Geologic Map of the Hamilton Buttes Quadrangle, Southern Cascade

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Geologic Map of the Hamilton Buttes Quadrangle, Southern Cascade U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Geologic map of the Hamilton Buttes quadrangle, southern Cascade Range, Washington by Donald A. Swanson1 Open-File Report 96-0016 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 'U.S. Geological Survey, University of Washington, Department of Geological Sciences, Box 351310, Seattle, Washington 98195-1310 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................. 1 FIGURES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................... 2 1. Map showing location of Hamilton Buttes quadrangle ROCK TERMINOLOGY AND CHEMICAL relative to other quadrangles and the Southern CLASSIFICATION .......................... 3 Washington Cascades Conductor .......- 2 GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW OF QUADRANGLE ...... 6 2. Map of Hamilton Buttes quadrangle, showing locali­ TERTIARY ROCKS OLDER THAN INTRUSIVE ties mentioned in text ..................... 3 SUITE OF KIDD CREEK ..................... 8 3. Total alkali-silica classification diagram for rocks in Arkose of Chambers Creek (map unit Tsc) ........ 8 Hamilton Buttes quadrangle ................ 3 Significance of interbedded arkose and volcanic 4. Plot of phenocryst assemblage vs. SiO2 for rocks in sandstone ............................. 9 Hamilton Buttes quadrangle ................ 6 Relation to SWCC ........................ 10 5. Locations of samples collected in Hamilton Buttes Volcaniclastic rocks (map unit Ttv)............. 10 quadrangle.............................. 6 Lava flows (map unit Ta) .................... 11 6. Alkali-lime classification diagram for Tertiary Intrusions ................................. 12 rocks in Hamilton Buttes quadrangle ......... 6 Dikes .................................. 12 7. Alkali-lime classification diagram for Quaternary Sills (map units Taih and Tai) .............. 12 rocks in Hamilton Buttes quadrangle ......... 7 SILLS OF HUGO LAKE ................... 12 8. Plot of FeO*/MgO vs. SiO2 for rocks in Hamilton SPARSELY TO MODERATELY PLAGIOCLASE- Buttes quadrangle ........................ 7 PHYRIC SILLS ....................... 14 9. Plot of total alkalies vs. SiO2 for rocks in Hamilton Other intrusions ......................... 14 Buttes quadrangle ........................ 7 INTRUSIVE SUITE OF KIDD CREEK ........... 15 10. Plot of K2O vs. SiO2 for rocks in Hamilton Buttes STRUCTURE ............................... 15 quadrangle .............................. 7 Folds .................................... 15 11. Distribution of andesite dikes and dacite and rhyo­ Faults and shear zones ....................... 16 lite extrusions and intrusions in quadrangles PLEISTOCENE LAVA FLOWS AND SUB- south.of.CowJitz-River. ................... 13 GLACIAL CONE (TUYA) ................... 17 12. Rose diagrams showing strikes of dikes and beds Dacite of Jordan Creek (map unit Qdj) .......... 17 in Hamilton Buttes quadrangle ............. 14 Andesite, dacite, and rhyolite of Goat Ridge ...... 17 13. Plot of A12O3 vs. SiO2 for sills of Hugo Lake and Andesite of Old Snowy Mountain .............. 19 unit Tai ............................... 15 Basalt and basaltic andesite in southeastern 14. Plots of TiO2, FeO*, and MnO against SiO2 for corner of quadrangle ...................... 20 rocks in Hamilton Buttes quadrangle ........ 16 Basalt ofWalupt Lake volcano (map unit Qbw) . 20 Basalt of Two Lakes (map unit Qbt) .......... 20 Basaltic andesite (map unit Qba) ............ 20 TABLES QUATERNARY SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS ..... 20 1. Chemical analyses of rocks in Hamilton Buttes quad­ Glacial deposits ............................ 