DOCSLIB.ORG

Melanin: How Have Dark-Skinned Black Women Engaged in Social Media Hashtags to Affirm,Alidate V and Celebrate Their Beauty?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Melanin: How Have Dark-Skinned Black Women Engaged in Social Media Hashtags to Affirm,Alidate V and Celebrate Their Beauty? Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University African-American Studies Theses Department of African-American Studies 5-2-2018 #Melanin: How Have Dark-skinned Black Women Engaged In Social Media Hashtags To Affirm,alidate V and Celebrate Their Beauty? Ololade S. Hassan Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/aas_theses Recommended Citation Hassan, Ololade S., "#Melanin: How Have Dark-skinned Black Women Engaged In Social Media Hashtags To Affirm,alidate V and Celebrate Their Beauty?." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2018. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/aas_theses/54 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of African-American Studies at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in African-American Studies Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. #MELANIN: HOW HAVE DARK-SKINNED BLACK WOMEN ENGAGED IN SOCIAL MEDIA HASHTAGS TO AFFIRM, VALIDATE AND CELEBRATE THEIR BEAUTY? by OLOLADE S. HASSAN Under the Direction of Lia T. Bascomb, PhD ABSTRACT There is a growing body of scholarship on the nature of social media and its ability to contest racial identity. Research has greatly focused on hashtag activism and the role of Black Twitter in raising consciousness and constructing counterhegemonic presentations of self. However, there is relatively little academic literature surrounding the ways in which dark- skinned African American women are engaging in hashtags to counter colorist ideologies about darker skin tones. Two focus groups and a qualitative content analysis of Tweets containing the hashtag #MelaninPoppin were conducted to explore the ability of social media hashtags to affirm beauty, and encourage powerful self-defining expressions for dark-skinned African American women. Utilizing bell hooks’ notion of "homeplace" as a theoretical framework, this study examines how social media hashtags act as digital sites of resistance; where the wounds of colorism can be healed and renewed. INDEX WORDS: Social media, Hashtags, African American women, Dark-skinned, Colorism, Homeplace #MELANIN: HOW HAVE DARK-SKINNED BLACK WOMEN ENGAGED IN SOCIAL MEDIA HASHTAGS TO AFFIRM, VALIDATE AND CELEBRATE THEIR BEAUTY? by OLOLADE S. HASSAN A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2018 Copyright by Ololade S. Hassan 2018 #MELANIN: HOW HAVE DARK-SKINNED BLACK WOMEN ENGAGED IN SOCIAL MEDIA HASHTAGS TO AFFIRM, VALIDATE AND CELEBRATE THEIR BEAUTY? by OLOLADE S. HASSAN Committee Chair: Lia T. Bascomb Committee: Tiffany King Jamae Morris Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University May 2018 iv DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my three beautiful sisters. Take me back to the days when we’d spend our summers sitting at the top of the stairs with our hair braided, eating ice cream, and playing Ludo, because nothing else mattered. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, Ogo ni fun Oluwa fun aseyori iṣẹ yi [Glory be to God for the accomplishment of this thesis] I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Lia T. Bascomb for her unwavering support and patience throughout this process. I could not have asked for a better chair. My appreciation also extends to the rest of my committee; Dr. Tiffany King and Dr. Jamae Morris. Thank you for your time and continued support. It’s been a pleasure learning from three phenomenal women. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION................................................................................................................. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ V LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ IX 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Significance of Study ........................................................................................... 5 1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................. 5 1.4 Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................... 6 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 8 2.1 Colorism: An Epidemic in the African American Community ...................... 8 2.2 The Wounds of Colorism .................................................................................. 10 2.2.1 The Perpetuation of Hegemonic Dominant Ideologies ............................... 12 2.2.2 Colorism in the Media................................................................................... 14 2.3 Healing the Wounds .......................................................................................... 16 2.3.1 Social Media: A Digital Homeplace ............................................................. 16 2.3.2 Black Twitter ................................................................................................. 18 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Qualitative Content Analysis............................................................................ 