NO. 29 MARCH 2007 ISSN 0859-9742 Dear readers Once again, we welcome you to the continuous need of upland poverty alleviation, and increased another issue of the Asia-Pacific farmers for fodder to sustain women’s involvement in forestry Agroforestry Newsletter (APANews) - livestock production, while activities. a collaboration among the Food minimizing the shading effect of and Agriculture Organization of the fodder trees on crops. As always, there are United Nations, the Southeast Asian announcements, information Network for Agroforestry Education You will be interested in the article resources, and websites that may be (SEANAFE), and the World featuring the integration of walnut in useful in the implementation of your Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). This an agroforestry system in Chile. various agroforestry projects. issue presents several researches on Walnut (Juglans regia) produces the use of specific crops and tree high-quality timber and nuts. The Meanwhile, SEANAFE News discusses species in various agroforestry article discusses the growth of about the project on marketing of systems, including their impacts on walnut trees under various planting agroforestry tree products (AFTPs). productivity, regeneration, and designs. Results of two case studies are farmers’ income. presented: the market chains of Another article presents the cashew nuts in Vietnam, and the The article on the integration of research results from implementing marketing of bamboo in Laos. Other Khejri ( cineraria) with taungya system using Khaya articles in this issue of SEANAFE News various crops outlines its use as a anthoteca in a mixed cropping highlight the activities of the fodder tree and source of high model. Vietnam Network for Agroforestry quality wood. It describes how Khejri Education, and the Philippine contributes to increased soil fertility Other articles in this issue deal with Agroforestry Education and and sand dune stabilization. More the adoption of horti-silvicultural Research Network. importantly, it highlights how the models and their effect on three-year lopping rotation of Khejri increased productivity in India, and Again, thank you to all the maximizes fodder production and the impacts of participatory contributors for this issues of ensures seed supply for agroforestry practices in APANews and SEANAFE News. We regeneration. northeastern Bangladesh. The look forward to more of your adoption of horti-silvicultural models contributions. Let us continue to Developments in agrisilvopastoral has helped increase farmers’ share and practice agroforestry, and systems are featured in an article incomes, although substantial effort further contribute to its promotion from Nepal. The article highlights the is still needed to sustain this and development. – The Editors research results from planting trial of initiative. Meanwhile, participatory various fodder crops in terraces. This agroforestry practices have proven is an innovative way of addressing their potential to contribute to

DISCLAIMER. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO and SEANAFE concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication are those of the contributing authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the editor(s) of FAO and SEANAFE.

OUR ADDRESS. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, Thailand; Website: http://www.fao.org and http://www.fao.or.th; E-mail [email protected]; SEANAFE c/o World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)-Southeast Asia Regional office, PO Box 61, Bogor 16001, Indonesia; Website: http:// www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/networks/Seanafe/Index.asp; E-mail [email protected]

PRODUCTION. Patrick B. Durst, Kenichi Shono, and Wilfredo M. Carandang (Editorial Consultants); Leah P. Arboleda (Editor); Rowena D. Cabahug (Editorial Assistant); Perseveranda G. Tubig and Reinelen M. Reyes (Production Assistants)

COVER PHOTO. Coconut-based agroforestry systems are common in Philippine rural areas. In this photo, coconut- based agroforestry systems have helped farmers in the province of Quezon make use of large tracts of arable, sloping and mountainous areas. Farmers are cultivating pineapple, papaya, root crops, vegetables, and fruit trees underneath coconut trees. This type of system also provides farmers with other coconut products such as husks, oil, wine, copra, and others. (Photo courtesy of IAF)

PRINTER. Thammada Press Co. Ltd., 86 Soi 5011 Charansanitwong Road, Bangplad, Bangkok 10700 Thailand

2 March 2007 APANews No. 29 agroforestry research

Three-year lopping rotation of Prosopis cineraria maximizes fodder production, ensures sustainable regeneration Kulvir S Bangarwa and M.S.Hooda ([email protected])

Prosopis cineraria, commonly sand dune stabilization. The Khejri fodder. Maximum yield of fodder is known as Khejri, occurs naturally in tree has a deep tap root system; obtained when trees are pollarded dry and arid regions of India therefore, it does not compete for on a three-year rotation. Bhimaya (southwest Haryana and moisture and nutrients with crops et al. (1964) reported that if trees ), Pakistan, Afghanistan, grown close to its trunk. It casts only of Khejri are lopped at a three- Iran, and Arabia. Khejri is extremely a light shade, a desirable year interval, they produce drought-tolerant, growing in areas characteristic for agro-forestry 172-242 percent more leaf fodder with as little as 75 mm of annual species. by weight than those recurrently rainfall (but generally 150-400 mm) lopped. Lopping at shorter with dry seasons of eight months or Farmers in arid and semi-arid intervals not only decreases the more. It is slightly frost-hardy and regions of India and Pakistan have yield but also causes the mortality tolerant to temperatures of up to long believed it to increase soil of trees. 50°C. The tree is found in alluvial, fertility in crop fields. Yields of coarse, and sandy, often alkaline sorghum (Jowar) and pearl millet Farmers usually lop their trees soils where the pH may reach 9.8. (Bajra) increased when grown under during the winter every year. Khejri because of the higher Lopping starts in mid-November Khejri is much valued as a fodder organic matter content, total and continues up to January, with tree. Its leaves provide excellent nitrogen, available phosphorus, and most of the lopping carried out in and nutritious fodder that are soluble calcium, as well as lower pH the last week of November and readily eaten by animals such as of the soil. first week of December. Dried camels, goats, and donkeys. The leaves (loong or loom) are stored tree produces leaves during the The leaves and pods of Khejri for use in drier seasons. extremely dry summer months when constitute a major source of most other trees are leafless. Its Because completely lopped trees leaves contain 13.8 percent crude do not produce seeds (Toky and protein, 20 percent crude fiber, Harris, 2004), balancing the and 18 per cent calcium (FFN, production of fodder and seeds is 1991). an important consideration. The shortage of seeds is a major Khejri pods, containing a dry sweet limiting factor in ensuring the pulp, also provide good fodder. regeneration of this wonder tree. Green pods, called sangar, are Continued on page 4 boiled and dried for human consumption. Its flowers, during March and April, are valuable for honey production. Khejri bark, meanwhile, can also be used in leather tanning and yields an edible gum. Its bark and flowers are Leguminous crop with also used for medicinal purposes. Prosopis cineraria. The wood of Khejri is used for agricultural implements, house buildings, posts, carts, tools, Pods of handles, and boat frames. It is also Prosopis an excellent source of firewood for cineraria. cooking and domestic heating.

Khejri is considered one of the best Cotton crop with species for soil improvement and Prosopis cineraria.

