Research Paper

Diversity in Child Mortality and Life Expectancy at Birth Among Major Tribes in Selected States of

ARVIND VERMA1, RAVENDRA K SHARMA2 AND KALYAN B SAHA1

From 1Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) – National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, , India and, 2ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India.

Correspondence to: Dr Arvind Verma, Principal Technical Officer, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, PO-Garha, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur 482 003, Madhya Pradesh, India. [email protected]

PII: S097475591600252

Note: This early-online version of the article is an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. It has been posted to the website for making it available to readers, ahead of its publication in print. This version will undergo copy-editing, typesetting, and proofreading, before final publication; and the text may undergo minor changes in the final version.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To provide tribe- specific child mortality rates and health indicators from selected states in India. Methods: We used Census 2011 data and Coale Demney methodology to estimate the infant mortality rate (IMR), under-five mortality rate (U5MR) and expectation of life at birth (LEB) for 123 tribes of selected states of India. Results: The estimated IMR and U5MR were higher in scheduled tribe population compared to respective state’s total population. The IMR varied from 124 in the Birhore tribe of and , and the Bharias of Madhya Pradesh to 48 per 1000 live births in the Gamit tribe of . Similarly, the U5MR varied from the highest (203) in the Birhore tribe of Chhattisgarh to the lowest (57/1000 live births) in the Gamit tribe. The LEB varied from 72 years in the Gamit tribe of Maharashtra to 51 years in the Birhore tribe of Chhattisgarh. The study reveals that tribes have gross variation in child mortality rates and there is pressing need to prioritize tribe-specific action plans to improve their health indicators.

Key words: Health, Indigenous population, Infant mortality, Neonatal care, Under-5 mortality rate.

India has 705 Scheduled Tribal groups (ST) with a population of 104 million (8.6% of total population) as per 2011 census. These tribal groups constitute the second largest tribal population in the world after the Africa continent. These tribal groups belong to different ethnic groups and are at different levels of development. The tribal population contributes considerably to infant and under five deaths. As per recent NFHS-4 survey in 2015-16, infant mortality rate (IMR) and under –five mortality rate (U5MR) were 44 and 57 among the ST population compared to national average of 32 and 38, respectively [1]. Poorer health and social outcomes for than for non- indigenous populations have been reported from across the world [2]. The Indian population census in 2011 enumerated ST population in 30 states and union territories of the country. ST population residing in Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and states accounts for two-third of the tribal population of rural India [3], and are in a critical state and consistently reporting poor vital parameters which varied in tribal sub-groups [4]. The mortality rates for STs of these states are much higher compared to tribes residing in the other states [1]. However, no data is available on tribe-specific child mortality and life expectancy in India. Hence, in the present analysis, we estimated the IMR, U5MR and life expectancy at birth (LEB) for major tribes residing in Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan states of India. METHODS The census, 2011 of India enlisted 705 tribes/tribal groups in the country and out of them 75 tribes/tribal groups/sub-groups were classified as particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTG),