24 3.1.1 Data Collection .............................................................................................. 25 vii 3.1.2 Data Analysis................................................................................................. 27 3.2 Focus Groups ..................................................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Participants.................................................................................................... 33 3.2.2 Data Collection .............................................................................................. 33 3.2.3 Data Analysis................................................................................................. 34 3.2.4 Reliability and Validity.................................................................................. 36 3.2.5 Limitations ..................................................................................................... 36 4 FINDINGS ................................................................................................................. 38 4.1 Content Analysis ................................................................................................ 38 4.2 Categories ........................................................................................................... 39 4.2.1 Category 1: Self-affirmation ......................................................................... 39 4.2.2 Category 2: Advertisements .......................................................................... 41 4.2.3 Category 3: No textual information (other than hashtags) ......................... 42 4.2.4 Category 4: Celebrity Reference ................................................................... 42 4.2.5 Category 5: Natural Hair Reference ............................................................ 43 4.2.6 Category 6: Quotes ........................................................................................ 43 4.2.7 Category 7: Discussing the Hashtag ............................................................ 44 4.3 Theme 1: (Re)definition .................................................................................... 44 4.4 Focus Groups ..................................................................................................... 45 4.5 Hashtags as a Site of Injury .............................................................................. 46 viii 4.5.1 Problem 1: The “Token” Dark-skinned Girl ............................................... 47 4.5.2 Problem 2: “My skin color is not a trend” ................................................... 51 4.5.3 Problem 3: Approval-seeking ....................................................................... 53 4.6 A Site for Remedy ............................................................................................. 54 4.6.1 The Younger Generation .............................................................................. 54 4.6.2 Constructing an Online Community ............................................................ 56 5 DISCSUSSION.......................................................................................................... 60 5.1 Addressing the Research Questions................................................................. 60 5.2 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 68 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 70 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 87 Appendix A: Recruitment Flyer ................................................................................ 87 Appendix B: Phone Screening Questions .................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Throughout the World, Human Skin Color Has Evolved to Be Dark
    AFEATURE ARTICLE FROM... OCTOBER 2002 Throughout the world, human skin color has evolved to be dark enough to prevent sunlight from destroy'ng the nutrient folate but light e ough to foster the production of vitamin By Nina G. Jablonski and George Chaplin Among primates, only humans have a mostly naked skin that comes in different colors. Geogra­ phers and anthropologists have long recognized that the distribution of skin colors among indigenous popula­ tions is not random: darker peoples tend to be found nearer the equator, lighter ones closer to the poles. For years, the prevailing theory has been that darker skins evolved to protect against skin cancer. But a series of dis­ coveries has led us to construct a new framework for understanding the evolutionary basis of variations in hu­ man skin color. Recent epidemiological and physiological evidence suggests to us that the worldwide pattern ofhuman skin color is the product of natural selection acting to regulate the effects ofthe sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation on key nutrients crucial to reproductive success. From Hirsute to Hairless THE EVOLUTION OF SKIN PIGMENTAnON is linked with that ofhairlessness, and to comprehend both these stories, we need to page back in human history. Human beings have been evolving as an independent lineage of apes since at least seven million years ago, when our immediate ancestors diverged from those of our closest relatives, chim­ panzees. Because chimpanzees have changed less over time than humans have, they can provide an idea of what human anatomy and physiology must have been like. Chimpanzees' skin is light in color and is covered by hair over most of their bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • Skin and Hair Pigmentation Variation in Island Melanesia
