Life and Institutions

The U.K. Life and Institutions

'When people say England, they sometimes mean Great Britain, sometimes the United Kingdom, sometimes the British Isles, but never England'

Sarif Syamsu Rizal

English Literature Study Program Faculty of Humanities Universitas Dian Nuswantoro Semarang

Lesson Plan

Semester (Term) : 6th Type of the course : classes Number of classes per week : 1 x 100 minutes Course completion requirements : written examination

Course description This book is organised as student handout learning materials of the U, K. Life and Institutions. Competency of this level is that students are able to use the following knowledge containing any aspects of study such as General View of the U.K., People in the U.K., British Life and Culture, Britain’s National Emblems, Educational Structure and System, The United Kingdom Government and Political System, Religion Life in the U.K., British Royal Family, British Literature, Food and Drink in the U.K., and Geographical Sites of the U.K.

Aims The main aim of the course is to provide students of English study program with knowledge and terminology of contemporary political, social and cultural issues in Great Britain (the sixth semester). The course offers for all students an important cultural background for their future studying of the English language and literature of English- speaking countries.

Relation to other courses Within the curriculum, the U.K. Life and Institutions course is a relation of the U.S. Life and Institutions and Cross Cultural Understandings subject during the year of study.

Requirements Students are required to participate actively in class discussion and pass mid-term tests. Teacher is obliged to provide all details of the examination and grading procedures at the beginning of the course by delivering study contract and class management.

Semarang, 24 February 2014

The U.S. Life and Institutions

'When people say England, they sometimes mean Great Britain, sometimes the United Kingdom, sometimes the British Isles, but never England'

Sarif Syamsu Rizal

English Literature Study Program Faculty of Humanities Universitas Dian Nuswantoro Semarang

iii

List of Contents

Lesson Plan...... ii List of Contents...... iii

Unit 1 General View of the U.K...... 1 Unit 2 People in the U.K...... 19 Unit 3 British Life and Culture...... 24 Unit 4 Britain’s National Emblems...... 32 Unit 5 Educational Structure and System in the U.K...... 43 Unit 6 The United Kingdom Government and Political System...... 51 Unit 7 Religion Life in the U.K...... 61 Unit 8 British Royal Family...... 67 Unit 9 British Literature...... 76 Unit 10 Food and Drink in the U.K...... 85 Unit 11 Geographical Site of the U.K...... 93

References...... 98

Unit 1 General View of The U.K.

The Map of United Kingdom

The United Kingdom and Nothern Ireland The UK is situated north-west of the European continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. It has a total land area of 244,100 square kilometers, of which nearly 99% is land and the remainder inland water. From north to south it is about 1,000 kilometers long.

People in the UK They are people who live in England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. British people can be English, Scottish, Welsh, or Irish (Northern Ireland only).

British people live in the UK. They are people who live in England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. British people can be English, Scottish, Welsh, or Irish (from Northern Ireland only).

British

The British are said to be reserved in manners, dress and speech. They are famous for their politeness, self-discipline and especially for their sense of humor. British people have a strong sense of humor which sometimes can be hard for foreigners to understand. Britain is a country of mixed cultures. London has the largest non-white population of any European city and over 250 languages are spoken there. Therefore not all British people are White or Christians

The Name of United Kingdom The country's full name is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, although most people just refer to it as United Kingdom or the UK.

The Union Flag of United Kingdom

The flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is sometimes called the Union Jack. This red, white, and blue flag was first used in 1801. The flag of the UK is a combination of the flags of England (the cross of St. George), Scotland (the cross of St. Andrew), and Ireland (the cross of St. Patrick).

Before 17th Century, up until the seventeenth century there had been four 'countries' in the British Isles: 1. England, 2. Scotland, 3. Wales, and 4. Ireland.

Each one had its own separate sense of identity, its own history, even its own language. There was no such word as British. People were simply English, Scottish, Welsh or Irish. End of 18th Century, by the end of the eighteenth century, all this changed. The word ‘British’ was used for the first time, Rule Britannia song was composed and the Union Flag created.

Countries making up the U.K. The United Kingdom is made up of: 1. England - The capital is London. 2. Scotland - The capital is Edinburgh. 3. Wales - The capital is Cardiff. 4. Northern Ireland - The capital is Belfast.

Countries and flag make up the U.K.

UK, England, Great Britain (GB) and British Isles The name UK refers to the union of what were once four separate nations: England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland though most of Ireland is now independent. (Only Northern Ireland is part of the UK now) England is sometimes, wrongly, used in reference to the whole United Kingdom, the entire island of Great Britain (or simply Britain), or indeed the British Isles. This is not only incorrect but can cause offence to people from other parts of the UK. Great Britain refer to different parts of the UK, those are England, Scotland, Wales. The British Isles includes many islands not even part of the UK. The diverse history of England, Scotland and Wales has led to very different cultural traditions; The Scots and Welsh have right to feel aggrieved whenever the term 'English' is used wrongly, to mean all three. Countries within a Country – The United Kingdom

The British Isles The British Isles rises from a continental shelf, an under water ledge of land extending into the Atlantic Ocean from northwestern Europe. The British Isles is a geographically term which includes two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and 5,000 small islands, most notably the Isle of Man which has its own parliament and laws. The largest island in the British Isles is Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland).

Map of The British Isles

The British Isles are occupied by two nations: 1. United Kingdom - a union of: a. England b. Scotland c. Wales d. Northern Ireland 2. Republic of Ireland The Irish Sea separates Britain and Ireland.

The islands in the British Isles 1. Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) 2. Ireland (the Republic of Ireland) A country west of England across the Irish Sea (not part of the United Kingdom) 3. Northern Ireland (part of the United Kingdom) 4. The Orkney and Shetland Islands. Islands off the northeast coast of Scotland 5. The Isle of Man An island in the Irish Sea 6. Hebrides (including the Inner Hebrides, Outer Hebrides and Small Isles) All are islands off the northwest coast of Scotland 7. The Isle of Wight. An island off the southern coast of England 8. Isles of Scilly. An island off the southwest coast of England 9. Lundy Island. An island off the southwest coast of England

10. The Channel Islands. A group of small islands in the English Channel, off the coast of Normandy, France. The principal islands of the group include Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney and Sark. 11. Plus many other offshore islands

The Great Britain (GB) Great Britain comprises only England, Scotland and Wales.

Map of Great Britain England The capital is London. England is in north-west Europe and is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is an island country and also part of the United Kingdom (UK). England is the largest country in Great Britain and the UK. It is sometimes, wrongly, used in reference to the whole United Kingdom, the entire island of Great Britain, or indeed the British Isles. This is not only incorrect but can cause offence to people from other parts of the UK. Nearly 84% of the population of the UK lives in England, mainly in the major cities and metropolitan areas.

Map of London Scotland The capital is Edinburgh. Scotland is in north-west Europe and is part of Great Britain, an island country of the United Kingdom (UK). Scotland is a mountainous country in the north of the island of Great Britain and shares a land border to the south with England and is bounded by the North Sea on the east and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. Its capital city is Edinburgh. Scotland has some 790 islands - 130 inhabited.