20 rangle ................................. 4 Landslide deposits (map unit Qls) .............. 21 2. Heavy minerals in arkose of Chambers Creek ..... 9 DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS ................ 21 REFERENCES CITED ........................ 25 PLATES CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS ............... 28 1. Geologic map of Hamilton Buttes EXPLANATION OF MAP SYMBOLS ........... 29 quadrangle .................... Separate sheet 2. Geologic cross sections of Hamilton Buttes quadrangle.................... Separate sheet Geologic map of the Hamilton Buttes quadrangle, southern Washington Cascade Range by Donald A. Swanson INTRODUCTION Most of the Hamilton Buttes quadrangle drains into the The Hamilton Buttes 7.5-minute quadrangle is centered Cispus River (fig. 2), a trunk stream carrying water from the about 60 km northeast of Mount St. Helens, 25 km north- north side of Mount Adams and the southwest side of the northwest of Mount Adams, and 10 km west of the crest of Goat Rocks Wilderness westward into the Cowlitz River. the Cascade Range in southern Washington (fig. 1). It is the The northern part of the quadrangle drains into the Cowlitz most recent in a series of adjoining quadrangles that I have via northwest-flowing Johnson Creek and its tributaries. studied geologically. Geologic maps and accompanying de­ Roads follow most major drainages in the quadrangle, tailed text have been open-filed for the French Butte, Green­ and logging roads (a few not shown on the quadrangle map) horn Buttes, Tower Rock, McCoy Peak, Blue Lake, and East in various conditions climb some steep slopes. Access is by Canyon Ridge quadrangles (Swanson, 1989, 1991, 1992, foot trail in the northeastern part of the quadrangle (in the 1993, 1994a). In addition, I mapped that part of the Randle Goat Rocks Wilderness), along Elk Ridge, and along the quadrangle south of the Cowlitz River (Moore and others, divide from St. John Lake past Mission Mountain and south 1994). I have also finished mapping those parts of the Purcell beyond Point 5288 (fig. 2). Shorter trails enable easy access Mtn. and Packwood quadrangles south of the Cowlitz River to the south side of Hamilton Buttes, the ridge between Hugo (D.A. Swanson, unpublished mapping, 1994); this mapping Lake and Chambers Lake, and the Cispus River just below will be combined with that by R.B. Moore and N.G. Banks Mile 47. Rugged Stonewall Ridge and upper Mission Creek north of the Cowlitz. In 1995 I completed mapping the Pack- have neither roads nor trails. Some trails are not shown on wood Lake quadrangle. the quadrangle. Also note that the boundary of the Goat The geologic research in these quadrangles forms part of Rocks Wilderness is incorrect on the quadrangle; in particu­ an effort, which began small but over the years has become lar the Wilderness has been extended north and east of a major undertaking, to understand the development of the Chambers Lake. Cascade arc in southern Washington from its inception in the Late Eocene, Oligocene, and early Miocene volcaniclas- late Eocene. A primary goal has been to tie the Tertiary tic and volcanic rocks, mainly of basaltic andesite and ande- stratigraphy of the area near and west of Mount St. Helens site composition (table 1), underlie most of the quadrangle. (Evarts and Ashley, 1984, 1990a, b, 1991, 1992, 1993a, b, Volcaniclastic rocks greatly predominate and compose what c, d; Evarts and others, 1987; Swanson, 1989, 1991, 1992, previous workers in the quadrangle have called the Ohana- 1993,1994a) into the now classic stratigraphic section in the pecosh Formation (Hammond, 1980; Swanson and Clayton, Mount Rainier-White Pass area defined by Fiske and others 1983; Winters, 1984; Stine, 1987; Korosec, 1987). Fluvial (1963; see also Waters, 1961) and modified by Vance and micaceous arkose