DOCSLIB.ORG

A Sociotechnical History of the Telegraph and the Modern Ottoman

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Sociotechnical History of the Telegraph and the Modern Ottoman UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Wired Ottomans: A Sociotechnical History of the Telegraph and the Modern Ottoman Empire, 1855-1911 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Pauline Lucy Lewis 2018 © Copyright by Pauline Lucy Lewis 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Wired Ottomans: A Sociotechnical History of the Telegraph and the Modern Ottoman Empire, 1855-1911 by Pauline Lucy Lewis Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor James L. Gelvin, Chair This dissertation explores the connection between telegraphy and the emergence of new institutions, practices, and imaginaries in the modern Ottoman Empire. First established during the Crimean War (1853-1856), the Ottoman telegraph system grew into a complex network of human and non-human actors that shaped both the material and imaginative landscape of the empire. Emphasizing the co-constructive relationship between telegraphic infrastructure and Ottoman society, this study examines how the telegraph was a mode for specific practices and discourses that were unique to modernity as it emerged in the empire, specifically the development of territorial sovereignty; the rising ethos of technocratic authority; the ii interdependence of the Ottoman state with foreign companies; and new conceptions of time and space among Ottoman citizens. This study also positions the history of the Ottoman telegraph network within the broader story of global telegraphy. Drawing on sources from the Ottoman state, Arabic and Turkish literature, British telegraph companies, and the International Telegraph Union, it reveals how telegraphy both supported and strained the process of Ottoman state-building in an increasingly connected world. First, this study shows how the development and operation of telegraphic infrastructure contributed to practices and discourses associated with modern governance, specifically territorial sovereignty and technocratic authority. The building and managing of an expansive, grounded, and technical network required the Ottoman state to perform new functions, such as defending remote territory and maintaining a corps of telegraphers who were knowledgeable in the “universal” science of telegraphy. Second, this study demonstrates how the network acted as a site for the empire’s participation in the globalization of the late nineteenth century, which was marked by the transnational reach of British capital and the new epistemic framework offered by electrical communication. From the Ottoman state’s partnership with British companies to manage its submarine cables, to the emergence of new temporal and spatial concepts that could only exist in a telegraphic episteme, the network connected the empire to a world governed by European technical norms and electrical speed. The study concludes with a brief discussion on the role of the telegraph network in the Armenian Genocide, exploring how the technology’s form and its social practices set particular temporal and spatial parameters for the catastrophe. By offering new possibilities and constraints to the Ottoman state and society, the sociotechnical network of the telegraph undergirded modernity as it emerged in the empire, in its grandest and most brutal forms. iii The dissertation of Pauline Lucy Lewis is approved. Sarah Abrevaya Stein M. Norton Wise John A. Agnew James L. Gelvin, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2018 iv I dedicate this work to my father, Dr. William I. Lewis, who taught me to think critically, live bravely, and find humor in most situations. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract of the Dissertation ........................................................................................................... ii Committee Page ............................................................................................................................. iv Dedication .......................................................................................................................................v List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. vii List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... ix Vita .............................................................................................................................................. xvi Introduction .....................