CENSUS OF ~ 1961

MADHYA PRADESH

GLOSSARY ON SCHEDULED TRIBES OF

MADHYA PRADESH

Hy

K. C. DUBEY, Deputy Superintendent, Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh.

1969

In ,the '1961 Census it was origina11y proposed to prepare ethnographic notes on all the principal Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of Madhya Pradesh. Some work had been done in this direction and notes on some tribes were also prepared. However, for various reasons the project on ethnographic notes could not be completed. We in the State Census Office thought that whether or not the ethnographic notes are prepared, compilation of a glossary on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes would be" very useful to all concerned. It 'will' show the population for all Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and synonymous groups li'sted in the Sche.duled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Li.sts (Modification) Order, 1956 which information is not available in the Census publications and it will help to briefly introduce all such Scheduled Caste s, Scpeduled Tribe s and synonymous groups. 'l'he glossary, it was thought, would be more welcome to general administration thrul the detailed ethnographic note s. Thus, the preparation of glossary on Scheduled

Tribes was taken in hand in 1963 ~~d it was eompleted in 1964. Because of various other·pre-occupations a similar glossary on Scheduled Castes could not be prepared.

'The g1.ossar~' prepared at the State Census Office was submitted to the Social Studies Section of the ~1Jin- cl . Registrar General. It was scrutinised there and the suggestions received from the Registrar General were incorporated in the glossary. The revised glessary has now been approved by the Re~i~trar General. - 2 -

The glossary presented here contains all the names of tribes and synonymous groups that are given in the Scheduled Caste s and Scheduled 'I' ri bes List s (Modi­

~ication) Order, 1956. These names are arranged in alphabetical orde~. The figures in bracket represent the population of the tribe or the group' as the case may be in the State and districts as it was returned at th.e Census. Due to shortage of plates for undertaking the vari-typing work, the Registrar General kindly suggested that the glossary may be cyclostyled and Circulated with a printed cover. It is, as such, being circulated in the present shape. It is hoped that the glossary would be useful to all Institutions and SCholars interested in the Scheduled Tribes of the State. It is quite possible that on scrutiny of the glossary, the Scholars and others concerned with administration may have some useful sug[estions to make. 'Such suggestions would be very much welcome and the author would be very happy to receive them. Thanks are due to Shri M.G.Mohril, M.A., and Shri H.C.Jain, M.A.LL.B., Investigators, who assisted in the preparation of the glossary at all sta~es. The author is also grateful to Dr.B.K. Roy BUrman who took the trouble of scrutinizing the first draft and suggested modifications.

Bhopal, The 24th February 1969 K.C. Dubey SCEFJ)IJLED TRIBES A GLOSSAEX .

1. AGAR!A

(M.P. 30 282; Surguja 9,552; Shahdol 6,79?; Sidhl 4,979; B1iaspur 4,139; Raigarh 2,407; 1,734; 250; Raipur 212; 122 and rest in Chhatarpur, Rewa, Satna and Durg).

In the Scheduled Tribes (Modification) Order, 1956, the tribe (spelt 'Agar1a') is recorded as sub-tribe of GQnds in districts whereas it (spelt IAgariya!) is shown as an independent tribe in the former Vindhya Fradesh districts. (The spelling of·the name of this tribe in Crooke's Tribes and Castes of N.W. Frovince and Oudh is j 'Agariya ; in Russell's Tribes and Castes of C.P. and in Monograph by Elwin it is fAgaria').

In Bilaspur t~e tribe is scheduled only in Katghora and Bilaspur tahsils and in Durg Qistrict in Durg and Sanjari-Balod tahsils~ Some MSlrias are found in Mungeli tahsil of Bilaspur district but they have not been return(:J( as such in. the pre.sent ··Census~ since they are not t Scheduler there.

Agaria are a primitive tribe of indigenous iron­ smelters, the name having probably come from .aK meaning fire or still more probablY!tfrom AE..a!: mt.. aning local iron-mines. Th~ugh the tribe is regarded in the President's Ordbr as a QQnd sub-tribe, they repudiate this affiliation. The term Agaria is looseiy applied to primitive iron-smeltE:rs and in thE:; past Census has also b(;(n confused with Aghar1a, a cultivatig.g caste. a. MU\JU.YA (See Agaria)

3. AlilW

.(M .•. f~. 4; Betul 1; Surguja 2;" Bastar 1). . . ",.

A t iowl cult iva ting caste found in Berar re fBrrc '.: to in Sharring's Bindu Tribes and. Castes~ as AnJ Gon

• .... 2,,'- - 2 -

(M.P. 3; Jabalpur 2; Seoni 1),

Cast,e or eultivat-ors and laa,urers .fouha principally 1h Chanda and Bcrar distr1.cts .of Maharashtra. Russell and Hiralal remark, ''The Arakhs are considered to be an off­ SMot of Pas~ or Bahe11a caste of hunters and fowlers."

(Russ~ll and :Hiralal:,. 1916, Vol.II, p.40).. .

5. AR~AKH (SCE Arakh).

61- . ASTIR o ••••

(M.P. 193; Surguja 69; Raigarh 125).

A sma.l1 ,primitive t:r1be' of 1ron~smelters.found in Chhota J\~agpur plateau . and in adjoining areas, They are also loosely referred to as Agar1a,'and a secticm of them 1s Ag'ariQ,-A~. . .

7. BADE MARt& (See Bad1 Maria)

~. J2ADI MARIf,

(M.P. la~; Bastar 1~6; Bilaspur 2).

Etymologically means the 'Big Maria' or the 'ilder Ma~a'. This is a section of the Marins 'of Bast~r, The nPJIle probably re~ers to the sophisticated l1atias who have adopted it in the recent past.

9. BARELIP.

(M. P. 45~; Surguj B, 161;' Mandla ).12; Seen! 5.; C~indwar~ 46; East N1mar 28J' Jabal.pur 20; B1laspur 19; Ra1garh 12; ,Bast e,~ 9; Durg 1). .

••.• 3/ - 3 - .A oast', of· hunters and fowlers. The Bahelia is a synonym for fstghi in the Mahakoshal reg~on of the Stat~ from'which group the Bah61ias are indist~nguishable. In the Schedulqd'Tribcs Ord~r, the tribe is shown as a synonymous group w~th Pardh1s in Mahakoshal districts.

10. BA~LLIA (See Bahelia)

11. BAIGA

. (M.P. 144 005; Shahd01 71,061; Mandla 31 769; Sidhi ~9,6~4,;, Bai~ghat 8,738;,Surguja 7 480; Biiaspur 2 916; '. Seon~: 6-97; Jaba1pur 399; Rewa: 2~5 and rest in ClTh~tarpur, Satna, ,C~hindw,a:ra, ~rg, Raipur and Bastar). ,

In Bilaspur dl~trict the tribe :.is not scheduled in Mungeli tahsil and similarly in Durg.district it 1s not 'scheduled in Kawardha tahsil. Both these tahsils, being 'contiguous to , have a good number of Baiga§. In 1931,. there werE?, 2 404 Baiges in Bilaspur and 3,329 in Durg district. The 10 ~a~gas returned in this Census from Rai~r (3)., and Bastar .7 do not app~ar to be members of Baigg t~ibe, they 'are all probably Gonds who act as village priest s' who are also called as Baigas.

, . ::- Baig,as art.) a primitive.- tribe known principally for their shifting cultivation Bewar. t. separate area - .;·!·Ba1ga Chak-.has been rescrv8d for them ,in MGUldla district '. :'where the 'praetice of Bewat is n.llowed. It is however difficult to say if Bewar is restricted only to this ar~a. They have traditional aversion for ploughing and their Bewar cultivation does n~t require the use of plough and bullocks.

Ru·ssel1' ane" Hiralal rema'rks "There appears to be considerable re~son f0r supposing {hat the Baigas of the Central Provf.pces, are really a: ·branch of the . Th0Ugh the Baigas are no,..,. mainly returnee from Mandla and Balaghat, it seEm likely t'bat these Districts were not their original home, and trat they emigrated from into the Satpura Hills on the Western borders of the plain." (Russell and Hiralal, 1916, Vol.II, p.310). They have been considered to l{e .al11e6 to a1n:1hwars, fha1nas, .Bl1llnj las and Bpuiyas but the' affi1iat ions of " hese tribes remaIn to be established SCientifically. The Baigas have no d'istinctive lan.guage hut 'speak a form of Chhattisgarhi known as B91gan1.

• ..• 4/- - 4 -

. The Baigas are divided into 3 branches - the Binjhwars, the Mundias or MunGiy3.§, anc the Jiharotia.§. The Binihwar ]2.g!g_as are thE:. landholcing sectiC'n ('f tho trib~;. the Mundias nre so:) callee becAuse thE; m8n 8f thi5 .branch h~v~ their heads clean-shaven but for a s~lit~ry leck. The Bhnrt'tiaswear their hair long. The Baig~.§. are a manly rp.ce with an· erect p':lsturc, fearless, trust­ worthy;. Me re?.f'y t:-- c~me out with thclr npinicns.

12. Bl.RELI:.

(M.F. 159,686; West Nimar 15S,706; Dhar 9S0).

A branch -.:f· the. Bhils. T·he name of this branch of Bhils dees not appear 1n 1901 Report of Central India Census, in Crocker s 'l'r1bes and Castes of the N.W.Province and Ouc.h' or in Russell's Tribes and Castes of C.P.' A mantien 1s, however! mado by Venkatachar in his C~ntra1 India Rcpcrt of 193 Census wherein he rbcorcs 38,625 Bar&la~, all being r(;turn~c from erstwhile State. If both th6 figur~s cf 1931 Census ane thos~ cf 1961 are correct, this s£ct1Dn of the Bhils has regist6rec an increase of 313.4 p~r cent in 30 years which is rather unlikely as a natural increase howevbr prolific the tribe may be supposed t~ be. In 1931, all ~f them except 108, haVe be~n shown ns Hindus: 108 .of them have been sh0 wn ~s tribal.

It appears that th0 Barclas arc a Hlncuized s€cti~n of the ·Bhil~ and since the nnmt is eonsicer.6~ t~ be more sophisticatec, qu1te R goc~ number r.f ·Bhils ir.. tre two district - West Nimr-tr ane. Dhar - hA.ve returnee themselvGs as Barel~.!.

(M.P. 16; West r1mar 16).

~aria is onc of the 122 septs nf the Bh1ls.

14. BBLINJI.

(H. P. 19 941; Bilaspur 14 ~n4; Raigarh:· 3,a64; Mand1n 900; Hc;s~nng abaG 97; Betui 65; Ra1puI- 41; Surguj n 38; Balaghn.t 11; Bastar 4; Narsimhapur 4; Durg 2; and J abalpur 1).

• •.• 5/- - 5 -

The 12.b.a1na§. 'are q c r 'mp?.r8,tivcly civilizec tribe f('unc1 principqll'y.,in Biln.ppur distr;tct an~ aej,-'ining ar6,'lS. Russell qnd Hiralal' observ(;:, II That tribe is of mixec descent and, appears 'to have been derivec1 princip8.11y fr8ID the Baigas and Kawars, having served as a city of refuge to persons expellee" frcm these anc, ether tribes anc the lOv-fu!' Cast~ s f')r irregula.r sexual relat inns. (Russell and Hirn.ln.l 1916, Vel. II , F.225). The Bhain~s are ~mpl?yec~ as village. priests (Baiga) and, their princ1pal dG1ty 1S Nakti Devi (Noseless Goddess). The tribe; hns adopted mC'.ny Hin(u customs and usage's. They liv~ in' ')pbn cGuntry and p.ce,ctisc settled cultivation.' .

Presence of Bhainas DS westw,ards as- Hoshangabc-"c: an(l Betu1 is very unlikely and it ~pp~3.rs that the figur6s (97 fer Hoshangabac anc 65 fer Betul) r~lato to Bahn~ ca3te and n-r-t tc Bhaina' trioe. ' (ThB' :Bahn4- cf Sagar [~istrict refer tc themselvc s ns Bhaina. while speaking the locf'..l tongue) •

15. BHAit' (M. F. '1'11) ~

t. Dravidian Caste founc in th~ "EH~ste~n parts of Uttar Pradesh ab-::ut whr-m Cr(')~kc says; n The m03t prGbabl(; suppositif'n is t,hE'~t t,he~ Bh~ ~re a Draviflian race closE;ly alliec. to the Kols, Cn8r~s, ano S~~~is, who at an early CRt succumber. to the invading bryans. This is borne out by thei:r appearance and rhy,siq\l~~ Yr~:?0. c1:Dse1y resemble th'lt of the unc'c,ubt€(1 n r n-:-J-ry'3[lS,: 'c._qcrgino3 c1: t.he Vindhyan­ Ka~mur plateau. tt Russell arlO 'Hirrlln,.l, ,(1916~ Vrl.II,p .. 243) , regard the Bharias and Bhars tp, be. t,hG same, and says that the Bharias in Mnchya Prac,c sl;l haVE: b8en, co,mwonly consicGrec t,0 belong t8 the G::--nds.· "

16. BI-IARIA-BHUMIA

. (M.? 19 258; ChhindW,ara '9 '&'"!S'j Bilaspur 3,543; Narsirohapur 2,072; Mand1a 1 1 593; S6~'n.t, 973; Hoshr..ng~bad 651; J 9.balpur 588; Surguj [l 23; anc. Raipur 4).

The proper name of the tribe is Bharig but they arv als~ callee Bhari~-Bhum1a since many of them serve as village priests. .IDla1:ill,_ stylGd as Bha.ti.a Bhumia h""V€ . beeh w~ongly Co~s~d8r~~ ~yn~nyw~uA~~ith nhuiOhRr:B~ which 1S an ont1rely c lff~rE,nt trib~ .,' The ,BhQ.ri~ 8.rE; n mix€c trl be as _-l s sugge sted fr~rn the ,rin-me s . ~f their exogamous groups C .,g. ligari 9., Ahirwar, etc. '1..s ment i("nen in RUssell' s tTribe~ and Castes' tho"tr1be r€SiC60

.... . 6/- - 6 - pr1ne1rally in but now they ar~ mostly concentrat(;c1 .in Chhind'W'ara, Bila.spur, Mandla and Narsimhnpur, almost half of their numbers having beon returned from Chh1ndwn.ra cistrict ~.

The tribe was d1sccver~d by Scanlan in the Satpurq hills and hG classifiec: it as belonging to thEi ~ family of tribes but Russell and Hiralal cc:nsider that the Bhax:iaJl are merely the Bhar tribe with a variant of the name.

17, BHATOLA

(M.P. 31; Rn1garh 21; Bastar 10).

None of the earlier writers like Dalton Sherring. C~ooke ~nd Russell, m~ntion this sub-tribe hf Gones which is mentioned as such in the Presidentfs Oreer.

11. BHATTRA :

. (M.P. 12,274; ::eastar 72,226; Raipur 43;Narsimhapur 5).

Practically all of them concentrated in , the Bhatt:.a are found in the area. north of Jagdalpup and mostly confined to the'north-east'corner ~f Jagdalpur tahsil. n Nothing is known of their origin exe6pt a legend that they came with the Rajas of Bastar from Wapangal twenty-three generat iens age. " (Russell and H1~alal. 1'16, Vol,II, p. 271). The w~rd Bhattra is said to mean a servant and the tribe are emplcyed as village watchmen, village Vl'iests M( house.hold servants. There are 3 sub-d1v1sicns of the tribe ._ ~};1e.· fll, A...:l11!lilll and .§.rul Bhattr& WhCl rank 0ne below th.e -other. Though b in numOGr, it is cur1cus to find the annttras 1n Narsirnharur district.

I' (M.P. 574,125; Jhabua ?77,300; Dhar' 163,760; West N1Il].ar 71,~66; Ratlarn 57 ,974; ~ehcre 1,527; Ra,isen 711.6 - Pa.nna. 172.; Satna 100; Tikarngarh .97;- HoshMgabac 79; Shahdo i 5~, Jabalpur 54; Durg 27; Betul 2·2; Mandla 21; nod the rest in Datia,5; Rewa 2; S1dh1 2; Vic1sha 10; Nars1mhapur 13; 1; SeCln1 2; Surguja 2; Raipur 9 and Bastar 17). - 7 -

ThQ tribe 1s distributed in 25 c.istr1cts of the state. The main conc€ntration howevor is in the south­ western corner· of the state in the c.istricts of Jhabua, ·Dhar Ratlam and West Nimar. The figures given here rela.~e t<:> only those who h3V€ returnee themselvEs as Bhl1s. t. SUbstantial number of them have returned themselves as member of sub-tribes e.g. Baria, , Mankar, Patelia, RfJ,thia Tadvi and Nihal these have been describer here serara.~elY. Combining ~hese together, the 12l:lll population of the State w~ulc nome to be 805,535.

The nrone IDl!l is sur-posed t': be derived from the Dravidian word fer a bow (Tamil ano Kanarese - vil). Sir J. Malcolm thinks (Central India, Vol. I, p. 519) that they have emigranted from Jodhpur and Udai~ur to their rresent territory. It is difficult to say whether they are autoohthc>nous or net. But there is no doubt that they rerresent a raoe. which inhabited Indio. € arlier than the l .. ryans or the Dravidians.· Venkatachar records that t1 In common with the various Munda tribts, such as the ~, Sentals etc., the tribal name 1s n~t used by the members of the Bhil tribe am:Jng themselves. n 122 Bhi1 se;:ts· have been recorded by Venkatachar in his rep:;rt of 1931 Gf;nsus. Many of tho sept nam6S mention~(: by Venkatachar like ChawM, KhQ,ndGc1ia..l Charel,. Q31Q11 !ll\thQ.t, WID;;a:, Bamnla, wania, ~, !~, ~ and ~hala, suggest a very mixed origin of the 'tribe,

The language or the Bhils is knwwn as Bh1li s this is mainly .derived from Guj ar?ti but. is infiuencec by Ma:rnthl and Marwari. It hnwever contains W:lrC's s:)me of whieh appear to have come from Mundari anr others frem Dl-avidinn languages. .

