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1^3 £ <$5 MHI TM ^0-4851 JAPANESE-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

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1^3 £ <$5 MHI TM ^0-4851 WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL ^ JAPANESE-ENGLISH GLOSSARY TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION TERMS May 1, 1943 JAPANESE CHARACTERS ENGLISH EQUIVALENT PRONUNCIATION ^ ITSU. ICHI, BITOISU ONE. SINGLE, PRIMARY /£ J < /k ICHIJI KOIRU PRIMARY COIL >£ 7 1 y * -i -y-f ICHIJI RAIK SUVITCHI PRIMARY LINE SIIICH ;i ia f& ICHIJI KAIRO PRIMARY CIRCUIT -~;*3fc« ICHIJI HOSNA PRIMARY EMISSION -*©t£#*&%V ICHfjl INKYOKU AHBU PRIMARY DARK SPACE -©fctt ICHIJI DENSHI PRIMARY ELECTRON PRIMARY CELL. -©*t;t ICHIJI BENCH! PRIMARY BATTERY -;fct# ICHIJI DENATSU PRIMARY VOLTAGE -^*5IS ICHIJI SENRIN PRIMARY COIL - a£«3 a ISStNKA NAHARI LEAD MONOXIDE, LITHARGE -$ «*£ ISSEI YOB 1 DASH 1 SIMULTANEOUS CALLING j=- SAN, HI, HITTSU THREE ^tfia%- SANJI KAIRO TERTIARY CIRCUIT 5.ft*S*Si SANKAKU KESSEN DELTA CONNECTION 5-*tt**« SAN HAKISEN HENSEIKI THREE-KINDING TRANSFORMS i*S SAKSO THREE-PHASE TRIPLE-PETTICOAT (THREE- ^f*^ SANJU CAISHI SECTION) INSULATOR SANKTOKU SHIKKUKAK TRIODE, THREE-ELECTRODE ^-*4«f VACUUM TUBE TRIODE, THREE-ELECTRODE ^-ttf SANKTOKUKAN TUBE UP. UPPER. ABOVE. HIGH. i JO. UE, KAMI BETTER *i -;&f JO SOKUHATAI UPPER SIDE BAND -t--W JOBU SEN UPPER LI HE T GE. SHIT*. SHIHO, (A LOK, LOKR, OOKN fttri.y 1-ft$L GfDJK BURtNKU FUG8 LETTER-BLANK SIGNAL T ?(>.*? KtBU SEN DOKN-LIKE. LOKR-LINE Z- Zl), FU. BU NOH-, NEGATIVE. NOT *m FU BYO"S KAI NON-UNIFORM FIELD y-tto FU HE IKS UNBALANCE. UNBALANCED * £ T* FU KANRT9 TOBI INEFFECTIVE CALL T|U*tt FURTO D8TAI BAD CONDUCTOR *£ ;& FUKAI HA UNDISTORTED HAVE ^4fttdia>fr FU SHIHD5 KAIPO APERIODIC CIRCUIT *«#)#: FU SHINDO HODEN NON-OSCILLATORY DISCHARGE x&to-A® FU SHIND3 EEKPUKU APERIODIC DAMPING SERVICE INTERRUPTION, £ii FUTSU BROKEN COMMUNICATION TS-H&X&&. FU GEHPUKU HA UNDAMPED HAVE K&famh FU GEHPUKU SHIND5 UNDAMPED OSCILLATION •£&& FUKAN CHI BLIND SPOT NON-COMBUSTIBLE *** FUNEN NON-INFLAMMABLE 7*«E.;ai FUHEN DEHRTU STEADY CURRENT IN LINE. TO ARRANGE IN 4 HEI. BTO, NARABU ORDER. IN SERIES 5t*©J HEIRETSU PARALLEL jt?©J*4fe HEIRETSU HTOSHIN PARALLEL RESONANCE jt»©]«it HEIRETSU DOSA PARALLEL OPERATION **1iM| HEIRETSU UNTEN PARALLEL OPERATION BRIDGING MULTIPLE SWITCH i?©jUiL£4*«fe HEIRETSU FUKUSHIKI KOKANKI BOARD, BRANCHING MULTIPLE SWITCHBOARD ADVANCE OR RETREAT. STICK, 1 (01, BO ROD t Cm. NiKA, UCHI KIDDIE. KITHIN, INSIDE t*MM** CHUKAI ZOFUKUKI BUFFER AMPLIFIER t*t&* CHUO OENCHI SHIKI CENTRAL BATTERY SYSTEM tJHAIL CHU SHUHISO DEAN FREQUENCY tfl-J- CHUSEI SHI NEUTRON ttt^-?