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Disciplining Experts: The Roots of Technocratic Authority .......................................20 Chapter 2: Electrical Boundaries: Telegraphy and Territorial Sovereignty .................................60 Chapter 3: Entangled: The Eastern Telegraph Company and Ottoman Society ..........................98 Chapter 4: Ottoman Telegraphy and New Conceptions of Space and Time ..............................132 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................170 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................................179 vi LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 “Carte Télégraphique de L’Empire Ottoman, 1869” 3.1 Untitled painting from “Sketches on Djedda Cable Repair” by H.W. Ansell 4.1 Illumination from Syriac Orthodox Church in Idil vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Archives in Turkey: Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA) SALT Araştırma (SALT) Atatürk Kitapliği (AK) Archives in Switzerland: International Telecommunication Union Library and Archive (ITU) Archives in the United Kingdom: Telegraph Museum Porthcurno (POR) viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the seven years that I have been working toward my PhD, I have adopted many metaphors to describe my dissertation. Some weeks, it has been a steadily growing sapling; at other times, it has been an unwieldy load that I could neither grasp nor put down. But as I finish this project, I increasingly view my dissertation as a long-anticipated, yet never-guaranteed harvest. It has required hard work, community support, good luck, and a great deal of faith that the years of hidden growth would ultimately bear tangible fruits. Part of this feeling stems from the fact that my plan to write a dissertation nearly combusted as soon as it began. During my first week as a graduate student at UCLA, I was diagnosed with advanced Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Stunned by the news, I nonetheless decided to continue with the program. I brought my readings to the bi-weekly chemo sessions and attempted to think big about my dissertation project, even as I was unable to plan more than a week at a time. When my tumors proved resistant to the initial treatment, I began to have doubts about my decision. Dissertations are long, arduous journeys; they are not for the faint of heart, nor for those with limited time. I was also pursuing a doctorate because I wanted to be a professor, a career that has a long runway before takeoff. As my 5 year survival chances dwindled from 80, to 60, and then to 50 percent, I started to question what I was doing; why was I investing precious time and energy into a project and a career that I might never see the end of? Somehow, I decided to keep at it. Not because I was gripped with some insatiable desire to understand what made the late Ottomans tick, or because I couldn’t think of anything else to do. I persevered simply because I continued to find meaning, and personal growth, in my development as a historian and scholar of the Middle East. My experience as a cancer patient left ix me with a nagging interest in the role of science and technology in shaping the human condition, and the shortage of such scholarship in modern Middle Eastern History gave me a renewed sense of purpose. But the real reason I was able to keep going was because I was surrounded by an incredible community that provided support, guidance, and many helping hands along the way. First I want to thank my advisor, James Gelvin, for his unwavering support, steady guidance, and thoughtful feedback throughout the years. The more I grow as a historian, the more I realize how little I knew when I started the program, and I will be eternally grateful that he took a chance on me and helped me find my voice as a scholar and writer. He has profoundly shaped how I think, write, and teach, and if I have learned anything about the study of history, it is because I was his student. I am also deeply indebted to Sarah Stein, who I was fortunate to gain as a committee member through a twist of fate. Her brilliance as a scholar is matched only by her warmth and dedication to her students, and I am very grateful to have worked with her over the years. M. Norton Wise, a man who embodies his surname, was a welcoming ambassador to the intimidating world of the History of Science, and it is largely because of his encouragement and support that I was able to write a dissertation that dabbled across disciplinary boundaries. I am also fortunate to have worked with John Agnew, whose enthusiasm for thinking critically about the world—and critiquing how we think about it—has helped me to grow immensely as a historian. I couldn’t have
Load more

Recommended publications
  • N0 71 Christmas 1959.Pdf