2e. BHIL-MINA

(Nil) ~ are a serarnte tribe altogether and returned as such in the Census. It is net kncwn what tribe this name occur1ng in President's order refers to. For want of Informati0n it cannot be stated if the illJil-Mina are the same as ~.rul. sept of the Bhil§.. 'I'he tribe may be of mixed origin descended from the ~hils and M1n~.

(M.P. 4a4 395;- Dhar 14a,256· West Nimar 141,997, Jhabua 129,102; ~ehore 4,978; ane Ra1sen 62). - 8 -

It The or1gin,al ..term was net improbably Bhilw[\lr_ may have been arr1iE'(1' 't2,' those' Raj,put Chiefs a nllmcrr:'l."s body who acquire,o small estates in t't'1,e ~hil ccuntry, , o:r',. those who took the c.aughters 'of Bhil,Chleftaims to '.vJ..."f:c (Russell ane Hiralal, 1916, Vol. II, r. 293). Tho tribE:.. i.s , in all :probabilitY'i o~ a mixed Drigin formed from the unl,-,r. of RajJ;uts and 'Bhi s arid have been shewn by Venkatachar as a secticin of the· Bhils. ,r_['hey in'fact aprear to be the aristocratio, ,S6cticm of. the Bhils though they repuciate aff111atio.ra..s:~ wi th the lattertrib.e •• Several IDljla).a familibs are 'substantial land-helders and hold the title of B.aQ or Rawat.

, The head of ,tl+ei-r caste-Panchayat is known as Mandlol•. ,The Bh1lQ.las' are usually cuiti vatoi"s, fRrn::­ servant s, f1eId-laboure,rs' and 'viIJ age watchmen.

22. BRIMMA

(M.F. 406; Surguj)f'l 188; l1ancla 139,1 Ra;lg3.rh Seoni 14 ana Balaghat 13 • ' ,

, The Bh1mm~ hav€ been .classified in the: Schedalcc Tribes List, 195£, as a sub-trib,e of' Gonrs. '" Russell an(_~ Hiralal have not menti0neQ this sub-tribe'and Sherring has deseribed them in one line. ~hl~_g, like the Ko11a2b~t2 section of Gonds, are the prefe ssion21 dancers -; and Si!lEP1"~ and sometimes 'act as Gone:; Priests.; . .. . -

, 23. BHUMIYA

(M.P. 57 155; Jabalrur 31,250; P~nnn 14,101; Shahdol 5,423; Bilas:r:ur 21 029; Satna, 1,918; .R8.igarh (jO~'~ Mandla 50~; Surguja 495; Ghhindwnra ~05; Ba~t~r 139; Seon1 93; B9.1aghat 83; Narsimhapur 13; Hcshanga'oad 12 t S1dhl 11;· East Nimar 6; ,~hhatar~:ur 4; and Rewa 2).

In the Scheduled Tribes (Mocificati0I?-) Order, lS56 , 13hu~1ya, occur at two r1ac€S;' in tho M.1hnkoshal dist:cicts the ~!1m6 occurs ,,\.,rith the tribes Bhsrr1as 'and·lU:;Y.j,npc;l:§ QS BharJ.a-Bhum1a and ,!2huinhar-BhY.!n1g a!1cl in the district s (~j, f2rm~r Vindhya Pradesh regic'>n it occurs as an inder,cn('c~t tribE;; inclucing Bbaw anc1 £Llillloi c,:, ,:... . •

. The Bhum1a tribe :has ~be€n .de.scrib6c by Shorr:i.nf as " a wild tribe 1nhabitirtg the ~tmot~:tracts' of Chhattisgar~ who carryon shifting Cultivati0n. Ware states that tt-,Cl - 9 -

two words ~~1~a and Bhumia are in Mandla district, inter­ changeable, and on this basis ~herring th~ught them to be one and the same tribe. In the Central Provinces Gazetteer Grant refers to IDJ,umla-:§aigils and BhYlD1.a.§ serarately, th~ latter being assc.,ciated with the Raigarh area. Russell and H1ralal have given Bhumta as a synnnym for ~pu1ya and Bhuinhar whereas Sterhen Fuchs regards them 0 be the same as Baiga. In Jabalrur fistrict the Bharia tribe has a.dopted the name Bhumla since i{ is mere respectable.

The term BhYIDU' means rt L~rc of the soil" and as the toregoing accC'unt shews, it is adortEc by many tribes he Baiga, the Bharia, t~.e 12huiya ane the Bl'nlinhQrrs. f~s lueh these figures given ab('v€ have to be cauti('usly read ·sinee they relate t(' many 0iff'erent tribes.

24. ;eHUI NEAR

(M.F. l~,OO~; Raigarh 11,217; Surguja 7,713; B11asrur 169).

Crooke gives s€rarate descri~tions for ~ulyas and ~huinha~s but Russell and Hiralal treat th~m,*ogethbr. Dalton has also described them separately. The word Bhuinhar means f Land-holder. t 'Iho tribe is restrictGd to the eastern part of the State 1n B.ilasI_ur Division the largest number having been returnee from Raigarh district (J ashpur t·ahsil). The Bbuinhgr§. around i'athalgaon in Raigarh district stoutly c~eny that they are the same as Bhuiyas. Their groliring in the Scheoule'tl T-r-ibes (Modifi­ eat ion) List with Bha~ and Pandas· is not correct.

. . In the days of Dalton, the tribe was It about the Ie-west. types of human being", but the precess rf time has ~rc:ught abGut go('c many changes in· them. ". A Dravidian tribe in the hill cruntry of s8uth M1rzarur. They are also kn~wn as Becnr1ha from I!eonra, which is a local term fer the ~ sYtjltem cf cult1vat1rn by which pitches of jungle are renocically burnt i' ~".rn and brought under. the rlough." (Crook, 1~96, Vel. III, p. 85). The tribe should not be eonfUsec with a cp.~te of the same name fcund in Bengal and Banaras •.

15.

(M.F. 5 235; Rairur S 129; B11asrur 48; Durg 25; Bastar 13~ &ast Nimar 10; Ch~1ndwara 6; Jabalpur 2 and Surguj a 2), . - 10 -

A very small tribe rrincirqlly inhabiting (Bindranawararh tahsil). The term Bhun11a has r.robably beEn cerivec fr0rn Bhunj~ (to roastY:- The tribe is civicef into 2 enct:'gRrn"us subsecti('n - the Chinda-'£~:: Bhqnjias and the CbQukhutla ~n~ wh~ are more or less serar('.te tribes nc'w.

In the Fast Census, notnbly that ~f 1931, the Bhunjlas seem to have been confused with Bharbhun1ia or Bhunj 16 meaning' grain-rarchers. This may explain the presence of Bbunj!a2 in c.is\ric~ like East Nimar. Though only 10 in number the ahunlias r(;turned from :E.ast lamar are cefinitely n8t the ~hunjia tribe.

The Choukhulli section of the tribe have a system of token pre-puberty marriage kn':)wn e.s Knnd-bya,h or arrow­ marriage whorein a girl is married to an arrow.

~he lan~uage 0f the tribe is knww.n as Bhunjig which has bfien regardec by Grlersc:n as n. sub-type of Halbi.

26. ~Hu:r A - Same as KQilabbuia

P:l. BIYJ.R

(M.P. ~,385; ~dh~.2,378; Rew~ 4; Shahcol 2; Dat1a 1)

Also spelt ~s ~, the tribe is shedule~ only in ~he e c"lstricts cf f0rrner V.P. nne is practically all of it concentrated in the North-eastern corner of the State in . The word BlaJr mean.s n. " seed-bed II and the name of the tribe may };lave COI!le from'''1ts princiral occura­ t10n of rice cultlvRticm·' an~ ccnstruction of tanks and embankments. Biyari a~e rrinclral1y cultivators and labourers. They are als8 found in .Mirzarur district of Uttar Pradesh. '

28 ~ BINJ HWAR

(M. f'. 4S 804; ,Rairur 25,704; Bilasvur 141 219; Raigarh S,OOl; £:rguja 671; Sf;oni 99;- Balag-hat 97; Mandla 9 ~d Bqst~r 4)

A civilized lanc-hQlding caste who have lost all , tribal eh?,racteristlcs ane· ar~ rr'inc'1:pally confined to Ra1rur,' Blln:spur, Surgujo.. 'an~ Rn.iga-rh cistriets. The lLinjhwar§ "11so retbrnec fr,)l!l S€':1ni" Balaghat and Manela •

•••• • 11/- - 11 -

Writing about them in 1916 Russell and Hiralal state s It ,A comparatively civilized D:-aviclian '~ribe or caste formed from a tribe. u Contrary to popular notions the Bin1hwara have a high level of social development so much so that in some areas one often wonders whether they should be ,scheduled at all.

29. BIRHOR

(M.F. 513; Raigarh 440; SUl'guje 57; Chh1ndwara 13; Balaghat 3).

A vary small tribe in Madhya Pradesh. found pr1ncipally in Raigarn ar..d SUI'gu.ja d1.stricts but found in greater numbers in adjoining m:88,d o:~ Orissa and Bihar. Colonel Dalton! s desc::'1ptio~1 of th',) tribe was lIa smal: dirty miserable looking race. \oJ'ho have the cred~,t of devouring their parent s .. II ;91:rJ1')l.s, ,\,161'U a~cused in thfl past of cannibalism by Dalton (La] tr'D 18'7f?" 1'8.1"3. 9 2'"dO)" The tribe has still not bean able to find a gocd economic footing. B1rhul is a syn,)nym of ~lrh-:-J: ..

30. BIRHUL : See Bi~ho~.

3J... BISON-HORN MARla

Bison-horn M8r~~. ~,,,-rG tl1at ::f:ct1cn of t.he Mariaa whc wear the chrlracteristic biscn-ht'1":1 h6Rr>C!'€.ss ::-luring their dances. Their COl'ntI'Y is tG "':.htJ 3cuth 0::: Indr;~\oiati :'lve:r in BastaI' district in D'J;."'l't6Ti':':1,: ,;';1f3t"lri.:jYllr. Kcm:3. r..nj Bij apur t ahsils. :r t must 'be r·cl:;E:I.lbs! \.;;,~ '~:-~lslt Blsgl1.::. .D,crn Matill is n:::-t the. t'..:::rm by which thn trj_')c ,~n.11s its(.lf. li: is the inventicn 6f Mtnrol'cloe:!.st " 'w, ~¥~ (rrigsrm wnle'l haoJ become entrenched 1!1 IH€I'r.turG. '!.'he -tribe is known 8.3 Da,ndam1 Maria., ~~1 kQ,~t-;~ ('1' hS .§.:1nI'~.. )~?tLl.

There a:'o 9,..'7')1 It·~l'1-h.:.tP~2r.~.. n_~ ~.~ BastaI' noY,·c But th€se figurGs ~_(i n::t five ~!-l(; Curl' )n't strc:r:rth of the tribe. In 1938 Grtrs 0 n ~stimatod th~lr strength t~ be 156,058 th-:ugh "':r.p J_Q3J. ~,,::.r~~~',f fip 11 r:_, ~ ..T-.~- ilillCh less. There 1s a distinct tenden.:.y in these l'~~I'tas. to return themselves by vaI'iC'us na.:nes lik: ~g.,:~:J1!Q, K0'y"~ N1'.1 9_.':::r.t~~ - 12 -

The Scheculed Tribes (Mooificati0n) Oreer, 1956, contains beth the terms - B1son-hotD-Matin and Dandnmi Maria and t.here are returns fer beth. Thore are 669 nand~mi Ma.rias in the state which 1.0C;;;O to the figures fr,r ~1§0n-hotn Ha~ raises their strength to 10,460. But many of them must have been returnee simply as Marlas and it 1s nr.t psssible now to ascert~in their correct strength. The Schedule 0f Tribe s on acc('unt ~f the way it hRS been presented make~t difficult to assess the correct strength of M~ria, Bison-horn Maria and ~ngnm!_~t~.

The lli.on-hc:rn Maria§ are known for a high incidence of homicide and suicice. A more det ailed nc,te regarding them may bG seen under 'Mat1E'.

32. BONDtli ( M.P. Nil)

Shown in the Scheduled Tribes Lists (Mocif1cat1cn) Order, 1956, as a synonymous troup Gf the Kcrku. There 1s n::- mention c::f this group of Korkus in Russell's Tribes and Castes.

33. ~OND&XA ( M.F. Nil)

Shown in the Order as a synonymous group of Korlrn~, has been incorrectly spelt : the correct spelling is Bcngon. The Bcndoyas (Bond~:l9, C'f th(; List) are a terri­ torial sUb-divisi0n nf the KctkY tribe who reside in J1tgarh and Pachmarhi tract. Tne Bondoyas are also called BhoydaYe ane Bhona.

34. ;e,QFCEI ( M. F. Nil )

As was pointec out in connection with Bondoya, Bhqpa are a synonymous group sf BC"nc1oya and the name Bhc12a has been corrupted into ~o~chi in Warcha district of Maharashtra St ate.

35. gHA!TRI ( M.P. Nil)

In the SchGculed ,rI'ribes I'ist , £llillz:1 is sho'Wn· as a synonym cf K.a}l~ ancl sarno P.s ~\X~:l: lTanwar or Cltmt t r1). There 1s no return of Chattr1 in this Census. More, information regarding: th~m may bG suen under : Tanwar'. - 13 -

(M.P. 23,954; Surguja 22,893; Raif~rh 544; B1laspur 497; Bfl.laghat 20) •.

The Cherwas are nne ~f the 8 enoogamous civisions of Kawars. {Russell anc Hiralal, V01. 1916, V01.III, p.390). The wor0 '~erwa' appears to be related to tCherQ.~ the name of a tr1bfd (:f Chh~ta l':agpur ane. the Cherwas are regardGc tc be a hybrid group df; scen(1ec. frc.m ccnnections fo~med by Kawars with girls of the Chet,Q tribe sf Chhot 11 r-; agpur. . {Russell and Hiralal 1916] V~l. III, p.391). Most of tneID are concentrated in SurguJa cistrict.

Chlli.-fDJ:

38. ~Qta MABl.4 ( M. F. Nil)

The csrrect name cf this 'trib€' sh~uld be "Chhot~. Maria" as opposse to 'Ba~a MaO.a (Bada I!l€ans big 0r eldor; Cbhcta means small or younger). 'The prefix Chhoi3 1s oft~n used in vari,:"us tribe s t") re fer to perscns brrn of union between the members ~f that tribe and SrIDe ether tribe. It is n~t quite certain that tpe Chota Maria is a separRte tribe ann entitler tr be €nliste~ ~s a separate tribe i~ the scher!ule.

39. DAHAIT (M.P. Nil)

Serarate figures fer Dahait are n::.)t return'ed in J961~ In the Lists, llanait has been given in brackets against Kol in .the chstricts of f~rmer V.1'. regieD where the strength c·f Kols is , 303,988; Dat1a 1; Chhattarpur 44; Fanna 2,435· Satna 71 353; Rewa 95,014; Siehi 54,079; Shahdol 81,062. Dahill have been mentionE.d by Crcckt. which, he says is ~ sub-~ivisicn of the Kol~, but there is no . m(:nticn in Russell anc Hirala1 and it is therefore prob?ble that this division CCcurs ('nly in Bunde lkhand region and in uttar f'rndesh.· - 14 -

40. D~~RIA ( M.F. Nil)

This name is n2·t founC: in nny cf € arlier w('rks 1 i :.c:'J those ~f Cr(l,oke, Sherrin,g and Russell. The tGrm gi~len :i. the List is a wronf nane Gf sC"me caste c,r tribe. Tm:.rC::"'3 no return for them I2~r1a have been shc.cwn in the L1 st s .:~:~ be a synonym of J2wnQ n Sircnj sub ... civision :;f Vicisha district and more information on thlorr: is contained in t: l; ncto en Damor Below.

41. ~AMOfi ( M.f. Nil)

~~mcr arc a Schaculec Tribe in Sironj sub-ClviI:jJ..r.. ~ of Vic.isha Md ~l!a.d.a have been shC'wn ns synr,nymcus g:;:")l~I therer:f. There is n~ return fC'r either :::,f theSE; MG tnc,~~j is no :r.1E.nticn cf these names in Sherring's: It EinClu Troicss and Castes", VC'l.III, which describ(;;s thE: Castc.s r-1IH': Tr: ;.~ s of Rajputana; wherefroM Sir~nj sub-civisi':"'n has c""r:w 't r M.f. as a consequence 0f ~re:a transfers. It cr.mn')t bi" sq:i..d dafini tely if the: word Damor, is n l!d ~print 2·f Dcmrg ~Th(': ~c 1'a a synonym sf Doms, a meni:11 caste, re;g?.rdec by Dr. CeJcJW'Gll and Sir, H.M. Elllot t~ be 0ne 01' t~G orl~in~l t~ib6S precaQ1ng tp€ Dravidians.

4~. DA~~AMI MARIA (M.F. 669; Bastar 669).

Dandam1 MQ,;t11l is another nnr.J.6 fc'r tha so-cnllec~ IUs~n-hr.rn Maria. In Bastar, this te::.-m is not univcrs,~~:'. aIld 1s used to refer t:-, those cf the Bison-ho::-n whc 1~7.: in the itlII1ad1ate ne1ghbourhocc cf th.t; -Hill MaiI..a§. whc refer to theI!1 as Dancaml Koitor. Fer al,l 'practical pUl'rOses, their figures shc;uld be. mergE;d :with these of the B1s0D-horn Mar1~.

43 • IUili.Q.l ( M. i' • Nil )

In the Seh6c'uled 'I'ribes List, tho Daroi f-tre s1': .. ,,·" as alternativ€ name for tha ~~ in Haisen ane; Seh-:r6 districts. Thert.: is nc; such naI;lE:. in ~1DY of thE. e~rli.e: works. Hislop end Crooke mcnti:n .;L'lc'aye as nne c;f thE. twelve-and-a-half d1visicns cf Gc·nc s.