- CHUSEI BUNSHI NEUTRAL MOLECULE t-ftiM CHOSE 1 ONDO NEUTRAL TEMPERATURE <r"ft& CHUSEI TEN NEUTRAL POINT N-it* CHUM CHIKUDENKI NEUTRALIZING CONDENSER *>t CHUfl* i^lurF&NC. trtj^iS. CHO KOSHUHA NED 1 UN HIGH FREQUENCY INTERMEDIATE HAVE. t«& CKO TAMPA MEDIUM SHORT DAVE t£*# CHUTE 1 S9KA MEDIUM HEAVY LOADING tS30*fr CHUKAN IAIRO INTERMEDIATE CIRCUIT tRUJ) CHUKAN KTOKU INTERMEDIATE STATION f!B|«!;£*?1$S CHUKAN SHUHA ZiFUKUKI INTERMEDIATE AMPLIFIER tsa^j^ft. CHUKAN SHUHtSO INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY INTERMEDIATE DISTRIBUTING t$K*£& CHUKAN HAISENBAN BOARD tisj*t CHUKAN SEN INTERMEDIATE CABLE INTERMEDIATE TRANSFORMER, fflggus CHUKAN HENSEIKI INTERSTAGE TRANSFORMER t 7© ©J Jl NAKACURI BAN BORING MACHINE f» CHUKEI TRUNKING. RELAY f.*Iy ^ v7 CHOKE 1 JAKKU TRUNK JACK ta^-^i CHUKEI HOSHIKI ZU TRUNK ING DIAGRAM t^@^ CHUKEI KYOKU RELAY STATION t.*! 1^ CHUKEI TOBI JUNCTION CALL. TRUNK CALL t.«S«3l CHUKEI HOSO RELAY BROADCASTING tisa CHUKEI SEN TRUNK LINE, JUNCTION LIKE t,«§m^ CHUKEI SEN NORITSU TRUNK EFFICIENCY t a.*s*r CHUKEI SENRIN REPEATE8 COIL, RELAY COIL t.«8?.S4«fS CHOKE 1 SENRINKD REPEATING COIL RACK PlftS CHUKEIKI REPEATER SINGLE CURRENT KEY UITH t »«. CHUKEI KEN SWITCH NEEDLE, ROD, IN LINE, * KUSNI, K»N, KEN SKEDER, PR06 *##$$ KUSHIGJT* KIKtN TANDEM ENGINE TEN. CHIBO, BOCHI. CH080 DOT, PERIOD, MARKER A. HARU, KIN ROUND, CIRCULAR. ROLLING *j^ f - 7 H M1DUGATA KEBURU ROUND CABLE *M3 Sg $ S5 HARUGATA KEIDENKI ROUND-TYPE RELAY SHU. SU, NUSHI, ARUJI, HEAD, TOP. MAIN, MASTER i KASHIRA iS SNU KTOKU MAIN OFFICE i**S SHU HASSHINKI MASTER OSCILLATOR. DRIVER ; HETSU, HECHI RIGHT TO LEFT MOUNT. BOARD, CLIMB. * SHO. J5. NORU MULTIPLY *-£& JO TEISU MULTIPLICATION CONSTANT BEND, INFERIOR, ODD, z. OTSU, ICHI, ITSU SINGULAR & XAN, (EN, GEN DRY. HARD ji -d >j - r /k K AN SHIN KfBURU DRY-CORE CABLE Jfit* KAN DENCHI DRY CELL, DRY BATTERY J KEISU, GACHI STOP, LIHIT COMPREHENSIVE, VISE, I RYO FINISH 3 Wl RtOKAlOO INTELLIGIBILITY =- Nl, Jl, fa, FUTATSU TIO, SECOND ~+« FUTAGO YORISEN TKISTEO HIRE ©*-* HIHON MAKI BIFILAR HINDI NG NIJI RAIN SUHITCKI SECONDARY LINE SVIITCH ^ ©A 7 ©i >- Z ( >y -f -*«* NIJI IAIRO SECONDARY CIRCUIT -**LJH NIJI HOSHA SECONDARY EMISSION **t* NIJI DENSHI SECONDARY ELECTRON SECONDARY CELL, STORAGE -*t*. NIJI DENCHI BATTERY, ACCUMULATOR = *** NIJI SENRIN SECONDARY COIL -*l NISO TIO-PHASE ^t^il NIJU «OS5 DUAL BROADCASTING i r g -/ K A 4 f NIJU GURIDDO SHINKUKAN DOUBLE GRID TUBE -*iL« NIJU SSSHIN DOUBLE TRANSMISSION DUPLEX OPERATION -tAtt NIJU TSUSHIN (TELEG. RADIO) -t*H- NIJU GAISHI TWO SECTION INSULATOR -t«4.« NIJU KINUMAKI SEN DOUBLE SILK COVERED HIRE ^t*tt NIJU DENSHIN DUPLEX TELEGRAPHY ~ 1 1& NUU DEMIA DUPLEX TELEPHONY ~ t % &*$- NIJU HEMHAKI SEN DOUBLE COTTON COVERED WIRE = t ©9 « » KIJD ZSFUKUKI DUAL AMPLIFIER -*# & NIJU KEHPA DOUBLE DETECTION -i*# NIJU HENCH5 DOUBLE MODULATION -£iiit;*s> HION TSUSKINKI DOUBLE SOUND TELEGRAPH ^ft£« NIBAI HCNSHUXI FREQUEHCT DOUBLER -=-«.