Map of Edinburg

Wales The capital is Cardiff. Wales is in north-west Europe and is part of Great Britain, an island country of the United Kingdom (UK). The name Wales comes from the Cymraeg word Gwalia, meaning in English "Homeland". It later became Latinized as Walia, then by the Normans to something like Wal~es....then Wales.

Map of Cardiff

Northern Ireland Northern Ireland lies in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km²), about a sixth of the island's total area. Northern Ireland is the second most sparsely populated part of the UK after Scotland, with 317 people per square mile (122 per square kilometer).

History of Northern Ireland In 1801 the whole of Ireland became part of the United Kingdom, with the adoption of the name the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. After years of civil war, Ireland became a republic in 1921. At this time, Britain negotiated with Ireland to keep the six counties in the north-east of Ireland. These six counties now make up what is known as Northern Ireland. The southern part of the island is the Republic of Ireland, or Eire. 1927 - The current name of the UK, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was adopted.

The United Kingdom and the Union Flag The Union Flag, popularly known as the Union Jack, is the national flag of the United Kingdom. It is the British flag. It is called the Union Flag because it symbolizes the administrative union of the countries of the United Kingdom. It is made up of the individual Flags of three of the Kingdom's countries all united under one Sovereign - the countries of 'England, of 'Scotland' and of 'Northern Ireland' (since 1921 only Northern Ireland has been part of the United Kingdom). As Wales was not a Kingdom but a Principality it could not be included on the flag. The flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is sometimes called the Union Jack. This red, white, and blue flag was first used in 1801. The flag of the UK is a combination of the flags of England (the cross of St. George), Scotland (the cross of St. Andrew), and Ireland (the cross of St. Patrick).

Union Flag of the UK

National Identities Many people think that 'English' is the same as 'British'. It is not! People who are English are from the country of England. On the other hand, British people are people who live in Great Britain (Britain) and the UK. All though everyone in the UK has a British citizenship they have different nationalities.

National Identities

England is only one of the three countries in Britain (Scotland, England and Wales). The Scots and the Welsh sometimes get angry when they are referred to as 'English'. They do not live in England and they have their own parliaments, so why should they take their identity from England? They have their own identity. There are often distinct differences between people living in each of the three countries in Britain. This is because different groups of people tend to develop their own customs and way of life. National identity and citizenship is not always the same thing in Great Britain or the UK.

Most white people born in Great Britain, although British citizens, do not regard themselves as British and prefer to state their national identity as English, Scottish or Welsh. People born in England are called English or British and can say that they live in England, Britain and/or the UK. Most people in England tend to say they are British rather than English. People born in Scotland are called Scottish or British and can say that they live in Scotland, Britain and/or the UK. Most people in Scotland will say they are Scottish rather than British. People born in Wales are called Welsh or British and can say that they live in Wales, Britain and/or the UK. Most people in Wales will say they are Welsh rather than British.

Language - British English In Britain, the main language is English (British English). It is not the same as American or Australian English. 'Hi mate' is not the correct and appreciated way to approach someone in the street. Neither is ‘G‘day’, 'Howdy' or 'Hey Mister'. The formal British way to greet someone is 'Good morning, good afternoon or good evening' and, if you want to ask something, 'Excuse me please'. Most people in Britain usually say' hello' or 'hi' when they greet someone. The English language is a West Germanic language, originating from 10

England. Over fifty percent of the English language is derived from Latin. English is the third most common "first" language (native speakers), with around 402 million people in 2002. In Britain, every part of the country has its own way of speaking English. People in Yorkshire sound very different to people in Surrey; a Somerset accent is very different from any Scottish accent and it's hard to believe that people from Birmingham are speaking the same language as those from Cornwall. Most people in Britain can guess where someone comes from by the way they speak, either by their accent or by the words they use. Today the 'home counties' accent is usually accepted as Standard English. The Home Counties are the counties nearest to London.

The Indo-European Family Language

History of Prehistoric Britain Stonehenge and other examples of prehistoric culture are all that remain of the earliest inhabitants of Britain. Prehistoric Britain is Britain during the period between the first arrival of humans on the land mass now known as Great Britain and the start of recorded British history. Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 2.0 miles (3.2 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of a circular setting of large standing stones set within earthworks.

Stonehenge

Celtic Peoples Roman invasions of the 1st century B.C. brought Britain into contact with continental Europe. For a start, the concept of a "Celtic" people is a modern and somewhat romantic reinterpretation of history. The “Celts” were warring tribes who certainly wouldn’t have seen themselves as one people at the time. The "Celts" as we traditionally regard them exist largely in the magnificence of their art and the words of the Romans who fought them. The trouble with the reports of the Romans is that they were a mix of reportage and political propaganda. It was politically expedient for the Celtic peoples to be colored as barbarians and the Romans as a great civilizing force.

The Celts

Region of the Celtic Empire

Britons The Britons (sometimes Brythons or British) were a Celtic people who lived in Great Britain and spoke the Insular Celtic language known as British from the British Iron Age until the Early Middle Ages. Although the Britons were not called 'Celts' until later, contemporary Greek and Roman writers noted that their culture was very similar to that of the Gauls (whom they did call 'Celts'). They lived throughout Britain south of the Firth of Forth; after the 5th century, Britons migrated to mainland Europe and established settlements in Brittany (today part of France) and Britonia (today part of Galicia, Spain)

Roman Roman Britain was the part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire from AD 43 until ca. AD 410. The Romans referred to the imperial province as Britannia, which eventually comprised all of the island of Great Britain south of the fluid frontier with Caledonia (Scotland). When the Roman legions withdrew in the 5th century A.D. , Britain fell easy prey to the invading hordes of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from Scandinavia and the Low Countries. The invasions had little effect on the Celtic peoples of Wales and Scotland.

Roman Army

Anglo-Saxon Seven large Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established, and the original Britons were forced into Wales and Scotland. It was not until the 10th century that the country finally became united under the kings of Wessex. Following the death of Edward the Confessor (1066), a dispute about the succession arose, and William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England, defeating the Saxon king, Harold II, at the Battle of Hastings (1066).

Region of Anglo-Saxon

Norman The Norman Conquest introduced Norman French law and feudalism. The term Anglo- Saxon is used by some historians to designate the Germanic tribes who invaded and settled the south and east of Britain beginning in the early 5th century and the period from their creation of the English nation to the Norman Conquest. The Anglo-Saxon era 14 denotes the period of English history between about 550 and 1066. The term is also used for the language, now known as Old English, which was spoken and written by the Anglo- Saxons and their descendants in England (and part of southeastern Scotland) between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century

the Norman Geography The United Kingdom, consisting of Great Britain (England, Wales, and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, is twice the size of New York State. England, in the southeast part of the British Isles, is separated from Scotland on the north by the granite Cheviot Hills; from them the Pennine chain of uplands extends south through the center of England, reaching its highest point in the Lake District in the northwest. To the west along the border of Wales—a land of steep hills and valleys—are the Cambrian Mountains, while the Cotswolds, a range of hills in Gloucestershire, extend into the surrounding shires. Important rivers flowing into the North Sea are the Thames, Humber, Tees, and Tyne. In the west are the Severn and Wye, which empty into the Bristol Channel and are navigable, as are the Mersey and Ribble.

