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Proceedings of the Global Conference on Ergot of Sorghum University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln International Sorghum and Millet Collaborative INTSORMIL Impacts and Bulletins Research Support Program (INTSORMIL CRSP) 6-8-1997 Proceedings of The Global Conference on Ergot of Sorghum Carlos R. Casela Jeffery A. Dahlberg Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/intsormilimpacts Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, and the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the International Sorghum and Millet Collaborative Research Support Program (INTSORMIL CRSP) at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in INTSORMIL Impacts and Bulletins by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Global Conference on frgot of Sorghum ~............... The conference sponsors, EMBRAPA and INTSORMIL, gratefully acknowledge the contributions made to this conference by the following organizations. American Seed Trade Association ICRISAT National Grain Sorghum Producers Novartis Seeds, Inc. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Texas A&M University Texas Seed Trade Association USDA Members of the Organizing Committee Robert Schaffert, Chair, EMBRAPA, Sete Lagoas, Brazil Gisela de Avellar, EMBRAPA, Sete Lagoas, Brazil Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India Tania M.A. Barbosa, EMBRAPA, Sete Lagoas, Brazil Carlos R. Casela, EMBRAPA, Sete Lagoas, Brazil Alexandre S. Ferreira, EMBRAPA, Sete Lagoas, Brazil Richard Frederiksen, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Nicesio F.J.A. Pinto, EMBRAPA, Sete Lagoas, Brazil Soraya M. Santana, EMBRAPA, Sete Lagoas, Brazil Arnaldo F. da Silva, EMBRAPA, Sete Lagoas, Brazil J. Heltor Vasconcellos, EMBRAPA, Sete Lagoas, Brazil Geraldo Vilela, EMBRAPA, Sete Lagoas, Brazil John Yohe, INTSORMIL, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE Proceedings of The Global Conference on Ergot of Sorghum June 1-8, 1997 EMBRAPA, Sete Lagoas, Brazil Sponsored by Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Brazil (EMBRAPA) and International SorghumlMillet Collaborative Research Support Program (INTSORMIL) This publication made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International, Development under the terms of Grant No. LAG-G-00-96-90009-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views ofthe U.S. Agency for International Development. Edit by Carlos R. Casela and Jeffery A. Dahlberg January 1999 Publication No. 99-1 Foreword Why Ergot, Why Brazil and Why Now In June 1996, several ofus had the opportunity to see sorghum ergot in Brazil and the damage that the disease can do. We saw severe damage in seed production plots and witnessed the pain that seed producers had to go through to deal with this new problem. There was a wide spread scare in the sorghum community in the Americas because ofthe infamous reputation ofthe disease in causing damage in seedprodu~ tionfields. As a silver lining, we also observedfirst hand, the excellent research pro­ gram that the Brazilians had in place. It became apparent that all ofthe sorghum re­ searchers, seed producers and regulators of plant pathogens worldwide needed to come together to study and review this disease. There could be no better venuefor such a Global Conference than Sete Lagoas, Brazil. Hence this meeting was proposed and with the support and assistance of the Director of Sorghum and Maize Research (CNPMS) ofEMBRAPA, this meeting has been arranged. At the time the meeting was proposed, the disease was known only in a few countries but it has spread today to in­ clude much ofthe Americas and Australia. Obviously, we can no longer avoid the dis­ ease, we can only learn to live with it and manage it infuture growing seasons. It has been my pleasure to work with the research leaders on ergot at EMBRAPA in develop­ ing this conference, to receive cooperation from many ofthe global leaders on ergot to bring their knowledge to the conference and financial support from the American Seed Trade Association, as well as the support and encouragementfrom Texas A & M University and INTSORMIL in recognizing the importance of our collaboration on combating sorghum ergot. In this conference, we will learn from the experiences ofcountries where ergot had existedfor a long time while examining the ergot situation in newly invaded countries. We have several dedicated papers dealing with the biology ofthe pathogen, the epide­ miology of the disease, and disease management strategies. We will also chart the movement ofthe disease andplot ideas on how to collaboratively work to lessen the im pact ofsorghum ergot in the Americas. Richard A. Frederiksen Professor, Plant Pathology Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843--2132 iii Contents Foreword - Richard Frederiksen .................................................. iii Session I - Sorghum Ergot Around the World Session President - John Yohe (INTSORMIL) Sorghum Ergot: An Overview - P.G. Mantle ......................................... 