and mudstone are interbedded and mixed others (1987). This work is establishing an improved re­ with the lower part of the volcaniclastic section (Winters, gional geologic framework for the southern Washington 1984; Swanson, 1994b). Many intrusions, mostly sill-like Cascades and defining a geologic research corridor across and generally basaltic andesite or andesite, cut the layered the west side of the Cascade Range (Swanson and Evarts, rocks. Pleistocene basalt, andesite, and dacite flows underlie 1992; Evarts and Swanson, 1994), from the upper Eocene much of the eastern part of the quadrangle. Most of the lava marine rocks of the Puget Lowland to the Late Jurassic- flows were erupted from vents east of the quadrangle, but Early Cretaceous Rimrock Lake inlier (Miller, 1989; Miller flows of andesite and dacite on Goat Ridge apparently have and others, 1993) along and just east of the crest in the White a local source. A subglacial volcano lies just east of the Pass-upper Tieton River area and eastward to the margin of quadrangle. the Columbia Plateau (Swanson, 1978) (fig. 1). The ongoing Glacial drift covers large areas, but generally bedrock study will provide geologic support for a seismic refraction crops out along creeks, steep slopes, and ridges. The bedrock and reflection study (conducted in late summer 1995) and mapping involved traverses along most drainages, large and other geophysical surveys in a corridor linking coastal Wash­ small; such work finds many exposures, even in densely ington with the Columbia Plateau (Wells and others, 1993). forested terrain. Detailed field work is testing whether a pronounced electri­ Previous small-scale (1:100,000 and smaller) reconnais­ cal conductivity layer in the middle crust, the southern sance geologic mapping has included the Hamilton Buttes Washington Cascades conductor (SWCC) of Stanley and quadrangle, mainly by Hammond (1980), Korosec (1987), others (1987, 1992), has a recognizable influence on the and Smith (1993).
Recommended publications
  • The Azas Plateau in Southern Siberia: a Proposed Terrestrial Analogue Site for Ice-Magma-Flood Processes on Mars
    Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII (2006) 1065.pdf THE AZAS PLATEAU IN SOUTHERN SIBERIA: A PROPOSED TERRESTRIAL ANALOGUE SITE FOR ICE-MAGMA-FLOOD PROCESSES ON MARS. G. Komatsu1, G. G. Ori1, S. G. Arzhannikov2 and A. V. Arzhannikova2, 1International Research School of Planetary Sciences, Università "G. d'Annunzio", Viale Pindaro 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy; 2The Institute of the Earth's Crust Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch Lermontova 128, 664033 Irkutsk Russia. Introduction: Recent Mars missions have opened using the K-Ar dating technique [9, 10]. These two a new level of geological investigation on the red studies have a wide range of discrepancies for the age planet. And more than ever understanding of estimates. But it is reasonable to state that the Azas processes, in particular of ice-magma inactions and lava plateau began to form during the Late Pliocene related flooding, is becoming crucial [e.g., 1, 2]. and its volcanism continued during the Pleistocene. Terrestrial analog studies have been proven to be Past studies of the Azas Plateau have focused useful in providing insights on such processes. In the mostly on geochemistry and chronology of the past, Iceland has been the most studied and volcanics. We are conducing primarily referenced as a terrestrial analog site for ice-magma geomorphological investigation of various landforms in the Azas Plateau in order to understand physical interactions [e.g., 3] but examples of such processes processes responsible for the creation of them. The can be found also in Antarctica [e.g., 4] and in results of the geomorphological investigation will be Canada [e.g., 5].
