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Chapter Three Ethnography and Ethnoarchaeology

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Chapter Three Ethnography and Ethnoarchaeology CHAPTER THREE ETHNOGRAPHY AND ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY Tribes in Maharashtra There are total 461 tribes mentioned in the list of Scheduled tribes. As per 2001 census, tribal population in Maharashtra is 8.85% of total population and the rank of the state is 6th in the country regarding tribal population. Density of tribal population found in the pockets of the state made the president to declare 15 districts as tribal ones and total 47 tribes are found in the state. Some continuity of patches of tribal concentrations can be found in the state. Geographically, there are three divisions of the state where majority of the tribals reside. Those are: Sahyadri region: in the hilly ranges of Sahyadri, Mahadeo Koli, Warli, Konkana, Thakar, Katkari live. Satpura region: in the hilly ranges of Satpura Bhil, Konkana, Gavit, Dubala, Dhanaka live. Gondvan region: mountainous and forest land of Vidarbha constitute a very big area of Chandrpur, Gadchiroli, Yavatmal and Melghat of Amaravati region; where Gond, Maria, Muria, Pardhan, Korku, Kolam, Andhra, Halba, etc. tribes live. Thus density of tribal population is found in the districts of Thane, Raigad, Pune, Nasik, Nagar, Dhule, Nandurbar, Yavatmal, Chandrapur, Amaravati, Gadchiroli, etc. (Kulkarni, 2009). Scheduled tribe population in 2001 was 84,326,240 and as per 2011 census, it was more than 104 million people, constituted 8.6% of the total population. In Maharashtra, ST population is 10,510,213, which constitutes 9.4% of the total population. Nandurbar is a district having more than 50% tribal population; the percentage is 69.3% means, 11,41,933 tribals and Dhule, Nasik and Gadchiroli districts have 25-50% tribal populations. Bhil is the biggest tribal community all over India and its extent is also very large (Census of India, 2001 and 2011). Ethnography of Contemporary Tribal Populations: Ethnography of three living endogamous populations in Maharashtra, viz. Bhil, Warli, Mahadeo Koli, have been studied by various sociologists, anthropologists, travelers, etc. and reports are available in the form of Government census reports, monographs, research articles and unpublished Ph.D. dissertations (Census of India 1931, 1961, Encyclopedia Britannica 1939, Encyclopedia of Social Sciences 1930, Deogaonkar1982, Enthoven 1920, 1922, 1923, Gazetteers of Bombay Presidency 1901, 1881, 1982, 1984, Gazetteers of Maharashtra State 1954, 1962, Ghurye 1963, Grigson1938, Hutton 1961, Imperial Gazetteer of India 1908, Mackintosh 1844, Risley 1969, etc.). It needs to be mentioned that the information presented here is primarily a compilation of the published literature on the subject, supported by observations made in the field during the data collection process. The information related to this thesis like habitat, housing and settlement, food and diet pattern, occupation, marital distance, etc. is presented (Kulkarni, 2009). BHIL Bhil is the one of the biggest tribe of India. The name Bhil is often given to half tribes such as Chodharas, Dhanka, Dhodias, Katkaris, Konkna, and Warlis. From this Dhankas, Gamit, Pawara, etc. are subtype of Bhils. Their original home is the hilly country between Abu and Asirgadh, from which they have spread westward and southward into the plains of Gujarat and the western Deccan, and lately, under pressure of famine, even to Sind. They are found in considerable number in Central India. The term Bhil according to Wilson, is derived from billee the Dravidian word for bow, which is the characteristic weapon of the tribe. Sanskrit lexicographer derived it from the root Bhil, which means to cut. The passage in which the word occurs is highly interesting since it makes mention of a Bhil chief mounted on an elephant and opposing in great force the progress of another King through the Vindhya. This would show that the Bhil in those times were very powerful. It is well known fact that Shabari, Eklavya are Bhil. According to them they have Rajput blood and they fill proud of that. Bhil have subtype like Valvi – who resides in Forests, Vasave – who resides on hill slops, Tadavi – who resides on river banks, Naiks are head of the community and Gowals are shepherds. Gowal do not have own land and they live outside the village. Tribes like Pawara, Dhanka and Gavit belongs to Bhils. Bhil resides in Satpura range and borders of Maharashtra, Madhya – Pradesh, Gujarat – Maharashtra border (Dhule - Nandurbar). Because of these Bhils are of two types Gujarat Bhil and Maharashtra Bhil and they speak language accordingly that. Bhils speaks the dialects of Gujarati, Marathi, Rangadi, Mevadi, Hindi, Rajputani and now a day a dialect of Ahirani which is already the dialect of Marathi. Earlier Bhil was hunter and gatherers. Nevertheless, as time passes their main occupation is Agriculture. They have their own land and they