Map of The United Kingdom 15

Government The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a queen and a parliament that has two houses: the House of Lords, with 574 life peers, 92 hereditary peers, and 26 bishops; and the House of Commons, which has 651 popularly elected members. Supreme legislative power is vested in parliament, which sits for five years unless dissolved sooner. The House of Lords was stripped of most of its power in 1911, and now its main function is to revise legislation. In Nov. 1999, hundreds of hereditary peers were expelled in an effort to make the body more democratic.

The executive power of the Crown is exercised by the cabinet, headed by the prime minister. England has existed as a unified entity since the 10th century; the union between England and Wales, begun in 1284 with the Statute of Rhuddlan, was not formalized until 1536 with an Act of Union; in another Act of Union in 1707, England and Scotland agreed to permanently join as Great Britain ; the legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was implemented in 1801, with the adoption of the name the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 formalized a partition of Ireland; six northern Irish counties remained part of the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland and the current name of the country, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was adopted in 1927.

Diversity The UK is ethnically diverse, partly as a legacy of empire. Lately, the country has been struggling with issues revolving around multiculturalism, immigration and national identity. People from all cultures and ethnicities can be found in every corner of Britain and each person in his or her own way has contributed to make Britain the place it is today.

Ethics in the UK

If you walk down a street in Britain, especially in the bigger cities you will usually see people with different hair, skin and eye colors. They may have white, brown or black skin and blonde, brown, black, or red hair, with blue, black, brown or green eyes. Many of the people you will see will be British people but they all look different because the people of Britain are a mixed race.

Britain is and has always been a mixed race society. Early in our history we were invaded by Romans, Saxons, Vikings, and Norman’s armies and later Africans were brought to Britain by force in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as slaves or servants. Over the years, thousands of people have arrived in Britain as refugees from France, Ireland, Russia, and other countries, escaping from persecution or famine in their own countries. There are British people whose parents first came to Britain in the 1950s and 1960s from the Caribbean, India, Pakistan, Hong Kong and other places. Their homes are mainly in the big English cities like London, Birmingham and Manchester. About 8% of the populations of Britain today are people from other cultures and ethnicities. That is 4.6 million people.

Culture Britain is the birthplace of Newton, Darwin, Shakespeare and the Beatles; home of the world's largest foreign exchange market, the world's richest football club - Manchester United, the inventor of the hovercraft and the JK Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter books. From Scotland to Cornwall, Britain is full of customs and traditions. A lot of them have very long histories. Some are funny and some are strange. But they're all interesting and are all part of the British way of life. Throughout this section of our website you will have the chance to discover many of our customs and traditions.

Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II Elizabeth II became queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1952 upon the death of her father, George VI. She is the second longest serving head of state, after the Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who was crowned in 1946. She is also head of state of 16 independent countries including Canada and Australia. As a constitutional monarch, her role in the legislative process is largely ceremonial.

Queen Elizabeth II

Prime Minister Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a former British Labor Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. Gordon Brown became prime minister on 27 June 2007 after serving as Chancellor of the Exchequer (finance minister) in three consecutive Labor governments under Tony Blair. He was the only candidate for the premiership when Mr. Blair stood down two years into his third term in office. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labor Party from 1994 to 2007, he resigned from all of these positions in June 2007. David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966) is the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service and Leader of the Conservative Party. Cameron represents Witney as its Member of Parliament (MP).

Unit 2 People in the U.K. ______

Britain ranks fourth amongst the most populated countries of Europe. The ethnic groups of British people comprise 81.5% English, 9.6% Scottish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh, 1.8% Ulster and 2.8% of others including Indians, Pakistanis and West Indians. Since 1970, the ethnic diversity of Britain is increasing at a great pace as large number of people from India, Africa, Pakistan, China and West Indies are steadily migrating to Britain. In 1990, approximately 3% of the entire population was constituted by the immigrants.

British people

In 1999, about 1% of the British people have adopted agriculture as their main occupation whereas industry accounts for 25%. The service sector provides for the remaining 74%. Main fields of occupation are agriculture, mining, manufacturing, construction, trade, transportation, personal services and so on. The standard of living in Britain is improving tremendously and is presently considered to be the highest in Europe.

English is the official language of Britain, though Welsh is spoken in Wales that accounts for 26% of the entire population and around 60,000 people speak the Scottish form of Gaelic in Scotland. Christianity is the chief religion of the British people. The Anglican Church is the official Church of England whereas the Presbyterian Church is the established church of Scotland. The minority comprises Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jews, Buddhists and others.

Population of Britain Britain is a heavily populated country that is ranked 18th in the world in terms of size of the population. Population of Britain in July 2007 was estimated at around 60,776,238. The rate of population growth of Britain is around 0.4%. The crude birth rate of Britain is estimated around 10.7 births per 1000 people. The infant mortality rate is around 5

19 deaths per 1000 people. The birth rate of Britain is much higher than the mortality rate, accounting for a steep growth in population in the recent years. Life expectancy rate of the people of Britain is around 78.7.

The metropolitan cities like London, Yorkshire, Merseyside, West Midlands and Greater Manchester are the most populated areas of Britain. The sudden spur in population between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration. London is the city of Britain that accounts for the maximum population density, which is estimated at around 652 people per sq km. The distribution of population in Britain is unequal. Even the age groups are not evenly distributed. According to Britain Demography, one in six people is above the age of 65 and one out of five people were under the age of 16 in 2006. Most of the British population is white and belong to Germanic and Celtic origins. The population of Britain boasts of a high literacy rate.

British People British people, or Britons, are the citizens of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown dependencies (British Isle), and their descendants. When used in a historical context, "British" or "Britons" can refer to the ancient Britons, the indigenous Brittonic-Pictish Celtic inhabitants of Great Britain and Brittany, whose surviving members are the modern Welsh, and Bretons.

Brittonic-Pictish Celtic

History of British People Stonehenge and other examples of prehistoric culture are all that remain of the earliest inhabitants of Britain. Prehistoric Britain is Britain during the period between the first arrival of humans on the land mass now known as Great Britain and the start of recorded British history Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 2.0 miles (3.2 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of

Salisbury. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of a circular setting of large standing stones set within earthworks. Celtic peoples followed Roman invasions of the 1st century B.C. brought Britain into contact with continental Europe. The “Celts” were warring tribes who certainly wouldn’t have seen themselves as one people at the time. The "Celts" as we traditionally regard them exist largely in the magnificence of their art and the words of the Romans who fought them. The trouble with the reports of the Romans is that they were a mix of reportage and political propaganda. It was politically expedient for the Celtic peoples to be colored as barbarians and the Romans as a great civilizing force.

The Britons (sometimes Brythons or British) were a Celtic people who lived in Great Britain and spoke the Insular Celtic language known as British from the British Iron Age until the Early Middle Ages. Although the Britons were not called 'Celts' until later, contemporary Greek and Roman writers noted that their culture was very similar to that of the Gauls (whom they did call 'Celts'). They lived throughout Britain south of the Firth of Forth; after the 5th century, Britons migrated to mainland Europe and established settlements in Brittany (today part of France) and Britonia (today part of Galicia, Spain) Roman Britain was the part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire from AD 43 until ca. AD 410.

The Romans referred to the imperial province as Britannia, which eventually comprised all of the island of Great Britain south of the fluid frontier with Caledonia (Scotland). When the Roman legions withdrew in the 5th century A.D. , Britain fell easy prey to the invading hordes of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from Scandinavia and the Low Countries. The invasions had little effect on the Celtic peoples of Wales and Scotland.