    [Show full text]
  • Uestion 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6
    1 2 3 4 5 6 Notes Question Question Question Question Question Question We the people own federal land and have right and responsibility to use its resources using good stewardship. Randle to Pinto, Burley, Lone Tree, North Turk, Walupt, Hiking, hunting, firewood, berry [blank] [blank] Stopping logging has deprived us of resources and funding to Ryan Lake, Davis Mtn. picking maintain our forests. Meanwhile, we're expected to pay more taxes for less services. We can and must do better. 2324- off road motorcycle; 28- between 2809 and 292 for 2324- off road motorcycle on Juniper Ridge [blank] [blank] thank you off road motorcycle Area around Trout Lake to Mt Adams & Goose Lake to Willard. 88, 8871, 8854, 8851, 8810, 8860, 23, 2360, 8841, 98% of the above road which I travel 2480, 8831, 60, 6020, 6035, 6030, 6040, 8620, 6621, 66, Yes I use many for hiking and hunting need grading and other maint. Cave 66110, 86, 3200, 1831, 1840, 044, 030, 095, 531, 152, 061, and don't know or could never find no road should be converted to trails. [refer to attached letter] Attached letter Creek road is washed out above 120, 071, 24, 021, 420, 431, 020, 580, 210, 051, 040, 030, numbers. Cave Creek. 090, 141, 020, 080, 130, 011, 110, 060, 040, 070, 031, 507, 86, 0311, 011, 071, 080, 141 to name a few. 26- hunting, mining, 2612. [blank] [blank] [blank] Increase economic opportunities-> timber sales and mining 55, 78, 2304, 7605, 77, 29, 28 [blank] [blank] [blank] [blank] Reopen clags [sp?] no I roads for Gumble Packwood [????] south to Lewis River Southwest to Davis Creek road slided forwards recreation and small fires > products [blank] Pleas consider access for small forest products I5 slope slides from top [????] do [???] close roads with a p??? I'm not sure if "closure" or "decommission" is the correct Tongue Mountain- I believe I take the 2801 road which term here.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe
    1 Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe: Traditional Resource Harvest Sites West of the Crest of the Cascades Mountains in Washington State and below the Cascades of the Columbia River Eugene Hunn Department of Anthropology Box 353100 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-3100 [email protected] for State of Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife WDFW contract # 38030449 preliminary draft October 11, 2003 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Executive Summary 5 Map 1 5f 1. Goals and scope of this report 6 2. Defining the relevant Indian groups 7 2.1. How Sahaptin names for Indian groups are formed 7 2.2. The Yakama Nation 8 Table 1: Yakama signatory tribes and bands 8 Table 2: Yakama headmen and chiefs 8-9 2.3. Who are the ―Klickitat‖? 10 2.4. Who are the ―Cascade Indians‖? 11 2.5. Who are the ―Cowlitz‖/Taitnapam? 11 2.6. The Plateau/Northwest Coast cultural divide: Treaty lines versus cultural 12 divides 2.6.1. The Handbook of North American Indians: Northwest Coast versus 13 Plateau 2.7. Conclusions 14 3. Historical questions 15 3.1. A brief summary of early Euroamerican influences in the region 15 3.2. How did Sahaptin-speakers end up west of the Cascade crest? 17 Map 2 18f 3.3. James Teit‘s hypothesis 18 3.4. Melville Jacobs‘s counter argument 19 4. The Taitnapam 21 4.1. Taitnapam sources 21 4.2. Taitnapam affiliations 22 4.3. Taitnapam territory 23 4.3.1. Jim Yoke and Lewy Costima on Taitnapam territory 24 4.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuyas: a Descriptive Genetic Classification
    Dickinson College Dickinson Scholar Faculty and Staff Publications By Year Faculty and Staff Publications 3-2014 Tuyas: A Descriptive Genetic Classification J.K. Russell Benjamin R. Edwards Dickinson College Lucy Porritt C. Ryane Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.dickinson.edu/faculty_publications Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons, Glaciology Commons, and the Volcanology Commons Recommended Citation Russell, J.K., B.R. Edwards, Lucy Porritt, and C. Ryane. "Tuyas: A Descriptive Genetic Classification." Quaternary Science Reviews 87 (2014): 70-81. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S027737911400002X This article is brought to you for free and open access by Dickinson Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Quaternary Science Reviews 87 (2014) 70e81 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev Tuyas: a descriptive genetic classification J.K. Russell a,*, B.R. Edwards b, Lucy Porritt a,c, C. Ryane a a Volcanology & Petrology Laboratory, Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada b Department of Earth Sciences, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013, USA c School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK article info abstract Article history: We present a descriptive genetic classification scheme and accompanying nomenclature for glacio- Received 23 June 2013 volcanic edifices herein defined as tuyas: positive-relief volcanoes having a morphology resulting from ice Received in revised form confinement during eruption and comprising a set of lithofacies reflecting direct interaction between magma 23 December 2013 and ice/melt water.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 11. Mid-Columbia Recovery Unit Yakima River Basin Critical Habitat Unit
