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THE CHUNNEL Marsha Yoder THE CHUNNEL Marsha Yoder This unit will illustrate the physical, economic, and cultural effects of the Chunnel (channel tunnel) on Western Europe. Grade: 7 Time: 2 weeks CONNECTION TO Topics: Location - crossroads, nationalism, physical CHALLENGES AND diversity, European Community, history CHOICES Geographic themes: location, place, movement, human-environment interaction STUDENT The learner will: PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ¥ Explain how the English Channel affects cultural, economic, and political activities of the United Kingdom and other European nations. ¥ Explain how people of the world are linked by transportation and technology. ¥ See the Chunnel as an example of human activity which affects the environment. ¥ Use maps, globes, charts, graphs, and other tools of geography to gather and interpret data and to draw conclusions about physical and human patterns. ¥ Recognize the relationships within a place, both human relationships and people interacting with their environment. ¥ Use a variety of decision-making and critical- thinking models to analyze, evaluate, and propose solutions to real-life geographic problems. ¥ Identify the changes and diffusion of population, ideas, and other phenomena on the earth. 1 The Chunnel Geography Academy: EUROPE ¥ Apply the concepts of location, place, human- environment interaction, movement, and region. ACCOUNTABILITY While performing individual and group tasks COMMISSION students will: STANDARDS ¥ Locate data and determine the main idea or essential message ¥ Make valid inferences from new or incomplete information ¥ Use imagination ¥ Organize and intellectually process symbols, pictures, and information in a way which permits the mind to generate through the senses the reality of what is being represented ¥ Contribute ideas and make suggestions to a group effort to solve a problem or complete an activity in support of attainment of a goal ¥ Justify positions logically while taking meaningful viewpoints of others into consideration CORRELATION TO History, political science, economics, mathematics, OTHER SOCIAL science, art SCIENCES/ DISCIPLINES TEACHING Sequencing, creative thinking, problem solving, STRATEGIES teacher directed instruction, cooperative learning TEACHER Vocabulary BACKGROUND INFORMATION chalk marl - sedimentary rock that makes up the lower portion of the chalk; soft, but stable and impervious to water, almost the perfect tunneling material 2 The Chunnel Geography Academy: EUROPE channel - a strait or a narrow sea between two large areas of land that are close together Chunnel - the Channel Tunnel, an undersea tunnel linking southeastern England and northwestern France diffusion - the spreading of ideas, products, or cultural traits from one society to another ethnocentrism - regarding one's own culture as being correct and of supreme importance European Community (EC) - an organization comprised of 12 Western European countries whose purpose is to make trade easier among them gale - a strong wind; storm insularity - of, inhabiting, situated on, forming, characteristic of, an island interdependence - mutual dependence of one country on another movement - flow of people, goods, and ideas rocks, types of: igneous - rocks formed when melted rock cooled and hardened sedimentary - rocks formed in layers from bits of older rocks and parts of animals or plants; these collect in low areas or under water and harden into rocks metamorphic - rocks formed when either sedimentary or igneous rocks were put under pressure and heat deep in the Earth's crust ro-ro cars - "roll-on, roll-off"; railroad cars designed to carry motor vehicles TBM - tunnel boring machine 3 The Chunnel Geography Academy: EUROPE TGV - France's high speed trains, Train a Grande Vitesse The Channel The English Channel: a narrow sea separating England and France and tapering eastward to its junction with the North Sea at the Strait of Dover (French - Pas de Calais); the smallest of the shallow seas covering the continental shelf of Europe Earlier names: Oceanus Britannicus British Sea La Manche (French) Area: 34,700 square miles (89,900 square kilometers) Length: 350 sea miles (650 km) Width: 21 miles (35 km) to 112 miles (180 km) Depth: 150 to 400 feet (45-120 meters) Greatest Depth (Hurd Deep): 565 feet (172 m) Sea floor: dips fairly steeply near the coasts but is generally flat and shallow, especially in relation to nearby land elevations Western Channel (200-400 feet deep): relatively flat, fairly uniform rock types, mostly limestone; harder igneous rocks cause shoals to emerge (e.g., Scilly Isles, Channel Islands) Central Channel (150-200 feet deep): depths are fairly uniform over chalk outcrops, but alternations of clays and limestone give rise to terrain with depths reaching