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ARVIND VERMA, RAVENDRA K SHARMA AND KALYAN B SAHA CHILD MORTALITY AMONG TRIBES formerly known as primitive tribes [3]. Of these, 268 tribes, including 38 PVTGs, reside in the selected seven states. However, only 106 tribes/ tribal groups, each having at least 5,000 women, and 17 PVTGs, each having at least 1,000 women in the age group (15-49), are included in the study, so as to have relatively robust estimates. Overall, these selected tribes encompassed about 94–97% of the respective state’s total ST population. The data on Children Ever Born (CEB) and Children Surviving (CS) are used for the estimation of IMR, U5MR and life expectancy at birth LEB, and compiled from tribes-specific tables of census, 2011 [5]. We used the Brass method for estimating the child mortality rates. The Brass method estimates the mortality q(x)–the probability of dying between birth and exact age x, from the proportion of children dead among those ever born by women in different age groups [8]. Trussell [8] version of Brass method which uses Coale Demeny south model life tables to simulate mortality was adopted to estimate the child mortality. The estimates of IMR, U5MR and LEB are calculated by MORTPAK 4.3 software (United Nation) [7]. The MORTPAK provides age group specific estimates of IMR, U5MR and LEB. The weighted average of estimates for women age groups 20-34 years are considered using CEB as weights and refer to 4.6 years prior to census reference date, i.e. 2006-07 year. The estimates of IMR, U5MR, and LEB were calculated for Indian total population and total ST Population, selected seven states’ total population and total ST population, and 123 selected major tribes residing in these states. RESULTS The IMR, U5MR, and LEB estimates are summarized in Fig. I and Table I. The tribe specific estimates of IMR, U5MR and LEB for all 123 tribes are given in Web Annexure I (available at www.indianpediatrics.net). The estimated IMR for India’s total population was 65 compared to 76 per 1000 live births for country’s total scheduled tribe (ST) in year 2006-07. The IMR for total population varied from lowest (53) in Maharashtra to highest (76) in Madhya Pradesh, whereas in case of total ST population it varied from lowest (60) in Maharashtra to highest (89) in Madhya Pradesh. Overall, ST population in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha and Rajasthan states had 11–14 extra infant deaths per 1000 live births compared to respective state’s averages (Fig. I). In the studied 123 tribes, 66 tribes had higher IMR than the national ST average (76 per 1000 live births). The mean (SD) of estimated IMR for 123 tribes/tribal groups was 80.9 (19.7) per thousand live births, ranging from highest 124 in the Birhore tribe of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand states, and the Bharia tribe of Madhya Pradesh to lowest 48 in the Gamit tribe of Maharashtra, depicting that on an average 76 extra infants died during first year of life in the Birhors and the Bharia tribes compared to the Gamits of Maharashtra. The difference in IMR was not only observed between tribes residing in different states but also among tribes residing within the states. A difference of 49-62 extra infant deaths was observed among the tribes of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Rajasthan states (Table I).

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The U5MR for India as a whole was estimated at 82 deaths per 1000 live births, whereas it was 101 for total scheduled tribe (ST) of the country i.e., on an average 19 extra deaths among children under five years in ST population compared to the national average. The U5MR for total population varied from lowest (64) in Maharashtra to highest (100) in Madhya Pradesh. However, in case of total ST population U5MR varied from lowest (76) in Maharashtra to highest (123) in Madhya Pradesh. Overall, ST population in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha and Rajasthan states had 21-24 extra deaths per 1000 children under- five years age compared to respective state averages (Fig. I). Among 123 tribes, 65 tribes had higher U5MR than the national average for ST population (101). The mean (SD) U5MR was 112.0 (36.5) per thousand live births ranging from highest (203) in the Birhore tribe of Chhattisgarh to the lowest (57) in the Gamit tribe of Maharashtra, reflecting 146 extra under five deaths in the Birhore compared to the Gamit tribe (Table I). The estimated LEB for total population and total ST population of India was respectively 67 and 65 years. This shows that on an average a tribal individual survives two years lesser than the national average. Among the selected seven states, the LEB for total population varied from 65years in Madhya Pradesh to 70 years in Maharashtra state. However, in case of total scheduled tribe population, the LEB varied from 61 years in Madhya Pradesh to 69 years in Maharashtra (Fig. 1). Among 123 selected tribes, 70 tribes had lower LEB than the national average for ST population (65 years).The mean (SD) of estimated LEB for 123 tribes was 63.0 (5.3) years, ranging from highest 72 years in the Gamit tribe of Maharashtra to lowest 51 years in the Birhore tribe of Chhattisgarh. The difference in LEB was not only very high between the tribes residing in different states, but also among tribes residing within the state. In Chhattisgarh state, the LEB varied from 51 years in the Birhore tribe to 68 years in the Oraon tribe. A difference of 13-17 years was observed in tribes of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Rajasthan (table I). DISCUSSION Vast difference was noted to prevail in child mortality by tribal groups. The IMR and U5MR was 44.4 and 57.7, respectively among STs compared to national averages of 40.7 and 49.7, respectively. These child mortality rates also vary considerably among ST population of different Indian states. However, there is dearth of information on different tribal communities, especially on demographic and health indicators. The expert group on Tribal Health, Government of India [8] and Saha, et al. [9] highlighted the need to generate tribe-specific data to formulate developmental programs accordingly. Our estimate of IMR for total ST population of the country is slightly higher as compared to previous reports [2] which estimate 74.3 deaths per 1000 live births. The difference between two rates of IMR based on census 2011 data is due to different methodologies adopted. Anderson, et al. [2] have used Coale-Demeny model (Palloni Heligman equation) with South Asian life-table and taken simple average of estimates for age groups 20-34 years. Whereas, we have used Coale-Demeny model (Trussell equation) with South life-table and taken weighted average of estimates for age groups 20-

