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Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation 16 APPLICATION OF VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION & LABVIEW IN COMMUNICATION SYSYTEMS A PROJECT REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING by SOUMYA RANJAN PANDA (10307007) AVINASH MOHANTY (10307028) Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering National Institute Of Technology, Rourkela Pin-769008, Orissa, INDIA 2006 – 2007 APPLICATION OF VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION & LLABVIEWABVIEW IN COMMUNICATION SYSYTEMS A PROJECT REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING by SOUMYA RANJAN PANDA (10307007) AVINASH MOHANTY (10307028) Under the guidance of Dr.S.K.PATRA Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering National Institute Of Technology, Rourkela Pin-769008, Orissa, INDIA 2006 – 2007 National Institute of Technology Rourkela CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Application of virtual instrumentation & labview in communication systems” submitted by Sri Soumya Ranjan Panda and Sri Avinash Mohanty in partial fulfillments for the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering at National Institute of Technology, Rourkela (Deemed University) is an authentic work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to any other University / Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma. Date: Prof. S. K. PATRA Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engg National Institute of Technology Rourkela - 769008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We place on record and warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement, invaluable supervision, timely suggestions and inspired guidance offered by our guide Prof. S.K.Patra, Professor, Department of Electronics and instrumentation Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, in bringing this report to a successful completion. We are grateful to Prof. G.Panda , Head of the Department of Electronics and instrumentation Engineering, for permitting us to make use of the facilities available in the department to carry out the project successfully. Last but not the least we express our sincere thanks to all of our friends who have patiently extended all sorts of help for accomplishing this undertaking. Finally we extend our gratefulness to one and all who are directly or indirectly involved in the successful completion of this project work. Soumya Ranjan Panda(10307007) Avinash Mohanty(10307028) CONTENTS Page No Abstract ii Chapter 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1-7 1.1 Virtual Instruments 2 1.2 Dataflow Programming 3 1.3 Graphical Programming 4 1.4 Benefits & criticism 4 Chapter2 BASICS OF COMMUNICATION 8-14 2.1 Frequency translation 9 2.2 Multiple frequency translation 11 2.3 Sampling theorem (nyquist criterion) 13 AMPLITUDE MODULATION Chapter3 15-24 3.1 Amplitude modulation and demodulation 16 3.2 Multiple Amplitude modulation 19 3.3 DSB-SC generation 21 3.4 SSB Amplitude Modulation 23 Chapter 5 PULSE MODULATION 25-31 4.1 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 26 4.2 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) 28 4.3 Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) 30 Chapter 6 ADVANCE COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES 32-39 5.1 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 33 5.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 36 5.3 Amplitude Shift Key (ASK) 38 REFERENCES 40 i ABSTRACT Introduction: Virtual instrumentation: Virtual Instrumentation is the use of customizable software and modular measurement hardware to create user-defined measurement systems, called virtual instruments. The concept of a synthetic instrument is a subset of the virtual instrument concept. A synthetic instrument is a kind of virtual instrument that is purely software defined. A synthetic instrument performs a specific synthesis, analysis, or measurement function on completely generic, measurement agnostic hardware. Virtual instruments can still have measurement specific hardware, and tend to emphasize modular hardware approaches that facilitate this specificity. Hardware supporting synthetic instruments is by definition not specific to the measurement, nor is it necessarily (or usually) modular. Leveraging commercially available technologies, such as the PC and the analog to digital converter, virtual instrumentation has grown significantly since its inception in the late 1970s. Additionally, software packages like National Instruments' Lab VIEW and other graphical programming languages helped grow adoption by making it easier for non-programmers to develop systems. Lab VIEW: Lab VIEW (short for Lab oratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. Originally released for the Apple Macintosh in 1986, Lab VIEW is commonly used for data acquisition, instrument control, and industrial automation on a variety of platforms including Microsoft Windows, various flavors of UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS.The programming language used in Lab VIEW, is a dataflow language. Execution is determined by the structure of a graphical block diagram. ii Lab VIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. Since this might be the case for multiple nodes simultaneously, it is inherently capable of parallel execution. Furthermore, Lab VIEW does not require type definition of the variables; the wire type is defined by the data-supplying node. Communication systems: Starting from the easiest of the communication techniques and systems we move towards the most complicated and explore the use of virtual instrumentation and lab VIEW and its scope in creating a close simulation of these systems. The techniques covered begin from normal frequency translation to amplitude modulation leading to pulse modulation and finally culminates in the simulation of tougher topics like that of time and frequency division multiplexing and amplitude shift keying. Experimental work Lab VIEW ties the creation of user interfaces (called front panels) into the development cycle. Lab VIEW programs/subroutines are called virtual instruments (VIs). Each VI has three components: Block diagram Connector pane Front panel However, the front panel can also serve as a programmatic interface. This implies each VI can be easily tested before being embedded as a subroutine into a larger program The graphical approach also allows non-programmers to build programs by simply dragging and dropping virtual representations of the lab equipment with which they are already familiar. The Lab VIEW programming environment, with the included examples and the documentation, makes it simpler to create small applications. This is a benefit on one side but there is also a certain danger of underestimating the expertise needed for good quality programming. iii Chapter 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LAB VIEW AND VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION 1 Virtual instrumentation Virtual Instrumentation is the use of customizable software and modular measurement hardware to create user-defined measurement systems, called virtual instruments. 'Traditional' or 'natural' instrumentation systems are made up of pre-defined hardware components, such as digital multimeters and oscilloscopes that are completely specific to their stimulus, analysis, or measurement function. Because of their hard-coded function, these systems are more limited in their versatility than virtual instrumentation systems. The primary difference between 'natural' instrumentation and virtual instrumentation is the software component of a virtual instrument. The software enables complex and expensive equipment to be replaced by simpler and less expensive hardware; e.g. analog to digital converter can act as a hardware complement of a virtual oscilloscope, a potentiostat enables frequency response acquisition and analysis in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with virtual instrumentation. The concept of a synthetic instrument is a subset of the virtual instrument concept. A synthetic instrument is a kind of virtual instrument that is purely software defined. A synthetic instrument performs a specific synthesis, analysis, or measurement function on completely generic, measurement agnostic hardware. Virtual instruments can still have measurement specific hardware, and tend to emphasize modular hardware approaches that facilitate this specificity. Hardware supporting synthetic instruments is by definition not specific to the measurement, nor is it necessarily (or usually) modular. Leveraging commercially available technologies, such as the PC and the analog to digital converter, virtual instrumentation has grown significantly since its inception in the late 1970s. Additionally, software packages like National Instruments' LabVIEW and other graphical programming languages helped grow adoption by making it easier for non-programmers to develop systems. 2 Lab VIEW (acronym for Lab oratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. The graphical language is named "G". Originally released for the Apple Macintosh in 1986, LabVIEW is commonly used for data acquisition, instrument control, and industrial automation on a variety of platforms including Microsoft Windows, various flavors of UNIX, Linux, and Mac
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