APANews No. 29 March 2007 3 agroforestry research

Three-year lopping rotation... References: 1) Bhimaya, C.P., Kaul, R.N. and Ganguli, B.N. 1964. Studies on Continued from page 3 High quality wood lopping intensities of Prosopis spicigera. of Prosopis The recommended three-year Indian Forester, 90: 19-23; 2) FFN. 1991. cineraria. rotation in lopping maximizes Spotlight on species: Prosopis cineraria. fodder production while ensuring Farm Forestry News, Vol.4, No.3; 3) Toky, an adequate supply of seeds for O.P. and Harris, P.J.C. 2004. sustainable regeneration. To Socioeconomic and ecological niche of Prosopis implement the three-year lopping khejri (Prosopis cineraria) in traditional cineraria. rotation, farmers are advised to farming systems of arid India. Asian Agri- produces equally divide the total number of History 8 (3): 215-233. The author good trees into three groups. The trees works at the Department of Forestry, CCS forage. are marked with the group number Haryana Agricltural University, Hisar – and each group of trees is lopped 125 004 India. completely in November- December each year. The use of green pods (sangar) is also discouraged in order to conserve the seeds for use in propagation.

Fodder crop with Prosopis cineraria.

Cultivation of fodder in terrace riser: a new model of agrisilvopastoral system in Nepal

Tanka Prasad Barakoti

In Nepal, more than 80 percent of highly on livestock. Farmers collect seven months during the winter and the population is involved in manure from livestock to fertilize summer up to the monsoon period. agriculture, which contributes to crops. They are aware that manure As land areas are limited, about 45 percent of the total gross plays a vital role in adding nutrients smallholding farmers cannot afford domestic product of the country. to the soil. In addition, livestock to grow fodder and forage on Large farming areas lie in the hills provides food and income. Thus, croplands. Hence, there is a need to (68%) along a range of reliefs and agriculture development through explore the potential of fodder altitudes (100-3 000 m asl). livestock may be a better approach planting in terrace risers. Integration of agriculture and to advance agriculture in the forestry is common and rural country than the application of On-farm research was carried out by communities are highly dependent chemical fertilizers which most the Agricultural Research Station on forest resources (Amatya, 1999). farmers cannot afford. (ARS) at two locations in Belhara, Farmlands in the hills are comprised Pakhribas command area, of of terraces and risers, with the latter Lack of productive grazing lands Dhankuta district, east Nepal (mid occupying approximately one-third and nutritious fodder have been the hill condition, 1 200 and 1 500 m asl). of the total land area (Barakoti, major limiting factors in livestock The studies examined the feasibility 2004). production. A fodder deficit of of utilizing marginal terrace risers for about 1 kg/animal/day (Maharjan, fodder production without reducing Livestock is an integral part of crop 1987) has been estimated. Farmers cropland to and sustain both production, which, in turn, depends face fodder scarcity for more than Continued on page 5

4 March 2007 APANews No. 29 agroforestry research

Cultivation of Table 1. Fodder and forage species planted in two locations in Belhara Pakhribas, Dhankuta district, east Nepal. fodder... Continued from page 4 Fodder tree species Forage crop species Local name Scientific name Local name Scientific name Nebaro Ficus auriculata Amriso Thysalonaema maxima livestock and crop production in the hills. Fodder trees were planted at a Dudhilo Ficus nemoralis Napier Pennisetum purpureum spacing of Raikhanyu Ficus semicordata Dhus Pennisetum spp 1-1.5m. Felling/lopping was done at var. Montana Amatya breast height, not allowing the Grewia oppositifolia Setaria anceps fodder trees to grow taller and Bhimal Setaria branch out. Tanki Bauhinia purpurea Stylo Stylosanthes guianensis

This was the first time that the riser- Kutmiro Litsea polyantha Desmodium Desmodium intortum based agrisilvopastoral study was Badahar Artocarpus lakoocha conducted in Nepal. The study aimed at: Khari Seltis australis

Rato Siris Albizia jullibrissin cultivating and evaluating forage crop and fodder tree species in the terrace risers; Table 2. Survival and growth of fodder trees in the terrace risers. quantifying the effect of fodder Fodder trees Survival Girth at No. of Leaf trees on agronomic parameters (%) height knee branches Number Length Breadth of forage crops, and examining (cm) height (cm) (cm) (cm) the combined effect on major Nebaro 100 53.5 5.4 4.1 9.5 18.1 13.5 crops (maize and finger millet); Dudhilo 92.5 51.4 3.5 6.6 5.7 11.6 3.7 enabling farmers to meet the Rai Khanyu 82.5 87.5 5.3 11.4 30.0 21.5 6.8 Kutmiro 57.5 44.5 3.6 2.2 4.5 7.0 3.7 demand for livestock fodder Tanki 75.0 39.5 3.0 5.4 16.4 6.0 6.0 throughout the year and Bhimal 92.5 93.8 5.2 14.1 43.0 12.4 7.3 produce more livestock manure; (Ghotli) and Mean 83.3 61.7 4.3 7.1 18.2 12.8 6.8 enhancing crop yield through the application of manure. Table 3. Mean growth parameters of forage crops in the terrace riser.

The recommended fodder species Forage species Plant Tillar No. Leaf size Ground were planted in two locations from height cover (%) June-August in 2002 and 2003 (Table (cm) 1). Thysanolaena maxima 80.8 17 40x7 95 Pennisetum purpureum 56.9 18 132x41 100 Fodder trees were planted at a Pennisetum sp. 78.3 17 149x44 100 Seteria anceps 97.5 28 50x1 90 spacing of 1.5m in the terrace Stylosanthes guianensis 95.3 Branch .9x.8 75 ridges, while forage crops were Desmodium intortum 93.3 Branch 6x5 100 planted at 30 x 50cm spacing. The plots were 1.5-2m x 3m in the risers. The research involved 18 and 32 treatments, respectively, with 2-3 transplanted wildings. Plant height ground coverage in the terrace replications. varied significantly by species. The riser, except Stylosanthes, which did tallest was Grewia oppositifolia, not have spreading branches. Various data on maize, millet, fodder followed by Ficus semicordata. Both Setaria had the most number of trees, and forage crops were species bore high numbers of tillers while Pennisetum spp. had the recorded. However, only the results branches. The leaf number and largest leaves (Table 3). from one site are presented. breadth, and therefore leaf area, varied significantly among the tree species. The overall fodder tree Dry and fresh matter production Survival and growth of fodder growth in the riser edge after the first of forage crops and forage species year was encouraging (Table 2). The mean dry matter percentage, The survival of the fodder trees All tested forage species had and fresh matter and dry matter ranged from good to excellent, vigorous growth from the first year (DM) yields were monitored. The except Litsea polyantha which were onwards. They also had almost full Continued on page 6

APANews No. 29 March 2007 5 agroforestry research

Cultivation of fodder... Table 4. Mean fresh and dry matter yields of forage crops (2002-2003). Cultivation of fodder... Continued from page 5 Forage crop DM (%) FM yield DM yield (t/ha) (t/ha) data varied significantly by species Thysanolaena maxima 21.2 24.44 10.28 and seasons. Pennisetum species, Pennisetum purpureum 45.1 40.44 21.78 with high DM percent, yielded the Pennisetum sp. 33.4 37.15 15.14 greatest forage biomass, followed Seteria anceps 20.6 24.89 12.94 by Setaria and Amriso, broom grass Stylosanthes guianensis 16.9 7.11 8.69 Desmodium intortum 18.4 23.21 9.08 (Table 4). Analysis of variance performed for the fresh matter data gave highly significant result Table 5. Mean grain and stover yields, plant height and number of stands of maize (P<0.01) among the forage crops. (2005).

