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Development of the Crew Dragon ECLSS
ICES-2020-333 Development of the Crew Dragon ECLSS Jason Silverman1, Andrew Irby2, and Theodore Agerton3 Space Exploration Technologies, Hawthorne, California, 90250 SpaceX designed the Crew Dragon spacecraft to be the safest ever flown and to restore the ability of the United States to launch astronauts. One of the key systems required for human flight is the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS), which was designed to work in concert with the spacesuit and spacecraft. The tight coupling of many subsystems combined with an emphasis on simplicity and fault tolerance created unique challenges and opportunities for the design team. During the development of the crew ECLSS, the Dragon 1 cargo spacecraft flew with a simple ECLSS for animals, providing an opportunity for technology development and the early characterization of system-level behavior. As the ECLSS design matured a series of tests were conducted, including with humans in a prototype capsule in November 2016, the Demo-1 test flight to the ISS in March 2019, and human-in-the-loop ground testing in the Demo-2 capsule in January 2020 before the same vehicle performs a crewed test flight. This paper describes the design and operations of the ECLSS, the development process, and the lessons learned. Nomenclature AC = air conditioning AQM = air quality monitor AVV = active vent valve CCiCap = Commercial Crew Integrated Capability CCtCap = Commercial Crew Transportation Capability CFD = computational fluid dynamics conops = concept of operations COPV = composite overwrapped -
Leonardo User Manual
Direction for use Computer Leonardo ENGLISH cressi.com 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Main specifications page 4 TIME SET mode: General recommendations Date and time adjustment page 31 and safety measures page 5 SYSTEM mode: Introduction page 10 Setting of measurement unit and reset page 31 1 - COMPUTER CONTROL 3 - WHILE DIVING: COMPUTER Operation of the Leonardo computer page 13 FUNCTIONS 2 - BEFORE DIVING Diving within no decompression limits page 36 DIVE SET mode: DIVE AIR function: Setting of dive parameters page 16 Dive with Air page 37 Oxygen partial pressure (PO2) page 16 DIVE NITROX function: Nitrox - Percentage of the oxygen (FO2) page 18 Dive with Nitrox page 37 Dive Safety Factor (SF) page 22 Before a Nitrox dive page 37 Deep Stop page 22 Diving with Nitrox page 40 Altitude page 23 CNS toxicity display page 40 PLAN mode: PO2 alarm page 43 Dive planning page 27 Ascent rate page 45 GAGE mode: Safety Stop page 45 Depth gauge and timer page 27 Decompression forewarning page 46 Deep Stop page 46 3 Diving outside no decompression limits page 50 5 - CARE AND MAINTENANCE Omitted Decompression stage alarm page 51 Battery replacement page 71 GAGE MODE depth gauge and timer) page 52 6 - TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Use of the computer with 7 - WARRANTY poor visibility page 56 4 - ON SURFACE AFTER DIVING Data display and management page 59 Surface interval page 59 PLAN function - Dive plan page 60 LOG BOOK function - Dive log page 61 HISTORY function - Dive history page 65 DIVE PROFILE function - Dive profile page 65 PCLINK function Pc compatible interface page 66 System Reset Reset of the instrument page 70 4 Congratulations on your purchase of your Leo - trox) dive. -
Special Operations Rebreathers