Seven large Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established, and the original Britons were forced into Wales and Scotland. It was not until the 10th century that the country finally became united under the kings of Wessex. Following the death of Edward the Confessor (1066), a dispute about the succession arose, and William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England, defeating the Saxon king, Harold II, at the Battle of Hastings (1066).

The Norman Conquest introduced Norman French law and feudalism. The term Anglo- Saxon is used by some historians to designate the Germanic tribes who invaded and settled the south and east of Britain beginning in the early 5th century and the period from their creation of the English nation to the Norman Conquest. The Anglo-Saxon era denotes the period of English history between about 550 and 1066. The term is also used for the language, now known as Old English, that was spoken and written by the Anglo- Saxons and their descendants in England (and part of southeastern Scotland) between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century

Who the British British people live in the UK. They are people who live in: 1. England, 2. Scotland, 3. Wales, or

4. Northern Ireland.

British people can be English, Scottish, Welsh, or Irish (from Northern Ireland only). The British also known as Britons, informally Brits, or archaically Britishers are citizens of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories, and their descendants. In a historical context, the term refers to the ancient Britons, the indigenous inhabitants of Great Britain.

British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which are acquired, for instance, by birth in the UK or by descent from British nationals. British people live in the UK. They are people who live in England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. British people can be English, Scottish, Welsh, or Irish (from Northern Ireland only). Britain is a country of mixed cultures. London has the largest non-white population of any European city and over 250 languages are spoken there. Therefore not all British people are White or Christians.

National Identities of the People Living In Britain Many people think that 'English' is the same as 'British'. It is not! People who are English are from the country of England. On the other hand, British people are people who live in Great Britain (Britain) and the UK. All though everyone in the UK has a British citizenship they have different nationalities. England is only one of the four countries in Britain (Scotland, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland).

The Scots and the Welsh sometimes get angry when they are referred to as 'English'. They do not live in England and they have their own parliaments, so why should they take their identity from England? They have their own identity. There are often distinct differences between people living in each of the four countries in Britain. This is because different groups of people tend to develop their own customs and way of life. National identity and citizenship is not always the same thing in Great Britain or the UK. Most white people born in Great Britain, although British citizens, do not regard themselves as British and prefer to state their national identity as English, Scottish, Welsh, or Irish. People born in England are called English or British and can say that they live in England, Britain and/or the UK. Most people in England tend to say they are British rather than English. Slang terms sometimes used for the English include "Sassenachs" (from the Scots Gaelic), "Limeys" (in reference to the citrus fruits carried aboard English sailing vessels to prevent scurvy) and "Pom / Pommy" (used in Australian English and New Zealand English). People born in Scotland are called Scottish or British and can say that they live in Scotland, Britain and/or the UK. Most people in Scotland will say they are Scottish rather than British. People born in Wales are called Welsh or British and can say that they live in Wales, Britain and/or the UK. Most people in Wales will say they are Welsh rather than British.

Social Class System in Britain Britain was once a open society. Why? Today, multiculturalism and a changing economy are gradually eroding the British class system, but some features of the system still remain. It means a society which is heavily influenced by, or based on, class - usually

22 social class. There are many definitions of what constitutes a particular social class - economic status, standard of education, tastes and culture. Some social class types below: 1. Unskilled manual worker - building laborer - working class 2. Skilled blue-collar worker - plumber - working class 3. White collar worker - clerk - possibly middle class 4. Professional - doctor, lawyer - middle class.

Social Class Sociologists define social class as the grouping of people by occupations. Doctors and lawyers and university teachers are given more status than unskilled laborers. The different positions represent different levels of power, influence and money. In days gone by your class would affect your chances of getting an education, a job, etc. and it would also affect the people who you could socialize with and marry. Today this type of thing is all-but-gone with the high-profile exception of the Royal family.

The British Social Class System The British society has often been considered to be divided into three main groups of classes: 1. The Upper Class is often people with inherited wealth. It includes some of the oldest families, with many of them being titled aristocrats. 2. The Middle Class is the majority of the population of Britain. They include industrialists, professionals, business people and shop owners. 3. The Lower or Working Class is people who are agricultural, mine and factory workers.

The British Class System Today Although some people in the UK still refer to themselves as "working-class", "lower- middle" or "upper-middle" (and of course there are those who think of themselves as the "elite" class), to the majority of the British the meanings don't seem to matter much these days.

Unit 3 British Life and Culture:

Customs and Traditions in the U.K.

A good start to gaining some understanding of the lives of people living in a country is to look at their cherished customs and traditions.

The Perfect Brit

Custom and Tradition A custom is the usual way of behaving or acting. A tradition is a custom, opinion or belief handed down from one generation to another, often orally or by practice.

Customs and Traditions in Britain Britain is full of culture and traditions which have been around for hundreds of years. British customs and traditions are famous all over the world. When people think of Britain they often think of people drinking tea, eating fish and chips and wearing bowler hats, but there is more to Britain than just those things.

Holidays and Notable Special Days Many festivals and holidays in Britain are centuries old. Every town, village and hamlet in Britain has its own traditions, some involving months of careful planning and preparations of costumes and choreography, others requiring simply a worrying desire to make a complete and utter fool of one.

New Year's Day New Year's Day is the first day of the year, in the Gregorian calendar. In modern times, it is the 1st January. It is a time for looking forward and wishing for a good year ahead. It is also a holiday. People welcome in the New Year on the night before. This is called New Year's Eve. In Scotland, people celebrate with a lively festival called Hogmanay. All over Britain there are parties, fireworks, singing and dancing, to ring out the old year and ring in the new. As the clock - Big Ben - strikes midnight, people link arms and sing a song called Auld Lang Syne. It reminds them of old and new friends.

Big Ben at New Year Eve Boxing Day In Britain, Boxing Day is usually celebrated on the following day after Christmas Day, which is 26 December. However, strictly speaking, Boxing Day is the first weekday after Christmas. Like Christmas Day, Boxing Day is a public holiday. This means it is typically a non working day in the whole of Britain. When Boxing Day falls on a Saturday or Sunday the following Monday is the public holiday. Traditionally, 26 December was the day to open the Christmas Box to share the contents with the poor. The Christmas box was a wooden or clay container where people placed gifts.

Burns’ Night The birthday of Scotland's most famous poet, Robert Burns (1759-1796), celebrated with great festivity by the Scots. Burns Suppers are traditional celebrations on this day.

Haggis

Valentine's Day Valentine's Day (Saint Valentine's Day) is an occasion celebrated on February 14. It is the traditional day on which people express their love for each other by sending Valentine's cards, presenting flowers, or offering confectionery.

St. Valentine There were many Christians names Valentine. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, at least three Saint Valentines are mentioned who are associated with 14 February. One is described as a priest at Rome, another as a Bishop of Interregna (now Terni in Italy) and the other lived and died in Africa. The Valentine that most experts believe is the actual one remembered on St. Valentine's Day was a Roman who was martyred for refusing to give up Christianity.