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34 years. The study has not only demonstrated the huge differences in child mortality and life expectancy at birth among tribes residing in different states, but also among tribes residing within the state. The tribes residing in economically backward states like Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha and Rajasthan were having higher child mortality indicators compared to those residing in relatively well-off states of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The study also shows that most of the PVTGs residing in different states have relatively higher mortality rates and lower life expectancy compared to other tribal communities residing within the states. A gap of 76 in IMR and 146 in U5MR among tribal communities is a matter of serious concern and needs immediate attention. Similarly, a variance of 21 years in life expectancy at birth reflects an extremely poor health status among some tribal communities. The child mortality rates may be higher among tribal communities because of their poor socio-economic status, geographical isolation, poor availability and inaccessibility, and underutilization of modern health services. Sahu, et al. [10] recorded high IMR and U5MR among scheduled tribes of rural India and reported that the factors associated with mortality remained more or less same over the period of 1992-2006. The NFHS-4 shows that one-third pregnant women from ST community in India did not receive any antenatal care during pregnancy and majority of the deliveries (73.2%) are performed with assistance of midwife at home; lack of proper training and low frequency of postnatal check-ups (68.6%) pose serious threat to the health of newborns [4]. Inequalities in the proximate determinants of child mortality, which vary according to their beliefs and multiplicity of cultures, and in turn influences antenatal care, delivery practices and postnatal care of infants [11]. Culture, ritual and traditional beliefs of the tribes also acts as hindrance in utilization of maternal and child health (MCH) facilities [4]. Many tribal communities still believe in various taboos and traditional practices. Delayed breastfeeding and pre-lacteal, supplementary feeding practices like honey and goat’s milk are also widespread among them [12,13]. The presence of malnutrition, anemia, higher incidence of infectious diseases like malaria, tuberculosis and diarrheal diseases may further worsen the child mortality in these tribal communities. These estimates are derived from census 2011 data using Trussell version of Brass method, which has its own limitations, as it assumes that age-specific fertility and mortality rates remained constant in the recent past, and no strong relation exists between the age of mother and infant mortality, etc., and these estimates are referred for the year 2006-07. In the absence of any other tribe specific data source, these estimates will provide valuable information which may guide the program managers. In India, tribes are classified as scheduled tribes and clubbed together for implementation of socio-development program for their upliftment. However, tribes are not a homogenous group and enormous variation is observed in the estimates of IMR, U5MR and LEB. Hence there is a need for tribe-specific approach to bridge the gap. The present study also affirms the need to generate tribe- specific data, prioritize the tribal group on the basis of their vulnerability, health and mortality

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ARVIND VERMA, RAVENDRA K SHARMA AND KALYAN B SAHA CHILD MORTALITY AMONG TRIBES parameters. Accordingly, tribe-specific developmental programs may be formulated to improve the childhood health and quality of life so that country can achieve SDGs targets within the stipulated time frame.

Acknowledgments: Dr Aparup Das, Director, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur (MP) for his support and guidance. Prof Chander Shekhar, IIPS, Mumbai for his valuable suggestions to improve the quality of the paper. Contributors: AV: Concept and design of study, data compilation and analysis, manuscript writing; RKS: Data analysis, literature review and manuscript writing; KBS: Data interpretation, manuscript writing and final editing. All authors have read final version of the manuscript. Funding: None; Competing interest: None stated.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS?  We provide tribe-specific estimates of infant mortality rate, under-five mortality rate and life expectancy at birth for 123 tribes of seven states of India.

