A Learning Guide on the Geology of the Cispus Environmental Center Area, Lewis County, Washington
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Significance of Mineralogy in the Development of Flowsheets for Processing Uranium Ores
JfipwK LEACHING TIME REAGENTS TEMPERATURE FLOCCULANT CLARITY AREA COUNTER CURRENT DECANTATION It 21 21 J^^LJt TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No.19 6 Significance of Mineralogy in the Development of Flowsheets for Processing Uranium Ores \W# INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1980 SIGNIFICANCE OF MINERALOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWSHEETS FOR PROCESSING URANIUM ORES The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES ALBANIA HUNGARY POLAND ALGERIA ICELAND PORTUGAL ARGENTINA INDIA QATAR AUSTRALIA INDONESIA ROMANIA AUSTRIA IRAN SAUDI ARABIA BANGLADESH IRAQ SENEGAL BELGIUM IRELAND SIERRA LEONE BOLIVIA ISRAEL SINGAPORE BRAZIL ITALY SOUTH AFRICA BULGARIA IVORY COAST SPAIN BURMA JAMAICA SRI LANKA BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET JAPAN SUDAN SOCIALIST REPUBLIC JORDAN SWEDEN CANADA KENYA SWITZERLAND CHILE KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA KUWAIT THAILAND COSTA RICA LEBANON TUNISIA CUBA LIBERIA TURKEY CYPRUS LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA UGANDA CZECHOSLOVAKIA LIECHTENSTEIN UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA LUXEMBOURG REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S MADAGASCAR UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF KOREA MALAYSIA REPUBLICS DENMARK MALI UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT ECUADOR MEXICO BRITAIN AND NORTHERN EGYPT MONACO IRELAND EL SALVADOR MONGOLIA UNITED REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MOROCCO CAMEROON FINLAND NETHERLANDS UNITED REPUBLIC OF FRANCE NEW ZEALAND TANZANIA GABON NICARAGUA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC NIGER URUGUAY GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA VENEZUELA GHANA NORWAY VIET NAM GREECE PAKISTAN YUGOSLAVIA GUATEMALA PANAMA ZAIRE HAITI PARAGUAY ZAMBIA PERU The Agency's Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. -
Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe
1 Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe: Traditional Resource Harvest Sites West of the Crest of the Cascades Mountains in Washington State and below the Cascades of the Columbia River Eugene Hunn Department of Anthropology Box 353100 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-3100 [email protected] for State of Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife WDFW contract # 38030449 preliminary draft October 11, 2003 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Executive Summary 5 Map 1 5f 1. Goals and scope of this report 6 2. Defining the relevant Indian groups 7 2.1. How Sahaptin names for Indian groups are formed 7 2.2. The Yakama Nation 8 Table 1: Yakama signatory tribes and bands 8 Table 2: Yakama headmen and chiefs 8-9 2.3. Who are the ―Klickitat‖? 10 2.4. Who are the ―Cascade Indians‖? 11 2.5. Who are the ―Cowlitz‖/Taitnapam? 11 2.6. The Plateau/Northwest Coast cultural divide: Treaty lines versus cultural 12 divides 2.6.1. The Handbook of North American Indians: Northwest Coast versus 13 Plateau 2.7. Conclusions 14 3. Historical questions 15 3.1. A brief summary of early Euroamerican influences in the region 15 3.2. How did Sahaptin-speakers end up west of the Cascade crest? 17 Map 2 18f 3.3. James Teit‘s hypothesis 18 3.4. Melville Jacobs‘s counter argument 19 4. The Taitnapam 21 4.1. Taitnapam sources 21 4.2. Taitnapam affiliations 22 4.3. Taitnapam territory 23 4.3.1. Jim Yoke and Lewy Costima on Taitnapam territory 24 4.4. -
Iidentilica2tion and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals from the Colorado Plateaus
