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Sorghum Downy Mildew of Maize – a Review

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Sorghum Downy Mildew of Maize – a Review Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 1472-1488 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 08 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.168 Sorghum Downy Mildew of Maize – A Review S. Arulselvi1*, B. Selvi2 and M. Pandiyan1 1Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Eachangkottai, Thanjavur – 614 902, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Millets, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Corn ranks one of the four principal crops of the world. It has greater adaptability and is K e yw or ds grown throughout the world, over a range of climatic conditions. Maize breeding Sorghum downy, programmes generally focus on yield improvement. However, several diseases are Mildew, Maize responsible for major economic losses in maize. Sorghum downy mildew is one of the most serious diseases in maize producing areas throughout the world. Although effective Article Info chemical measures are available, breeding resistant cultivars is more cost effective and Accepted: environmentally safe alternative for controlling sorghum downy mildew. Effective 10 July 2018 breeding methods for producing sorghum downy mildew resistant inbreds and hybrids Available Online: would depend primarily on the mode of inheritance of resistance or susceptibility to the 10 August 2018 disease. Introduction The average area under this crop of the world is 177.37 m ha with a world average Maize or corn (Zea mays L.) is an important production and productivity is around 872.06 cereal crop of the world after wheat and rice. million tonnes and 4.9 tonnes per hectare It is an annual, herbaceous, monoecious and respectively (FAO, 2012). After the discovery protandrous plant (Dhillon, 1998). of America by Europeans in Columbus‟ time its cultivation spread rapidly to all suitable It probably originated in Mexico and evolved parts of the world. The important maize from teosinte (Zea mexicana) (de Wet and growing countries are the USA, China, Brazil, Harlan, 1972). Being a C4 plant, it is Mexico, India, Philippines, South Africa and physiologically more efficient and has higher Indonesia. Maize is a relatively new crop to grain yield and wider adaptation over a range Asia, compared with other important cereals. of environmental conditions (Dowswell et al., This crop was introduced in the sixteenth 1996). Maize has a wider range of uses than century by European traders to Asia as an any other cereals as animal feed, human food ornamental garden plant and did not become and for hundreds of industrial purposes agriculturally important until 200 or 300 years (Dhillon, 1998). later (Moore and Renfro, 1971). 1472 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 1472-1488 In India, maize is grown in an area of 9.43 infected plants, deep ploughing and adjusting million hectares and the annual production is time of planting and by systemic fungicide, about 24.35 million tonnes with a productivity Metalaxyl either through seed treatment of 2.58 tonnes per hectare (Agricultural (Odvody and Frederiksen, 1984a) or foliar Statistics at a Glance, 2014). In Tamil Nadu, application (Odvody and Frederiksen, 1984b), maize occupies 3.21 lakh hectares with an their effectiveness on disease incidence is average production and productivity of 2.64 variable and in most cases, offer incomplete lakh tonnes and 8224 kg per hectare control. Moreover the economic costs of respectively (Department of EconoFmics and chemical control in maize production have Statistics, Chennai, 2014). It is expected to been a barrier. Considering the cost of increase in future to meet the growing chemicals and the emergence of chemical demands of poultry and other animals feed resistance in the downy mildew pathogens industry, industrial utilization and human (Raymundo, 2000) use of host plant resistance consumption. The demand for maize is seems to be the most effective, economical increasing every year. According to recent and environmentally safe way of controlling study (The Hindu Survey of Indian SDM disease in maize (Rathore and Jain, Agriculture, 2000), in 2015 the domestic 2000). The genetic information relating to host demand for maize will be about 12 million resistance is vital for making breeding tonnes and in 2030 it will be 13.5 million decisions. tonnes and for Tamil Nadu state it is about ten to twelve lakh tonnes. The commercial Downy mildew pathogens of maize exploitation of single cross hybrids in maize, initially suggested by Shull (1909), is Among the various maize diseases, downy emerging again because of their uniformity in mildews are considered to be the major plant ear characters than other types of hybrids diseases. In origin, the downy mildews are and high yield potential. Frey (1971) reported “old world” diseases that now are very that yield increases in the USA after 1957 damaging and prevalent on the “new world