«, NIEKI SETSU TKO FLUID THEORY ^tei£f NIKTOKU SHINKUKtN DIODE -&* NIKVOKU KAN DIODE TKO TERMINAL (TVO ENDED) -*,«-? « Nl TANSHI HO NETKORK -a&t.«8 NISENSHIKI CHUKEIKI TDO HIRE REPEATER =-.#^ia*fi- NISENSHIKI KAIRO TIO WIRE CIRCUIT CAPACITANCE BETKEN -4«nai§-l Nl DOTAIKAN TORTO T»0 CONDUCTORS i GO, IT5U, ITSUTSU FIVE f. r 'i / K -t « i GO GURIODO SHICHIKTOKU KAN PENTAGRID TUBE if <if4i«, GO TAN-1 FUGO FIVE UNIT CODE i*J.$f GOKTOKU SHINKUKAN PENTODE i^4©f SOKYOKUKAN PENTODE i«l?5l GO SUJI SHIKI FIVE FIGURE (DIGIT) SYSTEM S- A. E, TSUGU, TSUGI SUB. SECOND, SUBORDINATE &.&&•-;* AHANIN ru LINSEED OIL $-&$&. A-EN TO GALVANIZING &te$jiM!& A-ENTO KOSEN GALVANIZED STEEL HIRE £4S4t*«.Sl A-ENTO TESSEN GALVANIZED IRON DIRE >- TO. -JO NECK £ K5. KrO, HOMO, MIJIM1RI CROSS. ALTERNATE. MIX CROSS CONNECTION. £*«<* KOSA SETSUZOKU CROSS SPLICE £*** }- KOSA SAISHI TRANSPOSITION INSULATOR 5c*£ ROGO HAKI HEM 1 TROPIC KINDING £>&, KORTU ALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C.) &>&r ©i -/r KORTU BURIJJI A.C. BRIDGE £?,i<a*ft- K5RYU IAIRO A.C. CIRCUIT £>ilL&ft*t KORTU JUSHINKI A.C. RECEIVER fciUSf KORTU SNINKUKAN A.C. VACUUM TUBE fc >.*,£*;» KORrU HATSUDENKI ALTERNATOR, A.C. GENERATOR £j&t5k K9RTO DENKO A.C. ARC £. ;«,**»« KORtU«£ND5KI A.C. MOTOR £ ;,«. t« HORTU DENATSU A.C. VOLTAGE OPERATOR. TELEPHONE EXCHANGE £«4- KOKANSHU OPERATOR KOKANSHU OENKA KAIRO EXCHANGE OPERATOR©S £**-f t# *- TELEPHONE CIRCUIT *.H^t*t«i KOKANSHU DEKVAKI TELEPHONE OPERATOR©S SET OPERATING IRREGULARITY OF x^fiJ: K5KAN JIKO TELEPHONE EXCHANGE TELEPHONE EXCHANGE 3c«R4 KO«AN KANSA SERVICE OBSERVATION TELEPHONE EXCHANGE CHIEF ittKS,* KOKAN (ANSHISHA OPERATOR 5c««5i KOKANIII TELEPHONE S« ITCH BOARD K56ANSU ALTERNATION. FREQUENCY, fc**L NUMBER OF CYCLES 3ti«*L KOBAN HENSU ALTERNATING QUANTITY A. tf) HI TO. J\H. NIK KIN, INDIVIDUAL /-*$ JINKS R»l ARTIFICIAL LIGHTNING Ax,0i;s JINKO JISHJKU ARTIFICIAL MAGNET ^ ft filidHtsIB©""1- SERVE tt-t- SHIDGE FINISHING f £ SHIGOTO WORK ftfjfi SHIGOTO RIISU POKER DEVICE, APPOINTMENTS, «:» SKI KIKE HEANS tt*k SKITO SPECIFICATION SEPARATE. SIDE, «i U, 0». HOXi OTHER, ANOTHER SEPARATE HETERODYNE MiffiJAt a /-! 7 &1t$fe UREI HEIEROOIIN JUSHINKI RECEIVER PRICE, COST. CHARGE, AGE. «. DAI, Til. TEI, KtVtRU ERA, kNERATION TRUNK HUNTING CONNECTOR, ^ *.*«.» ^ #- ? ) - D1IHYO BINGO KONNEKUTi P.B.X. CONNECTOR { >c FUKU, BUKU, FUSU. SHITAGIU LOVER, ACCEDE, FOLLOW ^ft FUKKIKU MAGNETIC INCLINATION, DIP 'A B1TSU, HtTSU, UTSU. BOCNI, KIRU CUT. SEVED «.#. B»SS»I TRIM, TRIMMING <t NOBI, SHIN ELONGATION <i 1, KURAI RANK, POSITION <fi*a ISO PHASE <$.iam-v ISO HAZURE OUT OF PHASE li*M ISO «»KU PHASE ANGLE -ti^itli. ISO It ISO PHASE CONSTANT tt#!