Treatment Grain Stover Plant Plant Effect on maize of fodder grown yield yield (t/ha)* height stand in terrace riser (kg/ha)* (cm) per ha Tanki: Dhus/Seteria/Stylo 2852 2422 190 37184 The fodder trees and forage species Kutmiro:Stylo/Napier/Amriso 2719 1808 180 40444 Raikhanyu:Amriso/Dhus/Napier 1976 1539 187 30666 affected terrace-planted maize Nebaro:Seteria/Stylo/Desmodium 3200 2683 188 39703 differently. Of the various Bhimal:Desmodium/Amriso/Dhus 3300 2778 173 42443 parameters observed, grain and Dudhilo:Napier/Desmodium/Seteria 2406 2222 163 39036 stover yields, height, and number of Control: Open 3371 1988 189 39999 stands are presented (Table 5). The yields and number of stands differed significantly by treatment (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the shade effect of References: 1) Amatya, S.M. 1999. Tree-crop Ficus semicordata, combined with Ficus semicordata on maize, interaction study. Consultant report submitted broom grass, Napier, and Dhus, had a combined with broom grass, Napier to the ARS Pakhribas, Dhankuta, Nepal; 2) noticeable negative impact on and Dhus, was more noticeable. Annual Report.2001. Agricultural Research maize, whereas Ficus nemoralis and Ficus nemoralis and Litsea polyantha Station, Pakhribas, Dhankuta, Nepal; 3) Litsea polyantha showed less effect were intermediate compared to Barakoti, T.P. 2004. Need of viable on crop yields compared to other other species. Among the forages, agroforestry model with an example of terrace species. F. nemoralis and Napier and Dhus had dominating riser based agri-silvo-pastoral system in ARS Grewia oppositifolia had reduced effects on the growth and yield of Pakhribas. Proceeding of National Workshop plant height. The number of stands maize. Albizia jullibrissin, Leucaena on Agroforestry, organized by Nepal was severely reduced under diversifolia, Bauhinia purpurea, Celtis Agroforesrtry Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal; Ficus semicordata. australis, and Artocarpus lakoocha 4) Maharjan, M.R.1987. Agroforestry in normally favored the growth and community forestry development. Banko The results indicated that all tested yield of maize crop. Janakari, Vol. 1, No.4. The author is a Senior fodder and forage species could Scientist at the Nepal Agricultural Research survive and grow in terrace risers. Dry matter percentage and yield of Council Outreach Research Coordinator, Most of the species were found to forage crops depended on the Pakhribas Station, Dhankuta be promising. They were found to be species and harvesting season. adaptable and could successfully be Pennisetum species had high dry cultivated in the un-utilized risers of matter percent and corresponding cropping land terraces. fodder yields.

It was observed that Ficus The study has shown that farmers can semicordata, Grewia oppositifolia benefit from the forage crops. They and Albizia jullibrissin make fast- were impressed by the terrace riser- growing fodder trees. Napier and based cultivation (agrisilvopastoral) Dhus (Pennisettum spp), Seteria, of fodder and forage species. Thus, Desmodium, and broom grass grow replication and promotion of this vigorously in the T-riser. Also, fodder agroforestry model in hills of the trees and forage crops tested were region with similar agroclimatic compatible, and grew well together conditions will contribute to with minimal effects on maize and improving livestock and crop finger millet production. They may production. be more suitable than the tall trees grown traditionally in the risers.

6 March 2007 APANews No. 29 agroforestry research

Agroforestry systems with Growth comparison of walnut trees Agroforestry systems with between pure and mixed planting walnut in South America: Height by age an alternative for 10 temperate areas 8 6 Verónica Loewe M ([email protected])

Ht. (m)Ht. 4

2 Forestry in Chile is characterized by products. It is thus imperative to 0 monoculture plantations of pine and develop an agoforestry system with 0123456 eucalyptus that potentially cause high-value timber species and phyto-sanitary and other establish appropriate techniques to Age environmental problems. The improve its growth and quality. agriculture sector is facing a crisis Diameter by age due to the low productivity of In this context, the use of common 14 traditional farming practices, market walnut or other fruit-bearing species 12 fluctuations and unfavorable with valuable wood constitutes a international treaties on agricultural promising alternative to be 10 products trade. incorporated into the rural 8 agricultural systems. 6

Diversification of crop species and Dbh (cm) 4 cultivation techniques thus have Walnut (Juglans regia) offers good important social (by inclusion of new productive, economic and social 2 actors), economic (high-value potential in Chile. It is one of the 0 products with greater economic most studied and successfully 23456789 returns), and environmental (higher planted species in the country. Age diversity reduces the risk of biotic and non-biotic damages) benefits. Walnut is a vigorous tree that can Pur e tes t Mixed Test reach a height of 24-31 m and trunk The production of high-value timber diameter of 60-90 cm. It is sturdy and In recent years, the walnut market may offer one innovative solution to has a wide and leafy crown. Its has become sophisticated and the agricultural crisis as this can be timber is compact with a beautiful more exigent, giving preference to integrated with other agricultural grain. It grows fast and is well known uniformity of fruit color. This makes for its edible fruits (US$1,5-2,5/kg) the propagation of trees from seeds and high-value timber (US$300- unsuitable for nut production, 2.500/m3 standing). In fact, it is one of because walnut fruits are the most demanded timbers in the characterized by high variability. European market, with a stable and Thus, the use of high grafting has exclusive market for several emerged as the solution. centuries. High grafting allows a walnut tree to Yields from experimental and be used for both timber and nut productive plantations of walnut are production. Timber markets promising. These plantations demand logs 3-4 m long, straight, encompassed a range of designs without defects, and with regular (pure, mixed), objectives (fruit and growth rings. Normal grafting made timber production, timber at the lower parts of the tree is production only, fruit and timber in considered a defect because it agroforestry systems), site causes timber discoloration, thereby characteristics (valleys, mountains), lowering its wood value. and management intensity (low, Fifteen-year old walnut orchard for medium, high). The technique of high grafting timber and nut production established consists of planting a rootstock or using the high grafting technique to sapling reproduced from seeds produce high value timber and nuts simultaneously Continued on page 8

