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Wilderness on the Edge: a History of Everglades National Park
Wilderness on the Edge: A History of Everglades National Park Robert W Blythe Chicago, Illinois 2017 Prepared under the National Park Service/Organization of American Historians cooperative agreement Table of Contents List of Figures iii Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in Footnotes xv Chapter 1: The Everglades to the 1920s 1 Chapter 2: Early Conservation Efforts in the Everglades 40 Chapter 3: The Movement for a National Park in the Everglades 62 Chapter 4: The Long and Winding Road to Park Establishment 92 Chapter 5: First a Wildlife Refuge, Then a National Park 131 Chapter 6: Land Acquisition 150 Chapter 7: Developing the Park 176 Chapter 8: The Water Needs of a Wetland Park: From Establishment (1947) to Congress’s Water Guarantee (1970) 213 Chapter 9: Water Issues, 1970 to 1992: The Rise of Environmentalism and the Path to the Restudy of the C&SF Project 237 Chapter 10: Wilderness Values and Wilderness Designations 270 Chapter 11: Park Science 288 Chapter 12: Wildlife, Native Plants, and Endangered Species 309 Chapter 13: Marine Fisheries, Fisheries Management, and Florida Bay 353 Chapter 14: Control of Invasive Species and Native Pests 373 Chapter 15: Wildland Fire 398 Chapter 16: Hurricanes and Storms 416 Chapter 17: Archeological and Historic Resources 430 Chapter 18: Museum Collection and Library 449 Chapter 19: Relationships with Cultural Communities 466 Chapter 20: Interpretive and Educational Programs 492 Chapter 21: Resource and Visitor Protection 526 Chapter 22: Relationships with the Military -
Report SFRC-83/01 Status of the Eastern Indigo Snake in Southern Florida National Parks and Vicinity
Report SFRC-83/01 Status of the Eastern Indigo Snake in Southern Florida National Parks and Vicinity NATIONAL b lb -a'*? m ..-.. # .* , *- ,... - . ,--.-,, , . LG LG - m,*.,*,*, Or 7°C ,"7cn,a. Q*Everglades National Park, South Florida Research Center, P.O.Box 279, Homestead, Florida 33030 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ........................... 1 STUDYAREA ............................ 1 METHODS .............................. 3 RESULTS .............................. 4 Figure 1. Distribution of the indigo snake in southern Florida ..... 5 Figure 2 . Distribution of the indigo snake in the Florida Keys including Biscayne National Park ............. 6 DISCUSSION ............................. 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................ 13 LITERATURE CITED ......................... 14 APPENDIX 1. Observations of indigo snakes in southern Florida ....... 17 APPENDIX 2 . Data on indigo snakes examined in and adjacent to Everglades National Park ................. 24 APPENDIX 3. Museum specimens of indigo snakes from southern Florida ... 25 4' . Status of the Eastern Indigo Snake in Southern Florida National Parks and Vicinity Report ~F~~-83/01 Todd M. Steiner, Oron L. Bass, Jr., and James A. Kushlan National Park Service South Florida Research Center Everglades National Park Homestead, Florida 33030 January 1983 Steiner, Todd M., Oron L. Bass, Jr., and James A. Kushlan. 1983. Status of the Eastern Indigo Snake in Southern Florida National Parks and Vicinity. South Florida Research Center Report SFRC- 83/01. 25 pp. INTRODUCTION The status and biology of the eastern indigo snake, Drymarchon corais couperi, the largest North American snake (~awler,1977), is poorly understood. Destruction of habitat and exploitation by the pet trade have reduced its population levels in various localities to the point that it is listed by the Federal government as a threatened species. -
Restoring Southern Florida's Native Plant Heritage
A publication of The Institute for Regional Conservation’s Restoring South Florida’s Native Plant Heritage program Copyright 2002 The Institute for Regional Conservation ISBN Number 0-9704997-0-5 Published by The Institute for Regional Conservation 22601 S.W. 152 Avenue Miami, Florida 33170 www.regionalconservation.org [email protected] Printed by River City Publishing a division of Titan Business Services 6277 Powers Avenue Jacksonville, Florida 32217 Cover photos by George D. Gann: Top: mahogany mistletoe (Phoradendron rubrum), a tropical species that grows only on Key Largo, and one of South Florida’s rarest species. Mahogany poachers and habitat loss in the 1970s brought this species to near extinction in South Florida. Bottom: fuzzywuzzy airplant (Tillandsia pruinosa), a tropical epiphyte that grows in several conservation areas in and around the Big Cypress Swamp. This and other rare epiphytes are threatened by poaching, hydrological change, and exotic pest plant invasions. Funding for Rare Plants of South Florida was provided by The Elizabeth Ordway Dunn Foundation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and the Steve Arrowsmith Fund. Major funding for the Floristic Inventory of South Florida, the research program upon which this manual is based, was provided by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation and the Steve Arrowsmith Fund. Nemastylis floridana Small Celestial Lily South Florida Status: Critically imperiled. One occurrence in five conservation areas (Dupuis Reserve, J.W. Corbett Wildlife Management Area, Loxahatchee Slough Natural Area, Royal Palm Beach Pines Natural Area, & Pal-Mar). Taxonomy: Monocotyledon; Iridaceae. Habit: Perennial terrestrial herb. Distribution: Endemic to Florida. Wunderlin (1998) reports it as occasional in Florida from Flagler County south to Broward County. -
Segment 16 Map Book
Hollywood BROWARD Hallandale M aa p 44 -- B North Miami Beach North Miami Hialeah Miami Beach Miami M aa p 44 -- B South Miami F ll o r ii d a C ii r c u m n a v ii g a tt ii o n Key Biscayne Coral Gables M aa p 33 -- B S a ll tt w a tt e r P a d d ll ii n g T r a ii ll S e g m e n tt 1 6 DADE M aa p 33 -- A B ii s c a y n e B a y M aa p 22 -- B Drinking Water Homestead Camping Kayak Launch Shower Facility Restroom M aa p 22 -- A Restaurant M aa p 11 -- B Grocery Store Point of Interest M aa p 11 -- A Disclaimer: This guide is intended as an aid to navigation only. A Gobal Positioning System (GPS) unit is required, and persons are encouraged to supplement these maps with NOAA charts or other maps. Segment 16: Biscayne Bay Little Pumpkin Creek Map 1 B Pumpkin Key Card Point Little Angelfish Creek C A Snapper Point R Card Sound D 12 S O 6 U 3 N 6 6 18 D R Dispatch Creek D 12 Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve 3 ´ Ocean Reef Harbor 12 Wednesday Point 12 Card Point Cut 12 Card Bank 12 5 18 0 9 6 3 R C New Mahogany Hammock State Botanical Site 12 6 Cormorant Point Crocodile Lake CR- 905A 12 6 Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park Mosquito Creek Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge Dynamite Docks 3 6 18 6 North Key Largo 12 30 Steamboat Creek John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park Carysfort Yacht Harbor 18 12 D R D 3 N U O S 12 D R A 12 C 18 Basin Hills Elizabeth, Point 3 12 12 12 0 0.5 1 2 Miles 3 6 12 12 3 12 6 12 Segment 16: Biscayne Bay 3 6 Map 1 A 12 12 3 6 ´ Thursday Point Largo Point 6 Mary, Point 12 D R 6 D N U 3 O S D R S A R C John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park 5 18 3 12 B Garden Cove Campsite Snake Point Garden Cove Upper Sound Point 6 Sexton Cove 18 Rattlesnake Key Stellrecht Point Key Largo 3 Sound Point T A Y L 12 O 3 R 18 D Whitmore Bight Y R W H S A 18 E S Anglers Park R 18 E V O Willie, Point Largo Sound N: 25.1248 | W: -80.4042 op t[ D A I* R A John Pennekamp State Park A M 12 B N: 25.1730 | W: -80.3654 t[ O L 0 Radabo0b. -
Florida Coral Reefs: Islandia
FOREWORD· In their present relatively undeveloped state, the upper Florida Keys and the adjoining waters and submerged. lands of Biscayne ~ay and the Atlantic Ocean are an enviromr~.ental element highly important to Florida ancl a valuable recreation resource for the nation. Fully aware that intensive private development would greatly alter . these values, the Secretary of the Interior directed the National Park Service and the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, assisted by the Fish and Wildlife Service, to conduct studies of the area. This interim professional report is the r~sult of these studies. It is being distributed now to solicit the comments and suggestions of interested parties. The additional information obtained in this manner will be utilized by the National Park Service and the Bureau of Outdoor Recre ation to complete the study and formulate recommendations to the Secretary· of the Interior. It is requested that comments and suggestions on this interim profes sional report be sent to the Regional Director, Southeast Region, Na tional Park Service, P. 0. Box 10008, Richmond, Virginia 23240. Material should be submitted in time to reach the Regional Director on or before August 15, 1965. ~~ Edward C. Crafts Director Director Bureau of Outdoor Recreation National Park Service Page No. FOREWORD THE STUDY 2 THE CORAL REEFS The Resource 3 The Climate 5 The Ecology 6 MAN AND THE CORAL REEFS 10 THE SITUATION Development Possibilities · 12 Significance for Preservation 12 THE OPPORTUNITIES 18 Alternative Plans 14' Plan 1 16 Plan 2 20 Plan 3 24 THE STUDY In response to interest expressed by the weekending, and vacationing are engaged Dade Co1:-1nty Board of Commissioners and in extensively. -