    Bull Trout Final Critical Habitat Justification: Rationale for Why Habitat is Essential, and Documentation of Occupancy Chapter 11. Mid-Columbia Recovery Unit Yakima River Basin Critical Habitat Unit 353 Bull Trout Final Critical Habitat Justification Chapter 11 U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service September 2010 Chapter 11. Yakima River Basin Critical Habitat Unit The Yakima River CHU supports adfluvial, fluvial, and resident life history forms of bull trout. This CHU includes the mainstem Yakima River and tributaries from its confluence with the Columbia River upstream from the mouth of the Columbia River upstream to its headwaters at the crest of the Cascade Range. The Yakima River CHU is located on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Range in south-central Washington and encompasses the entire Yakima River basin located between the Klickitat and Wenatchee Basins. The Yakima River basin is one of the largest basins in the state of Washington; it drains southeast into the Columbia River near the town of Richland, Washington. The basin occupies most of Yakima and Kittitas Counties, about half of Benton County, and a small portion of Klickitat County. This CHU does not contain any subunits because it supports one core area. A total of 1,177.2 km (731.5 mi) of stream habitat and 6,285.2 ha (15,531.0 ac) of lake and reservoir surface area in this CHU are proposed as critical habitat. One of the largest populations of bull trout (South Fork Tieton River population) in central Washington is located above the Tieton Dam and supports the core area.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tuya-Teslin Areal Northern British Columbia
    BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES HON. E. C. CARSON, Minister JOHN F. WALKER, Dopulu Minis/#, BULLETIN No. 19 THE TUYA-TESLIN AREAL NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA by K. DeP. WATSON and W. H.MATHEWS 1944 CONTENTS. P*GS SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER I.-Introduction ....................................................................................................... 6 Location............................................................................................................................. 6 Access................................................................................................................................. 7 Field-work .......................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 7 Previous Work.................................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER11.- I Topography ........................................................................................................................ 9 Kawdy Plateau.......................................................................................................... 9 Trenches ...................................................................................................................... 9 Teslin
    [Show full text]
  • The Wild Cascades
    THE WILD CASCADES Fall, 1984 2 The Wild Cascades PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE ONCE THE LINES ARE DRAWN, THE BATTLE IS NOT OVER The North Cascades Conservation Council has developed a reputation for consistent, hard-hitting, responsible action to protect wildland resources in the Washington Cascades. It is perhaps best known for leading the fight to preserve and protect the North Cascades in the North Cascades National Park, the Pasayten and Glacier Peak Wilderness Areas, and the Ross Lake and Lake Chelan National Recreation Areas. Despite the recent passage of the Washington Wilderness Act, many areas which deserve and require wilderness designation remain unprotected. One of the goals of the N3C must be to assure protection for these areas. In this issue of the Wild Cascades we have analyzed the Washington Wilderness Act to see what we won and what still hangs in the balance (page ). The N3C will continue to fight to establish new wilderness areas, but there is also a new challenge. Our expertise is increasingly being sought by government agencies to assist in developing appropriate management plans and to support them against attempts to undermine such plans. The invitation to participate more fully in management activities will require considerable effort, but it represents a challenge and an opportunity that cannot be ignored. If we are to meet this challenge we will need members who are either knowledgable or willing to learn about an issue and to guide the Board in its actions. The Spring issue of the Wild Cascades carried a center section with two requests: 1) volunteers to assist and guide the organization on various issues; and 2) payment of dues.