    Christmas 1959 DCMINICAN :-==---:=..= l.- . -- n -:-..- - '-_-- - - - t-- -_- r I -.-- r -:r:..::_ .-*\.: r';;-_ ----:=_-_ _--_-i . "-- ^:;i:',u ;n,*-foo uL '': ,fJiltsn5 gc'46@r , t;' l/ NO.71 CHRISTMAS 1959 l16 @llt Domrnrr;tn iDITORS : M.. J. HArvoRrn; Mr. R. EMYRJoNEs j ?. S. FtucEEsj R. I{. DAvrEs; N. H. WLLTAMS; I. I-1.EvANs ; P. J. DavrEs; J. W. O,r.rNj W. A. T. REES. CONlENTS '','' l LUX IN TENEBRIS ...... l0 A?POINTMtrNTS ..... IIRE MR Wrr,rr]\MS -12 ..... ...... 2 W.\S T}IIS REAILYONLY A DREAM ? ..... 13 PARI]NTS, ASSOCIATION .,, 5 A DRE{]tT ...... .,TIIEY ...... 13 orD BoYs' AssocrarroN ..... ...... 5 ALSO SERVE,.,,, Er DDYFOD EF ...... ..... ,.... ..... 6 TAIT1I AR HYD Y D{NUBE .,',. l,l 1557 s0uADRoN NorEs 6 " LTYFoDoL cYvRU ''.. ls A.T.C. \VING AI'HLETIC SPORTS ,,,,, 7 CAM-DDYIYNIADAU 16 }.[M SOCIETY .... 7 I']SAPPLIED QUOTATIONS '... 1ri CHESS CLUB 8 CORNEL Y TTEIRDD .... t7 MUSIC SOCIETY '',,', s CANAD^ .... ..... 19 DEBATIIIG ! CTETY ......a CWIRiONEDDAU ..... 2l Y CYMDEITHAS GYMRAEC .... ..... I ..YOUR,E SPoRTS RETORTS ...... .... '- 21 TIItr BICGIST PROBTEI' AVIATION HAS HOITStr RII}ORTS 25 rAcED srNctr cRossrNctHE CHANNET" ... 9 EX]'\IIINATION R'SUTTS ..... ..... 28 the commetrcemert of EDITOR'S NOTDS this iem. We trust it rill r,o i\p \our.upDort. :o fdr rh-:o.iFty has A walm \felcome has been er.tended to Mr. had 2 n rt nB., ,r" Jr l-r:a- and rtc G. E. Janes, s'ho has come lroD brrnre{ail Girls'School. A choir has been foncd. "n. "l School to teach Historv in the Dlace of Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CABLE THAT WIRED the WORLD 41 the CABLE THAT WIRED the WORLD Today We Take Global Attractive Proposition to the Cotton Communications for Granted
    INFORM NETWORK DEVELOP NIGEL LINGE, BILL BURNS THE CABLE THAT WIRED THE WORLD 41 THE CABLE THAT WIRED THE WORLD Today we take global attractive proposition to the cotton communications for granted. NIGEL LINGE, merchants and growers. However, it was an American, Cyrus Field (see Figure 1), who on Whether telephoning someone in BILL BURNS 6 November 1856 established the Atlantic America, sending emails to Telegraph Company and sought to raise Australia or simply browsing the Xxxx xxxx xxxx £350,000 to manufacture and lay a web, we accept that our global telegraph cable between Britain and North America. To appreciate the scale of what telecommunications networks was being proposed, 1,600 nautical miles of will make it all happen. cable would be required to cross the Atlantic Nevertheless, life hasn’t always at its shortest width between the west coast been this convenient and this of Ireland and the east coast of Newfoundland, Canada. The longest year we are celebrating the 150th successful undersea cable that had been anniversary of a significant event constructed up until that time was a mere that proved to be the catalyst for 300 miles in length under the Black Sea, linking the Crimea to Varna on the Bulgarian a telecommunications revolution coast. that laid the foundations of the global connectivity that we all Nevertheless, the Victorian can-do attitude enjoy today – the first fully- prevailed and on 31 July 1857, HMS Agamemnon and USA Niagara set sail from operational telecommunications Figure 1: Cyrus Field (1819-1892), Pioneer of the Valentia in Ireland and headed west towards cable to be laid under the Trans-Atlantic Telegraph Trinity Bay in Newfoundland.
    [Show full text]
  • HELIOGRAPH DESCRIPTION: the Heliograph Was a Communications Device Used to Transmit Messages Over Long Distances. It Uses a Mi
    HELIOGRAPH DESCRIPTION: The heliograph was a communications device used to transmit messages over long distances. It uses a mirror attached to a surveying device to direct a beam of light to a receiving station. Sunlight is used as the light source. Messages could be sent in any direction during daylight hours. If the sun was in front of the sender, the sun’s rays were reflected directly from the sender to the receiving station. If the sun was behind the sender, a secondary mirror was used to reflect the rays toward the receiving station. A keying system was used to generate the flashes required to transmit messages using the Morse Code. The distance that the signals could be seen depended on several variables. A clear line of sight was required and Heliograph at Fort because of the curvature of the earth, the heliograph stations were Bowie Visitor Center located on the highest convenient point. The clarity of the sky and the size of the mirrors were also significant factors. The maximum range was about 10 miles for each inch of mirror diameter. Under normal conditions using the naked eye, a flash could be seen for about 30 miles, much farther using a telescope. The speed at which messages could be sent was dependent on the proficiency of both the sender and the receiver. EARLY HISYORY: A forerunner to the heliograph, the heliotrope, was developed by Professor Carl Friedrich Gauss of the University of Gottingen in Germany. The heliotrope was used to direct a controlled beam of sunlight to a distant station to be used as a survey marker.