APANews No. 29 March 2007 7 agroforestry research

Agroforestry systems... Maximizing production from Continued from page 7 Khaya anthoteca plantation without grafting, and using a specialized pruning technique that forest through taungya improves the form of the tree. Grafting is applied at the top once system the log length has reached 3-4 m Sumarhani ([email protected]) and Sri Suharti ([email protected]) high at about 2-4 years. The sprouts that appear after grafting provide the foundation to a specialized fruit- Like other agroforestry systems, Long-life intercropping models bearing crown. taungya optimizes land use in order to increase productivity. In the People living near the Khaya Using this method, an individual taungya system, nutrients are utilized anthoteca plantation forests walnut tree produces quality fruits efficiently through proper spacing employed various types and models for 20-40 years, after which it can be and arrangement of crops, structure of the mixed cropping system harvested for the high-value timber. and design of canopies, rooting depending on the interests, This allows for increased profitability system, and timing of planting and resources and capacites of the and ensures income flow throughout harvesting activities. Proper farmers. Models that were applied the life cycle of the tree. planning ensures that these include: 1) Model A: paddy-maize- components complement each bean-juici tuber, Walnut has been cultivated other. 2) Model B: paddy-maize-bean, and traditionally for nut production in the 3) Model C: juici tuber. country. However, innovative Another critical consideration in the combinations are becoming taungya system is the land-use Model A can be started at the onset popular. These include: pattern under tree stands. Most of the rainy season (September- often, local people utilize the space October) for harvesting in y Pure walnut plantations; between trees to plant paddy and December-January. During February- y Pure walnut plantations with other seasonal food crops. However, March, farmers plant less water- crops (such as maize, beans, this mixed cropping system is demanding crops like maize and others) underneath; possible only during the rainy season. peanut for harvesting in April-May. y Mixed walnut plantations with Farmers with enough capital other commercial trees or Rainfall has proved to be a major continue on with Model C for shrubs; and constraint in the cultivation of food harvesting in July-August. y Mixed walnut plantations with crops in forestland. In addition, the other commercial trees or shrubs mixed cropping system can only be Aside from making efficient use of and fodder. implemented during the first two the land, the taungya system years of tree growth when the provides continuous food These combinations make the canopy shade does not yet reduce production, improves soil fertility, walnut agroforestry an adaptable the growth of the crops grown helps protect the natural resources, system that can meet various needs underneath. and eventually increases land and realities. Capital availability, productivity. management objectives, capacity In the last few years, modification of of the farmers, as well as the local the conventional short-duration and international market situation, mixed cropping systems towards Impacts on productivity and should be taken into consideration in long-life mixed crop cultivation has farmers’ income designing the appropriate walnut- been widely adapted. In Central based agroforestry system. The Java, local communities have In the research site, results showed author works at the Chilean Forest Institute developed several long-life that the average production of food (INFOR), Huérfanos 554, Santiago, Chile, cropping patterns under Khaya crops had not reached optimal Tel :56-2-6930780, 56-9-8831858 ; Fax 56- anthoteca plantation forests. levels yet. The average production 2-6381286 Research done at the BKPH of paddy was only 1 050 kg/ha, maize Cimanggu, Perum Perhutani in at 1 300 kg/ha, and peanut at Central Java described the various 800 kg/ha. This is relatively low modifications of the taungya system compared to the average national being practiced in the area. production of 2 170 kg/ha for paddy, and 1 500 kg/ha for peanut (Harahap, et al, 1995).

8 March 2007 APANews No. 29 agroforestry research

These results may be due to improper Taungya in the Khaya anthoteca cultivation techniques, inappropriate plantation forests use of fertilizers and pesticides, decreasing soil fertility, and lack of The adoption of the mixed cropping knowledge on tree-crop genetics. method has resulted in accelerated Moreover, the continuous use of growth of Khaya anthoteca. Their inorganic fertilizers, inefficient average annual height growth was irrigation and high post-harvest 62.72cm, with annual diameter losses (15-20%) may have reduced growth averaging 3.1cm. Average productivity. height and diameter growth of a monoculture Khaya anthoteca, Because of these factors, the which served as the control of the Taungya model A farmers’ income in the research area research, was only 25.88cm and remained relatively low. Each farmer 0.59cm, respectively. practicing Models A, B and C was earning an average of The following regression equation Rp3 368 000/ha/year, Rp531 000/ha/ between tree height and time of year, and observation was used: Rp2 968 000/ha/year, respectively. These amounts are still considered In the taungya system: Y = 7,9525 X2 below the poverty line. – 14,864 X + 297,02, with coefficient of correlation r = 0,98 (Figure 1) However, with continuous practice and improvement, these taungya In the monoculture system: Y = 8,09 X system models could increase + 240,73, with coefficient of farmers’ income in the research area correlation r = 0,97 (Figure 1) Taungya model B by more than 500 percent for Model B, and 13.5 percent for Model C. The following conclusions can be Research results also imply that Meanwhile, the regression equation drawn from the results: Model A has the highest potential for used between stem diameter providing farmers with continuous growth and time of observation was 1. Various models of taungya income and at the same time the following: system can indeed maximize address the goals of maximum land land utilization. However, it utilization, and resource protection. In the taungya system: Y = 0,332 X + should be complemented with 4,0459 with coefficient of soil conservation measures such correlation r = 0,98 (Figure 2) as the planting of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia In the monoculture system: Y = 0,192 sepium along contour lines. X + 3,215, with coefficient of correlation r = 0,96 (Figure 2) Continued on page 10

400 6 Y(T) = 7,9525X2 - 14,864X + Non-taungya system 350 Y(T) = 0,332X + 4,045 297,02 5 R(T)2 = 0,9932 300 R(T)2 = 0,987 Taungya system 4 250 Y(TT) = 8,09X + 240,73 200 3 Y(TT) = 0,192X + 3,215 R(TT)2 = 0,9767 2 15 0 R(TT) = 0,9615 2 10 0 Tree height (cm)

Tree diameter (cm) 1 50

0 0 1234 123 4 Time of observation (month) Time of observation (month)

Figure 1. Regression between tree height and Figure 2. Regression between stem diameter time of observation growth and time of observation.