    [Show full text]
  • A Learning Guide on the Geology of the Cispus Environmental Center Area, Lewis County, Washington
    A Learning Guide on the GEOLOGY OF THE CISPUS ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER AREA LEWIS COUNTY, WASHINGTON By J. ERIC SCHUSTER, GeoJo i t DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY Prepar d in coop ration with the Superintendent o Public Instruction 1973 CONTENTS Page Introd uctio n ................................................................... 1 Geo logic hi story ....................................•.......................... Genera I • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • • • 1 Tower Rock . • . 4 Rock descriptions . • . • . • . • . • . • . • 5 0 hanapecosh Formation •... ... ................•...•...••.•.•....••••••• , 5 Fifes Peak Formation . • . 7 Tatoosh? pluton........................................................ 7 Quaternary rocks • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • • • • • 8 Suggested exercises • . • . • . • . • • • • 10 Explanation of terms •...............................•...•....•...•........•••••• 13 Appendix A-Occurrences of metallic minera ls •................••..........••••••. 19 Appendix B-Occurrences of nonmetallic minerals •.................•......•••••••• 39 I LLUST RA Tl O NS Page Figure 1.-The formation of an angular unconformity 2 2.-Tower Rock as seen from the oppo site side of the Cispus River valley. View is toward the southeast ••......•.........•..• ;............ 4 3.-Line drawing showing alignment of mineral grains due to flow in mo I ten rock • . • • • .. • • • 6 4.-Line drawing of quartz and heulandite filling vesicles in flow rock. • • • • • • • • 6 5.- Geologic map and cross
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLOGIC MAP of the MOUNT ADAMS VOLCANIC FIELD, CASCADE RANGE of SOUTHERN WASHINGTON by Wes Hildreth and Judy Fierstein
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TO ACCOMPANY MAP 1-2460 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE MOUNT ADAMS VOLCANIC FIELD, CASCADE RANGE OF SOUTHERN WASHINGTON By Wes Hildreth and Judy Fierstein When I climbed Mount Adams {17-18 August 1945] about 1950 m (6400') most of the landscape is mantled I think I found the answer to the question of why men by dense forests and huckleberry thickets. Ten radial stake everything to reach these peaks, yet obtain no glaciers and the summit icecap today cover only about visible reward for their exhaustion... Man's greatest 2.5 percent (16 km2) of the cone, but in latest Pleis­ experience-the one that brings supreme exultation­ tocene time (25-11 ka) as much as 80 percent of Mount is spiritual, not physical. It is the catching of some Adams was under ice. The volcano is drained radially vision of the universe and translating it into a poem by numerous tributaries of the Klickitat, White Salmon, or work of art ... Lewis, and Cis pus Rivers (figs. 1, 2), all of which ulti­ William 0. Douglas mately flow into the Columbia. Most of Mount Adams and a vast area west of it are Of Men and Mountains administered by the U.S. Forest Service, which has long had the dual charge of protecting the Wilderness Area and of providing a network of logging roads almost INTRODUCTION everywhere else. The northeast quadrant of the moun­ One of the dominating peaks of the Pacific North­ tain, however, lies within a part of the Yakima Indian west, Mount Adams, stands astride the Cascade crest, Reservation that is open solely to enrolled members of towering 3 km above the surrounding valleys.
