Sixth Meeting of the CCIT
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ACU-M™ Improving In-Building Communications
Application Note: AN-2306-2 ACU-M™ Improving In-Building Communications Purpose This application note will describe methods in which the Raytheon’s ACU-M can be used to improve in-building communications. The application note will discuss permanent and temporary methods at which different devices can help increase the ability to transmit or receive land mobile radio communications from within a building, below-grade, or behind obstructions. Introduction Land mobile radios, whether used in vehicles or as handheld portables, are an important tool used everyday by first responders to make their jobs safer and more efficient. In the most part, these radio systems function as designed, and serve the end-user with reliable communications. However, when the duties of a first responder require them to enter a building, or operate below- grade during emergencies, the ability of their radios to communicate to the base, incident command or dispatcher may become an issue. One physical constraint of land mobile radio communications is its inability to transmit and receive radio waves through obstructions such as buildings or below-grade structures. The failure of a land mobile radio to transmit and receive communications from within a building or below-grade has cursed radio users since the beginning of land mobile radio communications (see Figure 1). Figure 1: Blockage or Absorption of Low-Power Handheld Radio Transmission Raytheon 5800 Departure Drive Raleigh, NC 27616 919.790.1011 © Raytheon Company. Data is subject to change. http://www.raytheon.com All Trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Application Note: AN-2306-2 Solutions Land mobile radios were first introduced to public safety, in the late 20’s, in the form of shortwave receivers mounted inside patrol vehicles. -
Rs-232 Rs-422 Rs-485
ConceptConcept ofof SerialSerial CommunicationCommunication AgendaAgenda Serial v.s. Parallel Simplex , Half Duplex , Full Duplex Communication RS-485 Advantage over RS-232 SerialSerial v.s.v.s. ParallelParallel Application: How to Measure the temperature in a long distance? Measuring with a DAC card: 1200 m Remote sensor Control room T/C wire T/C A/D noise Application: How to Measure the temperature in a long distance? Measuring with a remote I/O module: 1200 m Remote sensor Control room T/C Remote I/O Standard Serial Communication T/C signal, 4-20mA, 0-5V… Noise rejection (Differential signal) MostMost PopularPopular 33 typestypes ofof SerialSerial Comm.Comm. z Most commonly available Tx Rx Rx Tx z Simple wiring CTS RTS z Low cost RTS CTS RS-232 z Short length (40 ft) DTR DSR DSR DTR Bar code reader z Slow data rates GND GND z Subject to noise Tx+ z High data rates Tx- z Longer cable lengths (4000 ft) Rx+ Rx- RS-422 z Full-duplex GND z Noise rejection PLC z Multipoint application (Up to 32 units) z Low cost Data+ z Longer cable lengths (4000 ft) Data- RS-485 zNoise immunity GND zHalf-duplex PLC SerialSerial V.S.V.S. ParallelParallel CommunicationCommunication Serial Communication Transfer the data bit by bit Synchronous Data Transfer Bit Send Data Receive Data Parallel Communication Transfer the all data simultaneously Asynchronous Data Transfer Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Send Data Receive Data SimplexSimplex ,, HalfHalf DuplexDuplex ,, FullFull DuplexDuplex CommunicationCommunication SimplexSimplex CommunicationCommunication Simplex Communication : – Data in a simplex channel is always one way. -
The Marriage That Almost Was Western Union Has Always Been R.Idiculed for Rejecting the All Telephone
RETROSPECTIVE .Innovation The marriage that almost was Western Union has always been r.idiculed for rejecting the telephone. But what actually happened wasn't so ridiculous after all The hirth of the telephone.,-one hundred years ago railway and illuminating gas to Cambridge, Mass. this month-is a fascinating story of the geJ;Jius and Long intrigued by telegraphy, he decided to do persistence of on.e man. In addition, it is an instruc something about what he called "this monopoly tive demonstration of how an industrial giant, in with its inflated capital which serves its stockhold this case the Western Union Telegraph Co., can ers better than the 'public and whose:rates are ex miss its chance to foster an industry-creating orbitant and prohibiting of many kinds of busi breakthrough-something that has happened again ness." Between 1868 and 1874, he lobbied unceas and again in electronics and other fields. ingly, shuttling back and forth betweep. homes in Between ·1875 and 1879, Western Union's chiefs Boston and Washington. for a private "postal tele engaged in an intricate minuet with Alexander graph company" to be chartered by Congress but Graham Bell and his associates. On more than one with Hubbard and some of his friends among the occasion, the telegraph colossus came excruciating incorporators. As Hubbard envisioned it, the com ly close to absorbing the small group of ~ntre pany would build telegraph lines along the nation's preneurs, That the absorption was finally avoided rail and post roads and contract with the Post was probably the result of a technological gamble Office Department to send telegrams on its wires ~t that simply didn't payoff, as rates roughly half those being charged by Western ••• The place: the ollie of well as a clash of personali Union. -