    [Show full text]
  • Battle Management Language: History, Employment and NATO Technical Activities
    Battle Management Language: History, Employment and NATO Technical Activities Mr. Kevin Galvin Quintec Mountbatten House, Basing View, Basingstoke Hampshire, RG21 4HJ UNITED KINGDOM [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper is one of a coordinated set prepared for a NATO Modelling and Simulation Group Lecture Series in Command and Control – Simulation Interoperability (C2SIM). This paper provides an introduction to the concept and historical use and employment of Battle Management Language as they have developed, and the technical activities that were started to achieve interoperability between digitised command and control and simulation systems. 1.0 INTRODUCTION This paper provides a background to the historical employment and implementation of Battle Management Languages (BML) and the challenges that face the military forces today as they deploy digitised C2 systems and have increasingly used simulation tools to both stimulate the training of commanders and their staffs at all echelons of command. The specific areas covered within this section include the following: • The current problem space. • Historical background to the development and employment of Battle Management Languages (BML) as technology evolved to communicate within military organisations. • The challenges that NATO and nations face in C2SIM interoperation. • Strategy and Policy Statements on interoperability between C2 and simulation systems. • NATO technical activities that have been instigated to examine C2Sim interoperation. 2.0 CURRENT PROBLEM SPACE “Linking sensors, decision makers and weapon systems so that information can be translated into synchronised and overwhelming military effect at optimum tempo” (Lt Gen Sir Robert Fulton, Deputy Chief of Defence Staff, 29th May 2002) Although General Fulton made that statement in 2002 at a time when the concept of network enabled operations was being formulated by the UK and within other nations, the requirement remains extant.
    [Show full text]
  • View of the Many Ways in Which the Ohio Move­ Ment Paralled the National Movement in Each of the Phases
    INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While tf.; most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted you will find a target note listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Telecommunication and the Birth of Telegraphy in Malta
    Early Telecommunication and the Birth of Telegraphy in Malta Mario Aloisio [email protected] Abstract: This paper reviews the birth of telegraphy and its take-up in Malta before the advent of radio. The driving force behind the adoption of a number of signalling methods and the telegraph in Malta was the militia, but a means of effective communication was also important for trade and as a warning system against unwanted intruders. Foreign, diplomatic, and news correspondence became possible after submarine cables linking Malta to mainland Europe were laid in the 1860s. Keywords: Telecommunications; electric telegraph, semaphore, submarine cables Introduction he Maltese archipelago has been the focus of attention of many powers who, at different periods, sought to capture and rule the Tislands. The Carthaginians, Romans, Arabs, Normans, French, and British, among others, all left their mark on these tiny islands. The Knights Hospitaller, a military religious order of St John now known as the Knights of Malta, settled in Malta in 1530 when Emperor Charles V of Sicily offered it to them after they had been driven out of Rhodes by Suleiman I. In 1798 the last grand master of the knights surrendered to Napoleon when the latter captured Malta on his way to Egypt. The French occupation was brief, the British taking over just two years later. Malta was made a British colony in 1813 and became independent in 1964. In view of Malta’s strategic location and therefore its importance as a military base and a place for international trade, the knights of St Symposia Melitensia Number 10 (2015) SYMPOSIA MELITENSIA NUMBER 10 (2015) John built impressive forts and bastions and improved upon existing defence structures.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Morse Code Scheme Optimized According to the Statistical Properties of Turkish
    Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci (2013) 21: 804 – 811 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/elektrik/ c TUB¨ ITAK˙ Research Article doi:10.3906/elk-1110-11 A new Morse code scheme optimized according to the statistical properties of Turkish ∗ Emrah C¸ IC˙ ¸ EK, Asım Egemen YILMAZ Department of Electronical-Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Tando˘gan, Ankara, Turkey Received: 08.10.2011 • Accepted: 17.02.2012 • Published Online: 03.05.2013 • Printed: 27.05.2013 Abstract: Morse code has been in use for more than 180 years, even though its currently known form is slightly different than the form defined by Morse and Vail. The code book constructed by Vail was optimized according to the statistical properties of English. In this study, we propose a new code book optimized for Turkish and demonstrate that it is information-theoretically possible to achieve about a 10% improvement throughout the coding of Turkish texts by means of our proposal. The outcomes of this might serve as a basis for potential (academic and/or applied) Turkish language-specific lossless data compression studies. Key words: Information theory, source encoding, Morse code, language statistics, data compression 1. Introduction Morse code is a method of transmitting textual information as a series of on–off signals (e.g. tones, lights, clicks), which can be directly interpreted by a skilled listener or observer. This listener or observer might be either a human individual with the knowledge of the code book, or special equipment in which the code book and its encoding/decoding rules are embedded.
