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Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia Di Viterbo UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DELLA TUSCIA DI VITERBO DIPARTIMENTO DI STORIA E CULTURA DEL TESTO E DEL DOCUMENTO Corso di Dottorato di Ricerca Storia d’Europa: società, politica, istituzioni (XIX e XX sec.) XXIV ciclo L’Associazionismo internazionale delle donne tra diritti, democrazia, politiche di pace 1888-1939 M-STO/04 Dottoranda: Elda Guerra Tutor: Prof. Leonardo Rapone Coordinatrice: Prof.ssa Gabriella Ciampi 1 Indice Introduzione 3 I.L’Associazionismo internazionale delle donne nel passaggio di secolo 12 1. La tessitura della rete 12 2. Tra vecchio e nuovo mondo 16 3. Alla vigilia del nuovo secolo: Londra 1899 22 4. Pace e arbitrato internazionale 27 5. Un problema aperto: il voto politico 33 6. La nascita dell’International Woman Suffrage Alliance 36 7. Di fronte alla guerra: posizioni differenti 46 8. Alle origini del femminismo pacifista: percorsi teorici e azione politica 55 II.Un nuovo scenario per un’agenda politica transnazionale 64 1. Il contesto post-bellico: il voto e non solo 64 2. Ritessere la rete: un nuovo internazionalismo 68 3. Due percorsi 75 4. Da Zurigo a Vienna: l’internazionalismo femminile pacifista 83 5. Alla ricerca di politiche per gli anni Venti tra innovazione e continuità 94 6. Il dialogo con la Società delle Nazioni: convergenze e limiti 105 III.Un movimento per la pace 114 1. Un problema di analisi storica e lessico storiografico 114 2. L’avvio di un processo: la conferenza su “The Prevention of the Causes of War” 116 3. Differenze e convergenze nel discorso sulla pace 132 4. Un complesso percorso di cambiamento 139 5. «What is the Alliance?» 145 6. Gli antecedenti di una grande campagna 153 7. Sulla scena mondiale: «an impressive manifestation» 162 8. Verso il fallimento della Conferenza per la limitazione e la riduzione 170 degli armamenti IV.Gli anni Trenta e la crisi europea: tensioni e dilemmi nell’associazionismo internazionale delle donne 175 1. Un turning point: l’ affermazione del Nazismo e la questione dello schieramento 175 2. Contro la guerra, contro il fascismo 184 3. La vicenda del movimento politico delle donne in Italia: uno sguardo retrospettivo 192 2 4. Di fronte alla guerra 201 5. Di fronte al fascismo 206 6. Suffragismo, fascismo e immagine internazionale dell’Italia : una vicenda esemplare 7. Istanbul: tra sguardo mondiale e crisi europea 226 8. Come perseguire la pace? Come difendere la democrazia 232 Fonti 247 Bibliografia 252 3 Introduzione Oggetto della tesi sono le vicende dell’associazionismo internazionale delle donne dalla sua nascita - negli anni Ottanta dell’Ottocento- fino alla vigilia del Secondo conflitto mondiale. In particolare, il lavoro riguarda l’associazionismo politico autonomo, vale dire le associazioni nate, per iniziativa di singole e gruppi, programmaticamente al di fuori dei partiti o delle organizzazioni miste, con la finalità principale di ridefinire la gerarchia delle relazioni tra i sessi e rendere visibili, sulla scena pubblica, esperienza e soggettività femminili. All’origine della ricerca vi è stata l’ipotesi, maturata nel corso di lavori precedenti sui femminismi degli anni Settanta e Ottanta del Novecento, che la dimensione internazionale, più precisamente europea e transatlantica, fosse uno dei caratteri principali dei movimenti politici delle donne per l’intera età contemporanea: un carattere cruciale rimasto in ombra nella prima, importantissima, fase degli studi, in cui erano stati privilegiati contesti nazionali o aree specifiche, come quella anglosassone. Certamente la fondamentale antologia documentaria curata da Karen Offen e Susan Bell, pubblicata nel 1983, forniva un panorama ricchissimo del dibattito sulla “questione femminile” nei differenti paesi e testimonianze preziose sullo stesso associazionismo internazionale1. Mancava, tuttavia, un frame interpretativo che mettesse in rilievo le reti, gli scambi, le interlocuzioni con altri movimenti internazionali o soggetti sovranazionali. Soltanto molti anni dopo, Karen Offen avrebbe pienamente sviluppato tale prospettiva nel fondamentale volume European Feminisms, dedicato alle esplorazione delle sfide «to male egemony»2 nell’intera Europa continentale, attraverso due secoli e mezzo di storia. Anche in Italia, a metà degli anni Ottanta, Franca Pieroni Bortolotti nel suo ultimo libro, La donna, la pace, l’Europa, richiamava l’attenzione sull’importanza di un orizzonte internazionale e sulla rilevanza del tema della pace nel femminismo ottocentesco. Così la storica fiorentina sintetizzava le sue ricerche, aprendo un percorso originale e fecondo: [...] quel primo movimento femminista popolare, naturalmente nei limiti della partecipazione alla vita politica dell’epoca, era soltanto una parte di un più ampio e complesso movimento, i cui fini peculiari erano la difesa della pace e l’unità politica dell’Europa [...]