£ ISO HIZUMI PHASE DISTORTION <i&!£ ISO S» PHASE DIFFERENCE PHASE COMPENSATOR, tt^WSE ISO HOSHOKI PHASE EQUALIZER <4*a£lfl ISO HENCHO PHASE MODULATION te I j. % <\ * - ICHI ENERUGT POTENTIAL ENERGY <& TEI, TAI, HIKUI L0». LOWER <fc.$ifc>f« TEI SHUHA ZOFUKUKI L0« FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER J&B1-&& TEI SHUKASU LOV FREQUENCY -ife-fSj-jiXAS TEI SHUHA KENSEIKI LOK FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER -ife-fflUvl^ TEI SOKUHATAI LOK SIDE BAND <&.*Av4-;ix.§s TEI 1(1 ROHAKI 101 PASS FILTER L0« VOLTAGE. LOK TENSION, '<&.%. niATsu LOB PRESSURE '^&$,fa TEIATSU OENKO LOV VOLTAGE ARC 10 1i M, JU, CHU, SUNU STAY, RESIDE a £ t# JUTAKU DENK1 RESIDENCE TELEPHONE ^ SJKU. S*. TSUKURU HAKE, IORK <lF«^a SAT0 BUSSHITSU ACTIVE MATERIAL © ^ Nil, HfO. NARASII LINE. Ill LINE ^fr*£ KEIGO KEN INCOMING CALL GROUNDING IXT * SHI, ISUKAU USE, CAUSE TO IORK teffl t;.l SHirO DENRtU WORKING CURRENT SHI TO DENATSU IORK ING VOLTAGE. ftflt* SERVICE VOLTAGE «.«&* SHI tO ORYOKU VORKING STRESS - f* HO. HO. TAHOTSU wtrt*mun- *»• «*a HOANKI PROTECTOR « .# HOJI LOCKING COERCIVE FORCE. 4*44* HOJI RTOKU RETAINING FORCE -f##rBi3ft- HOJI KAIRO LOCKING CIRCUIT <!#«.&*£ HOJI SENS IN RffilMblL <^»* HOJIRrOKU iE T5?irNG^CE ( "AG"EIIC! - ^^i -T HOJI SHI KEEPER (MAGNETIC) 11 *$« 14 KOJISEI RETENTIVIIY _ * TRUST. FIDELITt. CONFIDENCE, 'fa SHIN, HIKOTO. TUORI TRUTH, MESSAGE «* SHINGO CODE, SIGNAL <«*7 / r SHIHGO RJNPU SIGNAL LAMP SHIKGO KAIRO RINGING CIRCUIT, ©it-siias* SIGNALING CIRCUIT RING-DOWN STSTEH li-tX SHINGS SHIKI (TELEPHONE) TONE, SIGNAL TONE ft«* SHINGO ON (TELEPHONE) RINGING GENERATOR, ««L«-t« SHINGO lUTSUDEN©KI SINGALING MACHINE ttteftit-frrt. SHIMG5 T«l ZUSUON-KI SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO <S*t.R SBIKGOKI RINGER, SIGNALING DEVICE <ma. SHINGOKEN RING-COIN KEY (TELEPHONE) if- sm, SHU, OS»M»RU MANAGE, REGULATE STE^HON^ ©" *jE-jE.im«-.w SHUSEI KilROHO <a KO, Kt, HITORI INDIVIDUAL, SINGLE, ISOLATED «i©l©f !tt.^4!t K06ETSU rOBIDtSHI DENKAKI INTERCALL TELEPHONES ft BH, HAI.
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    applied sciences Review A History of Audio Effects Thomas Wilmering 1,∗ , David Moffat 2 , Alessia Milo 1 and Mark B. Sandler 1 1 Centre for Digital Music, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (M.B.S.) 2 Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 December 2019; Accepted: 13 January 2020; Published: 22 January 2020 Abstract: Audio effects are an essential tool that the field of music production relies upon. The ability to intentionally manipulate and modify a piece of sound has opened up considerable opportunities for music making. The evolution of technology