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Trends and Determinants of Cycling in the Washington, DC Region 6 Trends and Determinants of Cycling in the Washington, DC Region The Pennsylvania State University University of Maryland University of Virginia Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University West Virginia University The Pennsylvania State University The Thomas D. Larson Pennsylvania Transportation Institute Transportation Research Building University Park, PA 16802-4710 Phone: 814-863-1909 Fax: 814-865-3930 1. Report No. VT-2009-05 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. Trends and Determinants of Cycling in the Washington, DC Region 6. Performing Organization Code Virginia Tech 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Ralph Buehler with Andrea Hamre, Dan Sonenklar, and Paul Goger 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Virginia Tech, Urban Affairs and Planning, , Alexandria Center, 1021 Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 11. Contract or Grant No. DTRT07-G-0003 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered US DOT Final Report, 08/2010-11/2011 Research & Innovative Technology Admin UTC Program, RDT-30 1200 New Jersey Ave., SE 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20590 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract This report analyzes cycling trends, policies, and commuting in the Washington, DC area. The analysis is divided into two parts. Part 1 focuses on cycling trends and policies in Washington (DC), Alexandria (VA), Arlington County (VA), Fairfax County (VA), Montgomery County (MD), and Prince George’s County (MD) during the last two decades. The goal is to gain a better understanding of variability and determinants of cycling within one metropolitan area. Data on bicycling trends and policies originate from official published documents, unpublished reports, site visits, and in-person, email, or phone interviews with transport planners and experts from municipal governments, regional planning agencies, and bicycling advocacy organizations. Part 2 of the report presents a multiple regression analysis of determinants of bike commuting based on data of 5,091 workers from the Washington, DC region. A series of logit, probit, and relogit (Rare Events Logistic) regressions focus on the role of bike parking, cyclist showers, and free car parking at work as determinants of the decision to cycle to work, while controlling for socio-economic factors, population density, trip distance, bikeway supply, and season of the year. The report finds that cycling levels and cyclist safety have been increasing in the Washington region. However, cycling appears to be spatially concentrated in neighborhoods of the urban core jurisdictions. Compared to national averages for urbanized areas a larger share of bicycle trips in Washington, DC is commute or work related (41% vs. 17%). Area cyclists are predominantly male, between 25 and 40 years old, white, and from higher income groups. Bicycle planning in the region has its roots in the 1970s, experienced a hiatus in the 1980s, but has witnessed a ‘renaissance’ since the (late) 1990s. Initially bicycle policies focused on the provision of off-street paths—often shared with pedestrians. Since the late 1990s, jurisdictions have greatly expanded their on-street bicycle lanes and implemented other innovative programs. The regression analysis appears to support the expansion of the bike network, since bikeway supply is a significant predictor of bike commuting. Moreover, bike parking and cyclist showers at work are associated with more bike commuting. Free car parking at work is associated with less bike commuting; and transit commuter benefits were not a significant predictor of bike commuting. 17. Key Words Bicycling, cycling policy, Washington, DC region, 18. Distribution Statement sustainability, bike commuting 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Buehler et al. Cycling in Washington, DC 1 Trends and Determinants of Cycling in the Washington, DC Region by Ralph Buehler with Andrea Hamre, Dan Sonenklar, and Paul Goger Corresponding Author Ralph Buehler Assistant Professor, Urban Affairs and Planning Virginia Tech, Alexandria Center 1021 Prince Street, Room 228 Alexandria, VA 22314 Email: [email protected] Phone: 703-706-8104 Fax: 703-518-8009 Websites: http://www.spia.vt.edu/people/spiafacultybios/buehlerspiabio.html http://ralphbu.wordpress.com/ Buehler et al. Cycling in Washington, DC 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 4 PART I: Cycling Trends and Policies in the Washington, DC Region .................................... 7 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 7 2. Cycling in the Washington, DC Region ................................................................................. 7 2.1 The Study Area: The Washington, DC Region ................................................................ 7 2.2 Trends and Geographic Variability in Cycling Levels ..................................................... 8 2.3 Trip Purpose and Cyclist Demographics ........................................................................ 11 2.3.1 Trip Purpose ............................................................................................................. 11 2.3.2 Cyclist Demographics .............................................................................................. 12 2.4 State of Cyclist Safety ..................................................................................................... 13 2.4.1 Laws and Regulations that Influence Cyclist Safety ............................................... 14 3. Cycling Policy in the Washington, DC Area ........................................................................ 15 3.1 A Brief History of Bicycle Planning ............................................................................... 15 3.2 Off-Street Paths and Shared-Use Trails .......................................................................... 16 3.3 On-Street Bike Lanes, Innovative Bike Infrastructure, and Signed Bike Routes ........... 16 3.4 Bike-Transit Integration, Bike Sharing, and Bike Parking in Buildings ........................ 22 3.4.1 Bikes on Buses and Trains ....................................................................................... 22 3.4.2 Bike Parking at Train Stations ................................................................................. 23 3.4.3 Bike Sharing............................................................................................................. 24 3.4.5 Bike Parking in Buildings and Public Spaces .......................................................... 25 3.5 Promotion, Information, Incentives, and Education ....................................................... 26 3.5.1 Cyclist Education ..................................................................................................... 26 3.5.2 Driver Education and Enforcement ......................................................................... 26 3.5.3 Bike Promotion and Incentives ................................................................................ 27 3.5.4 Information for Cyclists ........................................................................................... 27 3.5.5 Incentives ................................................................................................................. 27 4. Summary of Trends and Policy Recommendations .............................................................. 28 PART II: Bicycle Commuting in the Washington, DC Region .............................................. 30 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 30 2. Determinants of Bike Commuting: The Role of Trip-End Facilities, Free Car Parking, and Transit Commuter Benefits at Work ......................................................................................... 30 3. Data Sources and Variables .................................................................................................. 31 3.1 The MWCOG Travel Survey 2007/2008 ........................................................................ 31 3.2 Variables Measuring Trip-End Facilities, Car Parking, and Transit Benefits ................ 31 3.3 Control Variables ............................................................................................................ 32 4. Analysis and Results ............................................................................................................. 34 4.1 Bivariate Relationships ................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Modeling Approach ........................................................................................................ 34 4.3 Probit, Logit, and Relogit Regression Results ................................................................ 34 4.4 Reduced Models and Limitations of the Analysis .......................................................... 37 5. Discussion and Conclusion ................................................................................................... 40 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 41 References ................................................................................................................................
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