do farming. People who do not have land they worked as laborers in others’ farms. They do not have any secondary occupation. Like some other tribes Bhil worship nature. They worship plants, animals, and supreme power of god. Cow, horse and Bullock have an importance in society. They also worship Snake and Tiger too. Mango, pipal and banana are holy trees in community. They also gives importance to dead one and ghost. They have different type of gods for different type of activities, like a god for the protection of cattle, god for good crop, god for good fishing too. Like Hindu deity they give importance to Muslim pir. Bhil have hard skeletal structure, long nose and smart face. Now a day they were modern dresses like pant shirt and Sari, but traditional dress is Langoti, shirt without collar and Pagote for men and choli and short sari for women. Other than this they like different types of ornaments. They used to wear many kinds of ornaments in ears, hands, feet, head etc.. Many times ornaments are of silver. They draw tattoos on their body, in that moon, star, flowers, partner’s name, brother’s name are inscribed. Holi and Diwali are major festivals in Bhil. Men and women both do farming and charge of cooking is in hand of women. Bhil used to eat Maka, Bajara, and Jowar with some kind of vegetables. Rice is negligible. They store there food in Big ‘Kanagi’. In Bhil, one can choose their own partner for marriage, but parents concern is very important. Widow marriages are allowed. Marriage takes place at girls place, they practice bride price. Marriage performs in March, April and May. Marriage takes place in Afternoon or after afternoon. Today they are influenced by education and modern life style and they accept it. But culturally still they are very strong. Bhil which are located at hilly area they do farming. But health status and other socio – economic conditions still low (Kulkarni, 2009). Ethnographical Observations during the Fieldwork: Cultural ecology has significant role in day to day life of the community; especially in the remote settlement like Kewadi. Their religion and gods are found in the forest around the settlement. ‘Yaha Mogi’ situated in ‘Devmogra’, district ‘Satbar’ in Gujrat. They consider Yahamogi as their ‘kuldevi ’ and ‘Benehoja’ and ‘Gandathakur’ or ‘Rajapatha ’ as kulpurush. They visit at the time of prime events in their life, such as marriage, child birth, etc. At the time of fieldwork when people in neighboring village were going for pilgrimage, observed a cobra having five hoods sitting roadside, became a news for surrounding, rather miracle that astonished the people Bhil people believe in nature worship. Their idols are rounded stones from river. At the time of picking the stones some rituals are performed. Every year these rituals are performed by people. Other rituals performed are: Vaghdeo: police patil of the village performs this ritual. A person holding dung ball is thrown out of the village. It is all symbolic. People from the village chase this person till the border of the village. In the evening the person comes back in the village. After that villagers perform puja of Vaghdeo. Offer a fowl and consume it. ‘Rani diwali’: this festival is celebrated in the month of ‘Poush’, ‘khola pujane’: at the time of harvesting give sacrifice of fowl. Ashvaththama/ Ashvastambha: is a village near Satpura where some rituals are performed. They offer coconut to God. Women are not permitted to attend this ritual. The ritual includes bathing in ‘Bhimkunda’ the person has to walk compulsory from 'Bhimkund' to Ashvastambha. He has to be ‘Vratastha’ i.e. follow selebacy. Meanwhile they are not supposed to take food from women. Bamboo and Mahua are the trees as important as god. Making of Mahua liquor is also observed. At the time of marriage ceremony, consuming Mahua is a part of liquor. For key informant’s engagement ceremony they distilled six litres Mahua and for marriage they were estimating the need of it upto fifty litres. Women also enjoy Mahua, bidi, gudgudi. Bamboo, karvi, tur khatya – by-products of agricultural goods, is used for house construction. Huts of Bhil are very clean and tidy. Huts are situated 2-3 feet from ground level. Walls are prepared from the Bamboo and Karvi sticks and thatched with mud and cow dung. In house 2-3 rooms are made. Bamboo is grown out of many houses used to make some instruments, drums, mothi – a grain container. In Kewadi this nature dependency is more in terms of broom and rope making, ethno-medicines, etc. than Savar and Kundwa. They use kitchen utensils ‘tosvo’ (a deep pan for cooking liquid or semi- liquid recipes), ‘ranno’ (a flat pan for cooking chapaties) are made up of soil. Mahua is a Kalpvrikha – gives whatever wished, a boon for them as each and every part of the tree is used. for house construction the wood is used, flowers for making vegetable (sabji) and liquor, seeds ‘doni’ used for extracting oil for cooking and roots and skin as medicines.
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