has often driven new audio tools and effects, from early architectural acoustics through electromechanical and electronic devices to the digitisation of music production studios. Throughout time, music has constantly borrowed ideas and technological advancements from all other fields and contributed back to the innovative technology. This is defined as transsectorial innovation and fundamentally underpins the technological developments of audio effects. The development and evolution of audio effect technology is discussed, highlighting major technical breakthroughs and the impact of available audio effects. Keywords: audio effects; history; transsectorial innovation; technology; audio processing; music production 1. Introduction In this article, we describe the history of audio effects with regards to musical composition (music performance and production). We define audio effects as the controlled transformation of a sound typically based on some control parameters. As such, the term sound transformation can be considered synonymous with audio effect.
  • Cit 305: Networking and Communication Technology

    Cit 305: Networking and Communication Technology

    CIT 305: NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 1 NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSE CODE: CIT305 COURSE TITLE: NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 2 COURSE GUIDE CIT305 NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY CourseTeam Prof A.S. Sodiya (Developer/Writer)–FUNAAB Dr. A. A. Afolorunso (Coordinator)-NOUN 3 CONTENTS PAGE Introduction........................................................................................ 1 WhatYouWillLearnin ThisCourse................................................ 1 Course Aims...................................................................................... 1 CourseObjectives…………………………………………….……. 1 WorkingthroughThisCourse............................................................ 2 CourseMaterials................................................................................. 2 2 StudyUnits........................................................................................ AssignmentFile.................................................................................. 3 Tutor-MarkedAssignments(TMAs)................................................. 3 ExaminationandGrading................................................................... 4 PresentationSchedule........................................................................ 4 CourseMarkingScheme.................................................................... 5 CourseOverview…………………………………………………… 5 Howto Getthe MostfromThisCourse...........................................