APANews No. 29 March 2007 9 agroforestry promotion and development

Agroforestry systems... Impacts of participatory Continued from page 9 agroforestry practices in 2. The taungya system can provide northeastern Bangladesh for the daily needs of farmers and their families. Md. Abdul Latif Mia ([email protected]) 3. The taungya system requires the appropriate combination of trees Bangladesh, being a densely- Thana Aforestation and Nursery and food crops. populated country, has never had Development Project (TANDP), also 4. The taungya model which abundance of forest resources. The funded by the ADB, was combines Khaya anthoteca, total forestland is only implemented nationwide from 1988 paddy, peanut, and juici tuber 2.46 M ha, which covers to 1996. These projects aimed to has a potential to increase 17.5 percent of the country’s total increase timber production, reduce farmers’ income as it provides land area. The actual forest cover poverty, and enhance the FD’s continuous harvest throughout does not exceed 6 percent. Per institutional capacity. Short-rotation the year. capita forestland in Bangladesh is plantations that provide early 0.022 ha, the lowest in the world. financial returns to the participants References: 1) Adiningsih S, J., M. were the projects’ prominent Soepartini, A. Kusno, Mulyadi, dan W. In the northeastern part of feature. It aimed to gain the Hartati. 1994. Teknologi untuk Bangladesh, 9 465 ha (32.93%) of the confidence of the participants and Meningkatkan Produktivitas Lahan Sawah total 28 740 ha forest area has been attract new members to be dan Lahan Kering. Prosiding Temu encroached upon. Degraded areas involved in forestry activities. Konsultasi Sumberdaya Lahan Untuk constitute 16 400 ha (57.05%). Only Pembangunan Kawasan Timur Indonesia di 10 percent of the total forest area is This study on participatory Palu 17 – 20 Januari 1994; 2) Amir, B., S, still intact. agroforestry practices evaluated Punarto., Suyanto dan Supriyatin. 1995. the impacts of benefit-sharing and Padi Gogo. Pusat Penelitian dan This deterioration has been caused the distribution scheme among the Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan. Badan by high population pressure, acute participants in northeastern Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, demand for forest products, lack of Bangladesh. Bogor; 3) Harahap, Z., Suwarno., E Hubis public awareness, conversion of and Santo.1995. Padi Unggul Toleran forestland into other land uses, and Kekeringan dan Naungan. Pusat Penelitian the inadequate manpower of the Participatory forestry program dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan. Forest Department (FD). Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan The participatory forestry programs Pertanian, Bogor; 4) Hutapea, J dan A. Z. Prior to 1980s, the FD practically had were implemented in the area from Mashar. 2006. Ketahanan Pangan dan no interest in involving the people 1988 to 1996. Major components of Teknologi Produktivitas menuju living near forests in forest resource the project were to establish Kemandirian Pertanian Indonesia. (http:// management and development. woodlots, agroforestry, and strip www.Kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0605/29/ However, studies have suggested plantations on degraded and Jabar/2418.htm - 44k , diakses 2 Agustus that the deterioration of the forest encroached forestlands and 2006); http://www-suara pembaharuan.com/ could be halted by ensuring marginal strips. Each participant was News/2005/06/03/index.html, diakses 1 people’s participation in forest given a maximum of 1 ha of land for Februari 2007; 5) Gurdev S. Khush. 2002. management. Accordingly, the woodlot and agroforestry plantation Food Security By Design: Improving The provision for people’s involvement establishment. Every five Rice Plant in Partnership With NARS. in protecting the natural stands and participants were given a one- Makalah disampaikan Pada Seminar IPTEK afforesting degraded and kilometer strip plantation. Fast- padi Pekan Padi Nasional di Sukamandi 22 encroached forestlands, with growing exotic species such as Maret 2002. The author works at the benefit-sharing mechanism, was Acacia auriculoformis and Department of Forestry and Natural developed. Eucalyptus spp. were planted to Resources, PAU Ludhiana 141 004 (India). provide quick biomass production. The FD of Bangladesh introduced the Community Forestry Project in 1981 As a special incentive, participants in 23 northern districts of the were allowed to grow food and country. The Program was financed agricultural crops on un-utilized parts and technically assisted by the Asian of the land until the area was shaded Development Bank (ADB). A similar by the planted trees. They participatory forestry program, the

10 March 2007 APANews No. 29 agroforestry promotion and development maintained the plantations as hired people living in the surrounding performance and yield from the final laborers. areas. felling of trees in the plantations.

Moreover, participants received full FD started selling the plantations benefits from the intermediate sequentially in 2001, and due shares Women involvement products (leaves, twigs, branches, of benefits were distributed among fruits and seeds), by-products of the participants. There were 513 In 2001, there were 19 female thinning, and 45-55 percent of the participants who received benefit participants, which rose to 1 183 in wood harvested at the end of the shares of 7.705 M taka in 2001. In 2002. An additional 435 women rotation period (10 yrs). The FD 2002, 2 062 participants received joined in 2003. They participated in acquired 45 percent of the final total benefit shares of various forestry activities such as products from woodlots and 19.929 M taka, and 1 376 nursery raising, agroforestry, agroforestry, and 10 percent from participants received total benefit vegetable gardening and strip plantations. Ten percent of the shares of 22.120 M taka in 2003. In maintaining plantations. final harvest in all plantations were addition, participants who deposited to the Tree Farming Fund cultivated agricultural crops earned The participatory forestry approach (TFF) for future plantation an average of 84 600 taka during brought a significant change in the development and management the rotation period. decision-making role of women in purposes. the production system. About one- third of the women involved in the A total of 5 901 ha of woodlots, Poverty alleviation project area sold the products and 1 800 ha of agro-forestry, and controlled the sale proceeds 1 383 km of strip plantations have In the participatory forestry themselves, with or without the been established in the study area. program, a total of 3 974 consent of their male partners. A participants received benefit shares total of 1 639 women received of 49.79 M taka, reducing poverty in shares worth 9.678 M taka from Participants’ initial response the area and increasing people’s woodlot, agroforestry, and strip living standards. The participants plantations from 2001 to 2003. Many participants did not trust the spent their money on building and agreement signed between them repairing their houses, installing The study presented a successful and FD because of their past sanitary latrines, paying for the case of benefit sharing among the experiences in traditional forest education and marriage of their participants, with early distribution management. During the first children, and buying cultivable land of dividends. Its success can be rotation, many participants did not and poultry items, among others. replicated in other parts of the sign any agreements. Even the country with similar situations. The participants who signed never really involvement of local communities in protected the plantations. Many of People’s acceptance forest management could also be them even suspected that they and participation achieved through discussions and would be victims of forest cases, training, aside from simple benefit and would not benefit from The impacts of the benefit-sharing sharing schemes. participating in the forestry and distribution schemes have been activities. substantial. Community members However, results also showed that showed interest in getting involved the benefits were not properly in woodlot establishment, utilized by many of the participants. Benefit-sharing and agroforestry and strip plantations. It It may be appropriate to assist in the distribution schemes was reported that when organization of formal or informal encroachers saw the success of the groups to help to start and manage With the assistance of ADB, FD first rotation plantation, many of productive enterprises. The author is implemented the third phase of the them offered their lands to FD for the Divisional Forest Officer of the Dhaka project – the Forestry Sector Project plantation establishment. This could Forest Division in Ban Bhaban, Mahakhali, (FSP) from 1997-2006. Mature mean an additional 650 ha of new Dhaka-1212. plantations were harvested, felled plantation areas, involving 650 new areas were reforested, and new families as participants. 1 US$ = 70 Bangladeshi taka. plantations in encroached and denuded areas were established Initially, participants had doubts involving encroachers and poor about the success of exotic species (Eucalyptus and Acacia sp.) in both woodlot and agroforestry plantations. However, they were convinced of the growth