REFERENCES 1. International Institute for Population Sciences. National family Health survey (NFHS-4), India 2015-16. International Institute for Population Sciences. Accessed March 30, 2020. Available from: http://rchiips.org/NFHS/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf 2. Anderson I, Robson B, Connolly M, et al. Indigenous and tribal people’s health. Lancet. 2016;388:131-57. 3. Bisai S, Saha KB, Sharma RK, Muniyandi M, Singh N. An overview of tribal population in India. Tribal Health Bulletin. 2014;20:1-126. 4. Verma A, Saha KB. Infant mortality among scheduled tribes in Central India: A concern. Indian Pediatr. 2016;53:1117. 5. Census of India, 2011.Fertility tables (F1 and F5). New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. Accessed February 16, 2020. Available from: https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_ enumeration.html 6. United Nations. Manual X Indirect Techniques for Demographic Estimation, 1983 Population Studies, No. 81.New York: United Nations, Department of International Economic and Social Affairs. Accessed February 17, 2020. Available from: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/ publications/pdf/mortality/Manual_X.pdf

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7. United Nations. MORTPAK software version 4.3. United Nations, Department of Economics and Social affairs, Population Division. Accessed February 17, 2020. Available from: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/ publications/mortality/mortpak.shtml 8. Government of India. Tribal health in India- Bridging the gap and a roadmap for the future. Report of the Expert Committee on Tribal Health, 2018. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Accessed February 17, 2020. Available from: https://nhm.gov.in/New_Updates_2018/ NHMComponents/HealthSystem_Stregthening/tribal_health/Tribal-HealthReport.pdf 9. Saha KB, Saha UC, Sharma RK, Singh N. Indigenous and tribal people’s health. Lancet. 2016; 388:2867. 10. Sahu D, Nair S, Singh L, Gulati BK, Pandey A. Levels, trends and predictors of infant and child mortality among scheduled tribes in rural India. Indian J Med Res: 2015;141:709-19. 11. Ghosh R. Child mortality in India: A complex situation. World J Pediatr. 2012;8:11-8. 12. Pati S, Chauhan AS, Panda M, Swain S, Hussain MA. Neonatal care practices in a tribal community of Odisha, India: A cultural perspective. J Trop Pediatr: 2014;60:238-44 . 13. Sharma RK. Newborn care among tribes of Central India: Experiences from Micro Level Studies. Social Change. 2010:40:117-37.

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Table I Tribe-specific Estimates of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Under-5 Mortality rate and Life Expectancy at Birth in the States

Total IMR U5MR Life expectancy State studied (per 1000 live births) (per 100 live births) at birth (y) (Total tribes# tribes*)

Highest Lowest Total‡ Highest Lowest Total‡ Highest Lowest Total‡ Chhattisgarh 20 124.3 62.0 84 203.0 80.3 118 67.8 51.2 62 (42) (Birhore) (Oraon) (Birhore) (Oraon) (Oraon) (Birhore) Madhya 14 123.8 68.5 89 194.8 88.8 123 66.4 52.1 61 Pradesh (Bharia) (Majhi) (Bharia) (Majhi) (Majhi) (Bharia) (46) Jharkhand 22 124.3 67.0 81 195.8 86.0 109 66.8 52.0 63 (30) (Birhore) (Karmal (Birhore) (Karmali) (Karmali) (Birhore) i) Odisha 24 112.6 58.5 87 171.4 72.9 120 68.9 54.9 62 (62) (Koya) (Bathud (Koya) () (Bathudi, (Koya) i) Sounti) Rajasthan 7 118.5 69.8 83 183.5 90.4 113 66.1 53.4 63 (12) () (Dhank (Saharia) () (Dhanka) (Saharia) a) Gujarat 19 76.3 49.5 67 101.5 60.2 86 71.3 64.4 67 (29) (Dhanka) (Rabri) (Dhanka) (Rabri) (Rabri) (Dhanka) Maharashtra 17 75.0 47.5 60 99.4 57.2 76 71.8 64.7 69 (47) (Pradhan) (Gamit) (Pradhan) (Gamit) (Gamit) (Pradhan) *Total number of tribes/tribal groups enumerated in the state in census 2011; #Total number of tribes for which tribe specific estimates computed; ‡Estimates for total scheduled tribe population of the state.

