h k p , Wilh 49 75 u rs E mm a 18 18 Th by , 57 7 5

a o r M rs . u a 18 2 18 18 G yl d, J li 5 7 5 9 4 es e o s e n e de R zk , J phi a ar e 18 6 18 6 188 188 Litt , M i 5 7 3 3 D e es e ean 18 2 18 R zk , J 5 74 D e es e E o u ar R zk , d d Klafsk a ar n a y , K t i ers er E e a 18 6 18 6 188 G t , t lk 5 7 7 - Fur s ch a i Mm e. 18 6 M d , 7 S em r ar e a 18 8 18 b ich , M c ll 5 7 7

V an Zan ar e . 1861 18 1 8 8 dt, M i 7 9 9 s am a i S u 18 1 880 Bi ph , D v d c ll 57

No rd ma i i a i an o r o n . 18 6 1880 , G gl (L lli N t ) 5 1 bi / an alo i cal Ta ble 4 4 O g .

1 Debut “335 Death

’ L A llem an d au i n e , P l e a a E mm a i xo m N v d , (W ) lan o n Po l P c , u E mm a J ch ,

a é E mm a o u er . C lv , (R q ) u s s e E a R ll , ll

V an E r n es ar e u er . Dyk , t M i H b t E n e ar i e g l , M e a e li e e M lb , N l (Mitch ll)

T ern i n a i a . , M lk E am s E m e , m a S an ers o n S bi d , y l a i es Ffr an o n D v , c D eln a ar e , M i r em a ar e B , M i

' 16 I n dex 4 .

Cr es cen ti n i ro amo 2 8 G ar do n i I a o 8 . , Gi l , , t l , 9

as s er 0 0 . G i , 3 — a o n i Fr an es a 1 1 G a ar ré a ame 2 2 8 . C zz , c c , 4 5, y , M d , 35, 9

1 16. er s er E e a 1 18 G t , t lk , 7 4, 7 , 2 0 1—2 0 2 1 2 1 0 9 , 3, 9 , 3 7 ,

D am o r eau au r e 1 0 8 . , L , 4 , 3 — a i es Ffr an o n 2 1 2 . i er Ze a . S ee Trebelli D v , c , 9 93 G lb t , li

D ev ri en t 8 . e n i a ame . , 7 B tti , M d

D evri en t a am e S r o er . G i n li n i n o n i o 2 6 0 0 . , M d ch d g , A t , 7 , 3 ‘ S ee S r o er - D evri en t r as s i n i u s e a - ch d , G , Gi pp , 33 35,

a am . M d e 59 °

o o u s e 2 . r s i a am e u e a 8 D tti , L i , 3 3 G i , M d Gi li tt , 5 u r e ber 8 10 6—10 6 0 — 8 1 D p z, Gil t , 5 , 7 , 37 7 , 741 7 57 77 , 79 1 9

1 . 88 8 10 10 1 16 1 3 3 , 9 , 4, 7 , , 43,

D ur astan ti ar er a 1 . , M gh it , 3

G u h elmi i a o mo . g , G c , 59 E am es E mma 2 2 6 2 —2 8 , , , 54 5

Has trei ter e en 2 . — , H l , 3 3 E n e an e 2 1 2 2 2 . au n n e 1 2 8 1 18 1 gl , M , 5 5 , 54 H k , Mi i , , 4 5, — — Fan e 2 61 2 62 . en s e eo r 1 2 1 . c lli, — H ch l , G g, 3 9 3 Far n e 16 1 1 1. i lli , 7 , 3

Fau r e ean a s e I o s en r u au me 2 8 . , J B pti t , 99 , b , H y G ill , 3 — l ar en m n 2 8 . I n c edo n es a 7 , Ch i , — l B j F en o n a n i a 16 6 1 . t , L vi , . 35 3 1 44

F s er E m 1 . i ch , il , 3 4

Fo o r o s e n e 1 . u E mm a 2 . d , J phi , 4 J ch , , 3 3

Fo li 12 . , 3 — — Fo r mes ar 10 0 10 . a s au 180 18 1 . , K l , 3 K li ch , P l , e o ar a o u i s e 1 K ll gg, Cl L , 45 a r e a er n a 18—2 0 1 —1 0 186 1 8 2 G b i lli, C t i , , 47 5 , , 9 , 54