    [Show full text]
  • The Marriage That Almost Was Western Union Has Always Been R.Idiculed for Rejecting the All Telephone
    RETROSPECTIVE .Innovation The marriage that almost was Western Union has always been r.idiculed for rejecting the telephone. But what actually happened wasn't so ridiculous after all The hirth of the telephone.,-one hundred years ago railway and illuminating gas to Cambridge, Mass. this month-is a fascinating story of the geJ;Jius and Long intrigued by telegraphy, he decided to do persistence of on.e man. In addition, it is an instruc­ something about what he called "this monopoly tive demonstration of how an industrial giant, in with its inflated capital which serves its stockhold­ this case the Western Union Telegraph Co., can ers better than the 'public and whose:rates are ex­ miss its chance to foster an industry-creating orbitant and prohibiting of many kinds of busi­ breakthrough-something that has happened again ness." Between 1868 and 1874, he lobbied unceas­ and again in electronics and other fields. ingly, shuttling back and forth betweep. homes in Between ·1875 and 1879, Western Union's chiefs Boston and Washington. for a private "postal tele­ engaged in an intricate minuet with Alexander graph company" to be chartered by Congress but Graham Bell and his associates. On more than one with Hubbard and some of his friends among the occasion, the telegraph colossus came excruciating­ incorporators. As Hubbard envisioned it, the com­ ly close to absorbing the small group of ~ntre­ pany would build telegraph lines along the nation's preneurs, That the absorption was finally avoided rail and post roads and contract with the Post was probably the result of a technological gamble Office Department to send telegrams on its wires ~t that simply didn't payoff, as rates roughly half those being charged by Western ••• The place: the ollie of well as a clash of personali­ Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Padrayla Holdsworth May/June 09
    POUNDWISE Padrayla Holdsworth answers readers’ letters May/June 09 Dear P.H. Dear P.H. I bought a plate which I thought was Minton, Could you please advise of any schools or but have not been able to find out anything establishments (in the UK and Ireland) that about it. Maybe it’s a copy. It’s in good offer appraisal classes/courses for individuals condition and the colours are really nice. interested in obtaining training in antiques/arts Many thanks, H.W. Leeds appraising? Thank you very much! Sincerely, K.R. U.S.A Dear H.W. I do not believe the plate to be by Minton. If the Dear K.R. three dots were a Minton date code, one would There are a number of courses available expect this to be impressed. My feeling is that relating specifically to antique furniture: the plate is German, probably from the 1870s One is run by Chris Wilde at Hemswell Antique Wedgwood looks to be the inspiration for and inspired by Wedgwood majolica. Centre in Lincolnshire: Chris Wilde Antiques, this Continental majolica plate. Wedgwood produced a similar design featuring Tel 44(0)1423 506030 or 07831 543268. Thetis and with similar border pattern and the Email: [email protected] date code for 1871. German factories www.chriswildeantiques.co.uk. There is also a frequently imitated Wedgwood pottery at this ten week part time antique furniture evening at time. It is not possible to say which pottery was Barnet College, London: www.barnet.ac.uk. responsible but the low number 36 might University of Manchester, M13 9PL holds one suggest the plate was produced early in the life day weekend courses on Antique English of the firm.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Coding to Improve Localization and Backscatter Communication Performance in Low-Power Sensor Networks