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Fig. I Estimated infant mortality rate (IMR), under-5 mortality rate (U5MR), life expectancy at birth (LEB) for total and scheduled tribes population of India and selected states.

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Annexure I

Tribe specific Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Under-five Mortality Rate (U5MR) and Life Expectancy at Birth

Under- Scheduled Infant Life five States Tribe/Tribal groups Population Mortality Expectancy Mortality Rate at Birth (As per census, 2011) Rate

Agariya 67196 86.3 123.1 61.2

Baiga 89744 121.1 197.0 51.8

Bhaina 55975 81.9 113.7 62.6

Bharia Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhumia, 113967 95.7 142.0 58.7 Bhumiya, Bharia, Paliha, Pando

Bhattra 213900 79.2 108.5 63.3

Binjhwar 119718 89.7 128.1 60.6

Birhore* 3104 124.3 203.0 51.2

Dhanwar 50995 83.9 118.5 61.9

Gond, Arakh, Arrakh, Chhattisgarh Agaria, Asur, Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Koliabhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, 4298404 85.7 120.4 61.6 Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti, Gaita, Gond Gowari, Hill Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia,

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Monghya, Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj, Sonjhari, Jhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria, Daroi

Halba,Halbi 375182 73.0 96.9 65.1

Kamar* 26530 102.6 158.1 56.7

Kawar, Kanwar, Kaur, Cherwa, Rathia, 887477 79.5 109.1 63.3 Tanwar, Chattri

Khairwar, Kondar 79816 84.7 119.4 61.8

Kharia 49032 78.3 107.8 63.5

Korwa, Kodaku 129429 102.7 157.6 56.7

Majhi 65027 99.0 148.0 58.0

Majhwar 55320 111.5 173.7 54.6

Nagesia, Nagasia 114532 95.6 141.2 58.8

Oraon, Dhanka, 748789 62.0 79.8 67.8 Dhangad

Sawar, Sawara 130709 80.3 111.2 53.0

Baiga* 414526 108.2 162.5 56.0

BhariaBhumia, BhuinharBhumia, 193230 123.8 194.8 52.1 Bhumiya, Bharia, Paliha, Pando*

Bhil, , Barela, 5993921 75.4 99.6 64.6 Madhya Patelia Pradesh Gond, Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, 5093124 88.6 123.0 61.3 Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Koliabhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria,

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Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti, Gaita, Gond Gowari, Hill Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj, Sonjhari, Jhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria, Daroi

Khairwar, Kondar 76097 112.8 171.8 54.9

Kol 1167694 108.2 162.5 56.0

Korku, Bopchi, Mouasi, Nihal, Nahul, 730847 93.5 132.3 60.0 Bondhi, Bondeya

Majhi 50655 68.5 88.8 66.4

Mawasi 109186 108.0 162.0 56.1

Panika [in (i)Chhatarpur, Panna, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Umaria, Sidhi and Tikamgarh 97767 101.2 148.2 57.9 districts and (ii) Sevda and Datia tehsils of Datia district)]

Pao 44312 109.0 164.2 55.8

Pardhan, Pathari, 123742 83.6 114.0 62.5 Saroti

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Sahariya, Saharia, Seharia, Sehria, 614958 121.6 190.0 52.6 Sosia, Sor*

Saur 167340 110.4 166.8 55.5

Asur, Agaria 22459 96.5 139.1 59.1

Bedia 100161 81.0 109.1 63.2

Birhor* 10726 124.3 195.8 52

Chero 95575 71.5 93.2 65.6

ChikBaraik 54163 83.3 113.7 62.6

Gond 53676 86.0 119.6 61.9

Ho 928289 88.9 123.7 61.2

Karmali 64154 67.0 86.0 66.8

Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Hill 196135 85.3 116.8 62.1 Kharia

Kharwar 248974 87.0 120.1 61.7

Jharkhand Korwa* 35606 110.3 166.7 55.5

Lohra 216226 72.5 94.9 65.4

Mahli, Majhi 152663 75.2 99.4 64.7

Mal Paharia, 135797 94.8 135.2 59.6 KumarbhagPaharia*

Munda, Patar 1229221 88.1 122.2 61.4

Oraon, Dhangar 1716618 69.5 89.9 66.1 (Oraon)