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 000:000–000 (2006) Skin and Hair Pigmentation Variation in Island Melanesia Heather L. Norton,1 Jonathan S. Friedlaender,2 D. Andrew Merriwether,3 George Koki,4 Charles S. Mgone,4 and Mark D. Shriver1* 1Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 2Department of Anthropology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 3Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13901 4Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province 441, Papua New Guinea KEY WORDS skin pigmentation; M index; Island Melanesia; natural selection ABSTRACT Skin and hair pigmentation are two of tation was significantly darker than females in 5 of 6 the most easily visible examples of human phenotypic islands examined. Hair pigmentation showed a negative, variation. Selection-based explanations for pigmentation but weak, correlation with age, while skin pigmentation variation in humans have focused on the relationship be- showed a positive, but also weak, correlation with age. tween melanin and ultraviolet radiation, which is largely Skin and hair pigmentation varied significantly between dependent on latitude. In this study, skin and hair pig- islands as well as between neighborhoods within those mentation were measured as the melanin (M) index, us- islands. Bougainvilleans showed significantly darker skin ing narrow-band reflectance spectroscopy for 1,135 indi- than individuals from any other island considered, and viduals from Island Melanesia. Overall, the results show are darker than a previously described African-American remarkable pigmentation variation, given the small geo- population. These findings are discussed in relation to graphic region surveyed.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Colorism: an Ethical Issue and Challenge in Bioethics
    ANEKWE, GLOBAL COLORISM, VOICES IN BIOETHICS, VOL. 1 (2014) Global Colorism: An Ethical Issue and Challenge in Bioethics Obiora Anekwe Keywords: colorism, discrimination, African ancestry, divisions within race Global colorism is seldom discussed in the field of bioethics, but it affects almost every facet of medical practice. The ethical challenge of colorism has global implications that are psychologically, physiologically, sociologically, and medically related. One impacts the other, sometimes without much notice. My goal for this paper is to bring issues related to colorism to light in order to begin the process of holistic healing for people of color who are often the most vulnerable in health care and medicine. Secondly, I hope that this discussion of global colorism will bring forth a greater realization that more research needs to be conducted on the various impacts of colorism in medical practice. What is Colorism? According to Baruti (2000), colorism is a global prejudice that people of African ancestry have toward each other and seemingly use against or to the advantage of themselves and others with relatively similar complexion. Herring (2004) also defines colorism as “discriminatory treatment of individuals falling within the same ‘racial’ group on the basis of skin color” (p. 21). In order to provide a more expansive definition of global colorism, I would like to emphasize in this paper that global colorism may also be promoted and practiced by the oppressed (in this case, people of color) and the oppressor (post-colonialist Caucasians). As such, the term racism, for the purpose of this paper, is referred to as discriminatory power dynamics externally expressed by post-colonialists of European descent through conscious decision-making practices based on the skin tone and complexion of oppressed people of color.
    [Show full text]
  • Ptown Hacks 2019
    Ptown Hacks 2019 1 2 1 Because every ship needs a port. No place is as open-minded and welcoming as Key West. So whether you come for the gay tours, live theatre, bars and bistros or the warm and incredibly clear water and weather, Key West has whatever floats your boat. fla-keys.com/gaykeywest 305.294.4603 2 MCTKW-3916 Towleroad P’Town LO1 2019 Because every ship needs a port. No place is as open-minded and welcoming as Key West. So whether you come for the gay tours, live theatre, bars and bistros or the warm and incredibly clear water and weather, Key West has whatever floats your boat. fla-keys.com/gaykeywest 305.294.4603 3 MCTKW-3916 Towleroad P’Town LO1 2019 Ptown Hacks 2019 6-22 What’s New in 2019 24 Ptown Theme Weeks 26-28 Weekly Bar Events 30 The Ptown Agenda 32-40 Show Listings 40 Beach Adventures 42-46 Lodging 48 The Food Pages 58 Book Excerpt 62 Provincetown Essentials 68 Art Agenda 78 News - Talk of our Town 84 Marijuana Ptown 86-92 A Book Lover’s Primer 96 Body Hacks - Gym/Yoga/Massage 98 Map COVER PHOTO SHOT BY: SALOME FONSECA 4 5 NEW IN 2019 BIG SHOT Photographer Greg Salvatori, whose book Beards of New York celebrated the hirsute hunks of the Big Apple, has opened a gallery in Whaler’s Wharf where he’ll showcase color- ful and provocative images in four shows this summer. 237 Commercial, gregsalvatori.com. EARTHLY DELIGHTS Tween the Tides moves into Street Eats’ old spot in the Aquarium Mall.