Valentines Day Each year in Britain, we spend around £503 on cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts for Valentine's Day. Traditionally these were sent anonymously, but nowadays we often make it clear who is sending each 'Valentine'. Traditionally, spring begins on St Valentine's Day (February 14th), the day on which birds chose their mates. In parts of Sussex Valentines Day was called 'the Birds' Wedding Day'.

Valentine's Day Traditions and Superstitions The first man an unmarried woman saw on 14th February would be her future husband; if a woman saw a robin flying overhead on Valentine’s Day, it meant she would marry a sailor. If she saw a sparrow, she would marry a poor man and be very happy. If she saw a goldfinch, she would marry a rich person. In Wales wooden love spoons were carved and given as gifts on February 14th. Hearts, keys and keyholes were favorite decorations on the spoons. The decoration meant, "You unlock my heart!"

Lent Lent is the time when Christians prepare for the greatest of the Christian festivals known as Easter, by thinking of things they have done wrong. Lent is a Christian Festival. In the past it was a long, strict religious fast when people gave up all rich food. The day before Lent starts is known as Shrove Tuesday. It was a time for spring- cleaning lives, as well as homes.

Lent Today The Christian church no longer imposes a strict fast. Lent is a time when some Christians try to overcome their own faults because they believe that it was man's sin which led Jesus to be crucified. Some Christians try to follow the example of Jesus in the desert by giving up luxuries and practicing self-discipline. And they try to put aside more time to prayer and religious acts so that they can really let God into their lives. Many churches hold special Lent services. In some towns the churches of different denominations join together in groups to discuss and share their Christian faith.

Lent begins Lent begins with Ash Wednesday and lasts for six and a half weeks. Lent is a moveable feast which means the date changes from year to year. Lent ends at Easter when Christians remember the execution of Jesus and then celebrate his rising from death. The last week of Lent begins with Palm Sunday, which celebrates the day Jesus entered Jerusalem and the people lay down palms at his feet. The last day of Lent is Holy Saturday, the day before Easter Sunday (Easter Day). In the Roman Catholic Church, Lent officially ends at sundown on Holy Thursday (Maundy Thursday), with the beginning of the mass of the Lord's Supper.

Lent Last For 40 Days Lent is a time when Christians remember the 40 days and nights Jesus spent alone in the desert without food being tempted by the Devil. Jesus used this time to prepare for His work by fasting and praying. Christians spend forty days in preparing themselves to rejoice at the resurrection of Jesus Christ at Easter.

Easter Easter is the time for holidays, festivals and a time for giving chocolate Easter eggs. Easter is the oldest and the most important Christian Festival, the celebration of the death and coming to life again of Jesus Christ. For Christians, the dawn of Easter Sunday with its message of new life is the high point of the Christian year.

Easter Eggs

Halloween On October 31st, we celebrate Halloween, thought to be the one night of the year when ghosts, witches, and fairies are especially active. The easy answer to this question is that no one really knows the origins of Halloween. What we do know for sure is that Halloween is on the eve of a major Catholic festival, All Saints (1st November) and the eve of the pagan Celtic festival known as Samhain. The three days between 31st October and 2nd November see pagan and Christian celebrations intertwined in a fascinating way and is a perfect example of superstition struggling with religious belief. Currently, it is widely thought that Halloween originated as a pagan Celtic festival of the dead related to the Irish and Scottish Samhain, but there is no evidence that it was connected with the dead in pre-Christian times.

The England's National Costume England, unlike Wales and Scotland, has no official national dress. Some people think men in England wear suits and bowler hats, but it is very unusual these days to see anyone wearing a bowler hat. An English National Costume group is trying to make England's national dress be the clothes worn by the Anglo Saxons during the 7th century. The Anglo-Saxons were warrior-farmers and came from north-western Europe. They began to invade Britain during 450 A.D. A far better choice for an English national dress would be to choose from our many customs and traditions we have in England. There are a wide variety of costumes from the spectacular ceremonies associated with monarchy to the traditional costumes worn by Morris dancers and others at English country fairs.

The Old England National Costume

The National Dress of Scotland In Scotland the national dress is a kilt. The kilt is worn around the waist. The national costume of Wales is a long skirt, worn with a petticoat and topped with a shawl.

The National Dress of Scotland

The National Dress of Northern Ireland With the revival of Irish dancing, the traditional Irish costume has become associated with the bright flamboyant costumes worn by traditional Irish dancers.

The national dress of Northern Ireland

With the revival of Irish dancing, the traditional Irish costume has become associated with the bright flamboyant costumes worn by traditional Irish dancers.

The national dress of Northern Ireland

Unit 4 Britain’s National Emblems: The Symbols of England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland ______

Britain’s Patron Saint and Floral Emblem A national emblem is an emblem or seal reserved for use by a nation state or multinational state as a symbol of that nation. Many nations have a seal or emblem in addition to a national flag and a national coat of arms. Other national symbols, such as national birds, trees, flowers, etc., are listed at lists of national symbols.

England - St. George and the Rose The national flower of England is the rose. The flower has been adopted as England’s emblem since the time of the Wars of the Roses - civil wars (1455-1485) between the royal house of Lancaster (whose emblem was a red rose) and the royal house of York (whose emblem was a white rose). Wars of the Roses, (1455–85), in English history was the series of dynastic civil wars whose violence and civil strife preceded the strong government of the Tudors. Fought between the Houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne, the wars were named many years afterward from the supposed badges of the contending parties: the white rose of York and the red of Lancaster.

St. George and the Rose

English Royal Dynasties 1. Norman (1066-), 2. Plantagenet (1154-), 3. Lancaster (1399-),

4. York (1461-), 5. Tudor (1485-), 6. Stuart (1603-), 7. Hanover (1714-1901), 8. Windsor (1901/1917-present)

Scotland - St. Andrew - the Thistle and Scottish Bluebell The national flower of Scotland is the thistle, a prickly-leaved purple flower which was first used in the 15th century as a symbol of defense. The Scottish Bluebell is also seen as the flower of Scotland.

St. Andrew - the Thistle and Scottish Bluebell

Wales - St. David and the Daffodil The national flower of Wales is the daffodil, which is traditionally worn on St. David’s Day. The vegetable called leek is also considered to be a traditional emblem of Wales. There are many explanations of how the leek came to be adopted as the national emblem of Wales. One is that St David advised the Welsh, on the eve of battle with the Saxons, to wear leeks in their caps to distinguish friend from foe. As Shakespeare records in Henry V, the Welsh archers wore leeks at the battle of Agincourt in 1415.

St. David and the Daffodil

Northern Ireland - St. Patrick and the Shamrock The national flower of Northern Ireland is the shamrock, a three-leaved plant similar to clover. An Irish tale tells of how Patrick used the three-leafed shamrock to explain the Trinity. He used it in his sermons to represent how the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit could all exist as separate elements of the same entity. His followers adopted the custom of wearing a shamrock on his feast day.

St. Patrick and the Shamrock

Britain is the birthplace of Newton, Darwin, Shakespeare and the Beatles; home of the world's largest foreign exchange market, the world's richest football club - Manchester United, the inventor of the hovercraft and the JK Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter books. From Scotland to Cornwall, Britain is full of customs and traditions. A lot of them have very long histories. Some are funny and some are strange. But they're all interesting and are all part of the British way of life. Throughout this section you will have the chance to discover many of our customs and traditions.