Restricted Radiotelephone Operator's
INDEPENDENT COMMUNICATIONS AUTHORITY OF SOUTH AFRICA RESTRICTED RADIOTELEPHONE OPERATOR’S EXAMINATION GUIDE (VHF, MF AND HF) June 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXAMINATION PAYMENT INFORMATION ________________________________________ 3 BACKGROUND ______________________________________________________________ 4 COMMENTS _________________________________________________________________ 8 SYLLABUS FOR THE POSTMASTER GENERAL’S RESTRICTED CERTIFICATE __________ 8 EXAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS _______________________________________________ 9 IMPORTANT RADIOTELEPHONE FREQUENCIES __________________________________ 9 IMPORTANT VHF MARITIME FREQUENCIES ______________________________________ 9 RADIOTELEPHONE DISTRESS PROCEDURE _____________________________________ 9 RADIOTELEPHONE URGENCY ________________________________________________ 15 RADIOTELEPHONE SAFETY __________________________________________________ 16 MARINE TERMINOLOGY & MODES OF EMISSION ________________________________ 17 ALARM SIGNALS ____________________________________________________________ 18 EPIRBS, VERY IMPORTANT CHECKS ON EPIRBS ________________________________ 18 SART (SEARCH AND RESCUE RADAR TRANSPONDER) ___________________________ 19 NAVTEX RECEIVERS ________________________________________________________ 19 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS _______________________________________________ 19 RADIOTELEPHONE CALLING PROCEDURE _____________________________________ 20 TABLE OF CALLING AND ANSWERING FREQUENCIES ____________________________ 21 RADIOTELEGRAMS _________________________________________________________ -
A History of Audio Effects
applied sciences Review A History of Audio Effects Thomas Wilmering 1,∗ , David Moffat 2 , Alessia Milo 1 and Mark B. Sandler 1 1 Centre for Digital Music, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (M.B.S.) 2 Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 December 2019; Accepted: 13 January 2020; Published: 22 January 2020 Abstract: Audio effects are an essential tool that the field of music production relies upon. The ability to intentionally manipulate and modify a piece of sound has opened up considerable opportunities for music making. The evolution of technology has often driven new audio tools and effects, from early architectural acoustics through electromechanical and electronic devices to the digitisation of music production studios. Throughout time, music has constantly borrowed ideas and technological advancements from all other fields and contributed back to the innovative technology. This is defined as transsectorial innovation and fundamentally underpins the technological developments of audio effects. The development and evolution of audio effect technology is discussed, highlighting major technical breakthroughs and the impact of available audio effects. Keywords: audio effects; history; transsectorial innovation; technology; audio processing; music production 1. Introduction In this article, we describe the history of audio effects with regards to musical composition (music performance and production). We define audio effects as the controlled transformation of a sound typically based on some control parameters. As such, the term sound transformation can be considered synonymous with audio effect. -
Cit 305: Networking and Communication Technology
CIT 305: NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 1 NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSE CODE: CIT305 COURSE TITLE: NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 2 COURSE GUIDE CIT305 NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY CourseTeam Prof A.S. Sodiya (Developer/Writer)–FUNAAB Dr. A. A. Afolorunso (Coordinator)-NOUN 3 CONTENTS PAGE Introduction........................................................................................ 1 WhatYouWillLearnin ThisCourse................................................ 1 Course Aims...................................................................................... 1 CourseObjectives…………………………………………….……. 1 WorkingthroughThisCourse............................................................ 2 CourseMaterials................................................................................. 2 2 StudyUnits........................................................................................ AssignmentFile.................................................................................. 3 Tutor-MarkedAssignments(TMAs)................................................. 3 ExaminationandGrading................................................................... 4 PresentationSchedule........................................................................ 4 CourseMarkingScheme.................................................................... 5 CourseOverview…………………………………………………… 5 Howto Getthe MostfromThisCourse........................................... -