  • Introduction to Computer Data Representation

    Introduction to Computer Data Representation

    Introduction to Computer Data Representation Peter Fenwick The University of Auckland (Retired) New Zealand Bentham Science Publishers Bentham Science Publishers Bentham Science Publishers Executive Suite Y - 2 P.O. Box 446 P.O. Box 294 PO Box 7917, Saif Zone Oak Park, IL 60301-0446 1400 AG Bussum Sharjah, U.A.E. USA THE NETHERLANDS [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Please read this license agreement carefully before using this eBook. Your use of this eBook/chapter constitutes your agreement to the terms and conditions set forth in this License Agreement. This work is protected under copyright by Bentham Science Publishers to grant the user of this eBook/chapter, a non- exclusive, nontransferable license to download and use this eBook/chapter under the following terms and conditions: 1. This eBook/chapter may be downloaded and used by one user on one computer. The user may make one back-up copy of this publication to avoid losing it. The user may not give copies of this publication to others, or make it available for others to copy or download. For a multi-user license contact [email protected] 2. All rights reserved: All content in this publication is copyrighted and Bentham Science Publishers own the copyright. You may not copy, reproduce, modify, remove, delete, augment, add to, publish, transmit, sell, resell, create derivative works from, or in any way exploit any of this publication’s content, in any form by any means, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission from Bentham Science Publishers. 3. The user may print one or more copies/pages of this eBook/chapter for their personal use.
  • GOLD SILVER BRONZE Webcasting Services for Events

    GOLD SILVER BRONZE Webcasting Services for Events

    noº 3 GOLD SILVER BRONZE webcasting services for events wecreate. wedeliver. connect inform engage inspire change www.world-television.com [email protected] 020 7243 7350 LONDON / GENEVA / MADRID / FRANKFURT / BARCELONA / ZURICH Welcome Contents In the early days of brand development in the 04 Meet the judges Middle East and North Africa, the pervading 06 The winners trend was to apply the brand name in an Arabic-esque script and implement a stylised The Awards version of the building architecture or brand logo as part of the wordmark. The industry Content has since developed to embrace a more diverse, modern and strategic approach 9 Best use of a visual property to branding. 12 Best brand architecture solution Winners at the Transform Awards MENA 13 Best use of copy style/tone of voice 2016 exemplify excellence in achieving this. 15 Best brand experience The ‘Best overall visual identity’ award goes 16 Best use of packaging to DuBox and Latitude for a rebrand that not 17 Best use of audio branding webcasting services for events only shaped the future of the company itself, 18 Best use of typography but took its cues from the modular design 19 Best place or nation brand and construction techniques it employs. This allowed the brand to become more relevant to Process the audiences it is trying to reach. The Grand Prix winner, Jawwy from STC and Lippincott, 20 Best external stakeholder relations during a brand development project is a fresh, young and stylish brand that has Best internal communications during a brand development project a defined tone of voice and visual style that 21 Best implementation of a brand development project differentiates it from its sector.
  • Telephone &#8211; Inventions That Revolutionized the World

    Telephone – Inventions That Revolutionized the World

    Telephone – Inventions that Revolutionized the World December 14, 2018 First Publication Date: 27th November 2010 The most common devices used for transmitting the voice signal over a greater distance are pipes and other physical mechanical media. All of us as a child must have used this form for communication. Another device used for centuries for voice communication is lover’s phone or tin can telephone. The classic example is the children’s toy made by connecting the bottoms of two paper cups, metal cans, or plastic bottles with string. But the invention which changed the entire scenario of the communication is the telephone. It revolutionized the entire communication system. People could hear the voice of their loved ones staying miles away. Telephone comes from the Greek word tele, meaning from afar, and phone, meaning voice or voiced sound. Generally, a telephone is any device which conveys sound over a distance During the second half of the 19th century many well-known inventors were trying to develop an acoustic telegraphy for economic telegraph messages which included Charles Bourseul, Thomas Edison, Antonio Meucci, Johann Philipp Reis, Elisha Gray, and Alexander Graham Bell. The ‘speaking telegraph’ or in simple terms ‘telephone’ emerged from the creation and gradual improvement of telegraph. The invention of telephone has been one of the most disputed facts of all time. Credit for the invention of the electric telephone is never an ending dispute and new controversies over the issue keeps arising from time-to-time. The Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell controversy raises the question of whether Bell and Gray invented the telephone independently and, if that’s not true, then whether Bell stole the invention from Gray.