The UK National Day National Days are not celebrated in Britain in the same way as they are in a number of other countries. Only St Patrick's Day in Northern Ireland (and the republic of Ireland) and St Andrew's Day in Scotland (from 2007) are taken as an official holiday. All the other national days are normal working days.

Wales

1 March - The national day of Wales is St David's Day. St David is Wales's patron saint.

St. David St. David's Day St David's Day is on 1 March. St David's Day is celebrated in Wales on 1 March, in honour of St David (Dewi Sant), the patron saint of Wales.

This is the flag of St David. It is not the flag of Wales St David St David (Dewi Sant was a Celtic monk, abbot and bishop, who lived in the sixth century. He spread the word of Christianity across Wales. The most famous story about Saint David tells how he was preaching to a huge crowd and the ground is said to have risen up, so that he was standing on a hill and everyone had a better chance of hearing him.

The National Emblem of Wales The national emblems of Wales are daffodils and leeks. St David's Day is commemorated by the wearing of daffodils or leeks. Both plants are traditionally regarded as national emblems.

The Leek There are many explanations of how the leek came to be adopted as the national emblem of Wales. One is that St David advised the Welsh, on the eve of battle with the Saxons, to wear leeks in their caps to distinguish friend from the enemy. Shakespeare mentions in Henry V, that the Welsh archers wore leeks at the battle of Agincourt in 1415.

What is Wales' National Dress? On St David's Day, some children in Wales dress in their national costume, which consists of a tall black hat, white frilled cap and long

35 dress. The national flag of Wales, depicting a fiery red dragon (Y Ddraig Goch) against a green and white background, is also flown.

The National Flag of Wales

Flag of Wales

Northern Ireland

17 March - The national day of Northern Ireland is St Patrick's Day St Patrick is Ireland's patron Saint

St Patrick

St. Patrick's Day St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on 17 March. St. Patrick's Day is celebrated in the whole of Ireland on 17 March, in honour of St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.

This is the flag of St Patrick

St. Patrick Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, is credited with bringing Christianity to Ireland. He was born in Wales somewhere around AD 385. He was carried off by pirates and spent six years in slavery before escaping and training as a missionary. The most famous story

36 about Saint Patrick is him driving the snakes from Ireland. He died on 17th March in AD 461 and this day has since been commemorated as St. Patrick’s Day.

The National Emblem of Ireland The national emblem of Ireland is the Shamrock. Patrick used the three-leaved shamrock to explain how the Trinity of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit could exist as separate parts of the same being. His followers took to wearing a shamrock in celebration. St Patrick's Day is marked by the wearing of shamrocks (a clover-like plant), the national emblem of both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

St Patrick's Day celebration St. Patrick’s Day is celebrated with parades in the large cities, the wearing of the green and drinking Guinness (traditional drink of Ireland).

England

23 April - The national day of England is St George's Day. St George is England's patron saint.

St. George

St. George's Day St George's Day is on 23 April. St George's Day is celebrated in England on 23 April, in honour of St George, the patron saint of England.

This is the flag of St George is also the flag of England St George A story dating back to the 6th century tells that St George rescued a maiden by slaying a fearsome fire-breathing dragon. The Saint's name was shouted as a battle cry by English knights who fought beneath the red-cross banner of St George during the Hundred Years War (1338-1453).

The National Emblem of England The national emblem and national flower of England is a red rose

The flower has been adopted as England’s emblem since the time of the Wars of the Roses - civil wars (1455-1485) between the royal house of Lancaster (whose emblem was a red rose) and the royal house of York (whose emblem was a white rose).

England's National Dress England does not have a national dress.

Scotland 30 November - The national day of Scotland’s is St Andrew's Day St Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland.

St Andrew

St Andrew's Day St Andrew's Day is on 30 November. St Andrew's Day is celebrated in Scotland on 30 November, in honour of St Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland.

St Andrew's flag is also the flag of Scotland

St Andrew St. Andrew was one of Christ's twelve apostles. Some of his bones are said to have been brought to what is now St. Andrews in Fife during the 4th century. Since medieval times the X-shaped saltier cross upon which St. Andrew was supposedly crucified has been the Scottish national symbol.

The National Emblem of Scotland The national emblem and national flower of Scotland is the thistle, a prickly-leaved purple flower which was first used in the 15th century as a symbol of defence. The Scottish Bluebell is also seen as the flower of Scotland.

The National Dress of Scotland The national dress of Scotland is a kilt with shirt, waistcoat and tweed jacket, stockings with garter flashes, brogue shoes and a sporran.

Bank Holidays There are four public holidays a year, called Bank Holidays, when registration requires banks and businesses to close. These are of no nationalistic or religious significance.

Traditional Dances A traditional dance seen throughout the month of May is Morris Dancing. It is a traditional English form of folk dancing, performed by groups of men or women.

Border Morris Dances

Morris Dancing has been danced for hundreds of years, and passed down through the generations in the villages of rural England. The dances are usually performed at festivals such as May Day, Whitsun and Christmas.

The Origins of Morris Dancing There are several thoughts to the origins of Morris Dancing. The name may refer to the possibility of the form of dancing coming to England from the Moors of North Africa; or it may have been called 'Moor-ish' simply because the dancers sometimes painted their faces black, and people compared this to the dark-skinned Moors.

Morris Dances The Music The dancing is very lively and accompanied by an accordion player, a melodeon or fiddle player (Cotswolds) or a noisy band with a drum (Border Morris or North West sides)

Accordions and a fiddle

Two accordions and on the right a concertina

Drum Costumes Morris dancers wear different clothes depending on the part of the country in which they dance. They are often dressed in white with coloured baldrics (coloured belts) across their chests.

'BAKANALIA' are a Border Morris Dancing group from Leicester.

Border Morris Dancers generally wear 'tatter jackets' and black their faces - probably originating as a form of disguise.

Bethane Border Morris Dancers

The Dances There are usually six or eight dancers arranged in two lines or in a circle facing each other. The dancers may carry white handkerchiefs that they shake, or short sticks that they bang against each other as they dance. Some dancers have bell-pads tied at their knees, which make a loud and cheerful rhythm as they dance.

Cotswold Morris

North West Morris

Questions to comprehend 1. Does the UK have a National Day? Explain it! 2. When is St. David's Day? 3. Who was St David? 4. What is the national emblem of Wales? 5. What is Wales' National Dress? 6. When is St. Patrick's Day? 7. Who was St. Patrick? 8. Who was St. Patrick? 9. What is the national emblem of Ireland? 10. How is St Patrick's Day celebrated? 11. When is St. George's Day? 12. Who was St George? 13. What is the national emblem of England? 14. What is England's National Dress? 15. When is St Andrew's Day? 16. Who was St Andrew? 17. What is the national emblem of Scotland? 18. What is the National Dress of Scotland?

Unit 5 Educational Structure and System in the U.K.

Introduction to School Life Education is an important part of British life. There are hundreds of schools, colleges and universities, including some of the most famous in the world. Education is free and compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 - 16. Some children are educated at home rather than in school. Children's education in England is normally divided into two separate stages. They begin with primary education at the age of five and this usually lasts until they are eleven. Then they move to secondary school, there they stay until they reach sixteen, seventeen or eighteen years of age.