    [Show full text]
  • Lewis River ~ Including Clear, Quartz, Siouxon, Pine, Rush, Smith Creeks & the Muddy River
    Photo by Susan Saul Wild and Scenic Rivers Support Local Communities The legendary volcanoes in southwestern Washington and the spectacular rivers that originate on their slopes are valuable to the health, economy, and cultural identity of local communities. Rivers like the Green, Cispus, and Lewis provide drinking water to thousands of local residents, world-class recreation, and a high quality of life for local residents. Designating the rivers and key tributaries in Volcano Country under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act will increase long- term potential for recreation and tourism in the area, ensure cool clean water for fish and people, and protect these natural treasures for future generations. Just a few of the benefits of Wild and Scenic designation include: RECREATION, TOURISM, AND THE ECONOMY: According to the Outdoor Industry Association, outdoor recreation brings in more than $11.7 billion annually to our state, supports an estimated 115,000 jobs, and generates $650 million in annual sales tax revenue. Travel and tourism provide nearly 8000 jobs – or 14 percent of jobs across all economic sectors – in Lewis, Cowlitz, and Skamania counties. In addition to putting a river “on the map” for visitors and outdoor enthusiasts, a Wild and Scenic River designation can lead to access improvements and foster growth in river-based outdoor recreation and tourism. For example, a recent study of the Wild and Scenic section of the Rogue River found that commercial rafting, fishing, and other recreation contributed $30 million a year to the State of Oregon’s economy. The White Salmon and the Klickitat River are two positive examples of Wild and Scenic Rivers in Washington that benefit local recreation economies.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Volcanoes, Based on Recent Seismic Activity; There Are Over 200 Geological Young Volcanic Centres
    Volcanoes of Canada 1 V4 C.J. Hickson and M. Ulmi, Jan. 3, 2006 • Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics Where do volcanoes occur? Driving forces • Volcano chemistry and eruption types • Volcanic Hazards Pyroclastic flows and surges Lava flows Ash fall (tephra) Lahars/Debris Flows Debris Avalanches Volcanic Gases • Anatomy of an Eruption – Mt. St. Helens • Volcanoes of Canada Stikine volcanic belt Presentation Outline Anahim volcanic belt Wells Gray – Clearwater volcanic field 2 Garibaldi volcanic belt • USA volcanoes – Cascade Magmatic Arc V4 Volcanoes in Our Backyard Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics In Canada, British Columbia and Yukon are the host to a vast wealth of volcanic 3 landforms. V4 How many active volcanoes are there on Earth? • Erupting now about 20 • Each year 50-70 • Each decade about 160 • Historical eruptions about 550 Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics • Holocene eruptions (last 10,000 years) about 1500 Although none of Canada’s volcanoes are erupting now, they have been active as recently as a couple of 4 hundred years ago. V4 The Earth’s Beginning Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 5 V4 The Earth’s Beginning These global forces have created, mountain Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics ranges, continents and oceans. 6 V4 continental crust ic ocean crust mantle Where do volcanoes occur? Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 7 V4 Driving Forces: Moving Plates Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 8 V4 Driving Forces: Subduction Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 9 V4 Driving Forces: Hot Spots Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 10 V4 Driving Forces: Rifting Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics Ocean plates moving apart create new crust.
    [Show full text]
  • Gifford Pinchot
    THE FORGOTTEN FOREST: EXPLORING THE GIFFORD PINCHOT A Publication of the Washington Trails Association1 7A 9 4 8 3 1 10 7C 2 6 5 7B Cover Photo by Ira Spring 2 Table of Contents About Washington Trails Association Page 4 A Million Acres of outdoor Recreation Page 5 Before You Hit the Trail Page 6 Leave No Trace 101 Page 7 The Outings (see map on facing page) 1. Climbing Mount Adams Pages 8-9 2. Cross Country Skiing: Oldman Pass Pages 10-11 3. Horseback Riding: Quartz Creek Pages 12-13 4. Hiking: Juniper Ridge Pages 14-15 5. Backpacking the Pacific Crest Trail: Indian Heaven Wilderness Pages 16-17 6. Mountain Biking: Siouxon Trail Pages 18-19 7. Wildlife Observation: Pages 20-21 A. Goat Rocks Wilderness B. Trapper Creek Wilderness C. Lone Butte Wildlife Emphasis Area 8. Camping at Takhlakh Lake Pages 22-23 9. Fly Fishing the Cowlitz River Pages 24-25 10. Berry Picking in the Sawtooth Berry Fields Pages 26-27 Acknowledgements Page 28 How to Join WTA Page 29-30 Volunteer Trail Maintenance Page 31 Important Contacts Page 32 3 About Washington Trails Association Washington Trails Association (WTA) is the voice for hikers in Washington state. We advocate protection of hiking trails, take volunteers out to maintain them, and promote hiking as a healthy, fun way to explore Washington. Ira Spring and Louise Marshall co-founded WTA in 1966 as a response to the lack of a political voice for Washington’s hiking community. WTA is now the largest state-based hiker advocacy organization in the country, with over 5,500 members and more than 1,800 volunteers.
    [Show full text]