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Comparative Anatomical Features of Prosopis Cineraria (L.) Druce and Prosopis Juliflora (Sw.)

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Comparative Anatomical Features of Prosopis Cineraria (L.) Druce and Prosopis Juliflora (Sw.) Comparative anatomical features of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce and Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) TICLE R DC (Mimosaceae) A Stellaa Robertson, N. Narayanan1, N. Deattu1, N. R. Ravi Nargis2 L Department of Pharmacognosy, Maharaji College of Pharmacy, Besant Nagar, 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, A Madras Medical College, Chennai; 2Department of Ayurvedic Medicine, Sri Sai Ram College of Ayurvedic Medicine, Tamil Nadu, India A comparative study of the leaflets of two domestic species ofProsopis is reported. Both the species, Prosopis cineraria and Prosopis IGIN juliflora, have been reported to possess antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and the most concerning anticancer properties. R In view of its medicinal importance and taxonomic confusion, the individual morphological and histological characteristics of these two species have been described through certain parameters such as structural profile of the leaflets, stomatal morphology, venation O pattern, petiolule and vascular system of the rachis. Evaluation of the fresh and anatomical sections of the leaves of both species was carried out to determine its macro- and microscopical (histological) characters. The studies indicated the presence of bipinnately compound leaf, an entire margin, apiculate apex, obtuse base, reticulate venation, thick and straight anticlinal walled epidermal cells, prismatic type of calcium oxalate crystals in the mesophyll tissue, dense deposition of tannin content and paracytic type stomata in the P. cineraria, whereas P. juliflora has a bipinnately compound leaf with an entire margin, blunt apex, round base, reticulate venation, thick and straight walled epidermal cells, large mucilage cavities in the mesophyll tissue and paracytic type stomata. The above findings provided referential information for identification of the species P. cineraria and P. juliflora. Key words: Prosopis cineraria, Prosopis juliflora, sacred tree, Vanni INTRODUCTION P. juliflora is wildly distributed and is a perennial deciduous thorny shrub or small tree [Figure 2]. It is Both the species Prosopis cineraria and Prosopis juliflora an exotic species and found in most of arid and semi- [6] belong to the family Leguminosae and subfamily arid parts of India. The products obtained from P. Mimosaceae. P. cineraria Linn. (syn. Prosopis spicigera juliflora have been used for human consumption in Linn. and Mimosa cineraria Linn.)[1] is a large tree, up to 10 bread, biscuits, sweets, syrup and liquors. Extracts m in height, with branches prickly, prickles curved and of P. juliflora seeds and leaves have several in vitro compressed [Figure 1]. The species is found throughout pharmacological effects such as antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties India extending to Persia. It is known as Vanni or jambu have been attributed to piperidine alkaloids. A number in Tamil, Jand or Khejra in Hindi and Shami in Sanskrit.[2] of compounds have also been reported from this plant, It is called Kalpa Plant in Ayurveda and Siddha literature. the most common of these being steroids, tannins, The whole plant is used in the Indigenous System of leucoanthocyanidin and ellagic acid glycosides. A new Medicine as a folk remedy for various ailments like monocyclic diketone, prosopidione, and two alkaloids, leprosy, dysentery, bronchitis, asthma, leucoderma, namely, juliprosinene and juliflorinine, have been piles, muscular tremor and wandering of the mind. It isolated from the leaves.[7-9] is also known to possess anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticancer activities. Leaf paste The bipinnate compound leaves of P. cineraria exhibit of P. cineraria is applied on boils and blisters, including close resemblance with the leaves of P. juliflora. So, there mouth ulcers in livestock and leaf infusion on open sores is always a possibility of confusion and adulteration of on the skin.[3-5] The smoke of the leaves is considered to the leaves of both the species. Therefore, the present be a good remedy for ailments of the eye. The chemical study aims at developing microscopical standards to constituents isolated include spicigerine from the whole distinguish the leaves of P. cineraria and P. juliflora. plant; and steroids, namely, campesterol, cholesterol, MATERIALS AND METHODS sitosterol, stigmasterol; alcohols, namely, octacosanol and triacontan-1-ol; and alkane, hentriacontane, all Plant Material www.greenpharmacy.info isolated from the leaves. The plant specimens of P. cineraria were collected Address for correspondence: Mrs. Stellaa Robertson, Department of Pharmacognosy, Maharaji College of Pharmacy, Besant Nagar, Chennai – 600 090, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Received: 29-05-2010; Accepted: 27-08-2010; DOI: 10.4103/0973-8258.74138 275 International Journal of Green Pharmacy | October-December 2010 | Robertson, et al.: Comparative anatomical features of P. cineraria and P. juliflora from the