Special Operations Underwater Life Support Systems INTRODUCTION TO JFD JFD is the world leading underwater capability provider facilitating the commercial and defence diving industries by offering innovative diving, submarine rescue and subsea technical solutions. JFD has a well-established history in the development of advanced and innovative diving and submarine rescue systems spanning over 30 years. Our systems continue to set the president in terms of capability and performance and JFD is relied upon by divers worldwide across both the defence and commercial sectors. Our products and services have been delivered to a large number of countries across all continents. With in-service support established in many of these locations and tailored Integrated Logistics Support (ILS) packages, JFD is able to provide high customer equipment availability, rapid technical support and tailored training packages. 2 | Introduction JFD offers two highly capable underwater life support systems to meet the full mission profile of today’s Special Operations diver. A modular approach enables customisation of the life support system in response to demands across the full operational spectrum. SHADOW ENFORCER The solution for extended duration and deeper diving The lightweight solution for short duration mission mission profiles. profiles. 3 | Offering A common life support platform facilitates a multi-mission capability offering numerous operational and logistic benefits that include: ENHANCED MISSION EFFECTIVENESS • Front and back mount options • Oxygen -
Nitrox Recreational Mode - Perdix
Nitrox Recreational Mode - Perdix User Manual Shearwater Perdix Nitrox Recreational Mode 8. System Setup+ ...........................................................18 Table of Contents 8�1� Dive Setup ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Mode �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Table of Contents �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 Salinity ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Conventions Used in this Manual �����������������������������������������������������������������������3 8�2� Deco Setup ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 1. Introduction .................................................................. 4 Conservatism ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 1�1� Features ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 Safety Stop ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 8�3� Bottom Row ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 2. Modes Covered by this Manual ................................. 5 8�4� Nitrox Gases ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� -
The Implications of SCUBA Diving with Air Vs. Enriched-Air Nitrox on Mental and Physical Fatigue
The Implications of SCUBA diving with Air vs. Enriched-Air Nitrox on Mental and Physical Fatigue. Introduction SCUBA (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) diving is commonly done using tanks filled with compressed ambient air containing 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and 1% miscellaneous gases. When not SCUBA diving, nitrogen passes harmlessly through a person’s blood stream. When nitrogen is inhaled at depth, the higher pressure causes more nitrogen to diffuse into the blood stream and various body tissues. Then, after returning to lower pressure at the surface, nitrogen gas dissolved in tissues diffuses and forms bubbles in the bloodstream, which eventually off gas and escape the body through normal exhalation or, in extreme cases, can expand to block blood flow or burst the vessel (1). The blockages or bursts result in symptoms like joint or muscular pain, headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and many others. This serious medical issue is known as decompression sickness (DCS). The formation of nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream, along with other factors, is thought to induce fatigue. By decreasing the amount of nitrogen absorbed, divers could possibly experience less fatigue and reduce the likelihood of DCS (2). The most common way to achieve this is enriched-air nitrox (EAN) diving where a diver uses a gas mixture that has an increased oxygen composition and decreased nitrogen composition. While many experienced SCUBA divers claim that EAN diving reduces post-dive fatigue, the few studies testing the impact of breathing EAN on post-dive fatigue either did not document an effort to hide the gas composition from the subjects, which would allow for a placebo effect, (3) or the study Emma Z SCUBAnauts International, Tampa Chapter 2019 conducted dry dives using a compression chamber which removes contributing factors like temperature and physical exertion felt on an actual dive (4). -