Parhaiya* 25585 113.7 173.9 54.7

Santal 2754723 79.4 106.7 63.6

SauriaPaharia* 46222 119.4 185.6 53.2

Savar* 9688 80.7 109.8 63.2

Bhumij 209448 70.1 91.0 66.0

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Kol 53584 71.5 93.3 65.6

Bathudi, Bathuri 217,395 58.5 72.9 68.9

Bhottada, Dhotada, Bhotra, Bhatra, 450,771 89.1 115.8 61.1 Bhattara, Bhotora, Bhatara

Bhuiya, Bhuyan 306,129 89.1 115.8 61.1

Bhumia 125,977 91.6 128.9 60.4

Bhumij, TeliBhumij, HaladipokhriaBhumij, HaladiPokhariaBhumij 283,909 63.3 80.0 67.7 a, Desi Bhumij, DesiaBhumij, TamariaBhumij

Binjhal, Binjhwar 137,040 69.7 90.3 66.1

Odisha Gadaba, Bodo Gadaba, GutobGadaba, KapuGadaba, 84,689 98.2 142.0 58.7 OllaraGadaba, ParengaGadaba, Sano Gadaba

Gond, Gondo, Rajgond, Maria Gond, 888,581 87.8 121.8 61.4 Dhur Gond

Ho 80,608 86.5 119.0 61.8

Juang* 47095 108.9 164 55.9

Kharia, Kharian, Berga Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, 222844 80.8 92.2 65.8 Erenga Kharia, Munda Kharia, Oraon Kharia, Khadia, Pahari Kharia

Khond, Kond, 1627486 111.8 169.8 55.1

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Kandha, NanguliKandha, SithaKandha, Kondh, Kui, Buda Kondh, Bura Kandha, DesiaKandha, DungariaKondh, KutiaKandha, KandhaGauda, MuliKondh, MaluaKondh, PengoKandha, Raja Kondh, Raj Khond

Kisan, Nagesar, 331589 66.1 84.5 67.0 Nagesia

Kolha 625009 75.5 99.7 64.6

Kora, Khaira, Khayara 54408 84.6 115.6 62.3

Koya, GumbaKoya, KoiturKoya, 147137 112.6 171.4 54.9 KamarKoya, MusaraKoya

Mirdhas, Kuda, Koda 75940 71.6 93.9 65.6

Munda, Munda Lohara, Munda 558691 79.2 105.9 63.7 , Nagabanshi Munda, Oriya Munda

Oraon, Dhangar, Uran 358112 71.9 93.9 65.5

Paroja, Parja, Bodo Paroja, Barong JhodiaParoja, ChheliaParoja, JhodiaParoja, Konda 374629 109.5 165.2 55.7 Paroja, Paraja, PongaParoja, SodiaParoja, Sano Paroja, Solia Paroja

Santal 894764 62.5 78.9 67.9

Saora, Savar, Saura, Sahara, ArsiSaora, 534751 87.8 121.6 61.5 Based Saora, Bhima

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Saora, BhimmaSaora, ChumuraSaora, JaraSavar, JaduSaora, JatiSaora, JuariSaora, KampuSaora, KampaSoura, KapoSaora, KindalSaora, KumbiKancherSaora, KalapithiaSaora, KiratSaora, LanjiaSaora, LambaLanjiaSaora, LuaraSaora, LuarSaora, LariaSavar, Malia Saora, MallaSaora, UriyaSaora, RaikaSaora, SuddaSaora, SardaSaora, TankalaSaora, PatroSaora, VesuSaora*

Shabar, Lodha 516402 91.4 128.2 60.5

Sounti 112803 58.8 73.2 68.9

Bhil, , DholiBhil, Dungri Bhil, DungriGarasia, , Rawal 4100264 88.8 123.4 61.2 Bhil, , , Bhilala, , , Vasave