44. l')HANGAD

(M.i. 1,7~9; Rnirarh 1,611; Bnst~r 81; R~1rur 33~ B11asrur 24). - 15 -

Dhangad are shewn as a syncnymcus groul· with the Q.t&m tribe. The spelling of this tribe as §:iv€n in Russell and Hiralal's Tribe s anc~ CustE.S is DhrnbaI,. Dhangar :ceans a. farm-servant and it is onE: 'Jf t~1e namE.; 5 by which the Orcon 'are known to out sicler~. Describing the Oraons, Dalt·on' str>.te 51 II The Khurukh or Oraon§. C'f Clm:tin are the.people best known in many parts of Inc:ia as t Dhangars f a wcrd ·that from its apparE::nt deri vati("'i: (Q.e.Q£ or Dhang a hill) may me~ any hillman." It is statec by CrcC":,ke that 'I in Bilaspur in the Central frcvinecs, triCY are regarded as a sub-div!si('n ~f the K[1J.'1.wa.t, who are t:1.8 largest seetiC'ns c--f the aboririnal rorul~tionn< Sherr1nr describes the Dhangat§ as an in(lepcndent tribe fu"ld sbttc s& II These are aprarently a brnnch ('\f the Knls c1' Chotr-t Nagpore. There is a large e~l('ny of the!:; in Sambal;'t'tr, and a few in th~ c".istriet· c'l' Bilasrur whera they nre mostly in service. t1 ;

45. DHANKk

(M.l-·. 1,762;' Narsimhapur 1{593; Htshan[abad 133, S~rguja 26; Chhin~~ara 9; ~etul lie

In the Order l' Dhanka .have. been ~hcwn as ~ synonY:.:lc~llS group of Oracn. This namtl is no\: founc:. (jither l.n Sh~rrJ..rlt::'s . Hindu Tribes and' Castes or in Russ.ell's Tribes :me. Cast.es .. In any ca.se·, .excert the figures cf Ph~ :r(;turn6d frOL'1 Surguja, p:one of the figures :r-elnte t8 ,Dhahk_a.

46. DtliANWAR

(M.f. 21,137; 3i12spur 15,933; Raig\rh 3,181; SUrguj aI, 920; Rairur <17; BnlaghD.t 24: Narsimh9.fu1· 15 1 Chhincwara 9; Durg 5 ane Bastar 3).

Found princip~ily in the eastern cistriets cf t~€ state the Dhell'\orars Dr€ r.lC'st1y f'Jund in the Krlti'horn t ails:'l of Bi l aspur district e They are also knr.wn as Dt:!lfluhq,t which torn I!leans:: a bowman. Till rece1)tly the tribe €arncc\ thefr ;tiveliho('!c mainly by ht:ntinr o' Many 0f them r,'·Je ~"\I taken to. settled cultivation and farm-soi-vants and they -:..13( make bamb0o-rnattinr and dl;olb~ or big. basket fcw stOT':i.J:1f grain. The ,nhanwars de not make srn~11 baskets sinet] tl11s is supposed t r) be dero[A.t ory, b€1.11g the prefe ss! . n nf low-castes like Baser. (Russell nnd Hil·a.lal, 1916, Vc:',.II) r. 501). - 16 -

The Dhanwars are probably an offshoot of either the Q:.and or the Kanwars or of the both and these tribes regard them as lower to themselves; Regarding them Russell saysl n The Dhanwars are almost certainly not connected with the Dhanuu of Northern India, though .the names havetbe same meaning." Though only 15 in numbers in Narsimhapur and 9 in Chhindwara, their presence in the districts is unlikely and it is probably that here the· returns relate not to 12banwar tribe but to ~ha.nuks.

47. PHQB/i

(M.P. ~,~44; Mandla 2,239; Raigarh 453; Bastar 1501 Bl1aspur 67; Raipur 23; 8urguja 7 and Jabalpur 5).

This is probably tho first time when the Dh9b~ have been separately enumerated in a Census. In the past they were al~ays amalgamated ~ith the Dhobi or washerman with whom they have no Oonnection whatsoever. They are a small caste belonging principally to Mandla district and apparently an offshoot from one of the primitive tribes. In the Order, the Bhobas have beEn regRrdod as a sub­ tribe of Gon~. The Dhobas act ~s priests of the Gonds and ar~ also cUltivators. They regard themselves superior to Gonds. The head of their caste a-lways belongs to the Sonwani sept ane it known as Raja. The figures of Dhobas in East ar relate probably· to the !2hob!§. and they are not the same as Dhobas. The Dh0b~ live with the Baiges and Gonds and are also seen in-the Baiga-chak of Mandla where they carry out settled cuitivation.

4e. PHULIA

(M.P. 3,296; Mandla 2,862; Bilaspur 247; Balaghat 120; Seoni 57; Surguja 2. and Raigarh ~).

The ~~~~ are. regardeo as a substr1be of Gon~. 'l'h6 propor name of the, substrib€· appears to be Dholia from )2bQ]., a music:fal ihstrumEi.nt. The DbYlias are the musiCians of the Gong§ likG Nagat~ {See infra). They also mnke big bnskets for h2-lding·ga grains, called DhGl1 and the nam6 of the tribe may well'havo· come fram this oecupati::m. They nre principDlly fOWld in Mandla cistrict •

•• •• • 17/- -17 -

. 49. XLHtIllY (M.P. 34; Bilaspur 34).

In the Schec.uled TribGs List (Hodification) Or.::'!.t.l, 1956, Dhuru or Dhurwa have .been kept together ~s a sub-'trib€ of Gones. g,W~ have a section krwwn as . !lli~Gonds (Dhur meaning gy.st). By Dhl.!:i:: Gonds is meant tho ordinary QQn.ds in mest district s who form an endog3.IDCU3 group. By DhY.I,_Gonds may also mean the 'common' Gonds.. These Dhuru are the same as the Dhur s€ction and these 0..1"0 certainly n:)t the same as Dhul'W.a. These two names shcuic1 be separated.

50. DIDJRWA

(M.P. 39,620; Eastar 3~,599; Ra1pur 20; Surgu~a 1).,

In the List the Dhy.:t.~ have beEn kept witn :Q_11'IJ.:i~1,; as a sub-tribe nf Gcone S.L There is nCithing j n ccmmJn between the Dhuru ane thu:ol,Q. ane they sh0ulr.. be sep'Jrat,'(~. The Dhurwa..§ are founr in Basta:- district •. ;Q,[lt;~~g is it'. fact an alias of Farj a. The ~h'L1rwas resent ':1'16 des:Lg.r..3." tion of Parj a which they think tc bE:: de!"ogatory. rhe:.:,:.' language is called thurwi which is n~thing bilt Parj ~t.

51. DORLA

,.::;:.:: ;.. j~~~~.~~:. 21,384; Bastar 21,3827 Bilaspur 2).

The ~tlg are all confined to Bastar and are found in the southern and south';'wcstern part 'of the; C!istrict, in B1japur and Konta Tahsils. In the past Consus~:s, ~!1(;Y are found recorded asKoya. ,+he term i~cr]~f appears te. be form the Telugu '.-lord ~. moaning lore, 0 Th'3 lO\v-l3l!c 'ko! or Gons:l§ in Andhra Fradt. sh' n.~";~ callt; G. '~oj__ D'1rl~~ In the T€lugu country the fuU_Gc'.ud·is kri~)wn as Du.tl!1 0J:' DurlasattQ.m and this tErm may have been ta;Ken by the Bastar KQyns. Grigson suggest~· another or1£:1n for the term. According to him the w8rd DorIa is ~ corrupt1nn from ~ Koitor and -:he Do;;;ol.a trac-: 1s referrec1 to by U~.G Marias a.s k2Qrbhum. The Dot Kgi t.'2t 'oocBme £or Kol and finally .~ or DorIa. 'l'hc Dorlas, are more advan~e('l t ~r~( the Marias and speak th€ir distinctive dialect - r81'1:L They are settled cu1tiva'~~8 now and tho5~ of them th~t take to blacksmithy are known as'K~J~~lt~

52. GADABA (See Gadba) -18 -

53. GAtBA

(M.P. 1,128; B3star ·1,063; Bilaspur 58; Rairur 5; Surguj a 2).

The Gadba r:tre Rlso spelt RS Gac.aba though the pr':munciat1""n is the sarno. The tribe cali s themselves Gy,thau. The word Gacba probably m£ans· a persrn who carries loa~s on his shoul~6rsf. The GadQa~ speak a Muncr-'.ri dialect kn.':::'1,m· ns Ga0Q1.

In 1938,Grigson mentionec that the trib~ was gradually eying cut? their numbEirs having. fallen from 721 in 1901 to 398 1n 1931 th0Ugh the figure of 1931 would probably be 451 because this was the return ()f Gadbi c1ia16ct. The tribal orr. 2..nisatiC':n of the Q.;1 ~"'"''1S is nst very strict and a Bhattra, Fnrja or Muria -~ . or a msober of any ·supposedly surerior tribe may become a Gadba by a simple cer€mony. The Gadba§ arE.i cultivators and l.abcur6rs. Their signi·ficant ornaments r..re tha large ring s in the ear-lobtis.

54. GAIt

(M.F. 114; Balaghat 76; Seoni 32; Mandla 6) •

. " In the 1931 Census, QJ1kl wer~ classified as Gowat1 and Ga~ak:1 hEts beLn shr,wn t~) bE. a sub-caste: of ~rdhis. In the Presicent Order, the Caiki is listed as 'a sub-tribe ~f Q2ncs, but nn such r(.ference is foune! in any earlier w·-;rk.

55. GAITA (M.P. Nil)

Th~ Gait 0. :qre a sub-tribe of Q:.;::QQ.~ f('un~ only in Chanca L'istrict ,.._r Maharashtra. The word Gaite or Ga1ta means a villare prie st c:r ··headmari. ~ince the Ga1 t lS nre not found in tris stat~ the· name neees to be struck off from the M. f'. List ~f SchedulE;(~ 'rribe. s.

56. GARASI~ (M.P. Nil)

The tribe is 'SchoGuled' in Sironj sub-division in only (which has co~e as a result cf arGa trnnsfers between Rajasthan and Machya Pradesh).

19/- __ - 19 -

In R~jputana, the term ~~1a is arr1ied tc cenote the offsprinf of Bhils and Ra1.l:uta. Tho Grass1as (spelt Gal'as1a) associate cl~'sely with the aboriginal Bhil.§. and frequently marry ~ girls. . There 1s no return 0f Garasia in 1961 from Vid1sha cistrict aqd the name may be omitted from M.P. List.

57. Gf.TTA OR Gl~TTI (M. P. Nil)

The name as given in the Lists 1s not correct the cOl'reet name being Gotte cr Q.ally,. These ~tte or 9.e.i.tu are the hill Gcn~~ of Chanda and are ~ctually not a sub­ tribe of Gonus. (Russell and Hiralsl, 1916, Vol.III, r i 64) •.

51, GOND

(M.P. a,5.47,47~; Mandla 347 521; Bast9.r 235 265; Chh1ndwnra 227,S89; Surfuja 22a 2~; Shahdol 206,oi9; Rnipu:t 199,472' Bilqspur 197,924; Seoni 177,603; Betu1 121.748; DUrg i 19J 599; Sidhi 89,327, Balaghat 74 223; Japalpur 64,094; Raisen 49,628; Rairnrh 46~379; ~arsimhapUl 44'064; Hcshanfabac 36,080; Satna 20,191; .l-'anna 19,579; De as 13,120; Enst Nimar 8,979; Rewa 5J 344; Chhatarrur 21 t48; Vlc:isha a.~28i· West l:imar 928i_(3una. 635; Mandsaur ~25' Infore 272; Rnt am 121; Bhina 108; 107; and reat in Gw~li~r 80; Rajf2rh 70; Shnj~rur 39; Tikamgarh 30; Morena 3; Shlvpuri 2 and Jhabu~ 1).

The G~nds are the most widely diffused tribe in Machya. PracEsh, being f~unc in 39 out of 43 districts they are not schedulec in Sag~r and Lamch though foun~ in large numb(;rs thero Md absent in Datia and thar districts. !here are rnly 2 districts - viz. Datia and Dhar where Gones are not fenne, and their :po~ul~ticn in other 3 districts M~~e~a, Shiv~url and Jhabua is negligibl€.

In the Schec:u16d Tribes List, G8nc:§ are shown at 4 plac6s .. (1) in the fe·rmer Mac.hya Bharat retien Gond:a without any sub-tribes; (ii) in Mah9kc:shal districts, (ionds ineluCing 40 sub-trib€ s; (11.1) in former Vindhyo. PracE;)sh region Gond including 1:nthn.r1 and (1v) in former Bhcf·O,l stato refien, Galli! or kc.l:21.

The secti0n 0f Q2n~§ in f0rmer Vindhya Pradesh rag1cn, who are callee P~thar1 1s n~t ment1~ned in any of tho earlier works anc s C' the tQ.roi cf ferme r Bhnral St ate. - 20 :.

There are differ6nt. vio'Ws regarding the origin of the word tGon~'. Cunnigham c0.nsid6red the nam~ to have come fr()m Gayda thG classicr.1.1 term f~;r eastern uttar Pradesh and Benfal. This view is highly imrrobable. Hislop regarded the word to have come fr6m K.2~ or KhDnc, becausE;; of the interchange n.bili ty of r K I and I G1 and .am~·ng the tlP..ny reas::;ns advallcGc. tc rrove this derivation, tho strongest was that t.he Kh8nd rc1r.,le are referred to ?-s Gond or KQc. But till r~cently, Gond was th6 term by which ether pec'ple referred t::: the tribo; the tribe callin.g themselves Ko1 or Kcitur. The Maria Gonds of Bastar stj11 call themselves as Metil Kcitor anc~ Vanqami Kcitor.

ThE; origin of the Genos in Mnclhy~, Pracosh 1s :llso un~ertain. Tho rr~vn18nt view be~ng thrit thby have come fr:'lm the south thrcufh Chanc.:. and Bast-ar. Whllt creve them nortt from their ~'riginal h0me 1s not known and it ~:r:r::6 ars that the prcbabillty of their hav1nf ~ome from the north has never been seri ~usly exrlcrec, tlvhif:'h there are seme traditions in the tribe which inc:lcato this.

Durinr the fourteenth' c.£ntury. p..nd aftorwarcs the. Gcnds established dynastl~ s: in Chh1n,.q.wara, Eetu..L, Garha­ Mandla and Chanda but they 'Rere .sub.jufated by 1:he Marathns in the 18th century. It was at this r-eriod that the Qond~ took to the forests.

By and large, the: Gonds ar6 ve~y much m::.:'re civilized than many sub-tribGs shown with thun: nnd th6se sub-tribe~ ado}:t Gand as indiCB.t.:i_v& of theIr cas"!_;o in an at tempt at social climbing. The ~~ ranee from SUbstantial land­ holders and ex--zamindars alld fellG3.tcry chiefs to ordin~l!."y cultivators and their econom.y is b(;tter develored than other tribe s •

In Madhya k'raee sh, if q :n:i·rth-£!1.st -sou·ch··west running line is dravln frem the, southern boundary cf Dhar ,d.istrict to the southern bcundry '.Jf TiknIl1garh district t. tho Gr)Jc1S weule be. foune t (' be numL reus t ('I the south 01' ,this 11n~ anc: very muc;h less tc the ncrth.

In seme districts, c..g. 1n,BAst9.r Qther tribes have a tendency to rGturn--th€mselvc.s as Genc'!s and this tendency seems to have inflateCl t'he Gone. f1rures. In B!J.star, there is 125 rer cent incre B.se in the ~·Gon~. ['C'rulat. ion sL'1ce ____ This increase is rnrtly dUG to r:trur tribes being retur·ned as Gcnc§ which is rerarceG as an h0nnrific term. - 21 -

59. GOND GO'WARI

(M.F. 1,222; Seen1 700; Bal~f:hat 48B; Durr 25;-' Bilaspur 9).

This is a small hybrid caste former: from alliances between Gond§ anC1 Gowar1 or herdsmen :f the Maratha cistricts. Russell 1.cvC'cated their being refareed a distinct caste nnd ranked them as lower to both - Q2nds and Gowaris. The Gond Gowar1s admit women af Jther castes into their folc. The tribe consist s Irincipllly of cultivators and lab~urers.

60. HALBA

. (M,.F. 130,123; Lurr 79,120; B9.st ar 40,168; :L{aipuJ" 9,281; Seon1 885; Chhindwara L124;.· J?a.lafhat 196; and the rest in B11aspur 18, Mandla 13; Surguja 11; Betul 3; J abalJ:ur 3 and lta1[ arh 2).

The tribe is principally ccnceptratE;c in Raipur Livisi:Jn where about 98.8 percent ,::·f their entire population is located.

The Halbaa are a caste of cultivat()rs and farm­ servants and their name is surrosed to be der1ve0 fr'Jm the word H~lna "01" tc move 0.1" swinr.. The name is also surrosec, to be dori vee fr0m' an old Canere S9 word Halbar 0r Halbaru meaning folc ones nr ancients' or ":r:rimitive inhabitants'. (nu·ssell.ann Riralql Vel.III, p. 183-184). The Balbes occupy an honourable resi tiGn in Bastar and are the hi(hest caste there with the excertJ')n of Brahmins and _thakars.

Grigson considered them to be the descendents of the old .!::a1k militia f,arris::;ns ~,f the headquarters villa(es of the old ~arh§. The caste has local divisions known as Bastarlha, Chhattlsg~rhia amd Marathla H~lQa§, of these the Ba§ta,;r1bc.-Halbas have fe-rmed an endogamous caste. The Halbes arc divided into 2 groups - pure and mixed called locally as fura1t and Nekha. The names of their exogrun:-::us septs sugfest a mixed crigin of thE cast.