IIdentilica2tion and occurrence of uranium and Vanadium Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals From the Colorado Plateaus c By A. D. WEEKS and M. E. THOMPSON A CONTRIBUTION TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM GEOLOGICAL S U R V E Y BULL E TIN 1009-B For jeld geologists and others having few laboratory facilities.- This report concerns work done on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE- INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan. Director Reprint, 1957 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Ofice Washington 25, D. C. - Price 25 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 , 40 41 42 42 1v CONTENTS Page 46 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 58 58 59 62 TABLES TABLE1. Optical properties of uranium minerals ______________________ 44 2. List of mine and mining district names showing county and State________________________________________---------- 60 IDENTIFICATION AND OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM AND VANADIUM MINERALS FROM THE COLORADO PLATEAUS By A. D. WEEKSand M. E. THOMPSON ABSTRACT This report, designed to make available to field geologists and others informa- tion obtained in recent investigations by the Geological Survey on identification and occurrence of uranium minerals of the Colorado Plateaus, contains descrip- tions of the physical properties, X-ray data, and in some instances results of chem- ical and spectrographic analysis of 48 uranium arid vanadium minerals. -
GEOLOGIC MAP of the MOUNT ADAMS VOLCANIC FIELD, CASCADE RANGE of SOUTHERN WASHINGTON by Wes Hildreth and Judy Fierstein
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TO ACCOMPANY MAP 1-2460 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE MOUNT ADAMS VOLCANIC FIELD, CASCADE RANGE OF SOUTHERN WASHINGTON By Wes Hildreth and Judy Fierstein When I climbed Mount Adams {17-18 August 1945] about 1950 m (6400') most of the landscape is mantled I think I found the answer to the question of why men by dense forests and huckleberry thickets. Ten radial stake everything to reach these peaks, yet obtain no glaciers and the summit icecap today cover only about visible reward for their exhaustion... Man's greatest 2.5 percent (16 km2) of the cone, but in latest Pleis experience-the one that brings supreme exultation tocene time (25-11 ka) as much as 80 percent of Mount is spiritual, not physical. It is the catching of some Adams was under ice. The volcano is drained radially vision of the universe and translating it into a poem by numerous tributaries of the Klickitat, White Salmon, or work of art ... Lewis, and Cis pus Rivers (figs. 1, 2), all of which ulti William 0. Douglas mately flow into the Columbia. Most of Mount Adams and a vast area west of it are Of Men and Mountains administered by the U.S. Forest Service, which has long had the dual charge of protecting the Wilderness Area and of providing a network of logging roads almost INTRODUCTION everywhere else. The northeast quadrant of the moun One of the dominating peaks of the Pacific North tain, however, lies within a part of the Yakima Indian west, Mount Adams, stands astride the Cascade crest, Reservation that is open solely to enrolled members of towering 3 km above the surrounding valleys. -
Lewis River ~ Including Clear, Quartz, Siouxon, Pine, Rush, Smith Creeks & the Muddy River
Photo by Susan Saul Wild and Scenic Rivers Support Local Communities The legendary volcanoes in southwestern Washington and the spectacular rivers that originate on their slopes are valuable to the health, economy, and cultural identity of local communities. Rivers like the Green, Cispus, and Lewis provide drinking water to thousands of local residents, world-class recreation, and a high quality of life for local residents. Designating the rivers and key tributaries in Volcano Country under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act will increase long- term potential for recreation and tourism in the area, ensure cool clean water for fish and people, and protect these natural treasures for future generations. Just a few of the benefits of Wild and Scenic designation include: RECREATION, TOURISM, AND THE ECONOMY: According to the Outdoor Industry Association, outdoor recreation brings in more than $11.7 billion annually to our state, supports an estimated 115,000 jobs, and generates $650 million in annual sales tax revenue. Travel and tourism provide nearly 8000 jobs – or 14 percent of jobs across all economic sectors – in Lewis, Cowlitz, and Skamania counties. In addition to putting a river “on the map” for visitors and outdoor enthusiasts, a Wild and Scenic River designation can lead to access improvements and foster growth in river-based outdoor recreation and tourism. For example, a recent study of the Wild and Scenic section of the Rogue River found that commercial rafting, fishing, and other recreation contributed $30 million a year to the State of Oregon’s economy. The White Salmon and the Klickitat River are two positive examples of Wild and Scenic Rivers in Washington that benefit local recreation economies. -
