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Marine Science Studies HIGH SCHOOL MARINE SCIENCE STUDIES Princi al Authors in aLphabeticaL oxdez E. H. Chave GRAl'T L'.PO'SlTORY E. Barbara Klem PELL ' IBl'i"iRY t3LIILLIII'JG URI, tIARRAGANBRETT DAY G:hiAPUS Francis 51. Pottenaer ~@CAMSFJl,R I02852 Raymond Rounds Thomas W, Speitel Production Editors Thomas M. Speitel E. H, Chave Curriculum Research and Development Group University of Hawaii Honolulu Contributin Authors ~Fundin K. E. Chave Primary funding for this project was provided by Athl inc Clark the Curriculum Research and Development Group, Wi11 Kyselka College of Education, University of Hawaii, Other S. A. Reed funds were provided by the University of Hawaii Sea Barbara Z. Siegel Grant Col'Iege Program under Institutuional grant Dorothy Wendt Nos. 04-5-158-17, 04-6-158-44026, and 04-6-158-44114, from the NOAAOffice of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce Publication No. UNIH!-SEAGRANT-CR-B0-03!. Without the continued personal commitment of Dr. Jack Davidson, Director, University of Hawaii Sea Grant, this curriculum would not have been com- pleted by the Spring of 1980. Editorial We would also like to acknowledge the help of Richard Klemm Polly Arakaki Mr. Charles Clark, Superintendent of Schools for Ralph Williams Pete Guido the State of Hawaii, and his staff, who have pro- Joyce Gushiken vided the HMSSproject consultation, and the Illustration Jeannie Miyakawa services of Mr. RaymondRounds, a marine special- Jean Millholand ist who contributed substantially to the biology John Panne1 1 Pri nc i pa1 Artist! Lori Nakamoto chapters in this curriculum. E H. Chave Anne ttirnig Anne Morigasu Additional funds for producing HMSSwere granted Raymond Rounds from the State of Hawaii's Marine Affairs Coordina- Barbara Lee tor's office. We wish to thank Dr. John P. Craven and Howard Pennington of that office for their con- tribution to the project. 980 by the University of Hawai'i Francis M. Pottenger is director of the HMSS All rights reserved. No part of this work may be Project and E. Barbara Klemm is associate director. reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo- copying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Distributed by the HMSS Project, Curriculum Research and Development Group, Uni ver s i ty o f Hawaii, 1776 University Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 PREFACE TheHigh School Marine Science Studies Project HNSS!has developed a programwith ten instructionalchapters to be taught as a one- or two-semestercourse, Selectedportions can be combinedas marinescience modules for use in other secondary courses. HMSShas beendeveloped in Hawaiioy onestaff of the CurriculumResearch and Development Group, University of Hawaii. in consultation with teachers from Hawaii public and private schools, University of Hawaii faculty, andcommunity professionals. Thedesign of the HMSSmaterials is basedon the premisethat studyof the oceansprovides opportunity for studentsof all abilities to activelyengage in multidisciplinary scientific inquiry while learning the basic conceptsof science, hh«ll d h«l . 1 . 1«1 d~ii 1 «h 1 h. hh lhd INTRODUCTION TO THE HNSS STUDENT Marine Science refers to a wide ran in stud af the earth's water environment with emphasis on study of the sea. Marine Science includes content rawn from biology, physics, chemistry, meteorology, geology, cartography, oceanography, aquaculture and marine engineering. You will carry out investigations, design experiments, make instruments, and make interpretations of your findings. As the program progresses, you will be placed in different roles to get a clearer picture of what science means in modern society, Your chief role will be that of a marine scientist seeking to understand and mgke predictions about our ocean world, but you will also assume the roles of engineer, technician, and citizen to get insights into how the knowledge of science is used in our society. STUDY AIDS To help you study and rapidly understand procedures, several aids are provided. The first time a new science word is introduced, it is generally underlined. 2. This book is not to be written in. Tables and figures which you write on appear full size in your workbook and are identified in the text with the ~ sign. 3. Each chapter contains a set of activities. Each activity has six basic parts: ACtiVity This statement tells you what the acti vity is. It is a boxed-in statement. BqCkgf Dolls - This is an introduction to the activity, pqgei iq] S The things you need to perform the activity. PrOCedure This is a set of directions to aid in carrying out the activity. Sgtllqpy QUest jons These questions aid in sumnarizing and interpreting your knowledge and findings. FUtfidel- Irlyest.jgqgjogs -This is a set of additional questions, invest~gations,and challengesthat can extend the meaning of experiments and widen the significance of work completed. LABORATORYSAFETY The following safety precautions apply to all laboratory classes: 1. Wear safety goggles whenever you are working with chemica1 reagents. 