IQ-1301 TC1 Dive Computer
TUSA TC1 ( IQ1301 ) DIVE COMPUTER USER GUIDE【1st/en】 The CE mark is used to mark conformity with the European Union EMC directive 2014/30/EU. IN-TC1-EN-1ST Page 1 ■■■■■■■■■ USER GUIDE【1st.】 Thank you for choosing the TUSA TC1(IQ1301) Dive Computer. ◆This dive computer does not conform to Dive watches (100m) stated in the ISO6425 and JISB7023. Applications This is a dive computer to support no decompression diving safely. The TUSA TC1(IQ1301) functions as a watch, alarm, timer, stopwatch. In Dive Mode, information of water depth, water temperature, dive time, ascent rate and decompression are provided. When divers exceed no decompression limits, the dive computer will show audible and visual alarms. Comprehensive accelerated decompression is possible because each fraction of oxygen (O2) % can be set from 21% to 56% in 1% increments. The calculation model used for decompression is based on the decompression theory of Dr. A. Buhlmann (ZHL-16C). Before use, you need understand all warnings and cautions of the dive computer written in this Instruction Manual. To avoid any serious accidents, please make sure to read and fully understand the dive computer and its functions. Understanding and using the functions of the dive computer ensures your safe diving. Page 2 Safety Precautions Please read the following before use. TUSA shall assume no responsibility on damage, lost profit and/or any claims caused in use or by malfunctions of this dive computer from customers and any third parties. Danger • Make sure you understand how to use the warnings, and cautions of this dive computer within this Instruction Manual before use. -
TDI Advanced Nitrox Diver
TDI Advanced Nitrox Diver Are you looking to expand your dive time? Maybe you’re a scientific diver or photographer looking to stay in the water a little longer?The TDI Advanced Nitrox Course qualifies divers to use enriched air nitrox from EAN 21 through EAN 100 percent within your current certification level to a maximum depth of 40 metres/130 feet during dives that do not require staged decompression. Often taught in conjunction with the TDI Decompression Procedures course, this can be considered the foundation of your technical diving career. TDI Advanced Nitrox is also a must for SCR or CCR divers. Who this course is for: • The certified nitrox diver looking to expand their understanding of nitrox mixtures containing more than 40% oxygen • The certified nitrox diver looking to expand their in-water skills • The certified diver who has interest in moving forward with technical diving education Course prerequisites (these requirements must be met prior to the start of the course): • Minimum age 18, 15 with parental consent • Minimum certification of TDI Nitrox Diver or equivalent • Proof of 25 logged open water dives What you can expect to learn: Advanced Nitrox picks up where TDI Nitrox leaves off and offers a more in-depth look at diving with nitrox including: • Physics and physiology relating to diving with gas mixes containing more than 40% oxygen • Gas planning, dive tables, dive computers, oxygen limitations, nitrogen limitations • Equipment considerations, cylinder labeling, analyzing nitrox mixtures, gas blending procedures, -
Leatherback Report Ana Bikik Odyssey Marine Technical Diving Illumination