Voice Radio Communications Guide for the Fire Service June 2016
U.S. Fire Administration Voice Radio Communications Guide for the Fire Service June 2016 U.S. Fire Administration Mission Statement We provide National leadership to foster a solid foundation for our fi re and emergency services stakeholders in prevention, preparedness, and response. This page intentionally left blank. Voice Radio Communications Guide for the Fire Service i Acknowledgment The U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) is committed to using all means possible for reducing the incidence of injuries and deaths to firefighters. One of these means is to partner with organizations that share this same admirable goal. One such organization is the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF). As a labor union, the IAFF has been deeply committed to improving the safety of its members and all firefighters as a whole. This is why the USFA was pleased to work with the IAFF through a partnership supported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology Directorate, First Responders Group, Office for Interoperability and Compatibility to develop this second edition of the “Voice Radio Communications Guide for the Fire Service.” The USFA gratefully acknowledges the following leaders of the IAFF for their willingness to partner on this project: General President Harold Schaitberger General Secretary-Treasurer Thomas Miller Assistant to the General President Occupational Health, Safety and Medicine Patrick Morrison International Association of Fire Fighters, AFL-CIO, CLC Division of Occupational Health, Safety and Medicine -
The Benefits of Computer Networks
قسم علوم الحاسوب | المرحلة الرابعة كلية الرافدين الجامعة د.اسيل خالد Introduction to Computer Network: Interconnected collection of autonomous computers. Tow computers are side to be interconnection if they are able to exchange information. Or: network is simply a collection of intercommunicating computers and peripherals possibly having access to remote hosts and other computer networks. A network consists of a set of computers: hosts, connected via a communication subnet. The word 'host' refers to an individual computer connected to the network, which can communicate with other hosts via the network. A Compute network should ensure: reliability of the data communication process security of the data performance by achieving higher throughput and smaller delay times The benefits of computer networks: We can summarize the benefits of computer networks as follow: 1. Resource sharing: the goal is to make all programs, equipment, and especially data available to anyone on the network without regard to physical location of the resource and the user. 2. High reliability: by having alternative sources of supply .for example, all files could be replicated on two or three machines, so if one of them is unavailable (due to a hardware failure. قسم علوم الحاسوب | المرحلة الرابعة كلية الرافدين الجامعة د.اسيل خالد 3. Saving money: small computers have a Mach better price/performance ratio than large ones. Mainframes (room-size computers) are roughly a factor of ten faster than personal computers, but they cost a thousand times more. 4. Scalability: is the ability to increase system performance gradually as the workload grows just by adding more processors. 5. -
Unit 1. Introduction to Data Communications and Networking
Unit 1. Introduction to data communications and networking 1 NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS Unit Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Data & Information 1.3 Data Communication 1.3.1 Characteristics of Data Communication 1.3.2 Components of Data Communication 1.4 Data Representation 1.5 Data Flow 1.5.1. Simplex 1.52. Half Duplex 1.5.3. Full Duplex 1.6 Computer Network 1.6.1 Categories of a network 1.7 Protocol 1.7.1 Elements of a Protocol 1.8 Standards In Networking 1.8.1 Concept of Standard 1.8.2 Standard Organizations in field of Networking 1.0 OBJECTIVES: Introduce the readers to data communication and its fundamentals Define networks Define protocols Standards in networking 2 1.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter provides an introduction to Computer networks and covers fundamental topics like data, information to the definition of communication and computer networks. The main objective of data communication and networking is to enable seamless exchange of data between any two points in the world. This exchange of data takes place over a computer network. 1.2 DATA & INFORMATION Data refers to the raw facts that are collected while information refers to processed data that enables us to take decisions. Ex. When result of a particular test is declared it contains data of all students, when you find the marks you have scored you have the information that lets you know whether you have passed or failed. The word data refers to any information which is presented in a form that is agreed and accepted upon by is creators and users. -
Telephone – Inventions That Revolutionized the World