1 . 16. 2 7 1

a as s 2 1 . rau s s ar e a r e e 1 6. G l i , 9 K , M i G b i ll , 4 ’ a i - ar e a ame 1 1 G ll M i , M d , 4 L ablache u 60 6 6 , L igi , , 5, 7

ar i a a am e 0 . G c , d , M 5 — ar i a an u e 1 a o r e 2 8. G c , M l, 43, 49 5 , L b d , 3 8 1 2 8 2 a eu n es s e ar e o u s e 54 , 57 . 3. 44, 4. 9 7 . L j , M i L i

1 e e i a E mma. S ee A l 3 4 . C c l

a r i a au n e . S ee ar an a ame . G c , P li Vi b i, M d - do t ar a a ame. L a au n a ame 16. G ci , M d M pi , M d , dex I n . 4 7

as s a e 2 2 6 . i n o i a er n a 16. L ll , M g tt , C t i ,

a ar n u s a o . i e e e . S ee e a L zz i i, G t v , 33 M tch ll , N lli M lb ,

e m an n i i 1 8 2 . a am e . L h , L ll , 7 M d ’ — L E i n e a r ar a de 1 2 . u rs a ma 1 0 1 p , M g it , M k , Il di , 5 57 ,

L e R o ch o i s ar e 16 . , M th ;

e as s eu r . L v , 43 n en n 8 1—88 Nan ti er i er a ame Li d , J y, 47 , , 93, Did , M d ,

1 16 1 2 1 1 1 16 1 10 . , 4, 3 , 43, 7 , m a 2 1 2 0 1 2 . e a a E m 74, 97 N v d , , 9 , 3 ’ L I sle Mé cén e ar é de , M i , - i n i r n e 1 1 1 1 1 1 . o E s 10 4 Nic , , , , 5 l — t 39 i a ari e 2 2 1 2 . 2 60 2 6 1 . L tt , M , 54, 7 , 3 3 —2 i o i o i n o m o E war 2 8 2 8 . n r a Ll yd, d d, 3 N c l i , Nic l G i ldi, - — o n e Klafs k a ar n a 1 18 . L h y, K th i , 7 — — 2 0 0 2 0 1 . eman n er 2 6 2 6 Ni , Alb t, 4 5, — u a au n e 1 16 1 2 2 2 . L cc , P li , 7 , 7 s s o n r s n e 1 0 Nil , Ch i ti , 99 , 4 , — _ u s s an Ze e de 2 8 2 . 1 I O 1 I 68 I L , li , 5 59 44, S , 57 ’ 749 18 1 2 1 1 2 2 6 4 , 9 3, , 53, 3,

a ran ar a Fe en 2 68 0 6 . M lib , M i lici , , 3 6- — o r i a an 2 2 0 —2 0 43. 4 47 . 49 53, 54, 55, N d c , Lilli , 3 , 6 1 8 1 10 1 1 1 , 7 7 , , 7 , 3 , 43, — 2 . o u r ri o 8. 7 3 N t , Ad lf, 57 5 — a en er es e 1 2 0 0 . M lt , Th , 99 ar a er r u e E a e Pah hi er o tti as ar o 2 2 M , G t d liz b th, c , G p , — - - 2 2 8 8 a i a amo s 1 1 . 5 1 3 1 59 P d ll y R , 4

ar es u i i 2 8 . ar e a o s a E u hr o si n e M ch i , L g , , 33 P p R , p , — ar es a am e 2 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 . M ch i , M d , , 3 , 3, 74 , 9 7 , 3 5 - 2 8 . as a i u i a 1 3 P t , G d tt , 39 , 4 44,

ari mo n a am e 2 8 . M , M d , 9 — ar o 1 1 8. a e n a 1 16 1 2 0 1 2 M i , 7 P tti, Ad li , , , 4, ar o a a i er e an i a 1 2 6 1 2 —1 2 1 1 M i , C v l di C d , , 7 4 , 44 , 45, 60 61 62 6 0 —6 10 1 0 1 2 1 16 1 16 , , , 3, 7 7 , 4, 5 , 5 , 57 , , 4 16 1 18 2 0 —2 0 5, 74 . 7 . 4 5, - as n 2 6 1 2 62 . 2 1 2 18 2 2 0 2 0 2 M i i , 3, , , 4 , 43, a ern a m a i e 168—1 2 2 8 2 60 2 6 1 2 6 M t , A l , 7 5, 4 5, 4 , , , 7 ,

180 2 0 0 2 2 2 80 1 . 0 1 0 8 . , , 7 , , 3 5 3 , 3 — aur e o r 2 6 2 68 a ar o a 1 6 1 . M l , Vict , 3, P tti , C l tt , 4 47 — — 2 8 2 0 . er s an Fan n 80 88. 7 9 P i i, y, 79 , Me a a am e 2 2 Pesc hka—en n er a ame lb , M d , 7 , L t , M d , - 2 2 8 2 8 2 . 1 . 43 4 , 5 , 7 5 13 ’ 18 I aea 4 n .