forest of Thiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India, measuring 50–70 µm in height, and spongy mesophyll tissue whereas those of P. juliflora were collected locally from the has six or seven layers of loosely arranged parenchyma roadside vegetation. The specimens were collected from the cells [Figure 4a]. upper portion of the tree facing east side during morning time between 7.00 a.m. and 11.00 a.m., then identified and In P. juliflora, the leaflet is dorsiventral and 2.7 mm wide. authenticated by Plant Anatomy Research Centre, West The lamina of the leaflet is 210 µm thick along the midrib Tambaram, Chennai. Voucher specimen (No: A-43/PARC and 170 µm thick along the lamina. The mesophyll has a for P. cineraria and No: A-44/PARC for P. juliflora) has been palisade cell layer measuring 70 µm in height and spongy deposited in the same Institution. mesophyll tissue has three or four layers of loosely arranged parenchyma cells [Figure 4b]. First, the morphological characteristics of leaves of P. cineraria and P. juliflora were studied. Then, the required T. S. of midrib samples of leaves were cut and removed from the plant In P. cineraria, the midrib of the leaflet is biconvex in and fixed in FAA (Formalin, 5ml + Acetic acid, 5ml+ 70% transectional view and 300 µm thick in vertical plane. Ethanol, 90ml) for 24 hours. After fixing, the specimens The vascular bundle is collateral with a conical mass of were dehydrated and the paraffin-embedded specimens thick-walled, angular xylem elements and a thin arc of were sectioned using rotary microtome (10 µm thick);[10] the phloem elements; bundle size is 130 × 160 µm. A thick arc sections were stained with Toluidine blue O. of gelatinous sclerenchymatous cells occurs on both upper and lower sides of the bundle [Figure 5a]. The histological profile, namely, T.S. of lamina, T.S. of midrib and cellular content, of both the plants P. cineraria In P. juliflora, the midrib of the leaflet is flat and not and P. juliflora were studied. Then, T.S. of petiolule, T.S. projecting above the leaf surface. The vascular system is of secondary rachis and T.S. of primary rachis were also single-stranded and collateral. The xylem is thick and broad. studied. Photomicrographs were prepared with Nikon-lab The phloem is thin and less prominent. It has very thick phot 2. sclerenchyma bundle sheath [Figure 5b]. RESULTS Cellular contents In P. cineraria, calcium oxalate crystals of prismatic type are Morphological Profile of P. cineraria and P. juliflora common in the mesophyll tissue and in the bundle sheath P. cineraria sclerenchyma [Figure 6a]. It has bipinnately compound leaves, alternate in arrangement. The leaflets are 15–18 pairs, and shaped In P. juliflora, large mucilage cavities are very common in oblong with an entire margin, apiculate apex, obtuse base, the mesophyll tissue [Figure 6b]. glabrous surface, reticulate venation, petiolate, and the petiole is 0.5–4 cm long. The average leaf size is 2.5 cm Stomatal morphology (length) and 1 cm (breadth). Fresh leaves are green in colour, In P. cineraria, the stomata are predominantly paracytic and are odourless with a bitter taste [Figure 3a]. type with two subsidiary cells. The epidermal cells are polyhedral with thick, straight anticlinal walls [Figure 7a]. P. juliflora It has bipinnately compound leaves, alternate in arrangement. In P. juliflora, the epidermal cells are small and polyhedral. The leaflets are 15–18 pairs, and shape is oblong with an The epidermal walls are thick and straight. The stomata entire margin, blunt apex, round base, glabrous surface, are paracytic type with two unequal parallel subsidiary reticulate venation, petiolate, and the petiole is 2.5–3 cm cells [Figure 7b]. long. The average leaf size is 1.8 cm (length) and 0.3 cm (breadth). Fresh leaves are green in colour, and are odourless Venation pattern with a less palatable taste [Figure 3b]. P. cineraria has reticulate venation system with distinct vein islets and short, thick vein terminations [Figure 8a]. Histological Profile of P. cineraria and P. juliflora T.S. of lamina P. juliflora has reticulate venation system with distinct vein In P. cineraria, the lamina of the leaflet is 150µ m thick, and islets and short, thick vein terminations [Figure 8b]. dorsiventral. The adaxial and abaxial epidermal layers are 15–20 µm thick with semicircular or dome-shaped cells. T. S. of petiolule The cuticle is prominant. Both the epidermal layers are In P. cineraria, the petiolule is planoconvex in transectional stomatiferous. The mesophyll has a palisade cell layer view with flat adaxial side and short lateral wings. The | October-December 2010 | International Journal of Green Pharmacy 276 Robertson, et al.: Comparative anatomical features of P. cineraria and P. juliflora epidermal layers are large and thick with compact, T.S. of primary rachis tanniniferous ground tissue. The vascular strand is In P. cineraria, the primary rachis is circular in cross-sectional horizontally flat with broken masses of xylem and phloem, view with shallow adaxial depression. Its vertical height ensheathed by thin sclerenchyma layers [Figure 9a]. is 800 µm and horizontal width is 650 µm. The epidermal layer is distinct with papillate cells and prominant cuticle.
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