Ernest Coe and the Fight for Everglades National Park Chris Wilhelm
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2010 Prophet of the Glades: Ernest Coe and the Fight for Everglades National Park Chris Wilhelm Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PROPHET OF THE GLADES: ERNEST COE AND THE FIGHT FOR EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK By CHRIS WILHELM A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2010 The members of the committee approve the dissertation of Chris Wilhelm defended on March 24, 2010. __________________________________ Fritz Davis Professor Directing Dissertation __________________________________ Anthony Stallins University Representative __________________________________ Ron Doel Committee Member __________________________________ Jennifer Koslow Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My family, especially my parents Margann and Jim Wilhelm, deserve enormous thanks. I can only imagine what went through their minds when their oldest son told them he was going to study history for a living. Despite this impractical decision, they have been extremely supportive, both emotionally and at times, financially. Aimee Griffith was present in my life for most of my graduate school career. She was frequently the emotional crutch I leaned upon when I studied for my comprehensive exams and when I faced the daunting task of writing the first words of this dissertation. Beth Woodward helped me in the final months of this project, often reading and critiquing the manuscript and offering encouragement. -
Report T -622 the Status of Florida Tree Snails (Liguus Fasciatus)
DANIEL SCHEIDT -... --_ .-- -..... -~- -~ . Report T-622 The Status of Florida Tree Snails (Liguus fasciatus), Introduced to Everglades National Park Everglades National Park, South Florida Research Center, P.O. Box 279, Homestead, Florida 33030 The Status of Florida Tree Snails (Liguus fasciatus), Introduced to Everglades National Park Report T-622 Archie L. Jones, Erwin C. Winte and Oron L. Bass, Jr. National Park Service South Florida Research Center Everglades National Park Homestead, Florida 33030 April 1981 · 0010 Jones, Archie L., Erwin C. Winte and Oron L. Bass, Jr. 1981. The Status of Florida Tree Snails (Liguus fasciatus), Introduced to Everglades National Park. South Florida Research Center Report T -622. 31 pp. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUC TION . • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 1 GENERAL HISTORY, TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION •• 1 History and Taxonomy. 1 Distr ibution • • • 2 PROJECT HISTORY. • 2 METHODS .••••• 3 Introduction Area. • 3 Mapping. • • • • . 3 STATUS OF COLOR FORMS 3 INTRODUCTION SITES • • 10 Figure 1. Distribution and geographical regions of Florida tree snails 27 Figure 2. Area of introduced Florida tree snails in Everglades National Park. 28 Table 1. The 58 color forms of the Florida tree snail, Liguus fasciatus. • 29 LITERATURE CITED • • • • • 30 1 INTRODUCTION The Florida tree snail, Liguus fasciatus, in the family Bulimulidae, is unique among land snails in North Am erica because of its bright colors and variable patterns. This species is tropical in origin being derived from West Indian forms. It is restricted to the tropical hardwood hammocks scattered throughout south Florida including the Florida Keys. There are 58 named color forms. Of these, 10 are extinct in their native habitat and 4 may soon become extinct. -
BISCAYNE NATIONAL PARK the Florida Keys Begin with Soldier Key in the Northern Section of the Park and Continue to the South and West
CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND HISTORY GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF BISCAYNE NATIONAL PARK The Florida Keys begin with Soldier Key in the northern section of the Park and continue to the south and west. The upper Florida Keys (from Soldier to Big Pine Key) are the remains of a shallow coral patch reef that thrived one hundred thousand or more years ago, during the Pleistocene epoch. The ocean level subsided during the following glacial period, exposing the coral to die in the air and sunlight. The coral was transformed into a stone often called coral rock, but more correctly termed Key Largo limestone. The other limestones of the Florida peninsula are related to the Key Largo; all are basically soft limestones, but with different bases. The nearby Miami oolitic limestone, for example, was formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from seawater into tiny oval particles (oolites),2 while farther north along the Florida east coast the coquina of the Anastasia formation was formed around the shells of Pleistocene sea creatures. When the first aboriginal peoples arrived in South Florida approximately 10,000 years ago, Biscayne Bay was a freshwater marsh or lake that extended from the rocky hills of the present- day keys to the ridge that forms the current Florida coast. The retreat of the glaciers brought about a gradual rise in global sea levels and resulted in the inundation of the basin by seawater some 4,000 years ago. Two thousand years later, the rising waters levelled off, leaving the Florida Keys, mainland, and Biscayne Bay with something similar to their current appearance.3 The keys change. -
Special Conditions for Access to Public and Private Lands
Florida’s Wildlife Contingency Plan for Oil Spills – June 2012 Special Conditions for Access to Public and Private Lands Special Conditions for Access to Public and Private Lands This section will contain requirements for specific parks, refuges, management areas, etc. and will be developed by the managers of these facilities. If Special Use Permits are required, the permit should either be attached, or instructions for obtaining permits should be included. Private Property: Do not trespass on private property. If appropriate, ask permission to access the property from the land owner. If permission cannot be obtained to access the property, make a note, record waypoints, and move on to the next portion of the survey. Public Property: The purpose of this section is to identify any special operational considerations for RP contractors/agents searching for and/or recovering oiled wildlife on specific public lands/facilities. Name of Facility: County(ies): Contact(s): [Name/Number/Email] Required Lead Time: Types of Restrictions (see examples below) • Hours of Entry • Required accompaniment • Restricted or sensitive areas • Sensitive species or resources • Historic/cultural issues • Limited or difficult access • Over-flight restrictions • Homeland Security Issues • Permit required? 1 Florida’s Wildlife Contingency Plan for Oil Spills – June 2012 Special Conditions for Access to Public and Private Lands USFWS Contact in Florida USFWS Contacts in Florida Station Name Location Telephone PANAMA CITY ECOLOGICAL SERVICES FIELD OFFICE PANAMA CITY, FL 850-769-0552 SOUTH FLORIDA ECOLOGICAL SERVICES FIELD OFFICE VERO BEACH, FL 772-562-3909 NORTH FLORIDA ECOLOGICAL SERVICES FIELD OFFICE JACKSONVILLE, FL 904-731-3336 FLORIDA MIGRATORY BIRD PROGRAM HAVANA, FL 850-539-1684 WELAKA NATIONAL FISH HATCHERY WELAKA, FL 386-467-2374 CHASSAHOWITZKA NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE CRYSTAL RIVER, FL 352-563-2088 CEDAR KEYS NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE CHIEFLAND, FL 352-493-0238 LOWER SUWANNEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE CHIEFLAND, FL 352-493-0238 J.N. -
Chapter 4: the Long and Winding Road to Park Establishment
Chapter 4: The Long and Winding Road to Park Establishment With the passage of the authorizing act for Everglades National Park in May 1934, the scene of action shifted from Washington to Florida. Section 1 of the act stipulated that no federal funds were to be appropriated for land acquisition. Land could be acquired only by donation from the state or from private parties. Addition- ally, the secretary of the interior would not accept land for the park on a piecemeal basis. The park would be considered established only when the state had assembled sufficient acreage that in the aggregate was acceptable to the secretary for administra- tion as a national park. About 20 percent of the land within the maximum authorized boundary was state owned. Among the state’s holdings were 99,200 acres in Monroe County that had been set aside in 1917 as a reservation for the use of the Seminole