Children start school in Britain The statutory school age in England, Wales and Scotland is from 5 years to 16 years. In England term starts in September, the entry year is reception (R) and children must be 5 before August 31 the following year.

The Scottish school year starts in August. The entry class is primary 1 (P1) and a child must be 5 before the end of the following February to gain admission to P1. (See table) Children attend primary school for seven years, where they study English, mathematics, science, Religious education, history, geography, music, art and crafts, physical education, information technology (computers) and a foreign language.

What Grade / Year Group in Britain Children are put into year groups (grades). The whole class moves up a year group each year in September.

Age* England and Wales Scotland

1 Sept - 31 Aug 1 Sept - 29 Feb 1 Mar - 31 Aug

School Key Stage Year Year Year

Primary 4-5 School or Reception - Primary 1 (P1) Infant School

5-6 " KS1 Year 1 Primary 2 (P2) Primary 1 (P1)

6-7 " " Year 2 Primary 3 (P3) Primary 2 (P2)

Primary 7-8 School or KS2 Year 3 Primary 4 (P4) Primary 3 (P3) Junior School

8-9 " " Year 4 Primary 5 (P5) Primary 4 (P4)

9-10 " " Year 5 Primary 6 (P6) Primary 5 (P5)

10-11 " " Year 6 Primary 7 (P7) Primary 6 (P6)

Secondary 11-12 KS3 Year 7 Secondary 1 Primary 7 (P7) School

12-13 " " Year 8 Secondary 2 Secondary 1

13-14 " " Year 9 Secondary 3 Secondary 2

14-15 " KS4 Year 10 Secondary 3

Secondary 4 15-16 " " Year 11 S4 Std Grade

6th Form at Secondary Secondary 5 Secondary 4 16-17 A' Level Year 12 School or S5 Higher S4 Std Grade College

Secondary 6 Secondary 5 17-18 " " Year 13 S6 Adv Higher S5 Higher

Secondary 6

S6 Adv Higher

For any academic year, example: A child who is 6 between September and February would be in Y1 in England, P2 in Scotland. A child who is 6 between February and June would be would be in Y1 in England, P1 in Scotland A child who is 6 between July and August would be in Y1 in England, P1 in Scotland

Teachers in primary schools (4 - 11 year olds) are always addressed by their surname by parents and pupils alike, always Mr, Mrs or Miss Smith.…. In secondary schools (11 - 16 years), teachers are usually addressed as Miss or Sir. Education is important in England, as it is Wales and Scotland too. British children are required by law to have an education until they are 16 years old. Education is compulsory, but school is not, children are not required to attend school. They could be educated at home.

1996 Education Act of the UK

Section 7 of the 1996 Education Act states: "The parent of every child of compulsory school age shall cause him to receive efficient full-time education suitable- (a) to his age, ability and aptitude, and (b) to any special educational needs he may have, either by regular attendance at school or otherwise."

Education is free for all children from 5 to 16. Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged between 5 and 16 (inclusive) across England. This can be provided by state schools, independent schools, or home schooling.

About 94 per cent of pupils in England, and the rest of the UK, receive free education from public funds, while 6 per cent attend independent fee paying schools or home schooling.

Curriculum All government-run schools, state schools, follow the same National Curriculum.

The School Year The school year runs from September to July and is 39 weeks long. For many areas the year is divided into six terms: • September to October • October to December • January to February • February to March • April to May • June to July

(Some counties in England still follow the traditional three terms a year.) The dates for school terms and holidays are decided by the local authority or the governing body of a school, or by the school itself for independent schools.

School holidays The main school holidays are: • Christmas- 2 weeks • Spring - 2 weeks • Summer - 6 weeks

There are also one week holidays: • end of October • mid February • end of May

Kids start school Children normally start primary school at the age of four or five, but many schools now have a reception year for four year olds. Children normally leave at the age of 11, moving on to secondary school (High school).

School Tests in England The British Government places great importance on the need to assess and test pupils in order to know what they have achieved. Compulsory testing takes place at the ages of seven, eleven and fourteen in England and Scotland (but not Wales where more informal methods of assessment are favoured). All children in state schools are tested in English and mathematics at the ages of seven, 11 and 14, and pupils aged 11 and 14 are also tested in science. Most young people take GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education)

examinations at sixteen, and many take vocational qualifications, A/S and A levels (Advanced levels), at seventeen and eighteen.

Age Stage Grade Tests

3-4 Foundation

4-5

5-6 Key Stage 1 Year 1

6-7 Year 2 National tests and tasks in English and math (SATs)

7-8 Key Stage 2 Year 3

8-9 Year 4

9-10 Year 5

10-11 Year 6 National tests in English, math and science (SATs)

11-12 Key Stage 3 Year 7

12-13 Year 8

13-14 Year 9 National tests in English, math and science (SATs)

14-15 Key Stage 4 Year 10 Some children take GCSEs 15-16 Year 11 Most children take GCSEs, GNVQs or other national qualifications

Types of schools in England Children's education in England is normally divided into two separate stages. They begin with primary education at the age of five and this usually lasts until they are eleven. Then

46 they move to secondary school, there they stay until they reach sixteen, seventeen or eighteen years of age.

The main categories of school are:- • Local authority maintained schools (State Schools) Free to all children between the ages of 5 - 16 • Independent schools. (Private/Public Schools) Parents pay for their children's' education.

State Schools In the UK 93% of the children in England and Wales go to "state schools". State schools are non fee-paying, funded from taxes and most are organized by Local Authorities (LA). Parents are expected to make sure that their child has a pen, pencil, ruler etc. but the cost of other more specialized equipment, books, examination fees are covered by the school. Parents are, however, expected to pay for their child's school uniform and items of sports wear. Charges may also be made for music lessons and for board and lodgings on residential trips. Schools may ask for voluntary contributions for school time activities - but no pupil may be left out of an activity if their parents or guardian cannot or do not contribute.

Primary schools (5 - 11 year olds) In the UK, the first level of education is known as primary education. These are almost always mixed sex, and usually located close to the child's home. Children tend to be with the same group throughout the day, and one teacher has responsibility for most of the work they do. Parents are strongly encouraged to help their children, particularly with reading and writing, and small amounts of homework are set to all children, even during the early years at school.

Secondary schools (11 - 16 year olds) Most children transfer at the age of 11 - usually to their nearest secondary school, though the law allows parents in England and Wales to express preferences for other schools too. A place has to be offered at the parents' preferred school unless the school has more applicants than places; in that case it will admit the children who have the highest priority under its published admission arrangements which can vary a little in different places.

Most secondary schools cater for both sexes. They tend to be much larger than primary schools. Nearly 88 per cent of secondary school pupils in England go to comprehensive schools, as do all pupils in Wales. These take children of all abilities and provide a wide range of secondary education for all or most of the children in a district from 11 to 16 or 18. All children in Scotland go to non-selective schools.

Grammar Schools are selective; they offer academically oriented general education. Entrance is based on a test of ability, usually at 11 (11+). Grammar schools are single sexed schools i.e. Children either go to a boys Grammar School or a Girls Grammar School. There are grammar schools in Northern Ireland and some parts of England.

