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Public Safety Scuba Diving
Industry Guide 47 A Guide to Public Safety Diving N.C. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Division N.C. Department of Labor 1101 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 Cherie Berry Commissioner of Labor N.C. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Program Cherie Berry Commissioner of Labor OSHA State Plan Designee Kevin Beauregard Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health Scott Mabry Assistant Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health Tom Savage Standards Officer Author Acknowledgments A Guide to Public Safety Diving has been prepared with materials and information from the General Industry Standards, 29 CFR 1910, Subpart T—Commercial Diving Operations, and OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-151 (U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration). This guide also contains information from sources such as U.S. Navy Diving Manual, National Association of Search and Rescue, California Department Fish and Game Diving Safety Manual, and the National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 1670—Standard on Operations and Technical Search and Rescue. Through an existing alliance established between the N.C. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Divi- sion and the North Carolina Public Safety Divers’ Association (PSDA), a collaborative effort was established to make this guide possible. The PSDA board of directors provided expertise involving public safety diving in sharing best practices and technical knowledge. A special thanks to Chuck Elgin, North Carolina Underwater Response Team, for his dedication and hard work assisting in the development of this publication. This guide is intended to be consistent with all existing OSHA standards; therefore, if an area is considered by the reader to be inconsistent with a standard, then the OSHA standard should be followed. -
History of Scuba Diving About 500 BC: (Informa on Originally From
History of Scuba Diving nature", that would have taken advantage of this technique to sink ships and even commit murders. Some drawings, however, showed different kinds of snorkels and an air tank (to be carried on the breast) that presumably should have no external connecons. Other drawings showed a complete immersion kit, with a plunger suit which included a sort of About 500 BC: (Informaon originally from mask with a box for air. The project was so Herodotus): During a naval campaign the detailed that it included a urine collector, too. Greek Scyllis was taken aboard ship as prisoner by the Persian King Xerxes I. When Scyllis learned that Xerxes was to aack a Greek flolla, he seized a knife and jumped overboard. The Persians could not find him in the water and presumed he had drowned. Scyllis surfaced at night and made his way among all the ships in Xerxes's fleet, cung each ship loose from its moorings; he used a hollow reed as snorkel to remain unobserved. Then he swam nine miles (15 kilometers) to rejoin the Greeks off Cape Artemisium. 15th century: Leonardo da Vinci made the first known menon of air tanks in Italy: he 1772: Sieur Freminet tried to build a scuba wrote in his Atlanc Codex (Biblioteca device out of a barrel, but died from lack of Ambrosiana, Milan) that systems were used oxygen aer 20 minutes, as he merely at that me to arficially breathe under recycled the exhaled air untreated. water, but he did not explain them in detail due to what he described as "bad human 1776: David Brushnell invented the Turtle, first submarine to aack another ship. -
Dry Suit Diving Provides the Diver with a Layer of Air Around the Body
Dry suits come into play when preventing convection is no longer adequate in delaying the loss of body heat. A dry suit Dry Suit Diving provides the diver with a layer of air around the body. Air is a better thermal insulator than water. A diver will still get cold, but the additional delay in losing body heat will make it possibleto enjoya diveinthecoldest environments. The layer of air is an advantage for thermal insulation. The air in the suit also offers options for positioning in the water that would be difficult with a wetsuit. Unfortunately the added advantage is a trade-off with inconveniences. Diving in adrysuit is not without challenges. An additional airspace (next to lungs and BCD) makes buoyancy control more difficult. Dry suits require special maintenance. Dry suits also alter requirements for other equipment items and in most cases come with a need for additional weight. Dry suit training is needed in order to cope with the additional challenges. Dry suit training will also provide valuable information for selecting your own drysuit. Divers lose their body heat via direct contact with the colder water. The body heat is lost via conduction. Conduction means that the warmer substance (the skin) has direct contact with the colder substance (water). An unprotected swimmer loses body heat up to 25 times faster in water than in air. Convection refers to the fact that warmed-up water is lighter than colder water. The warmer water moves up and is replaced by colder water. Your body therefore is repeatedly heating up cold water. -