APANews No. 29 March 2007 11 agroforestry promotion and development

The horti-silvicultural models Adoption of (integration of fruit trees and short- rotation forest trees) remain the horti-silvicultural models most appropriate alternative for sustainable management of a land in Punjab, India unit. It will improve the profitability and make a more sustainable use of Sanjeev K. Chauhan ([email protected]), W.S. Dhillon the natural resource base. and Srinidhi HV ([email protected]) Fruit tree-based (mango, citrus, Increases in production costs and lowering at the rate of 42cm per litchi, ber, pear, guava, etc.) loss of land productivity warrant annum in the central zone. agroforestry models with fast- urgent actions to raise the growing timber species are production efficiency and to The excessive use of agro-chemicals becoming popular, as the timber improve the livelihoods of rural has further worsened the conditions tree component can be harvested farmers. The sluggish agricultural of humans, animals, the soil, and the when the fruit trees start bearing sector has become a concern in environmental health. A prudent fruits. As a result, farmers would be India, for it has an overarching approach in rationalizing the use of able to exploit both the domestic impact on the overall economic natural resources has been long due. and international fruit and wood growth of the state. markets. It has caught the attention In the context of today’s global of the farmers not only in Punjab, but After a period of high growth, the economy, farmers have to look for also in other adjoining states of agriculture sector has been showing markets and shift their mindsets from Haryana, lower areas of Himachal signs of fatigue for almost a decade. traditional to commercial and the terai area of Uttaranchal. The agro-ecosystem of the state has agriculture. There is often a Short-rotation species like Poplar deteriorated under the pressure to mismatch between what is being (Populus deltoides), Eucalyptus increase production and because of produced and what the market is (Eucalyptus tereticornis), and Kadam the industrial revolution. Soils have demanding. Farmers have tried (Anthocephalus cadamba) can become highly deficient of organic substitutes to rice-wheat rotation effectively be included under this carbon and most of micro and (e.g., poultry and fish), but without agroforestry system. macro nutrients. The water table is success. The only possible option for raising productivity from a given In general, the objective of farmers area of land is the integration of in adopting agroforestry models is to crops with other types of products – improve the economics of more specifically, fruit trees and fast agricultural production. Some growing timber species on farm progressive farmers have earned lands. more income through the adoption of horti-silvicultural models. The financial returns from such systems are better than from traditional agricultural rotation and cereal/ pulses based agroforestry models.

1) Poplar block plantation with citrus Poplar block plantation with guava. 2) Eucalyptus boundary plantation with citrus

12 March 2007 APANews No. 29 agroforestry promotion and development

Continuous research efforts are To realize the full potential of the needed to come up with horti-silvicultural model, a complete appropriate solutions to the present package of technology needs to be problems and challenges in developed for adoption in various agriculture. Anon-farm survey agroclimatic zones. It should indicated that fruit-based consider the needs, customs, and agroforestry practices are more traditions of the local people. India suitable for farmers with large land will witness the real green revolution holdings. The inability of small only when it is clothed with greenery. farmers to meet their basic food The authors work at the Department of needs limits the adoption of the Forestry & Natural Resources, PAU fruit-timber combinations. Ludhiana 141 004 (India) Demonstration of its effectiveness through research and dissemination of information is needed to gain the interest of farmers and widen the application of this promising agroforestry model.

1) Poplar block plantation with mango

2) Teak block plantation with citrus

10th North American Agroforestry Conference to be held in Quebec, Canada

The Association for Temperate y Agroforestry crops and The conference hopes to target Agroforestry (AFTA) will be products, and market representatives from private sponsoring the 10th North American development companies, advisory groups, Agroforestry Conference, 10-13 June y Policy issues and municipalities, government 2007, at the Universite Laval in agroforestry adoption departments, educational Quebec City, Canada. y Education, training and institutions or research centers that outreach in agroforestry specilalize in the fields of The conference aims to stimulate y Ecophysiological aspects of agriculture, forestry, environment the development and adoption of plant production in and land-use planning. Conference sustainable rural land management agroforestry systems participants will gain access to new, practices centered on the y Soil conservation, water state-of-the-art knowledge on rural integration of trees into the quality and wildlife habitat land management practices landscape. Discussions will focus on in agroforestry systems beneficial to the agricultural the following: y Agroforestry for ecological environment, including the methods goods and services delivery that will implement and monitor y Examples of temperate y Multiple use landscape these practices. agroforestry systems and management through practices agroforestry For those interested, visit http:// y Cultural, sociological and y Modellling of agroforestry www.agrofor2007.ca or send economic aspects of systems inquiries to [email protected]. temperate agroforestry y Decision support systems for (Press Release) agroforestry

APANews No. 29 March 2007 13 information sources

New agroforestry information materials from FAO

FAO has released the following org/docrep/008/a0400e/a0400e broad agenda to accelerate efforts information materials realted to 00.htm and highlights the need to harness agroforestry: political will in achieving the WFS targets. For more information, visit Conservation of natural resources for Better forestry, less poverty: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/ sustainable agriculture: training a practitioner’s guide. FAO Forestry a0750e/a0750e00.htm modules. FAO Land and Water Paper 149 Digital Media Series No. 27 Through this guide, FAO suggests Properties and management of Available on a CD-ROM, these ways of designing and implementing drylands, FAO Land and Water Digital training modules aim to increase forest-based interventions that have Media Series No. 31 awareness of the benefits of the greatest potential of reducing sustainable agriculture. They provide poverty. Topics discussed include This DVD serves as an information practical information on the timber production in both natural base of more than 1 000 documents, principles of sustainable agriculture and planted forests, non-wood forest articles, hyperlinks, maps, statistics, for natural resources conservation. products, woodfuel, bushmeat, photos and data sets on the The modules consist of: concepts agroforestry, and payment for different aspects of drylands. and principles of conservation environmental services. Under each agriculture; cover crops; organic topic, key issues are outlined, It provides comprehensive matter and biological activity in the successful case studies are information on drylands, particularly soil including soil quality assessment, presented, and sources of additional its natural resources and compaction, fertility, moisture; tools information are identified. ecosystems, their conditions, and and equipment; weeds; pests and status of degradation, techniques diseases; livestock; and economic The guide also emphasizes the and practices to manage dryland benefits. The modules also contain critical role of participatory resources, and the socio-economic exercises. For more information, visit approaches and the importance of situation of the communities living in http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/lwdms. implementing activities in terms of drylands. For more information, visit stm local conditions. It also focused on http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/lwdms. interventions that will improve the stm livelihoods of communities living Global Forest Resources Assessment within or near forests, efforts to 2005: Progress towards sustainable educate people on the forms of rural forestry management. FAO Forestry poverty, and ways to improve Paper 147 decision making at the local level. For more information, visit http:// FAO released a reprint of the results www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0645e/ of the Global Forest Resources a0645e00.htm Assessment 2005, implemented in 2003-2005. It presents the current status and trends of the world’s State of Food Insecurity in the World forest resources in six thematic 2006: Eradicating world hunger- elements of sustainable forest taking stock 10 years after the World management. Global Forest Food Summit (WFS). Resources Assessment 2005 was the most comprehensive survey of The eighth edition of the State of forests to date and involved more Food Insecurity in the World reports than 800 people including 172 on the progress and setbacks in the officially nominated national various regions towards attaining correspondents and their the WFS targets. It discusses the colleagues, an Advisory Group, constraints to efforts aimed at international experts, FAO staff, reducing world hunger, the consultants and volunteers from challenges, the need to broaden the various countries. For more areas of actions, and lessons information, visit http://www.fao. learned. The report also presents a

14 March 2007 APANews No. 29 information sources

Information sources for agroforesters

The following information materials diseases, changes in the population distribution, habitat characteristics, were compiled from Springer biology of organisms, plant breeding biophysical limits, products and Publications, CABI Publishing, The solutions, plant capacity for services, pest and disease, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), adaptation, and climate change propagation, tree management, among others. effects on agricultural production. growth and yield, harvesting For more information, visit http:// aspects, marketing and future Agroecosystems in a www.agiculturenetbase.com/. prospects. For more information, changing climate visit http:// www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/. Written by Paul Newton, R. Andrew AgroForesTree Database Version 2.0 Carran, Grant Edwards and Pascal Niklaus, this book considers the Produced by the World Agroforestry Bioproducts from Canada’s forests – ecological and agricultural Centre (ICRAF), this database new partnerships in the bioeconomy perspectives on the consequences contains detailed information of of changes in the atmosphere and more than 350 species of fruit and Edited by Suzanne Wetzel, Luc climate on the integrity, stability and timber trees, rattan, and bamboo Duchesne and Michael Laporte, this productivity of agroecosystems. that are used in agroforestry systems book provides information on Topics include the resource supply to in Southeast Asia. Information various innovative, nontimber sustain agriculture, incidence and presented includes , Continued on page 16 control of pests, weeds and botanic description, geographic

Some of the species are suited for temperate climates and higher New Forests Project elevations. These nitrogen-fixing trees can be used for firewood, offers seeds, training charcoal, furniture, and shipbuilding. They can also provide fodder and materials serve as living barrier against shifting soil.