The dialect clf the trib~ in }3ast~r is Halb1 a eurlcus mixtUre of Uriya, Chhattisgarhi and Marnthi. Grierson has classed this as a dialect of Mar3thi but it cc:uld as well bo a dialect of Enstern Hindi. In other - 22 •

areas the lialbas havo no dialect of their ow. but speak Chhattisgnrh1. In Bastar, their lnnrua,[e has become the lingya-:tr~ 8f the cistrict. .

The Halbns are gocc cultivators and their econ0mic conditic.n is far better than that c,f oth6r tribes in BastQr. Elsewhere they are rGrarded to be prosperous cultivators. Fri')r to aboliticn af frot:rietory Rights in 1951, the Halbas hele many villagts in Lurg district.

61. HALBI (Seo Halba)

62. BILL MkRIA (M.r. 5; Bastar 5).

The Hill Marigs are one of the le~st affected tribes of the state. In common pqrlance in Bastar they al'.6 also kncwn as llbuj hmarias. They Iiva in a compara­ tively inaccessible tract of Bastar known as Abujhmarh whieh extends over three tahsils cf Bastar-, Nara1nrur, DanteWarn rurrd Bija~ur.

It must be remembere~ that Hill Maria is a term ~o1ned by ·;mthr('p~:l '!gist s nne.· this term is unkncwn tf' the tribe. The trl00 cc..ll themselves, Meta KC'1tC'r or s1ml':ly Maria. The i'resir.ent' s Oreer does hot have any syn::mym tor Hill Maria"

The I-"opulation firures- of illil Marla~ as returned in 1961 a.-re unbelievably low. In 1931 Grigsc.n estirnat(:;d .their, porulation_ to be 11,500, .':.lIlC ~o what se§ms to have . l'lat;·encc is that the Hill Mn.r1as have been simpu ~e urn9d ~s Marias. According to 1931 Census, the totnl ()f Mn.r"ias was 146,070. In the -r'resent Census, the total of returns of all Mari{l2 comes t C) be 115,624, so it is clear that many Mgr1as have returned themselves by seme ether name - IDc.!re ~rcbnbly Gond !11ld. ]'-furia. This tend6ncy tc give names otter than Haria is nct seen a.lJlcng the Hill MariaR and it is alsc lik(;ly·that the enumerators not knGwing.the terIlDl Hill Marla have rec:)rded thE; Hill Marias as simrly Marins. This h~l~ bt;'tn verified 'by a stucy of . CEn Sl;ls slir s.

Hill Maria vl11afris a~e 1rihablted alm~st cent r-ercEmt coly by mcr.:.bers r f this trl be save for ~. household or two c,r Rawate. anc'l Kalars in bigger settlements. There w~re 160 villages in 3astar in 1961 wh~re the Hill Marias live A.no. rresumlng that the Schec~uled Tribe returns from these vill!J.f,€ s are all Hill Marias, the rc:['ulnti0n of them cernes to 11,746. Th1·s p0TuJation "trend and a.-' d€~.il~ - 23 -

note Oll thE:: Hill MartP,,! ,ht.lve 'baon f.1ven E.ls€whe:roe in this volume,

The H11l-Matla v111af8s are shift1nr in nature. They dO n"t have se:ttleq cultivnti:m Rnd carry out va1'1eties ~f shiftinr cultiv3t1('n. There is n-:-: land .. rE;corc system and n:) lane .. revEnuE system in the tlUlJiaua villages and a roll-tax is lev1ec. on all able boeier. males. The Hill_Mati~ arc in an extremely undevelored state from the r·cint cf view rf medt-rn focili tie s, and are rrob9.bly the mcst 1ntercst1nr tribe in the State.

(M.t. ~,578; Raigarh ~,205; R~ipur 356; Surguja 17).

In the Scheduled Tr1bes Lists, the KplGQga ~re sh~wn ~s a sub-tribe of Q2n~. They ~re m0stly returned from Rairnrh ane Lin1rur [~1stricts. nus~ell r:lnd H1rnlel and Sherrin[ h9.vb n~-·t riven Kn15l!l.-£.Q as, a' ~ sub-tribe and Hussell MC ,H1r8lRl h~V6 f"iven ~ serarate Article on this tribe whom they cescribe as a cult1v~t1nf caste in Chhatt1sgnrh. The name K~£.i! ~rr~,~s t~h~ve cerne fr('m Kn11nga, the name c'f the s(la-bo~,rc ~f the Telufu c0untry. These n.uthors SUf fE; st thqt the Ka12.QDa: rnay be a. br~,nch c.f th~ pre at K~11ng1 trib.e, (If Ma(lr~a. ~nc in Chhntt1sg~rh, . they' have mixs'c much with the [aH2tli. They have 3 br!Ulchs- the Kalingu, tre 'Kawar, an~ the Char':') KalpJ1~. Their tpaciti0n o~ 0r1rin 1s ~he s~me qS tpat 0f Knnwars. They sreRk Chhattisf ~rhi - t.he ~in.1E)ct cf the reri:"'n. Russell Me F1r~1'11 r:(iff:1r;dcc~ them tc be a rravidian' tribE; ",ho took ~r military s€rvice. .

64, KAM1~R

(M,f. 11_,_795; !\a1rur 11,008; B'astar 7~6; Ha1farh 25; Sur[uja 6; Ijilasrur 5; Seoni ~ nne Durf 1).

The ~mars are foune rrinciraTly in' Mahaso.munc Lhamtar1 anc D1ndranaW~f:lrh tahs11s of Raix:ur distr1c~, majcrity of them b~1nf found in the last named tahsil. The ~ar§ are like the J:fut!.ias, one .. of the least affected tribes' --:·f the statG and are in an ext'r.eIq61y·und(iveloJ:ElC~ eonciti:m, - 24 -

ThQ are~s where ~a~ are found 15 restricted to Ra1pur district and adjoining parts of Orissa state. In the present Census! the figures of ~ama~ returned from Bastar, Raigarh Sur~uJa, Bilaspur and Seoni are doubtful; in all probab1iity they relate to Castes and Tribes other than the Scheduled Tribe - Kamal.' There are 3 or 4 different aboriginal and semi-aboriginal tribes and professional eastes who havb the d~signation Karnat. In Bengal and Chhota Nagpur the term K,amar 1s ,mn1nly occupational, imply­ ing a worker in iron; in telugu count,ry K,amala is a desig­ nation given to the ,f·j,:v-c a-rt"isan c.l.asses. Amon€! the )2otlas : of Bastarj the, Blacksmit'h 'section of that tribe is known as ~ru:.a. 10. the :Hil1~.Reddl' country also·, a few families of aboriginal.blacksmiths are 'also known as Kamars.. Most of the Kamars returned 'from B~star District. are probRbly of the Kammat.a s6cti'0n of the D0rl.a~;. the Kamar§, returned from R3igarh ~nd Sur€!uja refer t~ the blacksmith Kama~ of Chhota Nagpur.

The ~t.§' wh'J are included in the Scheduled Tribes List! are not the blacksmiths n~r does their tradition relate them to blacksmithy. Their economic conciticn is still very backward, because, rooted out from their shifting cultivation, they have yet to take tD settled eultivation. .llil!.l1 and Be2ra which are tb~ names ~f their shiftinf; cultivation, are .still ste:alth11y practised in the interiGr. ' '. .

(M.P. 90;: Surguja 46; DuXig 24; ,Ra1pur 13; Bastar 4 and Be oni 3) •

.. , , '. In' the Scheduled Tribe s List, the KMdrl!. are shrwn .to be a sub-trib~ Df GonCS which appears to be incorrect. ·Thf; Kandra arc 'l very smal i tribe ~h0S€ .mp.i4. occupatic·n is basket-making and wc,rkinE in br-miboc. In 1931 Census th€se were classifi€d with ~~ caste •.

66. KAr-~WAR

.; '. .. (M.P. 302 072; Rairarh 121,059; Bilaspur 78 093; . Surguja 68,935; naipur 26,117; Dur£ 7,328; Bastar 444; Mana1n 83; Jaba1pur 8 and Se0ni 5).

, .KDMflt, ~...liru:, ~, Cherwa., Rathia, .T·anwar and Chatri all refer to ::·ne aIle th~ same :tr-1be.,,(Fresident's Scheduiec Castes arid' SchedulGd Tribes List (Mocif1cat1on) Order, 1956). Tho hlm.~ are preponderant 1n the eastbrn - 25 -

districts - Surfuja, Ra1g~rh, B1lnspur, Raipur anc Durg. In B11aspur, as Russell sto.tes, the name of the tribE: 1s pronounced with a n~sal as Kan~. A Getailed note abcut them m~y be seen under rKa~at.

67. ~KU (M.P. Nil).

In the Scheculed Tribes List for Raisen and Sehore districts of former BhoF~l statG, the tribe ~~y is evidently a spurious naoe; the name shoulc be KQIkY. It needs correction. In th~ pr~sent Census, the returns from the districts WE:ir€ fer !}.l:tk.Y but they ha.ve be€.n she-,wn und€sr wlsJ.l in consonnnC(l with the Pre:; sidbnt' s Order. To remr-:V6 eonfusir:m the name sh~'ulC' bt: irnmi;.dir-l.tGly corrected. 'l'he figures of ~~ shc:wn in tabl(. s af Qinst Raisen and S(,hore districts may b~ rGac with KQtk~~.

(M.P. 1,019; Surrujn 304; Bil~pur 295; RaigRrh 160; Durg 100; Rairur 84; Betul 35; Hosh!Jl1[abad 18; B!=Istar 11; Chhincwara 9 'll1d Se0ni 3).

" In 'Pineu Tribes ane c~stesl', Sher~~nf cescribed the K1iur-s separ'ltely fr"m K~nw~t§. but Russell and F1ralal desc'ribed them as R syn0nyr.:l {'f I5.:l!1.ll~t.§ cr. Iiawars, which 1s irrbably c~rr€ct. Writt1nr aQC'ut them Sherring says .. The Kaur§ are usually reg~rdec as aborigines, although ela1ming to have been orlfine:l1y c:'nnocte~, with the TusU: tribe or Rajputs in tbe Nrrth-w(;stc;:rn Fr:.;vinc€s ••••••••• !he Km!I.~ are goed and ind'l,lstrious cultivators. It

Th6 Ka~~ arc Fraetically all settled in the urban areas - «('n1y 21 '"'ut cf 1,019 ar(; settled in rural areas).

69. WAfi .. ( M.F. Nil)

This is a synonym ~f ~~~r. tribe ,who have been desctib€c by Sh€rring in 1879, as It a lc.rgG nne influ€ntial tribe" •••• The tribe hr..r. SUbstantial lancowners an.1 aIs:) serne Zaminc.ars. The Kawars. tr9.ct:; thE-ir 8rifin frcm thG Kaurvas ct Mann.bh?.rat~. They h~ve eight endogam0us civ1si(~ns : 1:.onl!a.la, ~llmal~l, E.a1k.a:c.a, ~h.=Uxa!, Ra1h1L4 ChU-Lt1, Qhaa[l and I!~tla.. Out of thiS, ~nw9.t, Be.th1a rule ~t~ have succeeder in f6ttinr a separate cf:lste .. status thC"urh rec'~rd€c to[ethcr with the ------KanwClTs in the Schec1ulec Tribes - 26 -

List. In the present Census setarate returns were available and this shows the tendency in the Kanwars or Kawats tribe to dissociate i tstdf frorn ~~'B tribal roots.

The Kawfrs also held an impcrtant status in the historical par also. The'Chief counsellers eof the Halhaibansi chiefs eof Ratanpur were KIDl.51:U and it was to them that the Haihaibansis Gntrusted the hill fortress of Bilaspur (Hewitt. '1869) ... The' assistance rendered by the Kawars in the ccnque st of'the south. of Raipur and Bast ar was rewarded by large grants 0f land which they held as Zamindars. The ~aHa~ have always claimed to belong to the Rajput caste and there is o.t least one instance of a marriage between ~~' and ~y~.

70. ~

(M.P. 4,346; Sehore 2,757; Raisen 1~589).

, K~er have been treatec- as a-Scheduled Tribe in the 'districts of Raisen and Sehort thc:ugh they' are fC'lund more J'lUmer~sly in the aC'j oininr H~sh.~g"abac district. Actually "s-peaklng, the Keers should nr,t be treated even as a tribe, let alone their being considerec as a scheduled tribe. Rus'sell J!,egarded thEm as 'akin te. the !U:t~t§. and the name K1l 1s probably a corruptirn of Karar. meaning a river bank. ' Their exoramous sections are called Gotra and there are ~ of such Gotras. Of these 12i names, seven are based on other caste s as Baman, Bania ane. sc:' on and the Keeu. .appear to be a mixed caste.

Tho ~ live on river-banks and grow melons in the :sand and v6get abl(;; s in t h€ alluvial land.

,71. KHAIH~

(M.P. 35,523; ~rguja 19,460; Sidhl 6,382; Biln.srur ~1~3a; .Shahdol 2 354; Raif:lrh 1 1828; Satna 1,087; Ra1rur 422; ~anna 287; j abalrur 245; Tlkamgarh ~;35; Chhatarrur 191; Rewa 180; Seani 11 and Bal~ghat 9).

Dnlt0n rq:~.rdec the Ml.a1r~~ tC' be clC'sely relatec: to the Cher£ tribe and qls0 tC"' Santhals. The etym('lo[y of the ~€rm Kha1rwat is varicusly attributEd. Accorf.ing tc one, ft is derived fr0m the rrinciral oc~upatl('n c,f the tribe - m~1nf of cate~hu (Khnlr). AC9crcinr to an0ther view the name has c'::">me from Kha,1ragarh :-.-. a place in Hazarlbarh district of Bihnr. (Crnoke,1896, Vol.III,p.237). .. 25 -

districts - Surruja, Raig~rh, Bilnspur, Raipur anc Durg. In B11aspur, as Russell states, the name, of the tribE; is ,pronounced with a n~sal as ~~. A detailed note about them may be seen under 'K.alia.:c.

07. IWYill (M.P. Nil).

In the Sehec.uled Tribes List for Raisen and Sehora districts of former Bho~al Stato, thb tribe KatkY is evidently a spurious name; the name should be KQtkY. It needs correction. In the pr~s€nt Census, the returns from the districts were fer KarIm but they have beEn shc,wn under K~ in c~nsonane& with the Presidentts Order. To rem~ve eonfusi')n the name sh:::ulc bG immi;;diately corrected. The figures or Knrku sh0wn in tables 3.[ainst Raisen and S(,hore districts may b6 read with KQtky~.

, (M.P. 1,019; Surruja 304; B11aspur 295; R~1~Rrh 160; Durg 100; Rairur 84; Betul 35; Hoshan€ abaCI 18; BAstar 11; Chhindwara '9 nnd Seani 3).

, , In 'Hineu Tribes,ane. Castes', Sherrin£" c€scribed the Kaurs separately fr"m KanwFlt§. but Rus:sell a.nd Firalal describ~d thEm as A. syn{;nym ~f K!m-!tl~~ 0r ~~, which is prC'bably c0rreet. Wri tting abrut them Sherring says - • The Kaurs are usually regnrdec as aborigines J a.1thC'ugh claiming to have been originally c:::--nnectec with the TU~t tribe of Rajputs in the N('\rth-w~st(;rn ProvincEs ••••••••• 'I'hG Kaut§. .are good ane industri8us cultivators."

The Kau~ are praetica11y all settled in the urban areas - (0n1y 21 r:ut cf 1,019 ar(J settled 1n rural areas).

69. W-i4l ( M.P. N.il)

This is a synonym :;f Kan~g,t tribe, who have been deser1bGd by Sh€rring in 1879, as " a large and influ6ntia1 tribe" •••• Tht; tribe had substantial landowners an:1 also some Zamincars.

The E~§. tr9.c~ thbir orifin from the Kaurvas cf Mah'abharat:?.. They hav6 eight endogamous c1visic~ns , "l'~al~, ~albans!, f.aitat.a, ~~at; ~ih!n.. Chs;.nti, QQOtllS! and B,~tia. Out Df this, ~~!, Riithia and Chem, have sueceedec, in f6tting a separnt6 caste-status thourh rec')rced tOf€thcr with the Kan~r.!i in the Soheculec Tribes - 26 -

List. In the pres6nt Census s6}:arate returns were available and this shows the tendency in the Kanwars or Kawar;;s tribe to dissociate itself f,rom ~'B tribal roots.

The Kawtrs also held an important status in the historical par also. The Chief counsellers of the Halha1bansi chiefs of Ratan:x::ur were Ka~ll ,and it was to them that the Haihaibansis entrusted the hill fcrtress of Bilaspur (Hewitt. 1869). The assistance rendered by the Kawars in the conquest of' the ·south of Raipur and Bastar was rewarded by large grant-s ·0f land which they held as Zam1ndars. The K~~ar§ have, always claimec to belong to the Rajput caste and there is at least one instance of a marriage between ~~ and ~yis.

70. ~

(M.P. 4,346; Sehore 2,757; Raisen 1,589) • .. '

Kear have been treated as a Scheduled Tribe in the distriets of Raisen and Sehore thc.-ugh they are found more numerously in the adjoininr Hasn3!lgabad 'district. Actually !-peaking, the Keers shou1c1 fl!',t be treated even as a tribe, let alone their being considered as a scheduled tribe. Russell l:.egarded them as akin to the K1:tg,~ and the name K11= ~s probably a corrupticn of Karat meaning a river bank. Their exofamous se.ct1c;ns are called Gotra and there are )2'l cf suqh Gotras. Of the se 121- names, seven are based on other castes as Baman, Bania ane, s':::' on and the ~~ .. appear .to. be a IIli)rod c as'te •

The ~ live em river-banks and grow melons in the sand and vegetables in the alluvial land.