Development of the Crew Dragon ECLSS
ICES-2020-333 Development of the Crew Dragon ECLSS Jason Silverman1, Andrew Irby2, and Theodore Agerton3 Space Exploration Technologies, Hawthorne, California, 90250 SpaceX designed the Crew Dragon spacecraft to be the safest ever flown and to restore the ability of the United States to launch astronauts. One of the key systems required for human flight is the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS), which was designed to work in concert with the spacesuit and spacecraft. The tight coupling of many subsystems combined with an emphasis on simplicity and fault tolerance created unique challenges and opportunities for the design team. During the development of the crew ECLSS, the Dragon 1 cargo spacecraft flew with a simple ECLSS for animals, providing an opportunity for technology development and the early characterization of system-level behavior. As the ECLSS design matured a series of tests were conducted, including with humans in a prototype capsule in November 2016, the Demo-1 test flight to the ISS in March 2019, and human-in-the-loop ground testing in the Demo-2 capsule in January 2020 before the same vehicle performs a crewed test flight. This paper describes the design and operations of the ECLSS, the development process, and the lessons learned. Nomenclature AC = air conditioning AQM = air quality monitor AVV = active vent valve CCiCap = Commercial Crew Integrated Capability CCtCap = Commercial Crew Transportation Capability CFD = computational fluid dynamics conops = concept of operations COPV = composite overwrapped -
Argon Used As Dry Suit Insulation Gas for Cold-Water Diving Xavier CE Vrijdag1*, Pieter-Jan AM Van Ooij2 and Robert a Van Hulst1,2,3
Vrijdag et al. Extreme Physiology & Medicine 2013, 2:17 http://www.extremephysiolmed.com/content/2/1/17 RESEARCH Open Access Argon used as dry suit insulation gas for cold-water diving Xavier CE Vrijdag1*, Pieter-Jan AM van Ooij2 and Robert A van Hulst1,2,3 Abstract Background: Cold-water diving requires good thermal insulation because hypothermia is a serious risk. Water conducts heat more efficiently compared to air. To stay warm during a dive, the choice of thermal protection should be based on physical activity, the temperature of the water, and the duration of exposure. A dry suit, a diving suit filled with gas, is the most common diving suit in cold water. Air is the traditional dry suit inflation gas, whereas the thermal conductivity of argon is approximately 32% lower compared to that of air. This study evaluates the benefits of argon, compared to air, as a thermal insulation gas for a dry suit during a 1-h cold-water dive by divers of the Royal Netherlands Navy. Methods: Seven male Special Forces divers made (in total) 19 dives in a diving basin with water at 13°C at a depth of 3 m for 1 h in upright position. A rubber dry suit and woollen undergarment were used with either argon (n = 13) or air (n = 6) (blinded to the divers) as suit inflation gas. Core temperature was measured with a radio pill during the dive. Before, halfway, and after the dive, subjective thermal comfort was recorded using a thermal comfort score. Results: No diver had to abort the test due to cold. -
8. Decompression Procedures Diver
TDI Standards and Procedures Part 2: TDI Diver Standards 8. Decompression Procedures Diver 8.1 Introduction This course examines the theory, methods and procedures of planned stage decompression diving. This program is designed as a stand-alone course or it may be taught in conjunction with TDI Advanced Nitrox, Advanced Wreck, or Full Cave Course. The objective of this course is to train divers how to plan and conduct a standard staged decompression dive not exceeding a maximum depth of 45 metres / 150 feet. The most common equipment requirements, equipment set-up and decompression techniques are presented. Students are permitted to utilize enriched air nitrox (EAN) mixes or oxygen for decompression provided the gas mix is within their current certification level. 8.2 Qualifications of Graduates Upon successful completion of this course, graduates may engage in decompression diving activities without direct supervision provided: 1. The diving activities approximate those of training 2. The areas of activities approximate those of training 3. Environmental conditions approximate those of training Upon successful completion of this course, graduates are qualified to enroll in: 1. TDI Advanced Nitrox Course 2. TDI Extended Range Course 3. TDI Advanced Wreck Course 4. TDI Trimix Course 8.3 Who May Teach Any active TDI Decompression Procedures Instructor may teach this course Version 0221 67 TDI Standards and Procedures Part 2: TDI Diver Standards 8.4 Student to Instructor Ratio Academic 1. Unlimited, so long as adequate facility, supplies and time are provided to ensure comprehensive and complete training of subject matter Confined Water (swimming pool-like conditions) 1. -
GR03617-01 UDT 2018 Press Pack AW.Indd
