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Theoretical and Practical Application of These Scientific and Engineering Disciplines

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Theoretical and Practical Application of These Scientific and Engineering Disciplines 1 www.onlineeducation.bharatsevaksamaj.net www.bssskillmission.in INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS Topic Objective: At the end of the topic the students will be able: Explain RAD Data Communications Understand Computer networking device Elaborate Communications protocol Evaluate Networking Models Define OSI Layers Describe The TCP/IP Layers Examine Local area network Highlight Metropolitan area network Identify Wide area network Definition/Overview: Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with communication between computer systems or devices. Networking, routers, routing protocols, and networking over the public Internet have their specifications defined in documents called RFCs. Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunications, computer science, information technology and/or computer engineering. Computer networks rely heavily upon theWWW.BSSVE.IN theoretical and practical application of these scientific and engineering disciplines. All networks are interconnected to allow communication with a variety of different kinds of media, including twisted-pair copper wire cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, and various wireless technologies. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Bluetooth) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet). Key Points: 1. RAD Data Communications www.bsscommunitycollege.in www.bssnewgeneration.in www.bsslifeskillscollege.in 2 www.onlineeducation.bharatsevaksamaj.net www.bssskillmission.in RAD Data Communications (also known as "RAD") is a privately held corporation, based in Tel Aviv, Israel, that designs and manufacturers specialized networking equipment. It was founded in 1981 by Zohar Zisapel and his brother, Yehuda. RAD's research, development and engineering includes TDM, Ethernet, MPLS, IP, ATM, Frame Relay, E1/T1, E3/T3, xDSL, SDH/SONET, pseudowire circuit emulation and service emulation, clock synchronization, voice compression, wireless, mobile and satellite connectivity, fiber optics, SFPs (small form-factor pluggable) and ASICs(application- specific integrated circuit), and integrated network management. In 1998, RAD invented TDMoIP (TDMover IP) technology. The company's installed base exceeds 10,000,000 units and includes more than 150 telecommunications carriers and operators. RAD products are sold by distributors in 164 countries. RAD Data Communications is a member of the RAD Group of companies. 2. Computer networking device Computer networking devices are units that mediate data in a computer network. Computer networking devices are also called network equipment, Intermediate Systems (IS) or InterWorking Unit (IWU). Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts or data terminal equipment. List of computer networking devices o Common basic network devices: WWW.BSSVE.IN▪ Gateway: device sitting at a network node for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols. Works on OSI layers 4 to 7. ▪ Router: a specialized network device that determines the next network point to which to forward a data packet toward its destination. Unlike a gateway, it cannot interface different protocols. Works on OSI layer 3. ▪ Bridge: a device that connects multiple network segments along the data link layer. Works on OSI layer 2. ▪ Switch: a device that allocates traffic from one network segment to certain lines (intended destination(s)) which connect the segment to another network segment. So unlike a hub a switch splits the network www.bsscommunitycollege.in www.bssnewgeneration.in www.bsslifeskillscollege.in 3 www.onlineeducation.bharatsevaksamaj.net www.bssskillmission.in traffic and sends it to different destinations rather than to all systems on the network. Works on OSI layer 2. ▪ Hub: connects multiple Ethernet segments together making them act as a single segment. When using a hub, every attached device shares the same broadcast domain and the same collision domain. Therefore, only one computer connected to the hub is able to transmit at a time. Depending on the network topology, the hub provides a basic level 1 OSI model connection among the network objects (workstations, servers, etc). It provides bandwidth which is shared among all the objects, compared to switches, which provide a dedicated connection between individual nodes. Works on OSI layer 1. ▪ Repeater: device to amplify or regenerate digital signals received while setting them from one part of a network into another. Works on OSI layer 1. o Some hybrid network devices: ▪ Multilayer Switch: a switch which, in addition to switching on OSI layer 2, provides functionality at higher protocol layers. ▪ Protocol Converter: a hardware device that converts between two WWW.BSSVE.INdifferent types of transmissions, such as asynchronous and synchronous transmissions. ▪ BridgeRouter(Brouter): Combine router and bridge functionality and are therefore working on OSI layers 2 and 3. ▪ Digital media receiver: Connects a computer network to a home theatre o Hardware or software components that typically sit on the connection point of different networks, e.g. between an internal network and an external network: ▪ Proxy: computer network service which allows clients to make indirect network connections to other network services www.bsscommunitycollege.in www.bssnewgeneration.in www.bsslifeskillscollege.in 4 www.onlineeducation.bharatsevaksamaj.net www.bssskillmission.in ▪ Firewall: a piece of hardware or software put on the network to prevent some communications forbidden by the network policy ▪ Network Address Translator: network service provide as hardware or software that converts internal to external network addresses and vice versa. o Other hardware for establishing networks or dial-up connections: ▪ Multiplexer: device that combines several electrical signals into a single signal ▪ Network Card: a piece of computer hardware to allow the attached computer to communicate by network ▪ Modem: device that modulates an analog "carrier" signal (such as sound), to encode digital information, and that also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information, as a computer communicating with another computer over the telephone network ▪ ISDN terminal adapter (TA): a specialized gateway for ISDN ▪ Line Driver: a device to increase transmission distance by amplifying WWW.BSSVE.INthe signal. Base-band networks only. 3. Communications protocol In the field of telecommunications, a communications protocol is the set of standard rules for data representation, signaling, authentication and error detection required to send information over a communications channel. An example of a simple communications protocol adapted to voice communication is the case of a radio dispatcher talking to mobile stations. Communication protocols for digital computer network communication have features intended to ensure reliable interchange of data over an imperfect communication channel. Communication protocol is basically following certain rules so that the system works properly. Most recent protocols are assigned by the IETF for Internet communications, and the IEEE, or the ISO for other types. The ITU-T handles www.bsscommunitycollege.in www.bssnewgeneration.in www.bsslifeskillscollege.in 5 www.onlineeducation.bharatsevaksamaj.net www.bssskillmission.in telecommunications protocols and formats for the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The ITU-R handles protocols and formats for radio communications. As the PSTN. radio systems, and Internet converge, the different sets of standards are also being driven towards technological convergence. 4. Networking Models The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships. The network model original inventor was Charles Bachman, and it was developed into a standard specification published in 1969 by the CODASYL Consortium. Where the hierarchical model structures data as a tree of records, with each record having one parent record and many children, the network model allows each record to have multiple parent and child records, forming a lattice structure. The chief argument in favour of the network model, in comparison to the hierarchic model, was that it allowed a more natural modeling of relationships between entities. Although the model was widely implemented and used, it failed to become dominant for two main reasons. Firstly, IBM chose to stick to the hierarchical model with semi- network extensions in their established products such as IMS and DL/I. Secondly, it was eventually displaced by the relational model, which offered a higher-level, more declarative interface. Until the early 1980s the performance benefits of the low-level navigationalWWW.BSSVE.IN interfaces offered by hierarchical and network databases were persuasive for many large-scale applications, but as hardware became faster, the extra productivity and flexibility of the relational model led to the gradual obsolescence of the network model in corporate enterprise usage. 5. OSI Layers The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for layered communications and computer network protocol design. It was developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) initiative. In its most basic form, it divides network architecture into seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data- www.bsscommunitycollege.in www.bssnewgeneration.in
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