,71. ~HAIl"\WAH

(M. P. 35 ,5~3; 8?-rguj a 19,460; Siehi.6 ,382; B1las[-.ur ~1~32; Shahdo1 2 354; Raiptrh 11828; Satna 1,087; Raipur 4B2; ~a.nna 287; JabFtlrur 245; Tlkampl.rh 235; Chhatarrur 191; Rewa 180; Seen1 11 and Bal~gh~t 9).

Dalton rep:.rdec. the !iliair~~ t'.') be closely relatec to the Cher£ tribe ano ~lsf"l to Srnthals. The etymC"lofY of the term Khairwar is varicusly attributed. Accorc: 1ng: te­ ene, it is c.er1ved fr("lID the rrincipl.l occupatit:'n c-,f the tribe - .mrudnr of catechu (Mair). Acccr:cinr to another view the name has ci"lme from Kh~1ragarh - a Flace in Hazaribarh district of Bihar. (Crroke ,1896, Vol~III ,PI 237) • - 27 -

Soph1stleated Kb~l~~ diselaim cateenu making and despise those who do it. Like backet making and bla.ek- . smithy the occupation is looked upon with disfavour. (Russell and Piralal, 1910, Vol.lII, p. 430). Russell oonsiders that the Khair~ars of ChhotA Nagpur are an occu­ pational offshoot of the ~heto§ and Santhals and those of Kaimur hills are a a."ilar offshoot of the Gong~ and Sacnrs.

The rour sub-divisions of this tribe mentioned by Dalton viz. ~ia, MahtQ, ~t and ~-1bi SUggest,the tribe ~o be a mixed group. Tbe Khairwars have an arl.sto­ cratic division known as .§urajyansh! or ~eudhar1 who wear sacred ~hread, and have become an endogamous group.

72. KRAAIA

(M.F. 1!,l07; Raigarh 15,793; Bllaspur 1,481; Raj,pur 1,379; Surguja 222; Chl?indwa~a 219; and Mandla 13).

Ccneentrat€d mainly in the eastern part or the state ~n Raigarh, Bilaspur, Raip?r )md ·S~r·guja districts, the Kharias· are onE of the backward tri l;>E: S~· Their principal ha~ltat in the·Stnte 1s J~shpur ana Ra1farh tahsils. According to Hirala11 the name Khatri a 'is derived from K~'tbJl~1, a palanquln or li.t,t,'Br and the.· ol'ir.1nal name Kharkharia is eontr!1cted int_c ~hal'il1.· He- stat6s th~t in the Urlya eountry, the OUQD palanqu,1n:'bearers are also cal1€d Kh:u:·la.s. . , .

In Raiparh the Kharias have tw(") sub·-tr1be s - pugh Khar1a and Delk1 Kh9l1a~ the latter said to be or mixed origin; ... ~he principal .. deity ~f the tribe is Banda.

The Pres~nc€ of 219 ~~a~ in is a little d1.ffieult to explain. It app(:;ars that theSE; figures relate to illla:rta§.~ ~19 should be d~duct(d from the Kharia figures and .tl~ded·,~o·'the figures cf thE:i ~bati..aa.. This w')uld ffi€an that ·the Kb..atia populntl.::m of tho State is l.a ,~88. . '.

73. KtlAtQLA (M.P. Nil)

In the Sehedulec Tribes (Modification) Orear 1956, the Kbatola§ have been r6fardcd as a Gong sub-tribe in the Mahakc,shn.l districts of the Statt;;. The Khatolas like the . Ra,J-Cron

The word Khu~oln has comb after Kh~tola etste of Buncelkhand which is said to have been onc€ governed by a ~~ ruler but it .is n~ lonrer in 6xiat~ncEl. I~ the Khatolas' rank equally with t.he Raj ... Gonds but in Chhindwara, ordinary Q.gnd§ desp1s~ them.

A section or the ~~ kno~p as KhatolWat-Gonds were d~ser1bed by Sherrinr as b€low: ftTh~se have the same family names as the RIll Qr:,uCl.§.. Th~1r ambition is to b6ar the dignity of Rajroots, and to be reckoned as Hindus. They wenr the sacred thread in imitation of Hindu of high easte. Those in Chanca Came Qriginally from Raepcre. They are found in thti north-e ast of Chanda." Since the ~hatola§ have not been returnee in this Census, the name can be omitted from the Scheduled Tribes•... Lists •

(M. P. 45; Bil'l!?pur 26; n~,1rur 19).

This tr~be _" rJl1rwar ... a.ecrns to apr-ear in Ethno .. gl'arhie l1t6rature !('r the first ·time. In the Scheduler Tribes Lists (Mo('1ficQ.~ion) Order, .1956, the K.h1twt~ or Kliirwat.a 'have been s~cwn to be a sub~trlbe, ;of the ~~~ but they have not be€n s(; mentioned by H1s1oJ:!, Sherring, Crooks and 'Russell. Since no previ0us m~nt1onaf them is 'available, there is nothinr that may be said ab(lut ~h1s· sub-tribe of Gand ,§ •

75. KQW(J1

(M.I>. 1,331; Bastar ~4~; Ha1:pur 461; Ra,1[arh 14; Bilaspur e) •

. ~~~~, written by Russ~11 ~s ~o~, are a sub-tribe or ~he K2.nl2§.. The habitat cf th6 ~ograkU l.S Surruj a cistrict, but surprisingly there are no returns of this trib€ frJm Surguja cistrict. In 1931, Shoobert writing abcut the ~~ in his report stn.t(;(' th!J.t the Kb2t.alm div1si~n is not foune in Jashpur or Ud~irur and is arrar-ently confinec tC'l Surguja. It. In T~,ble XVII of the C·.P. "able s were shown 5, 995 Kc.~ in Surruj 9. district (then '. ". c'Jnstitutec 1S 3 feudl1.tGry Stl~.tes) anc there was afbot-ncte rorarcinf," th.is as : " rrobnbly, F! .sub-tri~e of K2tKU. tt

The tribe KQdakU oeeures in the Scheduled Tribes List and all the 14 768 KQ~ returned in Surruja district in 1961 Census shou i d be treated ~.S Koc~. - 29 -

The p?€sence'of 84S ~aku in B~star and 461 of them in Ra1pur district arpe~rs to bE doubtful ~ and these figures probably rEfer to some tribe other than the KQ~. The ~cakys have beEn described by de Brett as below:~

11 The Khorakus consider themse Iv€: s a different peorle form the korwas hut- admit that the difference is not great. In appEarance it is almost. 'imposs.ible to distinguish one ferm the other. As a rulG the Khorakus are somewhat better clad than' the kcrwas, and havl;i; l"6rha}:s a slieht ly mOf€ civilized appearancci...... ~[,he Korwas claim that their s~e6eh differs from that of the khcrakus but they could g1ve no example ,)f this, and on enquiry from the people who knew them well it woulc app~ar that the differ€nce is merely that the Khorakus, wh'J live nf;arGr te' the cultivating tribe s cf the J:lains, h~w(; acq:teo. intG .th\;.;ir sr:eech Hinei words and expre ssions. B-::th trib(.: s eat every kind cf animals, 1n~luc1ng c~gs, an article of diet which ~he D1haria Korwas of. Khuria repudiate and cnnt€mr:t~usly Charr€ the pqharia Korwas with inc.ulging in this luxury. The male mGmbers of both tribes can ~rl do frequently ent t0gether, but the ':females of the two tribES are n0t allcwed to 00 so, Both tribes strellucuAly dE:nied that they can intermarry and refused t'J acmit that any such marriare t~ke place. Apparently the f,n1y anim!3.ls they refuse t C' eat D.re the poisicnous cla.sses c-f snn.kes."

76. KOILABHUTA

(M, P. 05; ~a.nd 1a 63; Raie arh 2).

This 18 a sub-tr'1:b€ ·of ~ and has )teen so shown in the Mod1f'1cat1r,n Order, 1.966. Most of them have been retu:Pnl';o frOID Manella. They are thc;s~ Ganes who earn their Ii ve lihocd by d rmcing and rut tint ur ~nterta1nment s. (Russ~11 and Hiralal, 1916, VC"l.III, r. -62). The women of this sulJ-tribe arb dancing firls anc they practise th(lir rztOfE; ssion chiefly among ::ther castGs.

71. KQ_ii~R

(M.P. ~2; Seoni 32) ... 30 -

Koitnr havE bOEn shewn to be a G0n~ sub-tribe in the pr€.' sident f s Orc"cr. It is ev1~ently-awrongly srelt name for IS;Q.!.iYt, thG name by whIch th~ Gone.§. call themselves.

(M.p. 386,009; Rewa 95 014; Shahdol 81,062; Satna 71,353; Jab~lIur 56,733; Siehl 54,079; Mandla 15 7760; Surguja 2 S5?; Bl1asrur 2,611; Fanna 2,435; Narslmharur 11242; rlr\!sen 738; Chhindwar,'l 695; rtaigarh 598; Hoshanfabad 582; ant the rest in Bala.rhat 88; Seoni 62; Chhatarlur 44; Durg 21~ Bastar 17; Sahare 11; rtqirur 4; Betul 2 and Dat1a 1).' .

A £rEi2.t tribe of Chhota 'NatlUr fr~m where they are ccns1dered to have spread t~ Un1tec rr0v1ncbs and Ma~i~a FrRdE.: sh nnd prssibly also urt 0 Guj arat. The word Kol is pr:Jb9.bly the .§ooihill hat.' ~'r a man. This wore is usee in vnri0us forms as ~, ~, hc.~nc ~ by most Munc:~ tribes in ":';rder te' cen-:-te themselves. The chanre of 'rt to ·At' is familiar and coes nC't five rise to any (lifficulty (Linf'uistic Survey, Munaa's anc Dravic'ian LWfuage s, V~ 1. VI, p. 7).

Thus K~r~ seems to h~ve bec~m€ K~l. 'The KQls ~re eonsiceren tc be the r~rent tribE (,'f m;ny other tribes ann castes •.

The Knls have vaTic-us, Sub-c8ste s like "'Aut1a, Rautela, lhalrur1a, KafW,~'W and De~a. The last name 'o~l(;mf principally t () Hewa.. Mnny (~ther tribE:J s like illlar1a, ~vatll ane ~U s~metimes d€sif!~qte themselvE;s by the name Kol. The.!1s..il. of Machya. Pracesh have. practically abandoned their ':'ririnal lanruagG !lnd .speak th€ lal'lguage or dialect of tbe re[i~n in which th6y reside. The ~~ are engaged on a variety c)f c.ccuJ;atirms now like cultivatirlf labourer, cutting and sellint weed, ccllectinE' fcrE:ist rroduc6 and masons, but they are 1=rincirnlly enraged on cutting f:Uld sellinr wosc..

• The KQ.la are. rrincirally f,:,und in the north-eastern sectcr (!f the stn.t€, in thE: c1istric~s. cf aewa, ShahC.cl, Srrtna, J ab?;.lrur, Sic~hi, HMcla, Surfuj n., Bilasru~ rlnrt 'Pann~. - 31 -

80. ~Q~~M (M.P. Nil)

The K2~ are a tribe restricted to Wardha, and Yeotm~l districts of Maharashtra, some of them also found in Amraoti and Chanda districts of that State.

In the Fresident's Orders they have bebn regarded as an independent trib~. Since th~ trib~ is not foune in M~dhya Pradesh, thE.. name can b(; rE.mov6d from the List of Scheduled Trib6s.

(M.P. 8 72S; Panna 4 049; Chhatarru~ 3,995; Sldhl 342; Shahdo1279; and RewB ~3).

KQnQat is ref~r~ec as a synonym or sub-caste of Kbairw~ tribe in former V1nrhya fraClGsh Unit. Venkatachar, in his 1931 Re[crt rOfar~ed them as a rossibl~ occurntional cffshoct of the Sonts and he kert the Kondar~ with Sonr an~ §ahar1a in ~ata section whereas the ~rwar§ were kept by 'him in Kal sect ion.

82. KQiDH

(M.P. 4,525; Rail)Ur 3,003; Hair,arh 1,493; Bastar 29).

The name cf the trib6 has 3 synonyms in the Order ~~h, ~bQnd, or li~db, the latter two n3mes having been given by Russell. The K~qn ar~ a small Dravidian tribe in Madhya f'rp.cGsh foune in thti foastern Uriya sreakinr tract. They are mere numerous in Sambalrur, fatna, Khariar and Kalahanci ar~as ~f Orissa Statt. The tribe call themselves by the nama Ky,iloka or ~2!l.1Y. which word may be of Telufu origin, KQ or KY in that lanfuagb meaninf a mountain. The ~b§ hele rn~y Zamindar1 ~statcs in Orissa. There is n0 strict encer-amy in the tribE:: and thE:Y are divicb0. intc 2 main division - Kill.a-KQn

The rrorer name )f th6 tribe is Kh.ollQS ane tllt y "':;.... 1.:; cultivators; turmeric g-r!)wers and grazhn"s. Tr~e trice h ~d become notorious in 6ar1y CllYS cf Brit.ish rui.6 as indul[i~1[ in human-sacrifice and a. menti::-n r:f them i3 mace to :•. n Frazer's" The Golden Bcu[h." Thbse sacrificE5 WGre k1- v-,[l­ as Meriah sacrific6. The langlil1f8 cf th€ tribe is kr::-T,.. ,!,l as ~.

B3. KORKU

(M.r. 154,245; Betul 54 345; E.9St Nimar s·2,377; Dew~s 21,525; Surfuja 14J.76R; Chh1nd"(;.TarR 13.213, Hoshangab~d 7,183; West l\lim~.r 2~9; Bhind 196, In(:l':'H~ :.c.G; Ra.tle.m 68; Gwa1iClr 57; Vic.isha. 66; Rr_1F~rh ~1; :fjjdJl 1~~ Morena 5; Sh~jarur 4; BilRSrur 2; Rajfarh 2; Cunn 1 rul~ Narsimhapur 1).

The Kc.·rku tract of Nadhya lraresh rr:ncipllly L_(,5 in the southern sector of the state €<.{tcnd:i.n[ frnlTI Chhindwara to Dewas. As statl:.:d earlier in th8 nCH; r.n K9.S.lMu, the fi£ures of KQt.~ r6tul-nec fron Surfuj a d:Lstl.'.lr.::t"t do net rt:late t:) tht: Ko:c~Y.2 but to K:x; ;;J.-lill sub-tribf :)1" ~t.(j Kgrwa§. anc as such the 1-J1-ulat1~"r.. of tht:: ~Q.rlQ.l-s in. tl':'.c~h/a fradesh would Rctu?lly be 139,477 an( u~;t 154 124.5 as is shewn in the tablGs.

The Sche.duled 'I'1'1b6s List :,1' }II1GilYd l-r~ac(;st c,nt:--.lns 6 other syn:Jnyms af thb -Ko.tl5~~ nIl '-:f 'v.!h:tch h n V6 been ser.arately described in thi,s SEJ:t icn" ;{uGsrll ~lnc1 H1r[l1c:.'L have c.escribE;d th6 r6[icn to th!:., ~ICSt ,::f t38'~;rUT'a mC:::Lr.:t"jrl'3 flS be1n€= the habitat sf the M'I~:t;·J_:i. The tr::'JE: is [:.ls(' found in the Berar districts 0f ~:.3harllshtra R.n( in SCh0j"'C and Raisen districts, tre tribe is incorrf.;ctly nal.!l(r in. the Sch€dule~ Tribt: s List as Katty Rnd trw figtu."e s fC-T Kru:_\s;q sh()uld therE;; fore be ner[c(1 \

The wore 'Km:.:tru.' simrly mer-tns roM, K01:11 bE;j_1~f' t~t:., term fer man and KY. being a r1ure.l termin8.ti'~n$ ;~'ht: ~I'lh­ h~s a lanruage of its O1Arn. Fr-rmerly the tribe user tn have 2 big diVisions - the l~aLKo!:..Ji\ls ~!1d thE; FQ1.r-a!:.L:!,~ but these have bec("Ime, obsolete nC'w r.:Il1C have to en J'e 1 Lr.j'-_;'()( by four sub-castE: s viz •. Mcyw~11 hwar'ia, 3:i,!r~-1 ;-Ll'1':~ BG!lC,2~.D., There is a tendency amr:mg -che tribe ·'l.e rt :Our£). themseJ.,n- 5 by the se sub-caste s rathe'r t:,_an by the narIH:; of th(~ tribe:. (Russell anc Hl~alal, 1916) ,V0l.II~ ~ ,.}; 554)._ T?:._.trlJi_ has 2 kinCi s of t rie sts - the Ph1J_mJc,.!;.\ (".~v. the 13;tinc

(Russell and Hiralal 1916, Vol.III, p. 560) I The K£.LklJ,:? -Lr€ cultivat~rsl. farm-servants, and w'Jrkers in th\J fc·rf;sts colh;cting I"Qrest pr~duce and animals. The Kill:'ky-~ h:w-_· custcm of erect 1n[' memorial tablet s, lr.D"wn f.tS Q.Q.'.t.hE fc:' thG dead. - 33 -

(M.F. 40,725; Surfuja 20,414; Raigarh 19,010; Bilaspur 1,260; Mandla 31 and rarsimhapur 10).

Located principally in the eastern half of Surguja and Jashpur(tahsil of Rairarh district) the ~Qt"\'m~ are one of the backward tribes of the State. A few of them a.re also found in Katghora tahsil of Bilaspur. It is difficul"t to comment on t}1e presence of 10 IS;Qt'l!l~§ in Farsi.mhapur district. The tribe is divided into 2 sub-divisions - the :Q:;)Hlt.U or K1s..t!.1l_flQ.t~a§ and EaJ::!lt:i.a. or Fill :£i'2tb:a§. Dihari~ (from Qih, a village) ~Qt~a§ are those who live in vi1lage~ and the .I.:~hf1.tla (from .feat.at, hill) ~Qr."d.a§ live on the hill~ and are also called J2§.Q~lltU (from ]§.r:rVl~.r shifting cultivation) (Russell and Hiralal, 1916, Vol.III, p. 573). Tl1ere a.re also two minor groups - the. tQ_tra~1J.t spelt as :KoQ,g,kld in the Scheduled 'Tribe s Li:::t, and !U.tli?:§.. In Sur[uj in addition to these, there is one division - the lln!!