UDT 2018 UNDERSEA DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY SEC, Glasgow Visit us on Stand C2 AVON PROTECTION AT UDT 2018 Avon Protection has more than 130 years of experience, delivering performance innovation, design and engineering solutions. Avon Protection’s capabilities include the design, development, test and manufacture of respirators, filters, escape hoods, powered air purifying respirators (PAPRs), self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), hybrid systems, thermal imaging, dive computers and closed circuit rebreathers. Over our history of innovation, design and engineering, we have exclusively focused on the military, law enforcement, firefighting and industrial markets, understanding the unique requirements of these specialist, high threat, user groups. This depth of understanding and specialisation has enabled Avon Protection to become the recognised global market leader for respiratory products in this field. PRODUCTS ON SHOW MCM100 MDC150 Mi-TIC S NH15 COMBO 2 AVON PROTECTION AT UDT 2018 MCM100 The MCM100 is a configurable platform to meet multiple military Underwater Breathing Apparatus (UBA) requirements. It is a fully closed circuit, electronically controlled, mixed gas rebreather CE tested to 100m, suitable for a large range of military or tactical diving disciplines such as Mine Countermeasure (MCM), Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) shallow or deep, Mine Investigation and Exploitation (MIE) and Special Operations Forces (SOF). MDC150 The next generation of military dive computer with real-time data/ decompression logging and a custom interface which is fully reconfigurable allowing reprogramming as requirements change. The multiple algorithm capability allows for end user decompression system inclusion. The robust and ergonomic form has been specifically designed for use in demanding military diving applications. Mi-TIC S. -
Diving Safety Manual Revision 3.2
Diving Safety Manual Revision 3.2 Original Document: June 22, 1983 Revision 1: January 1, 1991 Revision 2: May 15, 2002 Revision 3: September 1, 2010 Revision 3.1: September 15, 2014 Revision 3.2: February 8, 2018 WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION i WHOI Diving Safety Manual DIVING SAFETY MANUAL, REVISION 3.2 Revision 3.2 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Diving Safety Manual has been reviewed and is approved for implementation. It replaces and supersedes all previous versions and diving-related Institution Memoranda. Dr. George P. Lohmann Edward F. O’Brien Chair, Diving Control Board Diving Safety Officer MS#23 MS#28 [email protected] [email protected] Ronald Reif David Fisichella Institution Safety Officer Diving Control Board MS#48 MS#17 [email protected] [email protected] Dr. Laurence P. Madin John D. Sisson Diving Control Board Diving Control Board MS#39 MS#18 [email protected] [email protected] Christopher Land Dr. Steve Elgar Diving Control Board Diving Control Board MS# 33 MS #11 [email protected] [email protected] Martin McCafferty EMT-P, DMT, EMD-A Diving Control Board DAN Medical Information Specialist [email protected] ii WHOI Diving Safety Manual WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION DIVING SAFETY MANUAL REVISION 3.2, September 5, 2017 INTRODUCTION Scuba diving was first used at the Institution in the summer of 1952. At first, formal instruction and proper information was unavailable, but in early 1953 training was obtained at the Naval Submarine Escape Training Tank in New London, Connecticut and also with the Navy Underwater Demolition Team in St. -
Biomechanics of Safe Ascents Workshop
PROCEEDINGS OF BIOMECHANICS OF SAFE ASCENTS WORKSHOP — 10 ft E 30 ft TIME AMERICAN ACADEMY OF UNDERWATER SCIENCES September 25 - 27, 1989 Woods Hole, Massachusetts Proceedings of the AAUS Biomechanics of Safe Ascents Workshop Michael A. Lang and Glen H. Egstrom, (Editors) Copyright © 1990 by AMERICAN ACADEMY OF UNDERWATER SCIENCES 947 Newhall Street Costa Mesa, CA 92627 All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers Copies of these Proceedings can be purchased from AAUS at the above address This workshop was sponsored in part by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce, under grant number 40AANR902932, through the Office of Undersea Research, and in part by the Diving Equipment Manufacturers Association (DEMA), and in part by the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS). The U.S. Government is authorized to produce and distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding the copyright notation that appears above. Opinions presented at the Workshop and in the Proceedings are those of the contributors, and do not necessarily reflect those of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF UNDERWATER SCIENCES BIOMECHANICS OF SAFE ASCENTS WORKSHOP WHOI/MBL Woods Hole, Massachusetts September 25 - 27, 1989 MICHAEL A. LANG GLEN H. EGSTROM Editors American Academy of Underwater Sciences 947 Newhall Street, Costa Mesa, California 92627 U.S.A. An American Academy of Underwater Sciences Diving Safety Publication AAUSDSP-BSA-01-90 CONTENTS Preface i About AAUS ii Executive Summary iii Acknowledgments v Session 1: Introductory Session Welcoming address - Michael A. -
Chemical Tank Testing of Modified Commercial Diving Helmets And