3 Geographic Distribution and Spread of Sorghum Ergot: Causes and Implications - R Bandyopadhyay . 10 Session II - Ergot Scenario in Brazil Session President - E. M. Reis (UFPF) Sugary Disease of Sorghum in Brazil: An Overview - R. Casela, A.S. Ferreira and N.FJ.A. Pinto .......................................... 23 Strategies for the Control of Ergot in Sorghum Seed Production in Brazil - P.M. Ribas ................................................ 26 Session III - Country Reports Session President - G. Odvody Texas A&M University Opening Remarks-G. Odvody ................................................... 35 Experiences with Ergot in Sorghum in Southern Mrica - D.C. Nowel and N.W. McLaren ................................................... 36 Sorghum Ergot in India - C.S. Sangitrao, S. Indira and R. Bandyopadhyay ...................................... 41 The Ergot Disease of Sorghum in Africa - S.Z. Mukuru .............................. 55 Current and Future Research on Sorghum Ergot in Australia - M. Ryley, B. Blaney, and H. Meinke ..................................... 59 Sorghum Ergot in the United States - Public Sector Response - G.N. Odvody and T. Isakeit ....................................................... 68 v United States Private Sector Response - W.E. Dolezal ................................ 76 Sorghum Ergot in Argentina - L.M. Giorda, M.l Martinez, M. Nassetta, and S. Palacios ...................................................... 79 Incidence of Ergot in Honduras - l Moran and F. Gomez ............................. 84 Ergot, Honeydew or Sugary Disease of Sorghum in Venezuela - G. Malaguti and N. Pons ........................................... 88 Cereal Ergots in Uraguay - M.S. Pifieiro ........................................... 97 Sorghum Ergot in Mexico - lH. Torres-Montalvo, and N. Montes-Garcia ............................................................. 101 Session IV - Ergot Biology Session President - R. A. Frederiksen,Texas A&M University DNA Comparisons and Alkaloid Toxicity of the Ergot Fungi: A Contribution to Ergot Phylogeny - S. Pai'outova .................................. III Host x Pathogen x Environment Interaction in Sorghum Ergot Disease - N. W. McLaren ................................................. 122 The Lifecycle, Spread and Survival of the Sorhum Ergot Pathogens - D.E. Frederickson ...................................... 135 Putative Control of Ergot Disease Epidemics in Hybrid Sorghum Production through the Inhibition of Secondary Sporulation by Claviceps africana - H.A.G. Hassan, P.G. Mantle and N.W. McLaren ................ 141 Session V - Ergot Management Strategies Session President - Ranajit Bandyopadbyay (ICRISAT) Host Plant Resistance: Sorghum Ergot - J.A. Dahlberg .............................. 149 Chemical Control of Sugary Disease of Sorghum (C/aviceps africana) - N.FJ. del Almeida Pinto, A. da Silva Ferreira, and C.R. Casela ......................... 158 Integrated Management of Sugary Disease of Sorghum - Practical Aspects - E.M. Reis and M.M. Casa Blum ................................. 161 vi Session VI - International Collaboration in Ergot Research - Global Network Session President - R.E. Schaffert (EMBRAPAlCNPMS) Role ofICRISAT in Sorghum Ergot Research - R. Bandyopadhyay .................... 169 The Role of the International Sorghum and Millet Collaborative Research Program on Management of Claviceps africana in Sorghum - R.A. Frederiksen and lM. Yohe ....................................... 178 The Role of USDA in Research on Sorghum Ergot - lA. Dahlberg ..................... 180 Sorghum Ergot in Australia - M. Ryley and Bob Henzell ............................. 182 Global Conference on Ergot of Sorghum - Recommendations Report ....................................................... 191 Conference Participants ......................................................... 195 vii Session I - Sorghum Ergot Around the World Session President - John M. Yohe 1 Sorghum Ergot: an Overview Peter G. Mantle Ergot disease of sorghum appears to be disease was, and still remains, uncertain. a 20th century phenomenon, formally Indeed, in Africa the generally cryptic na­ recognized to the extent that some of the ture ofthe pathogen and its disease on sor­ first samples, from Burma (1927), Kenya ghum, not producing prominent sclerotia (1924), and Uganda (1926) were depos­ as does Claviceps purpurea, even failed ited in the herbarium of the former Corn­ to
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