Funky Gifts for Folks with Fins ... GirlDiver: Yoga & Diving Papua Leatherback Report Portfolio GLOBAL EDITION May 2009 Number 29 Ana Bikik Profile Odyssey Marine Tech Talk Technical Diving BIKINI ATOLL & KWAJALEIN ATOLL Photography Illumination Pacific1 X-RAY MAG : 29 : 2009 Wrecks COVER PHOTO BY JOOST-JAN WAANDERS DIRECTORY Join Kurt Amsler’s efforts to save Indonesia’s X-RAY MAG is published by AquaScope Media ApS endangered sea turtles. Sign the petition and Frederiksberg, Denmark donate to the cause at: www.sos-seaturtles.ch www.xray-mag.com PUBLISHER SENIOR EDITOR Team divers share a deco stop above the Saratoga, Bikini Atoll - Photo by Joost-Jan Waanders & EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Michael Symes Peter Symes [email protected] [email protected] SECTION EDITORS contents PUBLISHER / EDITOR Andrey Bizyukin, PhD - Features & CREATIVE DIRECTOR Arnold Weisz - News, Features Gunild Symes Catherine Lim - News, Books [email protected] Simon Kong - News, Books Mathias Carvalho - Wrecks ASSOCIATE EDITORS Cindy Ross - GirlDiver & REPRESENTATIVES: Cedric Verdier - Tech Talk Americas: Scott Bennett - Photography Arnold Weisz Scott Bennett - Travel [email protected] Fiona Ayerst - Sharks Michael Arvedlund, PhD Russia Editors & Reps: - Ecology Andrey Bizyukin PhD, Moscow [email protected] CORRESPONDENTS Robert Aston - CA, USA Svetlana Murashkina PhD, Moscow Enrico Cappeletti - Italy [email protected] John Collins - Ireland Marcelo Mammana - Argentina South East Asia Editor & Rep: Nonoy Tan - The Philippines Catherine GS Lim, Singapore [email protected] -
Suunto D6 User's Manual
CUSTOMER SERVICE CONTACTS Suunto Oy Phone +358 9 875870 Fax +358 9 87587301 Suunto USA Phone 1 (800) 543-9124 Canada Phone 1 (800) 776-7770 Europe Phone +358 2 284 11 60 Suunto website www.suunto.com 1 1. WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF SUUNTO DIVING INSTRUMENTS ............ 7 2. WARNINGS, CAUTIONS, AND NOTES .............................................. 9 3. SUUNTO D6 AT A GLANCE .......................................................... 15 3.1. Navigating in the menus ......................................................... 16 3.2. Button symbols and functions ................................................... 17 4. GETTING STARTED WITH YOUR SUUNTO D6 .................................. 19 4.1. TIME mode settings .............................................................. 19 4.1.1. Setting the alarm ............................................................ 20 4.1.2. Setting the time .............................................................. 21 4.1.3. Setting the dual time ........................................................ 21 4.1.4. Setting the date .............................................................. 22 4.1.5. Setting the units ............................................................. 22 4.1.6. Setting the backlight ........................................................ 23 4.1.7. Setting the tones ............................................................ 23 4.2. Stopwatch ......................................................................... 24 4.3. AC water contacts ............................................................... -
No-Decompression Table Noaa Nitrox 28 Only for 28% O2, 72% N2 Mixtures
AWD NDP 07-2015 NO-DECOMPRESSION TABLE NOAA NITROX 28 ONLY FOR 28% O2, 72% N2 MIXTURES WARNING: EVEN STRICT COMPLIANCE WITH THESE CHARTS WILL NOT GUARANTEE AVOIDANCE DIVE GROUP LETTER GROUP DIVE OF DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS, CONSERVATIVE - USAGE IS STRONGLY RECOMMENDED. OF - RNT RESIDUAL NITROGEN TIME +ABT ACTUAL BOTTOM TIME ESDT EQUIVALENT SINGLE DIVE TIME DIVE TIMES END WITH DIVE – CHART 1 1 CHART STOP REPETITIVE DIVE TIMES.DIVE STOPREPETITIVE - ARE RESIDUAL NITROGEN TIMES (RNT). TIMES RESIDUAL NITROGENARE SURFACE INTERVAL TIMEINTERVAL SURFACE REPETITIVE DIVE TIMEREPETITIVE DIVE – – RED NUMBERS RED NO ADJUSTED BLACK ARE NUMBERS THISSHOULDTIME NUMBER. NOT DIVEEXCEEDACTUAL CHART 2 2 CHART TIME RANGES ARE HOURS:MINUTESARE RANGES TIME TIME. SURFACE INTERVALFIND MOVETO THETOP, FROM ENTER LETTERGROUP REPETITIVE THEFIND NEWTO MOVELEFT CHART 3 CHART3 00 00 28 AWD NDP 07-2015 NO-DECOMPRESSION TABLE NOAA NITROX 29 ONLY FOR 29% O2, 71% N2 MIXTURES WARNING: EVEN STRICT COMPLIANCE WITH THESE CHARTS WILL NOT GUARANTEE AVOIDANCE DIVE GROUP LETTER GROUP DIVE OF DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS, CONSERVATIVE - USAGE IS STRONGLY