. Tre motivi, in conclusione, risultavano […] organicamente congiunti, nella medesima matrice storica, almeno nell’Europa del secondo Ottocento: il femminismo, il pacifismo, l’europeismo.3. Purtroppo, quelle indicazioni non ebbero un seguito significativo nella storiografia italiana. La svolta negli studi si produsse in ambito anglosassone soprattutto a partire dagli anni Novanta, quando ricerche già avviate sul rapporto tra femminismo e pacifismo s’incontrarono con un nuovo interesse per il movimento inter/transnazionale delle donne. Fondamentale, da questo punto di vista, fu il dibattito sulla crisi della categoria di “universal sisterhood”, provocato dalla dura critica al femminismo bianco da parte di donne differenti per appartenenza sociale e 1Cfr., Susan G. Bell, Karen M. Offen (eds.), Women, the family, and freedom : the debate in documents Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1983,voll.2. 2 Karen Offen, European Feminisms:1700-1950. A Political History, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2002, p.xi. 3 Franca Pieroni Bortolotti, La donna, la pace, l’Europa. L’Associazione internazionale delle donne dalle origini alla prima guerra mondiale, Milano, Franco Angeli, 1985, p.7. 4 razziale e per scelte sessuali. Esso, infatti, pose anche alle storiche nuove domande sulle molteplici espressioni di agency femminili nei differenti contesti. Il questionario si andò poi ulteriormente arricchendo in seguito agli interrogativi scaturiti dall’esperienza del decennio delle donne, promosso dalle Nazioni Unite con le grandi Conferenze di Città del Messico, Nairobi e Pechino. Questo evento mondiale sollevò tre ordini di questioni: la storia delle reti internazionali femminili, la relazione tra diritti delle donne e diritti umani e quella tra i movimenti e le grandi istituzioni sovranazionali, sollecitata anche dalla nascita dell’Unione Europea e dalla fine della divisione dell’Europa4. Sul piano storiografico, relativamente al periodo preso in considerazione, la nuova attenzione alle reti e alle dimensioni internazionali ebbe un primo esito negli studi di Leila G. Rupp. Dal primo articolo apparso sull’ “American Historical Review”5, al volume seminale Worlds of Women. The Making of an International Women’s Movement6, la storica statunitense portò per la prima volta compiutamente alla luce la vicenda delle associazioni internazionali femminili otto- novecentesche. Come la stessa Rupp scrive nell’introduzione al libro, il desiderio di meglio conoscere tale vicenda nacque in lei da una duplice motivazione: la scoperta dell’impegno transnazionale di protagoniste del movimento statunitense e la risonanza dell’onda del Decennio delle donne proclamato dalle Nazioni Unite. Proprio in quell’occasione si rese conto quanto poco fosse stato scritto sul movimento internazionale delle donne, non solo per l’usuale scarsa attenzione riservata a questo soggetto, ma anche perché «the historians seem to have clung so tenaciously to topics defined by the nation-state that international organisations of any kind have been left to the political scientists.»7. Anche per questa considerazione il lavoro di Rupp ha costituito, per me, un punto di riferimento essenziale. Affrontare, infatti, la dimensione internazionale del movimento delle donne apriva di necessità lo sguardo su altri movimenti internazionali, in primis i movimenti per la pace, un campo di studi per un lungo periodo marginale, che soltanto a partire dagli anni Ottanta ha conosciuto una nuova, importante stagione con il consolidamento scientifico del filone della “peace history”. A tale consolidamento contribuirono – come già si é accennato - una serie di ricerche che misero in rilievo l’intreccio tra storia delle donne e storia della pace. Jo Vellacott, Linda Schott, Jane Bethke Elshtain, per citare solo alcune nomi, iniziarono a dissodare il terreno, approfondendo l’elaborazione intellettuale femminile intorno a questo tema e ricostruendo le pratiche che ne erano conseguite. Ne emerse una visione più complessa del movimento per la conquista della cittadinanza politica. In particolare, l’inglese Jo Vellacott sottolineò l’esistenza di un femminismo pacifista, che andava oltre la pura richiesta di 4 Cfr. Judith Zinsser, From Mexico City to Copenhagen to Nairobi: The United Nation Decade for Women, 1975- 1985, “Journal of Women’s History”, Vol. 13, n. 1, 2002, pp. 143-164 e Silvia Salvatici, “Sounds like an Interesting Conference”. La Conferenza di Città del Messico e il movimento internazionale delle donne, “Ricerche di storia politica”, n. 2, 2009, pp. 241-252. 5Leila J. Rupp, Constructing internationalism: The case of transnational women's organizations, 1888-1945, “American Historical Review”, 99, 1994, pp.1571-1600. 6 Leila J. Rupp, Worlds
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