Gifford Pinchot
THE FORGOTTEN FOREST: EXPLORING THE GIFFORD PINCHOT A Publication of the Washington Trails Association1 7A 9 4 8 3 1 10 7C 2 6 5 7B Cover Photo by Ira Spring 2 Table of Contents About Washington Trails Association Page 4 A Million Acres of outdoor Recreation Page 5 Before You Hit the Trail Page 6 Leave No Trace 101 Page 7 The Outings (see map on facing page) 1. Climbing Mount Adams Pages 8-9 2. Cross Country Skiing: Oldman Pass Pages 10-11 3. Horseback Riding: Quartz Creek Pages 12-13 4. Hiking: Juniper Ridge Pages 14-15 5. Backpacking the Pacific Crest Trail: Indian Heaven Wilderness Pages 16-17 6. Mountain Biking: Siouxon Trail Pages 18-19 7. Wildlife Observation: Pages 20-21 A. Goat Rocks Wilderness B. Trapper Creek Wilderness C. Lone Butte Wildlife Emphasis Area 8. Camping at Takhlakh Lake Pages 22-23 9. Fly Fishing the Cowlitz River Pages 24-25 10. Berry Picking in the Sawtooth Berry Fields Pages 26-27 Acknowledgements Page 28 How to Join WTA Page 29-30 Volunteer Trail Maintenance Page 31 Important Contacts Page 32 3 About Washington Trails Association Washington Trails Association (WTA) is the voice for hikers in Washington state. We advocate protection of hiking trails, take volunteers out to maintain them, and promote hiking as a healthy, fun way to explore Washington. Ira Spring and Louise Marshall co-founded WTA in 1966 as a response to the lack of a political voice for Washington’s hiking community. WTA is now the largest state-based hiker advocacy organization in the country, with over 5,500 members and more than 1,800 volunteers. -
Al~Hy and Dehydration of Torbernite
326 The crystallog?.al~hy and dehydration of Torbernite. By A. F. HA~,~.IMOND, ~I.A., F.G.S. Assistant Curator, Museum of Practical Geology, London. [Read November 9, 1915.] I. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. EASUREMENTS for torbernite have been given by numerous M observers; the results are, however, of rather early date, and althoug h the values for the ratio a:c are generally in fair agreement with the results here stated, the degree of accuracy of these measure- ments is not always indicated. Moreover, sevelml minor difficulties arise, add it has been suggested that some of the early descriptions refer to the allied species, zeunerite ; both species are optically uniaxial and possess almost the same axial ratios; they can, however, be dis- tinguished by means of their refractive indices. The ordinary index of all the specimens here described has been determined by the Becke method ; that for torbernite is 1.591, for the zeunerite from Schneeberg, approximately 1.62. A few torbernites possess a slightly higher index which may be due to the presence of zeunerite in isomorphous mixture, as is suggested by the presence of arsenic in some analyses. It has been possible to examine much of the original material described by L~vy in his catalogue of the Heuland-Turner Collection (3). ]3cfore the early measurements are discussed, an account will be given of measurements made on three well-crystallized specimens of torbernite, with the object of detelunining more closely the crystalline form of this mineral. The Axial Ratio of Torbernite. 3Tecimen No. 11 (fig. 1).--The locality of this specimen is not recorded. -
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Uranyl Arsenates of the Autunite and Metaautunite Group
Near-Infrared spectroscopy of uranyl arsenates of the autunite and metaautunite group Ray L. Frost•, Onuma Carmody, Kristy L. Erickson and Matt L. Weier Inorganic Materials Research Program, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Queensland 4001, Australia. Frost, Ray and Carmody, Onuma and Erickson, Kristy and Weier, Matt (2005) Near- Infrared spectroscopy of uranyl arsenates of the autunite and metaautunite group. Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 61(8):1923. Copyright 2005 Elsevier Note: This is the authors’ version of the work. Abstract A suite of uranyl arsenates have been analysed by Near-infrared spectroscopy. The NIR spectra of zeunerite and metazeunerite in the first HOH fundamental overtone are different and the spectra of uranyl arsenates of different origins in the 6000 to 7500 cm-1 region are different. NIR spectroscopy provides a method of determination of the hydration of uranyl arsenates and has implications for the structure of water in the interlayer. Such a conclusion is also supported by the water OH stretching region where considerable differences are observed. NIR is an excellent technique for the study of the autunite minerals and may be used to distinguish between different autunite phases such as the partially dehydrated autunites for example zeunerite and metazeunerite. Keywords: abernathyite, autunite, heinrichite, novacekite, zeunerite, metazeunerite, near-IR spectroscopy Introduction The study of uranium minerals is important for the remediation of soils, the solution of environmental problems caused by radioactive materials and the uptake of radionuclides from aqueous systems. Among the many uranium minerals are a group of minerals which are very common worldwide known as the autunite group of minerals. -
The Occurrence of Zeunerite at Brooks Mountain Seward Peninsula Alaska
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 214 THE OCCURRENCE OF ZEUNERITE AT BROOKS MOUNTAIN SEWARD PENINSULA ALASKA By WalterS. West and Max G. White UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OFT Oscar L. Chapman, Secret GEOLOGICAL SURV W. E. Wrathe;r, Direct r THE OCCURRENCE OF ZEUNERITE ~ BROOKS MOUNTAIN SEWARD PENINSULA, SKA By Walter S. West and Max G. This report concerns work done o behalf of the U. S. Atomic Ener CoDllllis$ion and is .published with the permission of the Commission. Washington, D. C.,l952 Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. THE OCCURRENCE OF ZEUNERITE AT BROOKS MOUNTAIN SEWARD PENINSULA, ALASKA CONTENTS Page Page Abstract.................................... 1 Mineral Deposits and Introduction .. ; . 1 radioactivity studies.. 3 Geology . 2 E'oggy Day prospect. 3 Description of rock types . 2 Tourmaline No. 2 claim. 6 Slate . 2 Minor occurrences Limestone . 2 of zeunerite. 6 Granite . 2 Radioactivity of the granite. 7 Dikes............................. 3 Conclusions. 7 Structure . .. 3 Recommendation for Hydrothermal alteration of sedimen- prospecting. 7 tary rocks and granite ............ , . 3 R.eferences cited . • . 7 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate 1. Geologic map of the Brooks Mountain area, Teller quadrangle, Seward Peninsula, Alaska .. .. .. • . • . • Inside back cover Figure 1. Index map of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, showing the location of the Brooks Mountain area . • . • . 2 TABLE Pa"ge Table 1. Analyses of selected samples from the Brooks Mountain area, Seward Peninsula. • . 4 ABSTRACT mineral zone may occur below the zone of oxidation at the Foggy Day prospect. Zeunerite occurs near the surface of a granite stock on the southwest flank of Brooks Mountain, INTRODUCTION Alaska. The largest deposit is at the Foggy Day prospect. -
Zeunerite Cu(UO2)2(Aso4)2·12H2O
Zeunerite Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2·12H2O Crystal Data: Tetragonal. Point Group: 4/m 2/m 2/m. Crystals, to 4 cm, flat tabular on {001}, commonly in subparallel growths. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {001}, perfect; on {100}, distinct. Hardness = 2.5 D(meas.) = 3.47 D(calc.) = 3.391 for 16H2O. Radioactive; commonly dehydrates to metazeunerite. Optical Properties: Transparent, becoming translucent on dehydration. Color: Green to emerald-green. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Uniaxial (–). ω = 1.610-1.613 ε = 1.582-1.585 Pleochroism: O = blue-green; E = pale blue-green. Cell Data: Space Group: P4/nnc. a = 7.1797(3) c = 20.857(1) Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2∙16H2O. 10.65 (10), 3.59 (9), 5.04 (8), 3.39 (7), 1.926 (6), 6.86 (5), 2.08 (5) Chemistry: (1) Identification rests on comparison of the X-ray powder pattern and optical data with those of synthetic Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2∙16H2O. Mineral Group: Autunite group. Occurrence: An uncommon secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of arsenic-bearing hydrothermal uranium deposits. Association: Olivenite, mansfieldite, scorodite, azurite, malachite. Distribution: Material which is fully hydrated at the time of study is relatively rare, although most meta-zeunerite is a dehydration product of pre-existing zeunerite. In Germany, from the Walpurgis vein, Weisser Hirsch mine, Neustädtel-Schneeberg, Saxony; at Sailauf, northeast of Aschaffenburg, Bavaria; in the Anton mine, Heubachtal, near Schiltach, from Menzenschwand, and elsewhere in the Black Forest. In England, at a number of places in Cornwall, as at Wheals Gorland and Maid, Gwennap; in the South Terras mine, St. -