Indians.165 Some 50,000 acres already belonged to the federal government. President Franklin Roosevelt issued an executive order in October 1934 removing all federally owned land within the boundary from sale or settlement, so that it would remain available when the park was ultimately established.166 The Model Land Company, the Collier Corporation, and the Chevelier Corporation owned the great majority of the private holdings, but there were hundreds of small holders. The typical procedure for acquiring private land for a national park was for a state to set up a commission with authority to accept donations and purchase land. This procedure had been followed in acquiring land for Great Smoky Mountains National Park on the Tennessee/North Carolina border and Big Bend National Park in Texas. -
Restoring Southern Florida's Native Plant Heritage
A publication of The Institute for Regional Conservation’s Restoring South Florida’s Native Plant Heritage program Copyright 2002 The Institute for Regional Conservation ISBN Number 0-9704997-0-5 Published by The Institute for Regional Conservation 22601 S.W. 152 Avenue Miami, Florida 33170 www.regionalconservation.org [email protected] Printed by River City Publishing a division of Titan Business Services 6277 Powers Avenue Jacksonville, Florida 32217 Cover photos by George D. Gann: Top: mahogany mistletoe (Phoradendron rubrum), a tropical species that grows only on Key Largo, and one of South Florida’s rarest species. Mahogany poachers and habitat loss in the 1970s brought this species to near extinction in South Florida. Bottom: fuzzywuzzy airplant (Tillandsia pruinosa), a tropical epiphyte that grows in several conservation areas in and around the Big Cypress Swamp. This and other rare epiphytes are threatened by poaching, hydrological change, and exotic pest plant invasions. Funding for Rare Plants of South Florida was provided by The Elizabeth Ordway Dunn Foundation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and the Steve Arrowsmith Fund. Major funding for the Floristic Inventory of South Florida, the research program upon which this manual is based, was provided by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation and the Steve Arrowsmith Fund. Part 3. Other Critically Imperiled Plants Adiantum melanoleucum Willd. Fragrant Maidenhair South Florida Status: Critically imperiled. Three occurrences in two conservation areas (Everglades National Park; Harden Hammock), and one government owned non-conservation area (Troop 69 Boy Scout Site). Taxonomy: Pteridophyte; Adiantaceae. Habit: Perennial lithophytic herb. Distribution: Native to South Florida and the West Indies. -
Biscayne National Park: General Management Plan; P
B ISCAYNE NATIONAL PARK H ISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY January 1998 Jennifer Brown Leynes and David Cullison National Park Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia CONTENTS Figure Credits iv List of Figures v Foreword vii Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Background History 7 Chapter Three: Recreational Development of Miami and Biscayne Bay, 1896-1945 19 Associated Properties 32 Registration Requirements/Integrity 36 Contributing Properties 37 Noncontributing Properties 37 Chapter Four: Management Recommendations 39 Bibliography 41 Appendix A: Architectural Descriptions and Recommended Treatments for the Honeywell Complex on Boca Chita Key A-1 Appendix B: August Geiger B-1 Appendix C: Cleaning Stains on Historic Stone Masonry C-1 Appendix D: Fowey Rocks Lighthouse D-1 Appendix E: Historic Base Map E-1 Appendix F: National Register Nomination for Boca Chita Key Historic District F-1 Index G-1 iii FIGURE CREDITS Cover: Jim Adams for National Park Service; p. 2: National Park Service, Biscayne National Park: General Management Plan; p. 4: Biscayne National Park archives; p. 8: National Park Service, Biscayne National Park: General Management Plan; pp. 12, 15, 20, 23: Historical Museum of Southern Florida, pp. 26, 28-31: Biscayne National Park archives; p. 33: Jim Adams for National Park Service; p. 34: Biscayne National Park archives; p. A-7: Jim Adams for National Park Service; pp. A-10, D-1: David Cullison for National Park Service. iv FIGURES Figure 1. Location of Biscayne National Park 2 Figure 2. Aerial view of Boca Chita Key 4 Figure 3. Biscayne National Park boundaries 8 Figure 4. “Wreckers at Work” from Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, April 1859 12 Figure 5.