During the erstwhile State regime in Surguja, the :e9.h9t;hJ~Q:\',:'d8...§ were regarded simply as a wanderinE gang of looters a.nd so the State authorities compelled them to come ·down to the plains. They wer~ supplied with land, plough­ ca.t tIe and seed, but they used to pass their time roaming. about in the forest s and eating tubers and root s and the animals they killed. Even now, the economy of the [al:1~~ig KQ~~a§ is extremely poor.

'I~1e other divisions of Korwas are more civilized and have evolv€d a lerend of their'-ori~In form the J1a1!:r:y.a~ of Mahabharp.t.

85. KQYA

(M.P. 169; Bastar lSg; ljilaspur 1).

:[QY.Q.§ are 8.ctually speaking the M§:t:i9.§ found along Andhra Pradesh borcier of Bastar. Crigson wrote in 1939~ II Generally speakinf, all the rivo,jrain tracts of Bhopalpatn Zamindari, Bijapur tahsil, Kotapalli - Pamar Zamindari - an southern Konta tahsil are QQt~a villages, though here and there wilT oe found C-ottor KQ.Y_fJ., i.e., ~i§'Ql1._IiQtll_:t11_;!:r::L.~ villafcs in Konta ~QtJ.g country such as Tokanpalli, Burkap2.11i and Chint aguppa. II - 34 -

86. KUBUTAR (M.L Nil) ---~ .... --

One of tre synoymus of :Fat, rer aroed as a Scheduled T·ribes in the districts of former Vindhya Pra.desh repions. There are no returns.

87. KTJ:G.Ji.a_}'1l1flIA (M. P. Nil)

It is not known how this term has come in thE Scheduled 'TribGs Lists. The term K!d9.h~L11a.:r:ta. has not been mentioned by any of the earlier writers.

Like ~1,lg,_ha )1g!i~, this term also has not been mentioned by any earlier writers.

This is a wrongly-written hame in the President's Order, the correct name being karlgQt.i_f:litgJ.21 (Loin-cloth Fardhi), so called because they wear only a narrow strip of cloth rouhd the loins (Russell and Piralal, 1916, Vol-IV, p. 360). There are no 1.angQt1_i:s,!:db.:1.§. (Langoli Pardhis) in the State now.

90. !1~.rJ.n.

(M.P. 482; Datia 289; Panna 136; Rewa 42; Sidhi 8; Chhatarpur 6 and Shahdol 1).

The correct spelling of this tribe should be Manjhi as mentioned by Russell and Hiralal the word being spoken with a nasal. The tribe-name is actually a synonym of the M9ihw~ or M9lh~s.

The Ma1hi§. are 'scheduled' in the districts of former Vindhya fradesh r€gion. The word Manjhi is spoken as a respectful term awongst many tribes and as suggestEd by Russell, means the headman of thE; tribal sub-division. '1 he MS!1hig appear to be J&Ql.2 who have taken to fishinr- a.naJ are looked down upon by the other KQl2. on this account (RuSSG1I and Hiralal, 1916, Vol.IV, p. 150). The etymological origin of this word may be from Machb, a fish. The tlaihi~ of these dist rict s may as 'l".T€ 11 be de:r.iw'ed from the Q.QnQ.~ and they have

••.•. 35/- - 35 - five sub-divisions, the names of four of which appear to be the same as those of Q.Q.QQ.§. ElsE''I.•. rrere, the M~ibt§. arc suppoSE.:d to be derivec from thE Kawg,:r§. The tradi tiona} occupat ion of fishing- pas beE n given up by t he tribe.

. , . (M. P. 27 476; Bilaspur 11,124; Surruj a 10,C96; Ralgarh.6,255; j abalpur 1)·.

The Ma!n~gts ar€ a scheduled tribe in Mahakoshal are~ Tke tribe has two othE:r synonymous groups .. Ma..bj.hl~ and M§..ilrj.g. .The tribe ts concE;ntrated in the threE.: northeasterr di.strict s of the State - Bilaspur, Surfuj a and naig arh. It is a mixed tribE: who have app8arently origlnat(:;d from the Q~tHl~, M1lndg,§ and ~a~ar.~ (rlussell and Eiralal, 191!?, Vol.IV. p. 151). Their tradi tional occupation is fishing.

It is somewhat difficult to say what the parentag-€ oj thie tribe exactly is.,. Tney may hav€; been derived from the I Cl~,QQ.i, fSQ1§., §@t.h~l§. or fSaY!<;l.l.:§. or from all of tne se. CrookE !'egarded the Ma.i¥\ll.a~ of ,l1irzapur to have come from the Q.Qnj steck whereas Ra.1.garh MaJ.b'lclat§ seEm to 'have come from the I Ka~~~§. and 11Ql~.

9a. llAE4 (M.F. Fil)

In the Scredule:c ':'ribes List, tre l:1.aI.1!i§. are rega.rced to be a ~.Q.d sub-tribE;. They Are actually speaking,a Dravidian CAste c:f= cultivEltors ar,(! labourers belonging to Chanda d~~trict of Maharasrtra (Russell a~d Firalal, 1915, Vol. p. 172) ~

.!n his. Tribes and GastE:s publishEd in 1916 RUSSEll mentions 1 " Owing to their genE:ral adoption of Maratha I custOqlS, . the M~~§. are now, com~onl~ regarded a:: a caste ant'll not a forest trlbe, and 1;;h1.s vlew may be accepted. 11 They 1 have. however' been regarded as a scheduled tribe in the Modification Ord6r 1956, but since thE:re are no Maull§. in Ma.dhya Fradesh the name deserves to be dropped from M.F. List.

(M.F. 15,993; WEst Nimar 9,119; Dhar 6,482; and Jhabua 3~2). - 35 -

. Marl~.;al:~ are a·· division of 42.hl1§. whose population in Central India Agency in 1931 was 20,479, principally returned from erstwhile IndorE State. The term MI.aUli;gt is an occupa­ tional one these mEn beinf under thE orders of village headmen. The M§.ll!sgr§. are a class famous as trackers. They are also ca11ed J2hooka"tl1a§. (from :l2bgm:!)i!l, a boy]) by ot rer ;B!llls but among themselvE s they Rre knbwn as E~hal or N9.:i~, (Census of India, 1931. Vol.XX. Fart I, p. 250).

The Mankars are divided into two endogamous groups - the ~bQlig:r::t~).1@~~f-§ and t he ~alJs.l:.J;1{WJ.Hlr.§.. .

94 • MAN:NbWAR__ ._. __ ...-_ (M. f. }~il"J

Wrongly spelt in the JV1odif~~ation ,Order, 1956, as ~1aJ1.Q§.~~..r •

This is small trib€< belonf:.ing to south or Telu~u speaking . .portion of Chanda 'district of~ Map.arashtra. The . homE of~ this tribe is in Andhra PraCE:~h .and the tribe should not have c orne in Madhy a Fr R.dt: sh L:i,st.

'.' The name tla~h~war is derived from a T61u~u word tlOO.Q§.ID meaning forest while war is the plural termination. The namE; thus means 'the people of the forest'. The tribe .appEars to be an inforior branch of the KQY~§, tre upper branch bein€! KQ::La_:QQr.a~ or 1dQ~l~§. (Russell and Firalal,1916, Vbl.IV, p.195). .

95. M.aBIA

(M.P. 104,971; Bastar 104.801: Seoni 135: Raiour 4).

The name has two spellings in th€ Modification Order, the ot};er being: Maci;i..a. The Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modifi­ cation) Order, 1956, contains 9 names for the Maria tribe, the SE be ing ;ag.dLMaria or liaQ.Il_t!a;ri a, ~:i.s..QIl::.tlQ:r!LM.ari.a, QhQia-:MQ.ria, Dane ~m:i._M~J:ia, li111.J1ar.la, K1,J.g_ha_Matia, ~1!Q.bq,l.\:!:J.'4q.tig,? Mrattg, and ld.aQ.§._Mar.:!:i!., or Y:a~;.€iJ.1~rig,. The total populatl0n of all of these comES to be 115,624 and to this should be add6d the population of ISQ2.s2 (196). the figure comeS to 115,793.

. In 1931 the Census tot~l·of M§r:i.a~ was 146,070 but Grlgson regarded this figure to bE:; incorrect and estimated tha~ 15,000 Maria§. and ~QY.as. had b(;€n wrongly enumeratEd as tll,n.:!s~ and he estimated the population of t:re Maria.5.. to be - 37 -

161,070 out of whom 11,500 were llill_~1!ri9~ and 146,070 Bi~Q..r... -:.lim::QJlar.ta~. He added the figur6s of KQY..g.s. to the Bison-Born Haria and estimated the strength of the B1~QQ." EQifl-fiati~i -to-be 156,058 the total population of the !1g,tla~ according to Grifson, being 171,058. In the pr~sent Census I ·the population of the Ma!!:la§. has been returried to be 115,793; a decrease of 55,265. It is, therefore, clear tha' ag·ain thE: Ma:cl~§. h.ave beEn returned by names other than M~r.1~. The ~Qnd population of Bastar district has shown an increase of 193 per cent in 1931-61 and· in the same period I the M1!rtg§. he." recorded an increase of 148 per cent. The increases in ~oth these tribes are more than what may be normally expected and it is very likely that in this Census als0.l a good number of l1arla§. have been returned as MldI:.~g§ and ~Q.QQ..i as dIS sig nation by thesE. two name s is supposed to be indicative of higher status •. what has been the quatum of thiS, cannot be ascertained now, but that it has taken place is very clear.

, The M.arlg.~ are fsnerally divided into t"TO mAin­ diviSIons - tre. EilLMaria and the ~:i.~Ql1~~Qm..M.aria. It mu~ 'be remembered tllat both these terms are the inventions of ant:k!'opologists - they 9.re not the terms by -v.rhicb the tribE »~fer to themse1 ves. The name by which ~he tribes refer t" themselves have not been inclufed in t~~ Hocifjcation Orc.f r, 1956. .

T]';e term Ma:tia is probably derived from tlath, hilly la.nd, whereas accorcinf to Pislop, it may have come from Mat.a, the Gondi ,.,ord for a treE;. The 1i1l1_Ma:c.:i..a.~ are mostly shifting cultivators and their villageS arE also largely shifting in nature. The ~i[Ql1=liQrn_Mar~a§. have taken to settled cultivation though shifting CUltivation is still practised by them. T~e langua'ge of the J1:i.§'Qn::.IjQ~J is more gut.tural than the ordinary Gondi but even the ~i.§"QU::.Horq_l1!1!:.is:.§. cannot understru:d the !1~th1 spoken by Ei..JJ._:Mgr.ia~, who according t a them s pe ak like crows.

'1'he .MClri~§, both Hill and Bison-Horn, are one of th most interestin€ tribes of this state.

(M.P. 8,601; Satna 4,587; Panna 3,209; Sha.hdol 805)i

M~il.a.§.1 haVE beEn shovn to be an independent tribe : the district s of former Vindhya FraCE; sh region ane have bE retur!'.ed from threE' districts - Satna, PAllna And Shahaol. ActUally speaki!'.g the ~a'lt!a.tl~ are rE'pute0 to be a figr.tir section of the tQi§. (VEnkRtAchar, 1931) and RUSSEll and Piralal rave classifieo trem uncer t~e Korkus. ------L_ - 38-

According to them n some Kork~ or MQ1!!aiii!i are found in Chhota Nagpur and Colonel Dalton considered them a branch of the l5.Qt.YLg~." E.lse'\.Jhere they say that '~Q~.§.ia form the largest sub-division of the KQt~~§ and this term, probably means robbers. Rev. Eislop supposed the t6r~ have come from Mahua tree. Dalton regardec th6 Mawa§is (termed by him as Ml!a§.l) of R6wa to be a link in the chain of Kolarion tribes from Chhota N2.gpur to Chhind-wara and further west. Mm'i~~i is 31so a section of the. ~Q.t~§.§.

97. NINA

(M.F. 296; Vidisha·296) 0

The Mtua~ are scheduled only in the Sironj ~ub­ division of Vic.isra cistrict. The M1ua§. are one of the eX-8riminal tribes. Trey are civi~Ec into 2 classes - " Vile n and"Maile", t~e former approaching more nearly the !nco-Aryan type ar:.d. the latt.er the Bhtl type (Gayer, 1910, p.l) • . The .M1ua§ h8.ve nO\

(M.F. n73; Sehore 527; RaisEn 292; Durg 40; Raipur 10; Bastar 4).

The tribe is scheduled in erstwhile region and in Mahakoshal arE:.as but is morE; or less concentrated in SehorE; and Raiser. districts. The tribe is bracketed with ~~Q.~~ in I A guide to Criminal 'lrib:es. II 42c2:&ri is a synonym of :Q~Q.hak tribe and Venkatachar, in·his 1931 He. port , describing 12a.gr:i, writE S~ "This caste is also known as MQEb1.a§..... The QQgJ:is or t!QLbtg§. are a well known tribe of thieves and robb6rs. 0 • •• The ;i2agr:1 or !iQgb:1!2. is now a poor crE; ature. ThE:; orif"in of t ht:; term M(;llrJ.~ may be explaim:d from MQ.Q..tl[ll or coral-bE: !:lds, by which term they are saic1 to havE. been complimented by the Chief of Mewar. Another merl.ninf c-f the term is· tbat the Raj put s who married low castE; women b8come S€parAte~ as HQK1~~.

99. MOGBYA (Hor. Nil)

•...•. 39/- - 39 -

100. ~QN~ljYA (M.P. Nil)

Same as !:k&1sa..

101. MQ.llasr (M. f. Nil)

This 'is shown as a synonymous group with ~t~~ in the MMak0she.l ~r€ as. MQ'IlIl§.1 is the same .as the worC. MO"!:!?...§1 'which 'is one of the largest 5ub-divisi0ns of the Kor~!!§. ar..c'! the name is sometimes appliee to t"be whole trih~ (Russell and "Riralal, 19l1.j, Vol.III, F.551). One commonly aeeepted.~~rivatiDn ~f the word is t~at it signifies "The t!,(luble~ eountry f, and was applier t') the hills at tte timE whJ3n band s of JiCl:1sy. free-booters, often leC! by disposse ssee Rajput ehieftains harried the rich lowlands. at J3erar from t.e1r· hill fort s on the Sat puras exact ing from' the Marathas what iS"known as T.@~Ql2.J1Q.lias~ (salary of'the !1QVla.lli) (Russe.~l and Hiralal;·.,1916 2 Vol.III, p. 551) •. The KQl:l;s\1~ found Ih Chhota Nafpur and the Kg!1tla.§. are .also known as I.iQ1da~1. or Ma ..ltla~i. Hisiop derived the term' from Mahua tree. To the Marathas, tpe Mowasi meant a robber.

;... , .·,.ThoUfh the: ·MQ\:!la§.ll are found in Chhindwara, they prefer' to return thE:mstdvE:: 5 by the ~!esignation Ko:r.~l.l and ·th~~f name ,can easily be dropped from the List •

.., Aft .~ MtTh 1\ A . .J.A,.I. .• ___~

.' (~.F' •.4,114; Raigarh 2,797; Surguja 697; Raipur 490; Bastar- 9S; Bilaspur 20; Chhindwara 11; Durg 1).

In the 1931 Census, the :t1lJ!1Q.a~ have been referrecl t'J as a minor "tribe. The name Mun<1.a is better kncwn as the nam of lM.guafe ratrer tran a tribe. The term MunCla is an old werd and is used in Sanskrit 1.itErature. It-isfound usec for the peoplE. n0t r;nly in tbe MaQa.Qhg:wat~ but R,lso in the ygy\L!:Jdr..a.Q.g. T:be HU.Q.Q..a§. arc a tribe de~crihe(l with Eo and 12hYmfrj by Dalton, anc form. an impcrrt ru1t tribe.in Chhot a Nar. P ,.r bl,lt in Mp.c by a Fr ac € sh E!lgQau2_i and ~. aga,.§.:!.a are the terms' ,,'ft!en used by the !iUuc.;.ll§ to (!e signate themselvE's. In the Scheduled Tribe s List for Marhya Frade sh, however, li~g"\ie.r~tl have beE n shewn as a sub-tribe of Q.Q!1~ where as !:L.~~!!:ig and ~I.!UQ.g·hRV€ been shewn as independent tribes.

Dalton mentic-ns that the exoramous septs of the M'1IlQ.g~ a.re called Kill·.·· In Chhota Nagpur, the Mldn

103. ¥VRIA

A vslY c~lourful and lively tribe ~f Bastar, the ~~ have increased by 148.per cent between 1931-61. To tke outsider tbd casual visitor all tribes of.Bastar are MJitiMi and there. is a tendency among . 'the Mgr~.a!2. '~o return themse ves as M~§. This may expla~n the hlgh lncrease of the MYt1~ and the decrease in the 'Ma~1a po~ulatio~ of Bastar.

The term Muria has been suggested t. have been formed from Mut meaning aboriginal. Another derivation suggested is from !:1Y.;c, Eal~ (But ea frondosa) ':tree. The former derivation, however, appears to 1)e more liJ,re~y and it may alISo. me an. permanent.' " . . .