White Pass Scenic Byway Road Trip Map
To Buckley To Enumclaw To Puyallup To Tacoma Mt. Rainier NP Carbon River Entrance North Crystal k Scenic Bywa 161 Mountain hinoo y Al Sunrise C (closed in l-A Mowich Lake wi m Mt. Rainier NP nte e r) ri White River ca Entrance n MOUNT RAINIER R S o Eatonville NATIONAL PARK Chinook Pass a 7 e Tr d 410 id ip ) S r Cayuse Pass S e t n i Mount Rainier w Bumping Lake Loop8 A n i d Paradise e 123 s o l c P y ( Elbe Ashford Mt. Rainier NP a Nisqually Mt. Rainier NP WENATCHEE E 706 Entrance T Stevens Canyon e r Entrance Alder Lake id ip NATIONAL FOREST T w S Oak Creek I Mineral Lake H y Wildlife Area W Mineral 3 Naches S Loop Mt. Rainier NP B k a Ohanapecosh c te i C Campground r n ( ee e clo k c se R S d i o n a To Olympia, Tacoma and Seattle T w d de ri in i p te S r) Rimrock Lake Rimrock Centralia Retreat Chehalis 7 2 To Yakima Loop e Tr id ip Packwood White Pass Clear Lake S Ike Kinswa Bevin Lake 7 State Park Loop Matilda Jackson Morton Rest Area Packwood Lake Exit 68 State Park Mayfield Randle To the Salkum Lake To Seattle Pacific Coast Ethel 12 21 164 169 Mossyrock Dam 131 161 REGION Tacoma Enumclaw C Lewis and Clark Cowlitz T h de ri i n Mayfield Glenoma Falls i p Puyallup o o 5 State Park Mossyrock S Greenwater k 97 Ellensburg To Lake Park Park MAP S c e Cowlitz Falls n i Mayfield Dam Mossyrock Taidnapam 7 c B 23 5 Olympia y w a Park Park Campground Loop The White y Riffe Lake Pass Scenic 161 410 Cowlitz Falls Dam Eatonville MOUNT RAINIER 25 Byway connects 5 NATIONAL PARK Toledo e Tr Elbe Ashford 123 id ip 76 Eastern and S e Tr Skate Naches d i Western Centralia Cr i p eek S Walupt Lake Ro 12 Washington, Chehalis ad T Packwood Prosser To 1 de ri Morton Randle Loop i p and is midwayYAKAMA B y w a y Yakima S GIFFORD PINCHOT 6 12 n i c 505 23 c e Loop between Puget Toledo Mossyrock 25 S NATIONAL FOREST INDIAN Coast Pacific and Olympic the Peninsula To W s s 4 Sound and the 505 h i t e P a 76 Loop (Most roads in this area are 23 MOUNT ST. -
Elk Pass Obsidian and Pre-Contact Band Territory in the Southern Washington Cascades
CHAPTER 7 Elk Pass Obsidian and Pre-contact Band Territory in the Southern Washington Cascades Rick McClure U.S. Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot National Forest ([email protected]) At the landscape level, the embedded procurement strategies of hunter-gatherer-foragers may produce archaeological distributions of toolstone material COPPER RIDGE that reflect the home ranges or territories of a specific group or band. Over the past decade, a AGNES CREEK number of studies have addressed this subject, CHELAN BUTTE among them the work of Jones and Beck (2003), STRAY GULCH looking at obsidian as an indicator of foraging PARKE CREEK territory in the Great Basin. Another study, by CLEMAN MNT Brantingham (2003), proposed that the maximum ELK PASS NASTY CREEK transport distances of given raw material types are INDIAN ROCK SATUS CREEK equivocally related to the geographic range of a HOSKO BICKLETON RIDGE forager group. The utilization range of obsidian from the Elk Pass geochemical source in Figure 7-1. Washington obsidian sources. Washington State provides a case study and Adapted from “Washington Obsidian Sources” application of these principles from the by Northwest Research Obsidian Studies southwestern section of the Plateau region of the Laboratory (2009). Base orthophoto courtesy U.S. Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey. Located in the southern Washington Cascade Mountain Range, 125 km southeast of Seattle, the 1999). In contrast, the archaeological distribution Elk Pass source location is one of only 12 of obsidian from the Elk Pass source is limited to a documented geological sources of obsidian distance of only 52 km from the geological source.