Rajasthan Bhil Mina 105393 79.1 106.1 63.7

Damor, Damaria 91463 80.0 107.7 63.5

Dhanka, Tadvi, 96737 69.8 90.4 66.1 Tetaria, Valvi

Garasia (excluding 314194 96.8 139.1 59.1 Rajput Garasia)

Mina 4345528 75.0 99.1 64.7

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ARVIND VERMA, RAVENDRA K SHARMA AND KALYAN B SAHA CHILD MORTALITY AMONG TRIBES

Seharia, Sehria, 111377 118.5 183.5 53.4 Sahariya*

Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, , Mewasi Bhil, Rawal 421560 69.7 90.7 66.1 Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave

Chaudhri (in Surat and 302958 56.5 70.1 69.5 Valsad districts)

Dhanka, Tadvi, 280949 76.3 101.5 64.4 Tetaria, Valvi

Dhodia, Dhodi 635695 54.0 66.4 70.1

Dubla, Talavia, 643120 61.7 77.6 68.1 Halpati

Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, 378445 60.4 75.8 68.5 Mavchi, Padvi

Gujarat Kathodi, Katkari, DhorKathodi, DhorKatkari, Son 13632 52.6 64.2 70.4 Kathodi, Son Katkari*

Kokna, Kokni, Kukna 361587 60.3 75.6 68.5

KoliDhor, TokreKoli, 67119 58.1 72.7 69.1 Kolcha, Kolgha

Kunbi (in the Dangs 60646 57.2 71.0 69.3 district)

Naikda, Nayaka, CholivalaNayaka, 459908 67.6 87.2 66.6 KapadiaNayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka

Padhar* 30932 66.9 86.2 66.8

Patelia 114414 67.3 86.9 66.9

Rabari (in the Nesses 59995 49.5 60.2 71.3

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ARVIND VERMA, RAVENDRA K SHARMA AND KALYAN B SAHA CHILD MORTALITY AMONG TRIBES

of the forests of Alech, Barada and Gir)

Rathawa 642348 70.3 91.6 65.9

Siddi, Siddi- Badshan (in Amreli, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, 8661 54.2 66.5 70.1 Junagadh, Rajkot andSurendranagardistr icts)*

Varli 328194 63.4 80.4 67.7

Vitola, Kotwalia, 24249 58.0 72.1 69.1 Barodia

Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, 54434 71.9 94.6 65.5 Patelia

Andh 474110 59.1 73.9 68.8

Bhil, Bhil Garasia, DholiBhil, DungriBhil, DungriGarasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal 2588659 61.4 77.4 68.2 Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave

Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, 67796 47.5 57.2 71.8 Mavchi, Padvi Maharashtra Gond, Rajgond, Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Badi Maria , Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Koilabhuti, Bhar, 1618090 68.0 87.4 66.5 Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti, Gaita, Gond Gowari, Hill

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Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Naikpod, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj, SonjhariJhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria

Halba, Halbi 261011 61.3 77.1 68.2

Kathodi, Katkari, DhorKathodi, DhorKathkari, 285334 61.9 78.0 68.1 SonKathodi, SonKatkari

Kokna, Kokni, Kukna 687431 55.0 67.7 69.8

Kolam, Mannervarlu* 194671 69.8 90.7 66.0

KoliDhor, TokreKoli, 220074 53.4 65.3 70.3 Kolcha, Kolgha

Koli Mahadev, 1459565 54.3 66.7 70.0 DongarKoli

KoliMalhar 282868 55.7 68.7 69.7

Korku, Bopchi, Mouasi, Nihal, Nahul, 264492 61.7 77.8 68.1 Bondhi, Bondeya

Oraon, Dhangad 43060 49.2 59.6 71.4

Pardhan, Pathari, 145131 75.0 99.4 64.7 Saroti

Pardhi, Advichincher, Phans Pardhi, PhansePardhi, 223527 59.1 73.9 68.8 LangoliPardhi, Bahelia, Bagheli,

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ChitaPardhi, Shikari, Takankar, Takia

Thakur, , Ka Thakur, Ka Thakar, 567968 60.0 75.0 68.6 Ma Thakur, Ma Thakar

Varli 796245 58.4 72.7 69.0

*PVTG

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