'.' The MlJ.;d.a~ of Bastar are divided into 3 divisions - (1) :fig_ia.l1lJ.ri.a· or ~a.gg.all&~_Muria; (1i) JhotU_MuU.a Md (ii;i..) Qb2t.Jal_Mu!:;!.ta. The Ii.aia.l11J.t.1:a§ are. found arouna .' 'Jagdalpur and their area in 'the north .extends a little to·~ the north of Bhanpurl, in the west upto Chitrakot waterfall and in th~ s.outh upto Darba. They are different in many way~ 'from the MUt:i~ of Kondagaon tahsil to whom they consid~r'·themselves superior. Elwin regarded them; to be the least 'attractive people in Bastar. They have been very much exposed to external influence. Grigson estimated that there were about 32,000 Ra.ia_Mlll:ia.§. in 1931 .., The lhotla­ M~1a have beEn considered by Elwin to be the Bill_Matia who :bave de scended from thE 'Abujmarh mountains and came into cultural C"ontact'with the MYr:i~ of t.he plains, These M1:H:ills have the dormitory system - known 8$ .. Q.uQ.t.'dl though they deny that the girls share there dormitories 'wi th the boys ••• " Their agriculture ·"is. very" much more advanced. than that of the tltjJ• .J1Sl.ria~~ . The' (lhoigt).1~~;hg, area extends from the middle, of the Kondagaon tahsil, part .. the hills' of Bara DongaI', acros.s· the main r.oad and' away to .the east ar.d south toYards Orissa State" :·;bounaary. lhey names of the 'tracts are. Paralkot. Ka1pat,ti;···,Bandadesh; lI.Uangal; K;.alpatt1; Surebahi; BhomraBandadesh; Ant.agarh and Amabera and major part of Kondagaon tahsil. These t£1J.I:is§ are distinguished by their QJ1Q.tul systEm i .. e. dormitories -wher€; the unmarried of both sexe s Ii va t O[sthE;r. A"·full account of the .Q.hQ.!yl system may be found in Elwin's Book on the subject.

. In the Censuses, the Mutis returns have always been vitlated by inclusion of other tribes - like KoYa~ and :t:1a:ci.sa..2 who are known to the rQll-Kgi tor§ only as 11lJ.r.1~.~. - 41 -

(M.P. 4,115; Seoni 1,835; Raipur 1,570; Balaghat 386; Mandla 126; Durg 107; and Bilaspur 91).

In the Schbduled 'Irib€;s (Nodification) Order, 1955, the E~g,§t

The Egg;arg_hi..§. are principally found in Seoni, Mand1a, and Ba1aghat di strict s and also in Chhindwara, though not returned in this Census. There can. be little doubt that 1,768 fu!g1l!:grri§·.returnEd from Raipur, Durg and B1laspur are not members of the li_ag.iatQb1 sub..;divi~ion of Q.Q!.lQ.ll, but Q.aud.Q.§. who are a 1 s 0 known a s li~I.£h;1.

105. NAQ.A§IA

. (M. P. 46,850; Surguj a 28,172; Raifarh 18,078; Bilaspur 599; Raipur 1).

The Naga§i~, also spelt as E~[§§1~, are all concen­ trated in Surfuj a, Raigarh and Bilaspur. The Ilaga.§.iaa may be an offshoot of the ~WQqa tribe. Dalton mentioned them a! Nag§.~gL!S1.§@. There is a differEnce between the Iiagaaig,§ of Udaipur tahsil and Jashpur tahsil of Raigarh district. 'Ihe latter are also known as !S1. .§oo or !Sj,,'~ada. The Jiag:.a§.ia~ of Jashpur have 2 sub-tribes - the Senduria and the 'I'e1ia. 'The se .Nru;.llstg§_ hav6 probably no exogamous sept s, whereas the ~ga~ia.§ of Udaipur have no sub-tribes but have 24 exogamous divisions. Hunter in his statistical account of Bengal, Vol. XVII , calls them }\;ageswar .or Kisan. Agricultur~ is the main source of livelihood. I

(M.F. 23,498; Raigarh 16,980; Surguja 5,720; Bilaspur 793; Raipur 2; Seoni 1). - 42 -

The _Uag:k!SlJ1§.his are rE;gardEd as a sub-tribe of Q.Qn..d§, though they repudiate this affiliation. This fact has also been mentioned by Shoobert in his notE on this tribe in 1931 Census Report. He on the other hand suggested that they may merely be a division of the §~ndu~ia_ligg~ia or of ~h9.rig,§. ThE: liag~an§bl disclaim all th:Bse affilia~ions at pre sent.

'lia.gli~!1shi me ans 'descendent 5 of the snake' and the tradition in the tribe is that they have migrated to these areaS in Madhya Prad(;sh from Chhota ~:agpur and are the descendents of a dynasty which had once ruled the areas. The :rig.gl'l9r.l§Ois put on the sacred-thr6ad after marriage. Dalton classified them as "Hircduized Aborigines and Broken Tribes."

107. N4'l

(M.P. 1,652; Chhatarpur 477; Re1'}8. 43ry; Datia 124; Shahdol 84; Tikamgarh ~1; Fanna 5~; Sidri 4?) ..

,~t.§. have been treated as screduled tribes in the districts of the former Vindbya Pradesh regio~l wherea~ they are regarded as a scheduled caste in the I'ormer Madhya Bharat region. In t'be Mahako,shal district s and in t~e districts of former Bhopal State, they are neither a schE-duled caste nor a scheduled tribe. The population of scheduled tribe ll~ in the'State is 1,652.

The term Nat has probably come from the Sanskrit trat.,<;l. meaning a dancer. 'l'he tribe has many synonymous groups - like §a~~a, Kalb~lig, ha~d1ga~ and K~Q~lat; according to the FrGsident's Order 1956. Badi, Dang-, charha, Karnati and Bazigar ar6 . thE: ot}'),l:r synonyms men­ tioned by Russe i 1 and Hiralal. 'lh~ term·~~1 is appliE-d indefini tely to a number of groups of Vagrant, acrobats, and shownmen, Esp8cia~ly thOSE who make it their business to do feats on a tigbt-rope or with poles, and thOSE; who train and exhibit snakes'. It is considered that the L?.t2 really belon&' to the ~.a.Qial: or J2~t.ta gypsy castes. (Russell an.d Piralal, 1916, VoLIV. p. 286).

(H. P. 4; Sidhi 4).

. The Esygi[g~ are a synonymous proup of the Wai tribe ~n former Vindhya Pradesh refion. ':rhe namE of this group has r .. ot been m€nt ionee by Russell and Piralal.

. ...• 43/- - 43 -

109. ---NIHAL (Bhil)---- , (M. P. ? ,856; West ~;imar 7,829; Dhar 27).

In 1931, there were 12,231 ;ti-ilHll J2hil§. in the Central India Agency. The term ~i:Qal appears to be a corrupt form of h~h€!l by which term the M.a~.aLJ2h1.1~ refer to themselvEs. The term hahal me.ans lone of mean appearanc 'lhe ll€!hel§ or ~:ibal§. like the }loo}1g,I..§. are probably descena­ ents of :§l}jJ-s and Bhilalas. (Note on Man~aI. may also be S€E;n) •

110. IiIEAL

. (H. F •. 248.80; Ea.st ri~ar 2,239; Betul 5841 Raipur -41l ChhIn~wara 8, .0shangaDad 4, Bastar 4).

In the ~ahakoshal di strj ct s -'. BI:bf}J. ?r JI9-hldl.~ave bee shown to be a synonymous group of .!1orkla trIbe and ~<1hal 15 also sbo"m as an incJependent tribe. rothinf is known about the tinal tribe except that t:bis is a small backward tribe, which was considered in 1891 to have cf-ased to exist as an independert tribe.

Russell and Hiralal have not mentioned the ulnal sub-division cf the ~orkus nor has it beEn mentioned by Sherring. 'The following-note occurs about Nah1J.l§ in 1891 Census REport ; !l'The Nahals 8,766; are returned principally from: Eoshangabad 3,383, and Eimar 3,502. ThGY are now for th~ most part village-drudges and have almost ceased to exist as a separate tribe. They mix much with the KQtk\!~, talking their languaf:E; in the more hilly parts, but are considEirEod t.r:ferior to the latter in th~ social scale. 1I

Ill. QJHA

eM. P. 2,341; Seoni 1,039; Mandla 594; Bast ar 331; Balaghat 302).

Q.lha?. are a sub-t ri be of ~Q!ld s. They are the bard s or minstrels of the .~Q.Qd.§ and also of the Kru:"liY§.. They fol~o~ two oc~upations - ihat of bar~s, who act as musIcIans, dancers, and beggers and the other that of fowlers and ,marers (Pislop papers, p.6). Their women tattoo the arms of Hindu women. The first two divisions of Q.lb.~ are commone st and intermarry. Among them, it is only the m(n whb dance. - 44 -

One of their sub-divisions is 1j_@a_Q..1hia. these refuse to eat with QQUd~ or even £r.~hmiu§ and th6ir occupation is manufactur ing rings and bells. 1'he :t1aug._Q.iba. women throw the long 610th of their §a~1 over the right shoulder, while other Q.g.QQ. women throw it ovt'_ r the 16 ft.

112...... _----ORAON

(M.P. 279 562; Raigarh 11:37,700; Surguja lOS 160; Bilaspur 4J 938; Raipur 497; Durg 127j Mandla 109; $eDni 20; Bastar 7; l:!:ast rnmar 3; Chhinowara 1). Tbe Ql:S9n!2, are an important tribe of Chhota IVafPur and arc found in Madhya Pradesh principally in the three eastern districts - Raigarh, Surguja and Bilaspur, being most numerous in Jashpur tahsil of Raigarh district. They have many synonymous groups - like Q~aQU, ~~~~th, ~hangar, P-ha.uliq_, K'J.M and Ki §.@. They are commonly known as !2Ua.Ql.€!I: or Dhan_g__aI:~Qra.Qn and are also commonly known as KYda. 'Their original name is supposed to be Kut:1ilih and this is tr.e term by which the Q.+,:,sQU gen€rally designate thems61ves. The term Qr.sQ.Q. probably coined by other peoplE, has come from Qt~Q~n or a hawk but Sir George Grierson thought that the word may mean man; lIt:\U2.a.l of Kaikari, Y1:.@Q of Burganrli and ll:too.g, all of which would mean a man •.

Th8 Or.eQ!l~ haVE; no sub-tribe s in this State, am the ~uda and Ki~ now claim to be separate endogamous castes. Sir Risley gave five divisions among the QraQn~ of Bengal, The I2h9.DKaI.: and J2.hfJ.l1l5;.g arE probably the same group. 1'he principal festivals of the tribe are .§§.l:hlll, KarIM. and ":';•. !$;ooih.a:ci. They speak a language called fuarykb and are cultivators, farm servants and 1.. 'orkers in forE:sts. The 9.r.gQQ§ have beE:n very much aff6cttd by Christian Missionary activities and a large number of th6m have become Christians.

The Oraons have beer referred to in previous work~ as a ch6erfuland prolific people. Squirrels are suppOSEd to be inauspicicus to OraQU wedding pqrties in some village s. They 'bad a dormitory sy stem - known as 12.b1J..QK\H:~ for tre bac"helors but this system ha.s aargely fallen into disuse.

113. r~tl~

(M.f. 1,540; Sbahdol 1,503; Sidhi 37).

Th6 Paliha are shown as a synonymous group of the Ifn1J.m.;i.a§ in fE'e·-dIstricts of erstwhilE. Vindhya Prad8sh region. The name of this trib~ or this division of the - 45 -

~hlJ.I!!;i..e. (or ~hYua, Bhlllnbar) has not been mentioned by any ?f the early w~iters. In 1931.Census, they were classified In C. P. as ~h1!1.n.bgr§.. The Eallhii§ appe ar to be a sub- . division of the ~u~m12~§ or of Bhuinh~~. In 1931, there \

114. £AKDO

(M.P. 19,604; Surguja 18,707; Bi1aspur 893;Ralgarh 4)

EandQ~ have not been referred to in any of the earlier ethnological literature before 1931 when Shoo_ert gave a note on them in his 1931 Report of C. f. and Berar Census. In the Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification)Order, 1956, the FangQ§ have been shown as a synonymous groups of the &b~mla and ~~lnhat~~hum1g. As Shoobert has mentioned, the figures of IoogQ.§. were amalgamated in 1921 with those of tne BhYinh~~ but the EandQ§ do not acknowledge any connection with other tribes in the Chhota Nagpur plateau and they do not resemble the J2hl!l.QDAr.2. Firalal suggestee. that they may be akin to the Ka~sr-§ but Shoobert notices a marked similarity in them and t.he· KQrWg.§.. He felt that . until further evidence is forthcoming, the £gndo~ should be' regarded as a se'parate tribe.

,. The Pg.ndQ§·have two territorial s'Llb-tribes viz. ~igih~ and §grgujiUa, which have exogamous septs as usual. 'l'he chief deity of the EoodQ is ~g.tflih@. The ,tahqQ'§' alse had t}'1e dormitory system and sepa.rate dormitories Jp known a1: 12h81.H~.:r.:g., existed for (CEnsus of lndi.a; 1931, Vol.AII, p.420-42l).

(M.P.36,498; Shahdol 20,726; Sidhi 15,659; Satna 58; Rewa 54; and Chhatarpur 1).

'The Panika have beE,n tr6atE:d as a scheduled tribe ir the districts'or'-former V.L region. In the Mahakosha1 district, the E~ikg or f~ have not been regarded even as Scheduled Castes. l -46 -

The ~gn1ka~ are the occupational caste of weaver. They have adopted the tenet s of Kabirpanth as their religious faith.

116. E.AQ

,. 01.P. 23,4913; Sha.hdoi 22,200; Satna 1,191; and Sidhi 105).

In 1931, t:here were 16,252.F~0 ih erstwrile Rewa state out of whom on1y 17 ,.rere tr~bal in relirion. The tr1"be is Scheduled only in t.he,djstricts of former V.P. region,

117. !:ARDBAlI'

(M.P. 51,420; Becini 15,488; Mandla 14,920; ~hhine.wa:.a 8,745; Betul 2,857, Balaghat 1,858; Bastar 1,645; Nar!imhapur 1,392; Eoshangabad 1,249; Bilaspurl,017? Jabalpur 840; Raigarh 142, Durg 117; Raipur 82; Bast r;'lmar 35; Surguja 32).

The £~ghaa~ are considered to be an inferior bran.h of the,Cond tribe whose occupation is to act as priests ~ minstrels-of the ~Qn.Q.§. The name tSlrg_haQ may be a c~rl'Upt form of K:t.I1Qj'l00 meaning Minister or Agent. There is a tradition that they were employed as ministers, by the Q!P--' Kings. Other name s of the tribe are E~ihari, ~~ei, and" E,argan.iha and in Balaghat they are also known as MQkasi.

The ~9-rQbaM.. have many endogamous divisions, the principal among which are, BaL.E.a,rdh§,,Q, s@da ~IQ.b9Jl and IhQtiY,a-1:1ilI,Q_han. Other froups are MaQ_g_§. i.e.' of,.Eastar, Kh@:lottM L e. of Chhattisgarh, 12~Qgarhias i.e. from Chhindwara, and so on • . One of their divisions, is Kandt~ which has beer. refarded to be a C0119, sub-tribe (Ru~sell and Biralal, 1916 Vol.IV, p. 354).

ThoUfh the Eardhan_§ have been regardEd in ethnological literaturE a.s a Q,Qnd sub-tribe, they claim to be an independ­ ent tribe now and have been so treated in the President's Orde r.

(M.P.4,733; Bastar 2,139; Durg 691; Sehore 650~ Raisen 388j . Raipur 371; Bilaspur 171; Seoni 86; Mandla 78; Narslmhapur 58; Poshangabad 45; Surguj a 26;' Jabalpur 13; Betul 9; Balaghat 8). - 47 -

The Pardhis have been treated as a scheduled tribe in Mahakoshal d'i"sfricts and Sehore and Raisen Distri.cts of former Bhopal state. They are a low-caste of wandering fowlers and hunters who have partially taken to settled life, The word £a!9.b~.E is derived from Marathi Paradh meaning hunting. The caste is probably a mixed group made up of lliJ.imrias or other Raj put sub-cast.e s, ~:Qn9_'§' and social dere. licts from all sources. They are d1rty in their dress and appearance (Russell and Hiralal, 1916, Vol.IV, F. 359).

In'the list of Mahakoshal district the tribe has 'been shown to have a large number of synonymous groups, many of which are nearly sub-divisions of th; tribe.

119. EARJA

(M.P. 525; Bastar 388; Raigarh 116; Narsimhapur 7; Raipur 6; J abalpur 3; Durg 3; Chhindwara 1; Surguj a 1).

In 1931, there were 17,602 !:gtig_§ in M. P., 17,56, being returned from Bastar and 34 from Durg, and this : decrease in population is due to the fact that the ta!is2 now call themselves J2h1dr.~g and resent the designation .faua. The name Earia appears to have come from the Sanskrit ane Findi ~7ord Em.~ meaning subject and is disliked by the people possibly because it is in contradistinction to a free willman. Russell regard.Ed the term not to mean a tribal denomindtion but a class denomination and he regards tbem as akin to tb·Qnd~ of tre country further south. The term JJb1.!r1tl~ is consid€red by t'hem to be more attractive sinCE it conveys the sense of a head-m~U1 of a villafe. The tribe r.a.

3 sub-divisions and the one found in Bastar is T.b~a. t'IIr I ±'~g1a.t.a. division. T:he Es.r;ia§. live principally in the south­ east of Jagdalpur tahsil, north and south of the Kanker forEst reserve and a long Ko1ab-sabri valley in the Sukma tract. '

120 ------PATE,LIA (M.P. 39,474j Jhabua 28,894; Dhar 9,362; West lamar 1,217; Ratlam I).

'l'he Pat( 1ia are a sub-tribe of the Bhill!! and the tern! was sp~lt byVenkatachar in 1931 Report as-f~ft~a. Ilhey ar~ prinCipally found in Jhabua and Dhar districts and their I number in 1931 was 19,408. The tsili12.§. Gr Eat.~l:ha§ are almost on the same footing as the. Bh~J=.§.l~ and have an admixture of Rajput blood in them. In appearaLc6 they are morE akin to the Bhi1f2.1lac§ than th6 Bhil§.. - 48 -

The namE Patlia is derived from Q;iJ.l~ or polluted O'IIling to their bEing outcasts s. ~ he tgtl:ifJ.§. from a single endogam0cis group divided into eXO[SIDOUS septs. ~early 12 of their sept n·ames have R~jput appellations "With local affixes like !:il2!:g·~Eg~IJ1a.r., l~u<;ii.&._:ea:r::mgr and soon.