The New Forests Project (NFP) based 5. Albizia lebbek (East India Those who are interested may in Washington, DC, USA is offering walnut, kokko, woman’s submit their requests containing the tree seeds, technical information, tongue) environmental description of the and training materials free of charge 6. Cajanus cajan (pigeon , area, including elevation, average to farmers’ groups and civil society gandul) annual rainfall, length of rainy and groups worldwide who are 7. Cassia siamea (Bombay, dry seasons, average temperatures. interested in starting reforestation blackwood, yellow cassia) Include also a brief explanation of projects using nitrogen-fixing trees. 8. Dalbergia sisoo (sisu, nelkar, how the seeds will be used (i.e. Through its World Seed Program, NFP shewa, yette) fuelwood, lumber, forage, soil has assisted more than 4 400 villages 9. Grevillea robusta (Silky Oak, conservation, soil enhancement, in over 120 countries since 1982, Silver Oak) etc.). with the aim of curbing 10. Gliricidia sepium (Madre de deforestation in developing cacao) For more information or to receive a countries. 11. Gleditsia tricanthos inermis reforestation packet, contact: (honey locust) The following high quality seeds are 12. Leucaena leucocephala The New Forests Project, 731 Eighth available for distribution: (ipil-ipil, leadtree) Street, SE, Washington, DC 20003, 13. (mesquite) USA, Tel 1-202-547-3800 ext 110 1. Acacia auriculiformis 14. Robinia pseudoacacia Fax 1-202-546-4784, E-mail: 2. Acacia mearnsii (Black (black locust) [email protected] waddle, tan waddle) 15. Sesbania sesban (Sesban, Website: http:// 3. Acacia nilotica (Egyptian Egyptian rattle pod, www.newforestsproject.com thorn, redheat, barbar) suriminta) (NFP Press Release) 4. Acacia tortilis (Umbrella 16. Moringa oleifera thorn, Israeli babool, seyal)

APANews No. 29 March 2007 15 information sources

Information sources more information, visit http:// Abstracts cover agroforestry for... www.cabicompendium.org/fc. systems, components and processes; Forest Products Abstracts cover all Continued from page 15 aspects of wood process – from Environmental services of logging to marketing. It also includes bioproducts that can be derived agroforestry systems researches on non-timber forest from Canada’s forests. The discussion products. For more information, visit highlights their potential economic, Edited by Florencia Montagnini, this http://www.forestscience.info/. social and environmental impacts. It book presents how agroforestry also discusses the technological, systems and tree plantations can policy, and regulatory issues help mitigate climate change and Global development of agriculture: surrounding the emerging global degradation of biodiversity, which challenges and prospects bioeconomy. Topics include biofuels are issues that were highlighted at and bioenergy, bioechemicals, the First World Congress of Edited by N. Halbert, H. F. Alroe, and agroforestry, foods, nutraceuticals, Agroforestry in Orlando, Florida in M. T. Knudsen of the Danish Centre and pharmaceuticals, decorative 2004. The book discusses the for Organic Farming, Denmark, this and aesthetic products, recreation, advantages of mixed-species book provides an overview of the other innovative products and plantations, tropical pasture and potential role of organic agriculture technology, forests and pests, and silvopastoral systems, tropical forest in terms of ecology, economics and carbon credits. For more ecosystem management, research free trade. It also presents insights information, visit http:// on the economic feasibility of into the challenges of organic www.cplbookshop.com/. various land use systems, agriculture and its potential role in socioeconomic considerations of improving soil fertility, nutrient coffee-growing, and agroforestry cycling and food security, as well as CABI global forestry compendium systems in Cost Rica. There are also the reduction of veterinary discussions on the latest research medicine use. It also highlights Published by CABI and updated and concepts in agroforestry, research needs and the importance every two years, this compendium is reforestation, soils, agriculture, of non-certified organic agriculture. a reference tool on silviculture. It natural resource economics, and For more information, visit http:// provides detailed data and incentives for reforestation and cabi-publishing.org/. illustrations for more than 1 200 agroforestry. For more information, species that are economically visit http:// important worldwide, and some that www.barnesandnoble.com/. Land use changes in tropical are of local importance. Other watersheds: evidence, causes and features include basic data on over remedies 20 000 forestry species, a species Forest restoration in landscapes: selection module, a multilingual beyond planting trees Edited by G. E. Shively of Purdue glossary, ICRAF’s Tree Seed Suppliers University and University of Directory, and forestry information Edited by Stephanie Mansourian, Wisconsin, USA, this book examines from FAO, CIFOR, ITTO and INBAR. For Daniel Vallauri, and Nigel Dudley, land-use change this books presents the evolution of in the tropics. It forest restoration as it has focuses on the integrated into landscape economic conservation plans. It compiles the processes experiences of the World Wildlife influencing the Fund and its partners in forest rates of land restoration, and presents future degradation research areas. For more and forest information, visit http:// clearing. Lessons www.cplbookshop.com/. and insights were drawn from the Manupali ForestScience.Info upland watershed in southern Philippines. It This is an online service of CABI documents the factors that led to Publishing which provides access to land-use changes, particularly the its abstract journals: Forestry impacts of institutional and policy Abstracts cover researches on land reforms. It also highlights the use and conservation; Agroforesry interrelationships between