    [Show full text]
  • Monsters of the American Cinema ______
    MONSTERS OF THE AMERICAN CINEMA _______________ Christian St. Croix Public Copy. Address available on request. 619-616-9625 [email protected] SYNOPSIS When his husband dies, Remy Washington, a Black man, finds himself both the owner of a drive-in movie theater and a caregiver to his late husband’s straight, white teenaged son, Pup. The two have developed a warm and loving familial chemistry but their relationship fractures when Remy discovers Pup and his friends have been bullying a gay teen at his school. Monsters of the American Cinema is a haunting and humorous tale about fathers and sons, ghosts and monsters. Monsters of the American Cinema was selected for a workshop performance as Scripps Ranch Theatre's 2018 Out On a Limb Play Series. It was then produced at the 2019 San Diego International Fringe Festival where it won the Fringe Award for Artists' Pick and Cultural Exchange, earning it a future opportunity to represent San Diego at a Fringe Festival in Australia. The San Diego Union-Tribune called it, “touching and funny”, “honest” and “engaging.” In January 2021, it selected as 1 of 5 out of over 200 international entries to receive a digital workshop and reading with the Prologue Theatre's FOREWARD: New Works Series. It was selected to be a part of the Urbanite Theatre's Outdoor Reading Series in March 2021. CHARACTERS REMY WASHINGTON Thirty-seven. Black. Gay. An aging activist who runs a drive-in movie theater in Santee, California. Remy leads his two-male household with a dry and loving sense of humor, but he knows when to drop the “cool dad” vibe and command respect.
    [Show full text]
  • The Caucasian Race and Albinos
    The Caucasian Race and Albinos The question Is the Caucasian race descended from emigrated albinos? M. van der Eems, Hoogezand The answer This question is based on a misunderstanding: Caucasians are not albinos. Albinism is a hereditary disease that can afflict humans and animals, but also plants. Human and animal albinos do not have a gene that regulates the production of melanin, which leads to white skin, white hair and red eyes. There are different types (depending on where the genetic material has been modified), with some where there is still some pigment in the skin or hair. This is not, however, the same as being ‘Caucasian’; Caucasians do not have any anomalies in the genes coding for melanin. Exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) light in sunlight causes Caucasian skin to produce melanin and the skin tans (although this varies from person to person). Albinism also can afflict Caucasians, although to a lesser degree than it will the populations of Sub-Saharan Africa and in some populations where mixing of genetic material has remained at a minimum for lengthy periods of time. Albinism often also involves various skin and eye diseases and disorders, an increased chance of types of skin cancer and disorders in the blood and/or nervous tracts and/or the immune system. Albinos often die early. The disorder is rare. Albinos are fertile. The hereditary disorder is recessive, which means that both genes (from the father and the mother) must be present for albinism to manifest itself. Children with an albino and a ‘coloured’, i.e. normally pigmented, parent thus will also be normally pigmented, unless the normally pigmented parent is a carrier of albinism due to genes inherited from his or her parents (this means that the chance is 50%).
    [Show full text]
  • “Dark-Skinned People Be Like” How Colorism-Promoting Internet
    “Dark-Skinned People Be Like” How Colorism-Promoting Internet Memes and Audience Feedback Influence African Americans’ Intragroup Attitude and Perception of Skin – Tone Bias THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marisa A. Smith Graduate Program in Communication The Ohio State University 2015 Master's Examination Committee: Roselyn J. Lee-Won, Advisor Osei Appiah Copyrighted by Marisa Ashley Smith 2015 Abstract This study aimed to understand the role of positive and negative feedback on attitude, behavioral intention and shared reality. Through the lens of the social cognitive theory (SCT), grounding theory, social identity theory (SIT) and social identity model of deindividualization effects (SIDE), the study focused on memes that portrayed colorism (i.e., intragroup discrimination). African American participants viewed a meme portraying dark-skinned Blacks as poor on Twitter that received negative or positive feedback through comments and emoticons. Overall, participants who viewed memes receiving positive feedback reported more negative attitudes towards sharing the meme. Furthermore, when the meme received positive feedback, participants reported less identification with the commenter. Although the study provided a glimpse into colorism within social media, skewed data hinder external validity. Future research will address this issue. ii Dedication Dedicated in memory of Kennedy Jordan Gibson iii Acknowledgements I would first like to acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Roselyn Lee-Won for all of her support and guidance on my Thesis research. In addition, I would like to acknowledge my committee member, Dr. Osei Appiah for his helpful and insightful input into my Thesis research.