(M.P~ 1,111; Surguja 351; Bilaspur 262; Mandla 201; Durg 154; Raipur 75; Bastar 49; Raigarh 10) •

E~tb11;C:i~ are a synonymous group of the .tarQ.b.a!1§.. They are like the PaIQbau§, the bards, geneologists and min~trels of the Q.QncD?. The word Ea..1tg_r.;k mea.r:s a bard or geneologist and according: to another derivation, R hill-man. On the Satpura. plat62.u and Chhattisgarh, the !:g_rgD2.Q.§. are knm.m as I;n:c.1D2ll __ tgiha..1:ia. In Ra.ipur and neig:bbouring district s the £.athart§. are said to be the off-springs of Q.Q.QQq by women of other castes.

. . In the district s of former V. L region Fatbg_.r1 has betn shov.m to be a synonymous g.roiip·with Q.Qgds. The term Fa:t.b~r.;i has, in this case; evidEntly comE from Pathar, a pJ_ateau and signifies hill man. Ther6 are no return for the S6.

(M.P. 36; Rai~arh 36) :

The Phans-Fardhis are one of the sub-divisions of t.9.I.:Q.Di§. T:h€·-prGfix·-Eh~.Q§ means I to trap' and the Ih@2.=t.arcIbi§. are thOSe Eardhis who·· hunt with traps and snarE s. They hunt all kind s of birds and smalle r animals with the f:hill1

124. liM (M. P. Ni 1) •

The Ru have been shown as beirg a C'ond sub-tribe. w.ho .t.~ey arel. is not knnwn and it cannot be·-said if they are t~~l,~~mg as J:.iS11_Q.Q.QQ.. The Raj GQUQ.§ a.re one of the two arIstocratic sub-divisions of the Gotl9..§. and are probably descendents o~ alliances between Rajput adventure~ and sQn~§. (Russe~l and Biralal, 1916, Vol.II. p. 63). They are mostly found In Maharashtra and in the district of Safar. - 49 -

(M.P. 2,341; west Nimar 2,341).

The Rathias are a section of the Bhil trihe. (Census of India, 193 i;-vo 1. XX. para I. F. 250) .--In 1931, they were exclusively returned from er.stwhile Barwani State, numberinf 37,260. The origin of the name may be from their long sojourn in the Rath country which forms a great part of t:be Aliraj pur sub-division of Jhabua distri.ct. The Ratb1..9.~ aye usually armed with bows and arrows.

126., B~TEI (Kanwar)

(M.P. 196; Bilaspur 196).

figihis is on~'of the eight endogamous divisions of th ~Sllis,r. or KailliSll: tribe.. They are a territorial group, *in£ immigrant s from Fta1h, a wild tract or Raigarh distr1,1fc'!'

127. §AHABJ..A

(M.F. 174,320; Shivpuri 54,060; Guna 41,550; Morena 391 965; Vidisha 18,215; 12,324; Raisen 3,256; patia 2,u16; Sehore 1,703; Rajrarh 907; Bhind 172; Dawas 101; Ratlam 30; likam~arh 12; Rewa 4; Indore 4).

The gg,hati.g or §.ah\a.ri.Y~ have btE:n mentioned undE:r different sp611ings in the lists of different units and thej figures are found under these different spellings. These names used in the Modification OrdGr are~-

l. Former M.B. Region - SQ..2.ar:i.E

2. Former V. P. Re g ion - ~tsH:i.l.E

3. Former Bhop~l Rcrion-§ab1tia 4. Former Rajasthan Region

(Sironj Sub-~1vision of

Bhelsa District) - S6h~~_a, ~aha~~.

• ••.•• 50/- - 50 -

Moreover in tr,e former Bhopal State, §.Q§ia and So!: have been shown as synonymous groups of the Sah1ll:1.q§. 'The spelling of the tribe··name as given by 'lurner in his 1931 Report of. Uttar Pradesh is §.ahgrig or ~gb.§.rug. and this is exactly how the tribe is known. The common mode in which they refer to themselves is §eh,gt or S~j_r c.§grr.). ~

statements are found in some of the previous works that the .sab.atl.a§ are §Qn~ or Sayr§ but nothing can be said about this affiliation.

, . The principal occupation of the S~b~1Y~ is working in the forests; wood and grass cuttinf ar.d selling and working as farm servants. The .Sah~r.ias have been largely affected by the dominant P:indu cuI turs and retain very Ii ttle trace of tribal charact erist i c s. In Ut tar PradE sh they have mostly cranged to a caste ana completely lost tribal characters and Turner ,{rote about them: "The 2I1.D§';tU£!§ of tod ay must be classed as a low Hir:du Caste whl have like A.hi~, ~h~!lUar§., Gadari:l.f2.§., ~hangis etc. their ... own traditional oc('upat ion, .their own place in the vast wee of the Bindu Caste system to which they have fully adoptee. themselves."

128. §.AQN!A

(M.P. 6,101; Surguja 4,633; . Bilaspur 935;Raigarh 533).

The §i!Q.Q.t~ have been regarded as an independ(.;nt tribe in the Scheduled Tribes List. Shoobert de!cribed them as below: " This tribe or sub-tribe offers a curious exa.mple of degradation due to economic reasons. They st ate that they are simply ~i~~ll M~ihi wh~ migratbd from Surguja where ther.e a.re large numbE. rs of their relative s. 'l'hey have taken to basket work and are therefore classed with thE; low caste Tldri§., and have changed their name to §aQ.I1ia. 'l'hey are related to the Maihi.§. of Ghiro village and intermarry with them. The title J'.1anj hi "vill age head -man " is invari­ ably adopted by the §gnial§. (.§aQrlt!2~) in some tracts. The Q12.Ql1ta§ dine with Halhi§. but not, l!Ji th M.11ih!lg.t.§. which confirms the claim of the Maihllar§. that t"bey are distinct from Majhis,ll

129. 2A£E..3a

(M.P. P97; Tikamfarh 248; Panna 215; S:bahdol 180; C"hhatarpur 141; Satna 113). - 52 -

'l;he orlgln of word g_gvar.a is disputed. Cunningham thought that it Came from §~gar, on asee , and 'gl and 'VI being interchangeable bEcame §ava;r. Crooke considered to have' C.OIDe from §.aY.a, a corpse, tr.e root being .§.a:z:, 'to cause to decay. '

The occupation of the Sa~~~ is cultivation, working as farm servants and collection of forEst i)roduce. 'I'hey speak the dialect of the region in which they live i.e. mostly Chhattisgarhi and Uriya.

There 'Was a difference of opinion whether the ~tl belonged to the Kolarian group or the Dravidian group, terms ""Ihich have becomE:; out of date now. Dalton considered them to be'long to the. latter group while others classed them as a Kolarian tribe, and this view was regarded as morE correct.

134. §t:HA~lA (See §gbarig)

This is the spelling adopted for the §sD§.riia: tribe, in the list of tribes in the former M.B. Region.

This is tbe spelling adopted for the name ~ahar..i.g in the Sironj sUb-division of Vidisha district, which has come as a result of area transfers from Rajasthan.

136. .§HIJSABI

(M.P. 734; Bilaspur 483; Raigarh 133; Durg 67; Seoni .32; Raipur 16; Bastar 3).

§hiK§J.:t~ are a synonymous group of the Eru:9.b:i.fl, and I are, with the latter, regarded as a scheduled tribe, in th~ Mahakoshal district s. The word Shlk.ari (from Shikar, hunt) is the c·ommon term for a hunter and is very much used by the tribal people for those members who own guns. This name is an alternative name for tht:: .t.12::rclhi.§, but particulal applitJd to thOSe who use firE. arms. The §b1.lSC:U::i§. are also known as Ql;rjJ,_t.srgDi. (Russell and Eiralal, 1916, Vol. IV, p.350). - 51 -

In the districts of former V.P. Region, the §~R~rs~ as a synonymous group of li9t., are rbgarded as a Sch6duled tribe but in former M.B. Region, they have been classed as a sch~duled' castE;. In this connection the note on Nat may be seEn.

The §.ru2§.ra§ are t hat group of t he Eat. caste who , practis8 snake-charming.

130. §AfiQr·n. (M. F. r, i 1)

In the Scheduled Tribes T_,ists, the ~groti are sho",rn as a synonymous [roup "ltd th £q,rghaD.§. and fatb9ti§. This name or group of EQ!Qt@§. has not been mentioned by Russell.

132. 24'QJi

(M.P. 16,576; Tikamgarh 10,338; Chhatarpur 5,066; Fanna 1,126~ Datia 46).

In the Modification Order, 1956, the .§§.lll:§ haVe been treated as an independent tribe from eQu!:.§.. 'Ihis is actually the samG tribe as· QQut§ and the figures for these may be merged with ttoS€ of the gQilt§ for purposes of ethnologiC al study. 'Iht rote on §Q,m: may also be seen for their detailed description.

(M.P. '48,584; Raipur 247°62; Raigarh 23,629; Bilaspur 462; Baster 360; Seonl 34; Durg 33; Surguja 4).

The name §a~r is also written as §.a.~r..9, which term is given as a synonymous grou}:' in the Hodificatlon Crder, 1956, and .§av:ru:, 2m!11~. In ethnological lit6rature §QUt§ have also beE'r. given as a synonymous group of the SEViat§.; t}1is is however uncertain and needs verification.

The .§:a~,g,t_§. are practic ally all r€ turned from Chhattisg'arh regior" of Madhya Pradt.sh. It appears that in the early writings (bet't'Ieen 800 B.C. to 1200 A.D.) the term 8aYatg, or §~Qtg was used to denote all primitive tribes. The I?-ame finds mention in the \\rritir;g of Pliny and Ptolemy and In MabgQh~:t.~ as well as in Banal s li.91:§hQ.hSl.!1t..a. - 53 -

(M.P. 120; Bilaspur 58; Balaghat 50; Durg 12).

In the Modification Order, 1956, the .§olliharl JJ1qrel&~ have been classed as a sub-tribe of Gond§. 'I'his classification however, does not find any support from any of the earlier works.

The word .Qooiha.ri me ans washing f old and this caste (not·.' Q.Q.I;ld SUb-division) is found chiefly in Seoni, and Bilaspur and in Bhandra and Chanda districts of Maharasrtra Most of this gold-washin!2 was done in the Wainganga and .

Among .Q..Q.Qds, very few people used to practice gold­ washir.r and they are also called .eQQihgr..a§..

138. SQ~;R

(M.P. 17,541; Tikamgarh 10,329; Chhatarpur 4,442; Panna 2,755; Rewa 13; Shahdo12).

In the Modification Order, 1956, there are three names for this tribe - g~m,.-c and §Qll_r in the districts of former V.P.Region and So~ in the former Bhopal Region. In the latter region, the Sor havG been shown as a synony­ mous group of 2ahatia and .§o§~a whereas in the districts of former V. P. Region .§.ayx and §Q.I)...!: have been shown as independent tribes. There can be no doubt that the ~Y.!: and .2Q,ln: are one and the same tribe and the common i pronunciation of the namE is nasal as in the latter cas€. The fact that separate figures have been given in this Census, doe s not mean that they relate to two ethnic grou: and a mere presence of absence of a dot (hal5l.ig) in the Hindi. name of th~ tribe has been a reason good enou~h to I classlfy tha.t sllp as Sma: or §Qr.n:. For all purposes, t"b figurES of .§.Qtu: and §

The §Qnr~ have been regarded in eth~ological literature to be the same as the Saw§,r or Sawar§,7 a trib' found in the Chhattisgarh districts. This class1ficati9 it appears, has been mostly based on thE similarity of names - .Qaldat and .Scmr (§aQurl. It is however doubtful - 54 -

the §Q!1!:§. and ~{!'!Hlr§ are tne same, 2nd the §Q.Q.r.§. may actually bE: etrnically r.lore Hkin to thE; §atg,J:iSl§.

'l'hE. .[Q.U,rg ar€. prine ipally· \-TOod-cutters, \-rorkers in the forest ~nd fiEld Isbourers. Tl'ey :-,?cve been v€ry much more detrib::llized e..nd affected by cu} ture-contRct than the Sawars of the east. The Senrs are III so found in tr.8 adj;ininf' d:! strict s of Safar-8'.n0 r8mo}: "'-"here they are not scheduled.

Sors h8vG been shewn as a sy.r:onymous group with the Saharia-and Sosia in the districts of former V.P. Region. l'.'of€'·-oi" Sahari~-may be secn.

140. ~Q~Vl (H. F. rdl)

The .§Q§:1a have oS6n shown as a synonymous group with §:,a.na,ria in the lis t of former V. F. RGgion. It is probably a sUb-division of the §gDsa..£;h§.§ but th8re are no ret urns.

141. 'IADVI

(M. P. 6,044 ; West Tamar 6,025; Jhabua 19).

The Lame 'Ia9.yj_ is deriv€d from 'rag mcaninf a separate branch or ser.tion and ·1.I'as formeriy 9.pplied to a :211i1 headman. Russell thoufht trE name applied to Mohameddan Bhils. This sub-tri~e of Bhi1s was not rcturn6d in-I981-bec;Us(~ ~8 VcrJI:RtachRr state·~-fh€ 'tafy1._m2il§ do net return themselv(;s P..s 'rarv:h. The 'I.agyi (or 'I.ary:i) Bhil§. have tyro further sub-divisions - the li2t..J:nri 'I.aQ.y:i and :lih?E.Q.r.i_'JLa.Q.vi, the former came from E§:th ruld the lat ter ... from QQha.~, Tre former speak Rathvi and the latter GUjarati.

'The Tadvis are dividE:d into two endogamous groups - the tg5tY:h and L~t:r.clasly.:i

142. t~~4I:::J1AR (M. P. Kil)

This is a sub-division of the t.a..rdhi§ and has been shswn in the Modification Order as a synonymous group of the £a:t:

• •... 55/- - 55 -

This synonymous group of the P~rdhig s~ould not have been included in the Mad'bya Pradesh List. 'r,gJcaIlliat is the name of a small occupational off-shoot. of thE Eg:r.<:lhl§ in Berar region, w'bn travel from village to village and roughe!] the household grinding - stones. The word !gkankru: is . derived from Ta~7 to tap or Chisel. The Ta~kars were formerly included ~n the list :)f criminal tribes.

143. !~KIA (M.P. Nil)

Shown in the Modification Order as a synonymous group of the EarQ.h1o?. the Iakill.§. are th~ same as the l~a!}~ru:§.. 'I'he word I§~J.. .a comes, as 1'~~~sr§ from Hindi word 1,~~s, to tap of chisel .& th€ir occupation is the same as that of T akook.ar~. Tht:>y are re strict ed to Berar region of Maharashtra (Russell and Hiralal, 1916, Vol.IV, p.359)

(M.P~ 1,472; Bilaspur 1,468; Durg 4).

The !ag;~a1:.§. are one of the eight. endogamous grc:ups of the ISanlial: or !1il1t.a:r t ribe ~ They are also knol,om as 'Qm.r..ar; and are the wealthiest sectie-,n of this tribe. They are the class to which·the €x-zamindars belonged, and there is no justificati0 n to keep them as a scheduled tribe.

rJ'he name !.oo~ar has been adopted in imitation of the ~QUNar or Tomar Rajputs. They wear the sacred thrEad prohibit widow remarriage and do not eat fowl or drink liquor. They haVE alsc changed their sept names to make them resemble thss€ of eponymous Brahminical got.~ i.e. J2ha.Qg,gl;: has beE,n changed to Dhoo.auiaYta, Tela§.i to Ki~Y.a.

The T@~.r.g are practically all returned from Bilaspur district. They are substantial landholders and principally cultivators, most of them having migratEd to urban are as.

145. 1:,HA'LLA

(M.P. 2; Jabalpur 2).

The !b~t..i..~, also referred to as Th.Q.U~ in the Madificatirn Ord6r, 1956 are nne cf thE twelve-and-a-half sub-divisirns of the .Qonds as referrea to by thE Q.Q.QQ.§.. - 5S -

themselves. They have beEn referred to in Hislop's and Sherring! s b0CJks as 'IJ.lQUal. 'Yhey are also known as I.auQaJ;H2.r~. The !b&lli me ans 1 Maimed! or inferior class and they are t~€ wandering minstrels who sing in honour of Mata, the Goddess ~f small pox. They are also referred to as M~iY91 but they usually refer tJ themselves as ~h~u~~. The 'lh8.tia alsa de bambc'('I-work and make baskets and their wC1ffienpractise as quacks. ThE.. low -figure returned for them may be. due to the reason that they do not call themselves tbati~ or thgt~~.

146. !HotIA (See 'l'hatta)

147. ya~~M4Bl~ (M.F. Nil)

This is eVider,tly a spuri')us n?,me and deserves t" be removed immediately from the Modificati')n Order. The name j_s the same as Bade Ma.ria. It is a "Tell kn0wn fRct tr·at the Mari.a...Q.QQ.Qj.-spckEn·-SY the lll§'Q.u::.horn liari.a is much more guttural than the crudGst G('ng~ s·poken else'lorhere but Even the Bi.§.Qn-hot:!LMaria become s amazed at the gutturals rf the Eil1_M_!l:tig. This VaQ£_~9r:ii.l is exactly h0"r a FjJ.l_:t1~rii1 ~r a :e:!.§.2.Q::.narn Maria w(,uld pron'Junce ·l1~de_N.at.ia. The name d0es nc:t indicate Rny tribe or sub-division f"lf_l1ar.:ta.§. except liagg_Ma~ia (~adt_Mari2 of the Modific~ti0n Order).

PPRl'l/ 47iT