    Using Coding to Improve Localization and Backscatter Communication Performance in Low-Power Sensor Networks by Itay Cnaan-On Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University Date: Approved: Jeffrey Krolik, Co-supervisor Robert Calderbank, Co-supervisor Matthew Reynolds Henry Pfister Loren Nolte Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Graduate School of Duke University 2016 Abstract Using Coding to Improve Localization and Backscatter Communication Performance in Low-Power Sensor Networks by Itay Cnaan-On Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University Date: Approved: Jeffrey Krolik, Co-supervisor Robert Calderbank, Co-supervisor Matthew Reynolds Henry Pfister Loren Nolte An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Graduate School of Duke University 2016 Copyright c 2016 by Itay Cnaan-On All rights reserved except the rights granted by the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial Licence Abstract Backscatter communication is an emerging wireless technology that recently has gained an increase in attention from both academic and industry circles. The key innovation of the technology is the ability of ultra-low power devices to utilize nearby existing radio signals to communicate. As there is no need to generate their own ener- getic radio signal, the devices can benefit from a simple design, are very inexpensive and are extremely energy efficient compared with traditional wireless communica- tion. These benefits have made backscatter communication a desirable candidate for distributed wireless sensor network applications with energy constraints.
    [Show full text]
  • Visible Light Communication (VLC), Application Scenarios and Demonstrations in the Various Are Presented in This Document
    March 2008 doc.: IEEE 802.15-<08/0114-02> Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: [Visible Light Communication : Tutorial] Date Submitted: [9 March 2008] Source: [(1)Eun Tae Won, Dongjae Shin, D.K. Jung, Y.J. Oh, Taehan Bae, Hyuk-Choon Kwon, Chihong Cho, Jaeseung Son, (2) Dominic O’Brien (3)Tae-Gyu Kang (4) Tom Matsumura] Company [(1)Samsung Electronics Co.,LTD, (2)University of Oxford, (3)ETRI (4) VLCC (28 Members)] Address [(1)Dong Suwon P.O. Box 105, 416 Maetan-3dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 443-742 Korea, (2) Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JD, United Kingdom, (3) 161 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-700, Korea] Voice:[(1)82-31-279-5613,(3)82-42-860-5232], FAX: [(1)82-31-279-5130], E-Mail:[(1)[email protected], (2) [email protected], (3)[email protected]] Re: [] Abstract: [The overview of the visible light communication (VLC), application scenarios and demonstrations in the various are presented in this document. The research issues, which should be discussed in the near future, also are presented.] Purpose: [Tutorial to IEEE 802.15] Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Audio Effects
    applied sciences Review A History of Audio Effects Thomas Wilmering 1,∗ , David Moffat 2 , Alessia Milo 1 and Mark B. Sandler 1 1 Centre for Digital Music, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (M.B.S.) 2 Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 December 2019; Accepted: 13 January 2020; Published: 22 January 2020 Abstract: Audio effects are an essential tool that the field of music production relies upon. The ability to intentionally manipulate and modify a piece of sound has opened up considerable opportunities for music making. The evolution of technology has often driven new audio tools and effects, from early architectural acoustics through electromechanical and electronic devices to the digitisation of music production studios. Throughout time, music has constantly borrowed ideas and technological advancements from all other fields and contributed back to the innovative technology. This is defined as transsectorial innovation and fundamentally underpins the technological developments of audio effects. The development and evolution of audio effect technology is discussed, highlighting major technical breakthroughs and the impact of available audio effects. Keywords: audio effects; history; transsectorial innovation; technology; audio processing; music production 1. Introduction In this article, we describe the history of audio effects with regards to musical composition (music performance and production). We define audio effects as the controlled transformation of a sound typically based on some control parameters. As such, the term sound transformation can be considered synonymous with audio effect.
    [Show full text]