RECOMMENDED. OF - RNT RESIDUAL NITROGEN TIME +ABT ACTUAL BOTTOM TIME ESDT EQUIVALENT SINGLE DIVE TIME DIVE TIMES END WITH DIVE – CHART 1 1 CHART STOP REPETITIVE DIVE TIMES.DIVE STOPREPETITIVE - ARE RESIDUAL NITROGEN TIMES (RNT). TIMES RESIDUAL NITROGENARE SURFACE INTERVAL TIMEINTERVAL SURFACE REPETITIVE DIVE TIMEREPETITIVE DIVE – – RED NUMBERS RED NO ADJUSTED BLACK ARE NUMBERS THISSHOULDTIME NUMBER. NOT DIVEEXCEEDACTUAL CHART 2 2 CHART TIME RANGES ARE HOURS:MINUTESARE RANGES TIME TIME. SURFACE INTERVALFIND MOVETO THETOP, FROM ENTER LETTERGROUP REPETITIVE THEFIND NEWTO MOVELEFT CHART 3 CHART3 00 00 29 AWD NDP 07-2015 NO-DECOMPRESSION TABLE NOAA NITROX 30 ONLY FOR 30% O2, 70% N2 MIXTURES WARNING: EVEN STRICT COMPLIANCE WITH THESE CHARTS WILL NOT GUARANTEE AVOIDANCE DIVE GROUP LETTER GROUP DIVE OF DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS, CONSERVATIVE - USAGE IS STRONGLY RECOMMENDED. -
American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) Standards For
The American Academy of Underwater Sciences STANDARDS FOR SCIENTIFIC DIVING AAUS • 101 Bienville Blvd Dauphin Island, AL 36528 www.aaus.org • [email protected] • 251.591.3775 FOREWORD Since 1951 the scientific diving community has endeavored to promote safe, effective diving through self- imposed diver training and education programs. Over the years, manuals for diving safety have been circulated between organizations, revised and modified for local implementation, and have resulted in an enviable safety record. This document represents the minimal safety standards for scientific diving at the present day. As diving science progresses so shall this standard, and it is the responsibility of every member of the Academy to see that it always reflects state of the art, safe diving practice. American Academy of Underwater Sciences ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Academy thanks the numerous dedicated individual and organizational members for their contributions and editorial comments in the production of these standards. Revision History April, 1987 October, 1990 May, 1994 January, 1996 March 1999 Added Sec 7.6.1 Nitrox Diving Guidelines. Revised Appendix 7 and 11. January 2001 Revised Section 1.23.1 DSO Qualifications. Revised Section 5.31.4 Emergency Care Training. Revised Section 6 Medical Standards. Made Sec 7.6.1 Nitrox Diving Guidelines into Section 7. Added Section 8.0 Scientific Aquarium Diving. Moved Section 7.0 to Section 9.0 Other Diving Technologies. April 2002 Removed Appendix 7 AAUS Checkout Dive and Training Evaluation. Revised Section 5.33.3. Revised Section 4.23.2. August 2003 Section 1.27.3 Delete reference to Appendix 9 (checkout dive). Section 1.4 Remove word "waiver". -
Resting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Divers Using Diver Propulsion Devices Adam J
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 10-29-2008 Resting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Divers Using Diver Propulsion Devices Adam J. Smith University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Smith, Adam J., "Resting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Divers Using Diver Propulsion Devices" (2008). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/502 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RestingOxygenConsumptionRatesinDiversUsingDiverPropulsionDevices by AdamJ.Smith Athesissubmittedinpartialfulfillment oftherequirementsforthedegreeof MasterofScienceinBiomedicalEngineering DepartmentofChemical&BiomedicalEngineering CollegeofEngineering UniversityofSouthFlorida MajorProfessor:WilliamE.LeeIII,Ph.D. JohnR.Clarke,Ph.D. RolandD.Shytle,Ph.D. DateofApproval: October29,2008 Keywords:OxygenConsumption,Diving,Rebreather,PropagationofError, InjectionRate,Nitrox,Semiclosed ©Copyright2008,AdamJ.Smith Dedication Thisthesisisdedicatedtomyfamilywhohavelovedandsupportedme throughoutmystudies.Iamblessedtohavesuchgreatrolemodelsasmy parents. Acknowledgments First,IwouldliketoexpressthedeepestofgratitudetoDr.JohnClarke.