16 March 2007 APANews No. 29 information sources biological, economic, and social the ecology theory of forests that Edited by M. Black of Kings College phenomenons. The book is a result of concern the competition for London, UK, J. D. Bewley of the a project implemented by the resources of plant-plant and plant- University of Guelph, Canada, and P. Sustainable Agriculture and Natural animal mixtures, and the temporal Halmer of Germain’s Technology Resource Management and spatial dynamic productivity of Group, Kings Lynn, UK, this book Collaborative Research Support forests as basis for silvicultural outlines the latest biological Program (SANREM CRSP), funded by applications in agroforestry systems. knowledge on seeds, including the the United State Agency for For more information, visit http:// principles of agricultural seed International Development (USAID). www.agriculturenetbase.com/. processing, storage and sowing, For more information, visit http:// food and industrial uses of seeds, cabi-publishing.org/. and their roles in history, economies Sustainable forestry: from monitoring and cultures. For more information, and modeling to knowledge visit http://cabi-publishing.org/. No tillage seeding in conservation management and policy science agriculture This book examines the issues of Trees of change Written by C. J. Baker and W. R. global climate change and Ritchie of the Centre for biodiversity conservation. It This book summarizes the current International No-Tillage Research highlights four methodologies and directions, vision and mission of the and Engineering (CINTRE), New their contributions in overcoming World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). It Zealand, K.E. Saxton who was ecological challenges, including aims to project how the Centre has formerly with the USDA, W. C. T. practical experiences in evolved, presents the organization’s Chamen of the 4Ceasons Agriculture implementing successful sustainable priorities, and communicates its and Environment, UK, D.C. Reicosky forestry policies. This book is edited research findings and a description of the USDA, ARS, F. Ribeiro of the by K. Reynolds of the USDA Forest of its development-support and Instito Agronomico do Parana, Brazil, Service, USA, A. Thomson of the education work. Discussions focus S.E. Justice of the National Canadian Forest Service, Canada, M. on how ICRAF aligned its vision with Agriculture and Environment Forum, Shannon of the State University of the Millennium Development Goals Nepal, and P. R. Hobbs of Cornell New York, USA, M. Kohl of the to strengthen relationships with University, USA. It is the second and University of Hamburg, Germany, D. national governments, and research most recent edition of the volume Ray of the Forest Research, UK, and K. and development partners. The which was released in 1996. It Rennolis of the University of book also emphasizes ICRAF’s beliefs presents the results of experiments Greenwich, UK. For more information, on cross-sector linkages in the areas on the causes of successes and visit http://cabi-publishing.org/. of gender, health and nutrition. For failures in no-tillage agriculture. It more information, visit http:// also discusses soil carbon and how www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/. its retention or sequestration The agricultural groundwater interacts with tillage and no-tillage, revolution: comprehensive controlled traffic farming as an assessment of water management Way out of woods: learning how adjunct to no-tillage, the economics in agriculture to manage trees and forests of no-tillage, small-scale equipment used by poor farmers, and forage Written by M. Giordano and K. G. Edited by P. Van Mele, this book cropping by no-tillage. For more Villholth of the International Water presents the success of forestry and information, visit http://cabi- Management Institute, Sri Lanka, this agroforestry projects in Nepal, publishing.org/. book addresses the issues of using Kenya and Bolivia. Through case groundwater for irrigation in the studies, the book discusses possible developing world. It also presents solutions to the sustainable Silvicultural basis for problems related to the degradation management of natural resources, agroforestry systems and overexploitation of taking into account the biological, groundwater, and discusses methods social, and cultural diversity of rural Written by Mark Ashton and for its improved management. For communities. For more information, Florencia Montagnini, this guide more information, visit http://cabi- visit http://www.cabi- provides a silvicultural framework on publishing.org/. commodities.org/Acc/ACCrc/ the design and practice of ACCrc.htm. agroforestry systems. It emphasizes research and thoughts from a The encyclopedia of seeds: forestry rather than the agricultural science, technology and uses perspective. The guide also provides examples and knowledge gained on

APANews No. 29 March 2007 17 websites

Useful Websites

Agriculture netBase

Maintained by Taylor and Francis CPC Press, the Agriculture netBase website offers information on various books, handbooks, encylopedias, and many other information materials in the areas of agriculture and agronomy, animal science, botany, crop science, entomology, forestry, genetics, molecular biology, socil science, and veterinary science. For more information, visit http://www.agriculturenetbase.com/.

National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service

Managed by the National Center for Appropriate Technology, this website offers publications and resources on sustainable agriculture, horticultural crops, field crops, soil and compost, water management, pest management, organic farming, livestock, marketing, farm energy and education, among others. For more information, visit http://attra.ncat.org/.

Food and Fertilizer Technology Center

FFTC is a regional information center in the Asia-Pacific region that disseminates information on a wide range of modern and practical technologies relevant to the needs of small farms. The website offers publications such as annual reports, books, newsletters, Asian agricultural reviews, extension bulletins, technical bulletins, technical notes, practical technology and research highlights. Topics include food processing, postharvest technologies, grain and root crop production, institutional support, livestock, plant propagation, soil and fertilizers, vegetables and fruits. For more information, visit http:// www.fftc.agnet.org/.

18 March 2007 APANews No. 29 websites

International Center for Underutilized Crops

This website offers articles, books, manuals, databases, posters, newsletters, and monographs, among others, on underutilized crops. It also provides expertise and acts as a knowledge hub for tropical, subtropical, and temperate plant development. For more information, visit http://www.icuc- iwmi.org/.

Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization (ECHO)

ECHO is a nonprofit Christian organization located in Fort Myers, Florida, USA. Its website offers books, training, links and good references on seeds of various species. It features a Seed Bank where information on legumes, nutrition and income, trees, and forage can be found. For more information, visit http://www.echotech.org/.

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

The ICRISAT website contains re- search briefs on agroecosystems, biotechnology, crop improvements, market policy and impacts. It features information on its flagship programs: Global Agricultural Research-for-Development Against Desertification (OASIS), Agri-Sci- ence Park, Desert Margins Program, and the Virtual Academy for the Semi-Arid Tropics (VASAT). Its website also offers online resources, including an e-library with online databases, agricultural sites on the web, and publications. ICRISAT also promotes key crops of chickpea, pigeonpea, groundnut, pearl millet, and sorghum. For more information, visit http://www.icrisat.org/.

APANews No. 29 March 2007 19 Call for contributions

We are inviting contributions to the would like to request interested 30th and 31st issue of the Asia-Pacific contributors to adopt a simple and Agroforestry Newsletter (APANews) straightforward style in writing the on or before 30 April and 13 July articles. By adopting the popular 2007. Let us help you share the writing style, your articles can better relevant programs and projects that reach farmers, development agents, you are doing in the areas of researchers, practitioners and other agroforestry research, promotion interested individuals, to help them and development, and education in coping with the challenges of and training. promoting and developing agroforestry in their respective Contributions for agroforestry countries. research may contain results of short- and long-term studies on In addition, the FAO and IAF editors agroforestry. would like to accommodate as many articles as possible in every Contributions for agroforestry issue. Hence, kindly limit your promotion and development may contributions to 1 000 words, and contain information on various include good-quality photographs extension services aimed at (scanned at 300 dpi) that are promoting and developing properly labeled and referred to in agroforestry among communities. the text. Please don’t forget to include your complete contact Contributions for agroforestry details, especially your e-mail education and training may contain address, so that readers can announcements on conferences, contact you with questions or symposiums, training opportunities requests for further information. and other news on the various efforts being made toward Please send contributions by generating more agroforestry e-mail attachment or via snail mail professionals and practitioners, and in diskettes/CD-ROM or in printed providing venues for interpersonal form to the FAO/RAP Office or to the sharing of agroforestry information, UPLB Institute of Agroforestry, 2/F and networking opportunities. Tamesis Hall, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, UP Los Baños, PO We will also help you announce new Box 35023, College, 4031 Laguna, information sources and useful Philippines; Fax +63 49 5363809; websites. E-mail [email protected], [email protected]. For several years now, APANews has continued to reach out to people from various sectors. Hence, we