“ " Phi s e a e 1 186 S an tl e E 2 8 llip , A—d l id , 45, y, dith , 5 2 8 . S ar i 2 8. 9 t ,

m n ar a 1 1 1 . S a i S o ﬁa 2 2 2 2 2 icco o i i , i , c ch , , 6, 8 , 1, P l M l — 9 Pi s ar o n i , B en edetta Ro s a 30 0 30 2 .

m un a 1 . S c ari a E m 1 2 80 1 d , 4 , i , , , 4 — l 73 3 an o n P0 1 2 2 6 1 18 1 . Pl g , , , 3 7 3 3 5

1 Pu en e u s e e del 2 6 S o n o n 2 . t , G i pp , 3 ch tt , A t , 79 1 S chr ii der D evri en t M 2 9 . , a — u e 2 8 . am e 8 . P g t , 3 d , 7 7 7

S e u i n E a e 1 1 1 . g , liz b th ,

1 a e 2 60 2 1 . S em r ar e a 1 0 R v lli , , 9 b ich , c l , 4 —M l ee ar ar e 2 . 2 1 . R d, g , 3 3 4 M t — ee es o n Si ms S en es i n o 1 . R v , J h , 9 5 97 , , 4 S o n a en r e a t g, H i tt , 39 , 45 es e E o uar de 2 2 6 R zk , d d , , — — 1 . St au di l o s e 8 3 7 g , J ph , 4 49 ,

' e ean de 8 2 2 6 10 1 . es k , J , , , R z 9 — 2 2 2 2 8 2 2 2 2 St . u er n o n e e 7 7 , 7 7 73 77 7 H b ty , A t i tt

r — 2 8 1 2 8 1 . e i e a e 2 2 . , 9 , 3 5 C c l Cl v l , 4 5

es e o s e i n e de 2 8 1 . S o au s en u u s 1 10 R zk , J ph , t ck—h , J li , o n s o n n as as a 1 1 2 0 . R bi , A t i , 3 3 9 3

1 . S r o n Su s an 2 . 4 t g, , 3 3 o er us a e o e R g , G t v Hypp lit ,

Tacc hi n a di . r , 79 o n o n G eo r 1o 8 10 ama n o Fr an s o 1 1 R c i , g , 9 , 4 T g , ci c , 3 , — 2 80 2 2 . 10 5. 8 - o u er E mma. S ee al é Tamber lik E n r o 10 0 R q , C v , , ic , 9 7 ,

E mma . 2 67 .

o o u us o . am u r n n o n o 60 6 R t li, A g t , 7 5 T b i i, A t i , , 5 - 1 1 8 . o e ar e 6 . R z , M i , 7 5 7 7 i lli o an n a s R u b n e a Ten du c i . , Gi v i i , c ni , 0 — B tt t 3 2 2 2 : o ma er es a . S ee o 3 Th , Th V gl,

u n am a s a er es a. R bi i , Gi b tti t , Th

6 1 1 . Ti ch ats ch ek o e o s 5. 7 3, 3 , J s ph Al i ,

u s s e E a 2 I 10 . R ll , ll , 5 4 Ti eti en s er e , Th s a C aro lin - S a a e 0 . o an n a 10 6 10 0 0 . ll , Mll , 3 9 J h , 9 , 3 - S an ers o n S 2 8 2 1 o i 2 8 . d , ybil, 4 5 , T d ,

2 . o s a ar n e 1 . 54 T ft , K th i , 3 an tl e ar es 1 1 2 2 8 Tr ebelli e " S , Ch l , , 4 in i, adame y — B tt M , 2 8 0 0 1 . 2 8 0 0 . 5, 3 , 3 3 9 3

PA I NDEX. RT I I

A o k er e . Fo s er i r e lc c , M l , 373, 374 t , B k t , 335. 8 Fo s r r Aus r a F o r en e e u e . t l , l c , 3 3, t , M i l , 335

8 Fr i s o a 0 1 . 3 4 ch, P vl , 34 , 34

m on R o se . B a p , , 395 t an e Fr aser 82 8 . G g , , 3 , 3 3

au e i an 6. Bl l , ill , 335, 33 ar en r 6 v t L a . G d , M y , 3 7

o n e i R i ar 66 6 . — B ll , ch d , 3 , 3 7 a Casa a 86 G tti zz , 377 , 3 , r an a o o s emar e 0 B c , i , 4 4, 0 1 0 t R . 39 . 39 . 4 3 0 4 5. au er E va 6 G thi , , 3 4.