almost twice the average Eastern Channel (6-150 feet deep): smoother floor, simpler geology with elongated banks (e.g., the Varne and the Ridge) greatly constricting shipping lanes 4 The Chunnel Geography Academy: EUROPE **The length of geological time is hard to grasp. If the oldest rocks on Earth are thought of as having been created 12 hours ago, then the Channel is less than 1 1/2 seconds old! Tides: Generally strong, especially the Strait of Dover; the central portion experiences daily double, or prolonged, tides. There is an overall water flow through the Channel to the North Sea, complete replacement taking about 500 days. Water temperatures: Surface: 45û F (7û C) in February to 61û F (16û C) in September (shallow coastal waters are warmer in summer) Bottom-water: may fall to 41û F (5û C) in the west The Channel coastline gets more sunshine than the inland areas of England. Fog is by far the worst hazard of the Channel. Fog, which occurs most frequently in the winter, is usually due to anticyclonic conditions, when warm air flows in over the cold surface of the sea. Channel gales may also be dangerous to sea-going vessels. Economic Activity: Ð Fishing (warm & cold-water plankton, cod, herring, whiting, hake, pilchard, mullet) *Fishing has declined due to pollution. Ð Tourism (good climate, sandy beaches, fashionable resorts) Ð Declining Naval ports Ð Container and oil-refining facilities Ð Nuclear-powered generating stations If you got on a barge at Dunkirk, France, on the English Channel, you could travel all the way to the port of Marseilles on the Mediterranean Sea. The Chunnel Before the 1990's are over, it should be possible to have breakfast in London, lunch in Paris, and dinner in Barcelona without ever having to hop a plane! 5 The Chunnel Geography Academy: EUROPE Chunnel: a tunnel dug below the English Channel connecting Folkestone, England to Calais, France Length: 31 miles (23 miles under the sea, 8 under land) Depth: 131 feet below the Channel floor Three-tube construction: two tubes 24 feet in diameter to carry trains in each direction and one service tunnel to provide ventilation and access for personnel. Passenger trains and special shuttle trains for transparting vehicles and their passengers will run through the twin tunnels. The biggest civil- engineering project of the 20th century. TGV's will run every 10 minutes at a speed of about 75-80 miles per hour. Electric multipurpose vehicles built by Mercedes Benz will run in the service tunnel. Tunnel Investors: French investors outnumber British 4 to 1. The tunnel is being financed by more than 200 banks at a cost of $5 million a day. Investors include: the Bank of China, Citibank, the Bank of Nova Scotia, the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, and the Bank of Tokyo. The Eurotunnel company building the Chunnel offers investors two free shuttle trips a year for 55 years if they purchased $6,000 worth of shares. Geology: The chalk marl make-up of the channel is perfect for digging the tunnel. Building the tunnel: Mammoth drill units called tunnel-boring machines (TBMs), weighing as much as 1,300 tons and boasting rotary blades up to 28 feet across, can gnaw 15 feet of earth an hour. The cutter- heads feature replaceable ceramic Òteeth.Ó To keep the tunnel bore on line and level the TBM (tunnel boring machine) follows a laser probe. The pieces of cut chalk fall to the ground as the hydraulic-driven cutter head turns. They are then scooped up in buckets behind the head. These buckets dump the 6 The Chunnel Geography Academy: EUROPE chalk into conveyors that carry the waste to small boxcars on rails. Behind the head is an erector system with hydraulic jacks to place reinforced concrete segments about 23 inches thick along the walls of the tunnel. Due to slight variations in their chalk formations, the French will line their side entirely with cast-iron plates. (The French machine was built by Robbins Engineering of Seattle, Washington. They had two machines named ÒBrigitteÓ and ÒVirginia.Ó) The French and British construction teams dug simultaneously. Tunnel Benefits: Ð 60,000 jobs during 6-year construction period Ð Increase in cross-channel trade will lead to tourism and other business ties Ð One-stop clearance for customs and immigration formalities Ð Improvement in the road and rail networks of England, France, and Belgium Tunnel Problems: Ð Soaring costs (from estimate of 3.6 billion to more recently $17 billion) Ð British government refused to fund (to be paid by private investors not taxpayers) Ð Stock market shares decline in value Ð Noise (County of Kent will be traversed by 400 trains per day!) Ð Environmental damage to picturesque countryside Ð Traffic Ð Loss of jobs to businesses related to ferries Ð Worker fatalities (10 workers have died in connection
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