2. Weara laboratory apron whendoing laboratory investigations. If chemicals are spiIled, the apron protects both clothing and skin. 3. Standwhen doing laboratory work. Standingavoids having chemicalsspi'lied in laps. 4. Always wear shoes with closed tops in the laboratory. 5. If chemicals should be spilled on clothing or skin, wash immediately with large quantities of water. This dilutes, and washes away the chemicals. 6. Never taste any chemical unless instructed to do so, 7. Tie or pin long hair at the back of your headso that it will not accidentally foll into chemicalsor flames. 8. Knowwhere the fire extinguisher and fire blanket are and how to use them in case of an emergency. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface . Introduction to the Student 1V Chapter j., Earth and Ocean Basins Topic: 1. How Much Mater? ~ ~ e ~ 2. Maps and Cartographers. 5 3. The Shape of the Seashore . 4. Earth's Moving Plates . 25 Chapter 2. Fish .- 33 Topic: 1. Fish As A Food Resource . 34 2. Fi sh Prints . 36 3. External Fish Anatomy . 38 4. Fish Counts and Measurements. 4'l 5. Hawaiian Fishes Form and Function . 6. Fish Watch. 49 7. Internal Fish Anatomy 55 8. Dissection of a Fish 6/ 9. Fish Classification . 70 Chapter 3. Phvsical Properties of Water. 83 Topic: 1. Characteristics of Water and Other Liquids. 84 2. Gases in Water. 85 3. Dissolved Gas and Daphnia . 89 Vi 4. Floating and Sinking . 94 5. Making and Standardizing a Hydrometer. 99 6. Density and Temperature of Water . 103 7. Evaporation of Water . 106 8. Freezing of Water. 114 9. Moving Liquids 117 10. Coriolis Effect and Currents 122 Ocean Circulation. 124 Chapter 4. Invertebrates .. 133 Topic: l. Stinging Cel1s of Cnidaria 136 2. Coral Identification . 140 3. World Distribution of Cora1 Reefs. 144 Kaneohe Bay Reefs. 151 5. Chemoreception of Sea Anemones . 155 6. Regeneration in Sea Anemones . 157 Sponges and Tunicates. 159 Sponge Spicules. 164 Sponge Symbionts . 167 10. Free Living Marine Worms and Worm-Like Animals . 169 Marine Bivalve Anatomy . 173 12. Head-Foot Mollusks 177 13. Gastropod Shell Identification 181 14. Growth of Mollusk Embryos. 184 15. Intertidal Konation of Gastropods. 'l86 16. Shrimp Anatomy . 188 17. Behavior of Crustaceans. 191 18. Sea Urchins. 196 Vii Chapter 5, Waves ..... 201 Topic: Wave Watch 202 2. Wind Waves 204 3. Waves, Currents, and the Shoreline , 207 4. Reproducible Waves . 213 5. More About Waves Chapter 6, Marine Plants 229 Topic: 1. Water and Land Plants. 223 2. Seaweed: An Underused Resource 237 3. Seaweed Identification . 243 4. Pressing Seaweed . 245 5. Seaweed Slide Preparation. 248 6. Seaweed Drift Beach Study. 249 Chapter 7. Sharks, Turtles and Whales... 253 Topic: I. Sharks ~ ~ ~ ~ > ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 254 2. The Hawaiian Green Turtle. 260 3, Whales . 263 Chapter 8, Aquaculture .. 267 Topic: 1. Food Chains and Webs: Recycling Food and Wastes 268 2, Sealed Aquarium: Ecological Balances. 270 vi 1 1 3. Malaysian Prawn Farming. 262 4 Solar Still Greenhouse . 275 Chapter 9, Transportation 277 Topic: 1. Ship Flotation . 278 Stability. 285 3. Transport Conveyances. 290 4. Ship Design and Construction 296 302 5. Ship Dynamics. Chapter 10. Chemical Properties of Water 307 Topic: 308 I. Electrostatics 310 2. Elements and tons. 322 3. Composition of Mater . 326 4. Chemical Composition of Seawater . 333 5. Determining Components of Seawater . 335 6. Salts From Water . 7. Coval ent Molecul es and Compounds . 338 8. Comparison of Polar and Nonpolar Liquids 345 348 9. pH of Water. 356 10. Light A Limiting Factor. 361 Aauarium ReferenCe .- ~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A. Aquarium Construction. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 362 B. Aquarium Maintenance . ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ 278 ix Shoreiirie Ecologv Reference . 387 Toolsheet Reference 391 Tool sheet 1: Introduction to Measurement. 392 Toolsheet 2: Metric Linear Measurement. 393 Toolsheet 3: Introduction to Graphing 393 Toolsheet 4: Metric Mass Measurement. 395 Toolsheet 5: Metric Area Measurement, 396 Toolsheet 6: Metric Volume Measurement. 398 Toolsheet 7: Introduction to Density. 400 Toolsheet 8. Temperature Measurement. 401 Toolsheet 9: Time Measurement . 402 Toolsheet 10: written Scientific Reports . 402 Acknowledgements . ~ . 405 Making maps, charts, and globes of the earth gives a better understanding of the earth's geog- raphy, size, and time zones. Haps are models that permit us to better visualize parts of the earth' s surface. In this chapter we will make and study a series of maps to get clearer pictures of the geography of earth's oceans. HNSS Chapter j. 1. ch Note? For centuries the only available maps of the 1. Study each map; then select the one which world were those drawn by explorers and traders. you feel best represents the world's relative Studying maps of the world drawn centuries ago surface area of liquid water, land, and ice, reveals much about what was then known or under- You might want to examine a globe before stood about our planet.
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