E r as an So e 68. l , phi , 3 er ar en a G h dt , El , 353, 354,

ar a . B u , l , 333, 334 tt C 6. 355, 35 an n i n i u s o n a 81 Gi , D li , 3 , An n a 68 81 as e, , 3 , 3 . C 382 . ea am a r i n e Smi Ch h , C he l r 2 t t Gi ibe t ar es 3 8. — , Ch l , le 62 6 . y , 3 3 4 Go r o z a m E d ar g , E ilio v 2 8 em en o u ar . Cl , Ed d , 3 t do . , 339

Co r tét 340 . , r a eur e o u s 0 . G v , L i , 37

r a ar e a 0 . C ft , M c ll , 339 , 34 r een e un e 2 G , Pl k tt , 3 9 ,

r o o s R ar 88 8 . C k , ich d , 3 , 3 9 330 a 6 — u . uli . 353. 354. 35 . r Y C lp u e e e 60 . J G ilb t , v tt , 357 3 357

a en 8 . H yd , Ethyl , 37 , 379 a i es B en 2 . D v , , 3 9 - a es o an 1 . H y , R l d, 34 343

e n r i e en 346. m m H i ch , H l , a es m a 339 . E , E , M a 6 e n r x . H i ich , , 345, 34 Ne s o n 02 Eddy, l , 4 .

Fan n n e i 2 . a e Fr e er 8 0 i g, C c l , 35 , 353 J g l , d ick, 3 9 , 39 . F r r 2 a ar er a n e 3 . e so n e en 0 . , G ldi , 5 ‘ J p , H l , 39 5, 4 5 Fla Ki r n 00 o n so n r 2 8 stad s e wa . g , t , 4 , J h , Ed d , 3

0 1 o melli ean n e 6 . 4 . J , J , 33 , 337 I n dex 2 1 . 4

Ka e er tr u e 00 . R ethber a e 2 pp l , G d , 4 g, Eliz b th, 39 ,

Ko en en . , Tilly , 353, 354 39 3 m o r K n r K n i ki A m 00 u en . o et . e , y , 4 R f d, ly , 334

Ko s e Ni n a . h tz , , 375

Kr e s er Fr i . S uman n a e i l , tz , 347 ch , Eliz b th, 68 3 , 369 . au er Si r ar r S um an n - ei n r n es L d , H y , 357 , ch H k, E 6 - 2 i n 2 88 0 6 . e 8 . 3 3 t , 3 , 3 m n n i e a , a 337 . S em r i ar e a 2 8 L h L z , — b ch, M c ll , 3 , e m an n o e 81. L h , L tt , 379 3 339 8 8 e r i ew s ar . So n a n e a 6 . L i , M y, 3 4, 3 5 t g, H tt , 3 9 Li r hamm r D r o k l e e . e Stuec o d r e a , Th g , G t , 397 , o r e 6 8 8 d , 34 , 347 , 34 . 39 .

i s m an u e . L t , E l , 393, 394

L un ber Go eta 6 . j g, , 39 , 397 o mas o n ar es Th , J h Ch l , o ar 2 8 w . Ll yd , Ed d, 3 — 386 388. u r s mma 1 2 Th by , E , 33 , 33 . ar i n i N n o M t , i , 394, 395. e awr en e 0 Tibb tt , L c , 37 e o r au r 8 M lchi , L itz , 3 5, 373. 386. M i l K r e s e a n 6 . , th y , 37 , 377 V an o o se so n 332 o o r e r a e 0 2 —0 H , Elli ; , M , G c , 4 4 4. 333 V o n War li ch ei n o No r en Ei 8 , R h ld, a e . , d , 39 , 399 0 1 35 , 35 No e o— a i es ar a v ll D v , Cl ,

331. We s A m an s 82 l h , y Ev , 3 . Ols z e k Wer r en r ath ei n a 1 ws a ar i a 00 . , R ld , 35 , , M , 4

On e i n S r i 51 . i 8. g , g d , 377 , 37 3 Wi i ams an s 0 ll , H . Ev , 33 , a o n Fr e 331 P tt , d , 374, 375. Wii lln er u wi 8 i n a i o 8 , L d g, 34 6. P z , Ez , 3 o n s 0 - 2 350 P , Lily, 39 39 .

R e n eas o s e . Yaw en ea 8 g , J ph , 333 , Ell B ch, 33 .