were mainly due to the wide cultivation of crop” – maize (Shaw, 1975). None of the single cross hybrids. Due to yield advantage, downy mildew diseases originated on maize hybrids dominate in maize cultivation over (Shaw, 1975) but they possessed the ability to varieties. Hence, high yielding single cross attack maize when maize was introduced from hybrids are the need to meet the growing the new world to old world. Heavy losses (as demand. To meet this demand it is necessary high as 100 per cent) in maize due to downy to increase the productivity of maize. One of mildew pathogens have been recorded in the major factors limiting productivity in Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, maize is the increasing incidence of pest and India, West Africa, Venezuela, Japan, diseases. Of these, sorghum downy mildew Australia, Europe, North America and other (SDM) caused by Peronosclerospora sorghi parts of the world (Bonde, 1982 and Rifin, (Weston and Uppal) C.G. Shaw is the most 1983). Twenty one species of downy mildew prevalent downy mildew in the tropical and pathogens have been reported to attack the subtropical areas of the world (Frederiksen et graminae family (Shaw, 1975). Of these, ten al., 1969; Pupipat, 1975; Frederiksen and species of fungi belong to three genera (seven Renfro, 1977 and Williams, 1984). species of Peronosclerospora, one species of Sclerospora and two species of Though the disease can be controlled by Sclerophthora) have been reported to cause cultural practices such as eradication of different types of downy mildews in maize 1473 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 1472-1488 (Frederiksen and Renfro, 1977; Siradhana et Subsequently, Kulkarni (1913) in India al., 1980 and Rathore et al., 2002). The details observed that, in the asexual phase, are given in Table 1. germination was direct by means of a germ tube from conidia (rather than through Downy mildews such as Sorghum downy zoospores from sporangia) and primarily on mildew, Philippine downy mildew, Sugar cane the basis he recommended designation of downy mildew, Brown stripe downy mildew varietal rank as Sclerospora graminicola var and more recently identified Rajasthan downy Andropogonis-sorghi. Weston and Uppal mildew were reported from different agro- (1932) described this fungus in English and ecological regions in India (Payak, 1975a; further investigation of morphology and host Siradhana et al., 1980). Sorghum Downy range he named it as Sclerospora sorghi in Mildew (SDM) is particularly prevalent in the 1932. In 1978 C.G. Shaw proposed the new Peninsular India, in the states of Karnataka, genus Peronosclerospora as subgenus of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh reportedly Sclerospora based on conidial germination (by causing yield losses of 30 per cent and higher a germ tube) and he transferred genus name (Payak, 1975a, 1975b and Krishnappa et al., from Sclerospora in to Peronosclerospora that 1995). SDM became an internationally produce conidia which germinate directly by a important disease of maize during the years of germ tube (Shaw, 1978). From 1978 this SDM rapid expansion of the use of sorghum for pathogen has been named as grain and forage (Sabry et al., 2006; Lukman Peronosclerospora sorghi [(Weston and et al., 2013; Muis et al., 2015). Uppal) C.G. Shaw]. It infects both maize and sorghum in warm Symptoms of sorghum downy mildew on and humid areas of the world (Frederiksen, maize 1980). The pathogen infects the roots primarily by oospores and the leaves by Systemic infection in maize seedlings is conidia and reaches the meristem causing characterized by chlorosis which normally systemic infection. Systemically infected appears two weeks after sowing (Safeeulla, plants do not produce cobs. If at all produce 1974). The leaves of infected plants tend to be cobs they have only a few seeds and it causes narrower and more erect than those of healthy severe yield loss in maize. It is an obligate plants. Plants infected early usually die parasite (Cardwell et al., 1997) that cannot be approximately four weeks after infection cultured in the laboratory. The disease occurs (Ajala et al., 2003). In late infected plants, the in both maize and sorghum in warm and chlorosis may be more noticeable on the lower humid areas of the world (Sabry et al., 2006). half of the leaf which is often called half-leaf symptom. This chlorosis gradually covers the Taxonomy of P. sorghi entire leaf surface at later stage (Safeeulla, 1974). Under warm humid conditions, a white SDM has two crop hosts, sorghum and maize. downy growth is produced on the lower leaf It is a member of subdivision surface some times on both surfaces also. This Mastigomycotina, class Oomycetes, order growth is a combination of conidia and Peronosporales and family Peronosporaceae. conidiophores (Jeger et al., 1998). In maize, The widely prevalent SDM was first reported leaf shredding is rare but it is common in by Butler (1907) in Tamil Nadu and sorghum (Jeger et al., 1998).
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