    [Show full text]
  • The Causes, Contributors, and Consequences of Colorism Among Various Cultures
    Wayne State University Honors College Theses Irvin D. Reid Honors College Fall 12-14-2020 The Causes, Contributors, and Consequences of Colorism Among Various Cultures Mahima Rahman Wayne State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/honorstheses Part of the Inequality and Stratification Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Social Justice Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Recommended Citation Rahman, Mahima, "The Causes, Contributors, and Consequences of Colorism Among Various Cultures" (2020). Honors College Theses. 71. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/honorstheses/71 This Open Access Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Irvin D. Reid Honors College at DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. The Causes, Contributors, and Consequences of Colorism Among Various Cultures Mahima Rahman Wayne State University Irvin D. Reid Honors College Dr. Zachary Brewster 14 December 2020 Rahman 2 Introduction As the timeline of the world progresses onward, it appears that the human race battles more and more “-isms,” or ideologies, associated with discriminatory practices. For example, racism, sexism, and classism are some of the most common problematic “-isms” that the world faces today (Kurunmäki, 2018). Discrimination is defined as the prejudice or unfair treatment against an individual or group based on social attributes such as race, gender, and social status. Two practices of discrimination that can easily get confused with one another are racism and colorism. Although both are intertwined with each other, they have distinct definitions, causes, and consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • MC1R Gene Melanocortin 1 Receptor
    MC1R gene melanocortin 1 receptor Normal Function The MC1R gene provides instructions for making a protein called the melanocortin 1 receptor. This receptor plays an important role in normal pigmentation. The receptor is primarily located on the surface of melanocytes, which are specialized cells that produce a pigment called melanin. Melanin is the substance that gives skin, hair, and eyes their color. Melanin is also found in the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye ( the retina), where it plays a role in normal vision. Melanocytes make two forms of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin. The relative amounts of these two pigments help determine the color of a person's hair and skin. People who produce mostly eumelanin tend to have brown or black hair and dark skin that tans easily. Eumelanin also protects skin from damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight. People who produce mostly pheomelanin tend to have red or blond hair, freckles, and light-colored skin that tans poorly. Because pheomelanin does not protect skin from UV radiation, people with more pheomelanin have an increased risk of skin damage caused by sun exposure. The melanocortin 1 receptor controls which type of melanin is produced by melanocytes. When the receptor is activated, it triggers a series of chemical reactions inside melanocytes that stimulate these cells to make eumelanin. If the receptor is not activated or is blocked, melanocytes make pheomelanin instead of eumelanin. Common variations (polymorphisms) in the MC1R gene are associated with normal differences in skin and hair color. Certain genetic variations are most common in people with red hair, fair skin, freckles, and an increased sensitivity to sun exposure.
    [Show full text]
  • Skin Tone Evolution
    Erratum 14 December 2017. See erratum. RESEARCH ◥ The most significantly associated single- RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY nucleotide polymorphisms were at SLC24A5,a gene associated with pigmentation in Europeans. We show that SLC24A5 was introduced into East HUMAN EVOLUTION Africa >5 thousand years ago (ka) and has risen to high frequency. The second most significantly associated re- Loci associated with skin pigmentation gion is near the gene MFSD12.Usinginvitroand in vivo analyses, we show that MFSD12 codes for identified in African populations a lysosomal protein that modifies pigmentation in human melanocytes, with decreased MFSD12 Nicholas G. Crawford, Derek E. Kelly,* Matthew E. B. Hansen,* Marcia H. Beltrame,* ◥ expression associated with Shaohua Fan,* Shanna L. Bowman,* Ethan Jewett,* Alessia Ranciaro, Simon Thompson, ON OUR WEBSITE darker pigmentation. We Yancy Lo, Susanne P. Pfeifer, Jeffrey D. Jensen, Michael C. Campbell, William Beggs, Read the full article also show that genetic Farhad Hormozdiari, Sununguko Wata Mpoloka, Gaonyadiwe George Mokone, at http://dx.doi. knockouts of MFSD12 or- Thomas Nyambo, Dawit Wolde Meskel, Gurja Belay, Jake Haut, NISC Comparative org/10.1126/ thologs affect pigmenta- Sequencing Program, Harriet Rothschild, Leonard Zon, Yi Zhou, Michael A. Kovacs, science.aan8433 tioninbothzebrafish .................................................. Mai Xu, Tongwu Zhang, Kevin Bishop, Jason Sinclair, Cecilia Rivas, Eugene Elliot, and mice. Jiyeon Choi, Shengchao A. Li, Belynda Hicks, Shawn Burgess, Christian Abnet, A third highly associated region encompasses Dawn E. Watkins-Chow, Elena Oceana, Yun S. Song, Eleazar Eskin, Kevin M. Brown, a cluster of genes that play a role in ultraviolet Downloaded from Michael S. Marks,† Stacie K. Loftus,† William J. Pavan,† Meredith Yeager,† (UV) response and DNA damage repair.