CHEMICAL TANK TESTING OF MODIFIED COMMERCIAL DMNG HEL\1 ETS AND DRESS by James Nash Test Engineer Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc. USEPA - Oil &: Hazardous Materials Simulation Environmental Test Tank Leonardo, New Jersey On37 Contract No. 6&-3-30.56 Test Director: J. Morgan Wells, Jr., P~O. Diving Program Office National Ocearuc and Atmo.sphenc Administration Rockville, Maryland 208j2 ft, ns e•;a•ta £r! . UGID \1 Project Ofiicer Richard P. Traver, P.E. Oil and Hazardous Materials Spills Branch Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory Edison, New Jersey 08837 MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY OFACE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT U.S. ENVIROl\'MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CINCINNAn, OHIO 4.5268 • DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Oil c5c Hazardous Materials Spills Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency7 and approved for draft review. Approval does not signify the contents necessarily reflect the views and poUcies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or companies conStinne endorsement or recommendation for use. ll FOREWORD 'The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was created because of increasing public and government concern a.boot the dangers of pollution to the health and welfare of the American people. Noxious air, foul water, and spoiled land are tragic testimonies to the deterioration of our natural environment. The complexity of that environment and the interplay of its components require a concentrated and integrat<ed attack on the problem. Research afld development is that necessary first step in problem solution; it involves def'ming the proble~ measuring its impact, and seatdilng for solutions. -
Code of Federal Regulations GPO Access
4±23±97 Wednesday Vol. 62 No. 78 April 23, 1997 Pages 19667±19896 Briefings on how to use the Federal Register For information on briefings in Washington, DC, see announcement on the inside cover of this issue. Now Available Online Code of Federal Regulations via GPO Access (Selected Volumes) Free, easy, online access to selected Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) volumes is now available via GPO Access, a service of the United States Government Printing Office (GPO). CFR titles will be added to GPO Access incrementally throughout calendar years 1996 and 1997 until a complete set is available. GPO is taking steps so that the online and printed versions of the CFR will be released concurrently. The CFR and Federal Register on GPO Access, are the official online editions authorized by the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register. New titles and/or volumes will be added to this online service as they become available. http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr For additional information on GPO Access products, services and access methods, see page II or contact the GPO Access User Support Team via: ★ Phone: toll-free: 1-888-293-6498 ★ Email: [email protected] federal register 1 II Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 78 / Wednesday, April 23, 1997 SUBSCRIPTIONS AND COPIES PUBLIC Subscriptions: Paper or fiche 202±512±1800 Assistance with public subscriptions 512±1806 General online information 202±512±1530; 1±888±293±6498 FEDERAL REGISTER Published daily, Monday through Friday, Single copies/back copies: (not published on Saturdays, Sundays, or on official holidays), by the Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Paper or fiche 512±1800 Records Administration, Washington, DC 20408, under the Federal Assistance with public single copies 512±1803 Register Act (49 Stat. -
Diving and Snorkelling in Silfra Fissure a Handbook to Prepare You for Your Adventure
DIVING AND SNORKELLING IN SILFRA FISSURE A HANDBOOK TO PREPARE YOU FOR YOUR ADVENTURE The Silfra fissure is one of the most amazing places in the world. Diving or Snorkelling through the crystal clear glacial water is an experience best ex- plained by actually taking the plunge. However, there are a few important things that you need to know in order to prepare yourself for this adventure. Also, this is not an activity for everyone, and it is important that you are aware of the risks and challenges involved. DIVING Diving in the Silfra fissure is one for the bucket list! The water in Silfra is 2 degrees C and all dives are per- formed in a dry suit. It is required that you have documented training and experience in cold water dry suit diving in order to enjoy this adventure. Dry suit experience For diving in the Silfra fissure, you need to have previous experience in dry suit diving. Your dive guide will ask to see your Dry suit certification card, or a logbook showing that you have completed a minimum of 10 previous dry suit dives (signed by a dive professional). You need to have dived in a dry suit within the last 2 years to ensure that your skills are up to date. If failing to show us either certification or logbook you will not be allowed to dive. Good buoyancy control is essential in order to safely dive Silfra. The water is up to +30 meters deep and there is no descent line to use. For your own safety, the dive guide will not allow divers demonstrating poor buoyan- cy control to complete the dive.