Telephone – Inventions that Revolutionized the World December 14, 2018 First Publication Date: 27th November 2010 The most common devices used for transmitting the voice signal over a greater distance are pipes and other physical mechanical media. All of us as a child must have used this form for communication. Another device used for centuries for voice communication is lover’s phone or tin can telephone. The classic example is the children’s toy made by connecting the bottoms of two paper cups, metal cans, or plastic bottles with string. But the invention which changed the entire scenario of the communication is the telephone. It revolutionized the entire communication system. People could hear the voice of their loved ones staying miles away. Telephone comes from the Greek word tele, meaning from afar, and phone, meaning voice or voiced sound. Generally, a telephone is any device which conveys sound over a distance During the second half of the 19th century many well-known inventors were trying to develop an acoustic telegraphy for economic telegraph messages which included Charles Bourseul, Thomas Edison, Antonio Meucci, Johann Philipp Reis, Elisha Gray, and Alexander Graham Bell. The ‘speaking telegraph’ or in simple terms ‘telephone’ emerged from the creation and gradual improvement of telegraph. The invention of telephone has been one of the most disputed facts of all time. Credit for the invention of the electric telephone is never an ending dispute and new controversies over the issue keeps arising from time-to-time. The Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell controversy raises the question of whether Bell and Gray invented the telephone independently and, if that’s not true, then whether Bell stole the invention from Gray. -
Tutorial Introduction
Tutorial Introduction PURPOSE: • This tutorial describes concepts related to communication busses, including attributes, functions, and the different types of bus systems. The intent is to provide a baseline of knowledge related to the Freescale product line. OBJECTIVES: • Define basic terminology and concepts related to bus communication. • Describe bus operations and the different types of communication. • Identify the attributes of the main bus types. • Match a bus type to application requirements. • Describe Freescale’s portfolio of bus ICs. CONTENT: • 48 pages • 8 questions LEARNING TIME: •90 minutes This tutorial introduces concepts related to communication busses, including features, functions, and the different types of bus systems. We will examine the main bus types, identifying key attributes for each type. We will discuss how to prioritize bus attributes when selecting a bus for a specific application. Finally, we will introduce Freescale’s portfolio of bus ICs. Although there is no prerequisite for this tutorial, some experience with bus communication would be helpful. 1 Communication Bus • A communication bus, or simply bus, is a one- or two-wire media onto which electrical devices are connected at points on the bus for the purpose of communicating. • The DSI bus, in addition to providing the communication media, also provides operational power for the bus device. • The purpose of a bus is to minimize the wire necessary to pass data between two or more devices. Let’s begin by defining a communication bus. For the purpose of this training, a communication bus, or simply a bus, relates to a one- or two-wire media onto which electrical devices are connected at points on the bus for the purpose of communicating. -
Entrepreneursh Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship TiasNimbas Business School Int. MSc. in Business Administration Module Entrepreneurship Joris van Kreij 200952109 Individual assignment 6 June 2011 Prof. Shahid Rasul 2420 words Table of Contents 1 Gardiner Greene Hubbard 3 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Journey 3 1.3 Grabbing the opportunity 4 1.4 Factors for success 5 1.5 Legacy 6 2 Own Entrepreneurial Capabilities 7 2.1 General Enterprise Test 7 2.2 Applegate Entrepreneurial Mindset 8 2.3 Other tests and personal feedback 8 2.4 Analysis 9 3 Conclusion 10 Appendixes 11 References 13 Entrepreneurship 2 1 Gardiner Greene Hub bard Gardiner Greene Hubbard (August 25, 1822 – December 11, 1897) was a lawyer , financier, and philanthropist from the United States. Among other remarkable feats he was founder of the Bell Telephone Company and the first president of the National Geographic Society . This report will mainly focus on Hubbard’s contribution to the telephone services in t he United States. 1.1 Background Gardiner Greene Hubbard was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1822. His father Samuel Hubbard was a Massachusetts Supreme Court justice. Hubbard was also a grandson of Boston merchant Gardiner Greene. He was further a descendant of Lion Gardiner, an early English settler and soldier in the New World who founded the first English settlement in what later became the State of New York. Hubbard attended the Phillips Academy in Andover, graduated from Dartmou th in 1841 and studied law at Harvard. 1.2 Journey Gardiner Greene Hubbard has been active in many different fields. The main events of his life have been listed below.