    [Show full text]
  • Significance of Skin Color in Asian American Communities
    The Significance of Skin Color in Asian and Asian-American Communities: Initial Reflections Trina Jones* Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1105 I. Skin Color and African Americans ....................................................................... 1109 II. Skin Color in Asian and Asian-American Communities ................................... 1113 A. Skin Color and Class .................................................................................. 1114 B. Skin Color, Gender, and Beauty ............................................................... 1116 C. Skin Color and National Origin ............................................................... 1119 Observations and Conclusions ................................................................................... 1120 INTRODUCTION Emerging from the Hanoi airport in the summer of 2001, I was instantly enthralled. I knew I had entered a place that was vastly different from my home country and I was almost immediately in love. The drive from the airport to my hotel was fascinating and harrowing as cows, pedestrians, and seemingly thousands of bicycles, cars, and motorbikes all competed for the same small space on a two-lane “highway” that lacked any discernible (at least to my Western eyes) rules of the road. I was mesmerized by what was happening on the street as well as by the workers I saw toiling in conical non la, or traditional Vietnamese hats,1 in adjacent rice fields. Hanoi was blisteringly hot and almost as humid as a steam room at a luxury spa. I could feel the sweat dripping down my back as my body struggled to cool itself. Perhaps it was the heat that caused me to notice that many of the field workers had covered not just their legs and arms with clothing, but that many, * Professor of Law, Duke University School of Law. I would like to thank Michelle Huang for her excellent research assistance and for her willingness to share her personal stories and insights.
    [Show full text]
  • Ending the HIV Epidemic 2021 COVID-19 Medical Mistrust in the Meantime Spring 2021 Contents Wants to Be Your 4 6 10 12 ITMT Ending the Rising Above Dr
    Spring 2021 Ending the HIV Epidemic 2021 COVID-19 Medical Mistrust In The Meantime Spring 2021 Contents Wants to Be Your 4 6 10 12 ITMT Ending the Rising Above Dr. LaShonda Personal Tester Responds HIV Epidemic Spencer 18 24 28 30 A History of A Profile We Will Collective Wisdom Mistreatment in Courage Always Thrive of the Village 4 6 12 18 Message is published quarterly by In The IN THE MEANTIME Meantime Men’s Group, Inc., 2146 W. EDITOR BOARD Adams Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90018- AND OF 2039. Mailing address: Box 29861, Los Angeles, CA 90029-0861, 323-733- PUBLISHER DIRECTORS 4868, [email protected], www.inthemeantimemen.org, Jeffrey C. King Joel Byrd, M.D. Facebook @ inthemeantimemen Gary Houston ART Get Te st ed © 2021 In The Meantime Men’s Group, Inc. Stewart Jones All rights reserved. DIRECTOR Jeffrey C. King The slogan “Creating Unity and Affirming Alan Bell Earl Wooten Instant HIV Test Results Available in 1 Minute Our Common Bond” is a trademark of In The Meantime Men’s Group, Inc. Views and opinions expressed in this publication are PHOTOGRAPHY ON not necessarily those of ITMT. Publication of the name or photograph of a person Alan Bell THE 818-441-1216 or 323-733-4868 does not indicate the sexual orientation COVER or HIV status of the person or necessarily Jeff Gritchen constitute an endorsement of ITMT or Dr. LaShonda Spencer In The Meantime Wellness its policies. Message is designed for 2146 W. Adams Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90018 educational purposes only and is not engaged in rendering medical advice or InTheMeantimeMen.org professional services.
    [Show full text]