Fee Paying Schools Independent Schools 7% of the children in England go to independent schools. Independent schools are known as private schools and public schools. Parents pay for their children to attend these schools. • Nursery/Kindergarten 2 to 4 years • Pre-preparatory 3 or 4 to 7 years • Preparatory 7 to 11 or 13 years • Public 11 or 13 to 18 years

Prep Schools A preparatory school is a school to prepare pupils to go to a public school.

Public Schools A public school is an independent secondary school. Public schools in England are not run by the government. The entrance exams used by most public schools are known as Common Entrance exams and are taken at the age of 11 (girls) or 13 (boys). The most famous public schools are Eton, Harrow and Winchester.

Higher Education Around 30% of the 18 to 19 year olds enter full-time higher education. The formal entry requirements to most degree courses are two A-levels at grade E or above. In practice, most offers of places require qualifications in excess of this.

What is the difference between Grammar Schools and Comprehensive schools? Grammar schools are selective; they offer academically oriented general education. Entrance is based on a test of ability, usually at 11, called the Eleven Plus (11+). Comprehensive schools, on the other hand, are non-selective; they do not select pupils on grounds of ability.

School Life for a 13 year old British Boy School is a mixed 11-18 school. There about 1,150 students in my school, including 200 in the sixth form. It is called a Technology College and specializes in Computers and Math. My school has over 1200 computers (including over 400 tablet PC's)

I am in Year 8 and at the end of Key Stage 3 (a year earlier than normal). I presently have to decide what GCSEs I would like to start working towards. I sit my GCSE exams next year instead of the year after when most other people of my age will be doing them. Some subjects are compulsory like Math, English, Science and a foreign language. I am not sure what other GSCEs I will be taking. I will have to decide soon.

School Day I leave home at 6:45 and walk 20 minutes to catch a bus to school. The bus is a special one just for kids going to my school. The journey on the bus takes an hour because it has to keep stopping to pick up other students along the way. When I arrive at school, I collect my Tablet PC from the Flexi (Flexible Learning Centre). Then I go to my Tutor Room for Registration at 8:30.

Registration The attendance of every child attending school each morning and afternoon is recorded in a special book. The teacher reads out each child’s name in turn. On hearing his/her name, the child replies 'yes Mrs. (teacher's name)' and the teacher notes down in the book whether the child is in school or not.

We listen to announcements to see what special things are happening at school today or this week. At about 8:50 we leave Tutor Room to go to our First Period. Every day I have a different Lesson the first period. Normally it is Humanities but I also have Math, Drama and Music, and French on the other days. Each period lasts an hour.

All my lessons are in different rooms and places around the school. Each Room either has a three digit number or a name. The numbers are very hard to remember! I have different teachers for each lesson. I have a locker where I can store some of my stuff but otherwise I have to carry it all around with my in my bags.

Swipe Cards Every Student carries a swipe card. We swipe into every lesson to let the school know that we have attended that certain lesson and to know where we are in case of emergencies. On the Swipe Card there are two stripes, a black and a brown. The brown is to swipe into lessons and the black is to get into the toilets and buildings. We can put money on our Swipe cards instead of carrying cash around. When we want to pay for snacks at the Tuck Shop or canteen we just hand over our cards and they deduct the money.

Subjects Math, English Science ICT Drama Music Art PE Humanities (History, Geography, and Religion) French or Spanish

Time Table • 9:00 1st Period • 10:00 2nd Period • 11:00 - 11:20 Break

During break, I have a snack and play and chat with my friends. Usually we play 'IT' a chasing game. Snow ball fight when it snows is dead fun. • 11:20 3rd Period • 12:30 4th Period • 1:30 - 2:10 Lunch

I bring a packed lunch to school but occasionally I have school dinners in the School Canteen.

• 2:10 5th Period • 3:10 End of School • Sometimes I stay after school for clubs.

Canteen The Canteen is open at Lunch Time and Break Time. Most hot food is served only at lunch time. Chips are only available on Mondays and Fridays.

Tablet PC We don't use our Tablet PCs in all lessons because some rooms do not have enough power sockets. We use the Tablets to do our work on and to search the Internet. Our Tablet PCs are connected to a Network so we can send our work straight to our teachers. And they can send them back with their comments.

Subjects to learn We follow the National Curriculum for England and Wales. What is taught in state schools is set by government guidelines. The main aim of the National Curriculum is to raise standards, making sure all children have a broad and balanced education up to the age of 16 and to ensure that schools in all parts of the country are following the same courses. The National Curriculum specifies what children must study and what they are expected to know at different ages. These ties in with the national test that check whether children are meeting these targets.

Subjects studied in Key Stage 2 (5 -11 year olds) There are English, Mathematics, Science, Information Technology (Computers), Religious Education (RE), Design and Technology, History, Geography, Art, Music and Physical Education (PE). The National Curriculum at Key Stage 3 includes English, Mathematics, Science, Design and Technology, IT, History, Geography, Modern Foreign Languages, Art, Music and PE. In addition to the National Curriculum, RE is also taught and, for secondary pupils, Sex Education. Key Stage 4 students have to study English, Mathematics, Science, Design and Technology, a Modern Foreign Language, IT and PE. RE and Sex Education are also taught, although parents can choose not to let their child study these subjects.

Questions to Comprehend 1. How is Education in British life? 2. At what age do children start school in Britain? 3. When do kids start school? 4. What different types of schools do you have in England? 5. What is the difference between Grammar Schools and Comprehensive schools? 6. What does Swipe Cards mean? 7. What subjects learn in every key stage?

Unit 6 The United Kindom Government and Political System ______

The UK Central Government Historically most British governments have been composed of ministers from a single political party which had an overall majority of seats in the House of Commons and the 'first-past-the-post' (FPTP) electoral system greatly facilitates and indeed promotes this outcome. However, occasionally there have been minority governments or coalition governments.

The UK Government is more commonly known as ‘Her Majesty’s Government.’ Her Majesty's Government (HMG), commonly referred to as the British Government, is the central government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Coat of arms used by HM Government

The government is a constitutional monarchy. The head of the state is a Queen, the Queen Elizabeth II. The head of the government will still be the Prime Minister, David Cameron.

Structure of Central Government

Monarch The Queen (non-political)

Executive Legislature (Government) (Parliament) Prime Minister Judiciary House of Commons & Supreme Court (political) Cabinet House of Lords House of Lords (political) (non-political) (semi-political) Ministers & Civil service (non-political)

Structure of Central Government

Constitutional Monarchy The UK is a constitutional monarchy, a monarchy in which the sovereign has mainly advisory and ceremonial responsibilities. The other form of monarchy is the absolute

52 monarchy, in which the monarch is also the ruler. The constitutional position of the Monarchy is summed up in the famous phrase “The Queen reigns but does not rule”. Monarch (non-political) Although historically the sovereign had more power in the government of Britain, today the sovereign no longer exercises political power, and the role is largely a symbolic one. The present Queen is the constitutional (formal) head of State and Commonwealth.

Role of the Monarch Theoretically, the King or Queen is the source of all government powers. He / She is the head of the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all armed forces. In reality, the King or Queen does everything on the advice of the Prime Minister, and his/her role is symbolic, ceremonial, and not political.

The UK is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy Parliamentary democracy–it is a country whose government is controlled by a parliament which has been elected by the people. Constitutional monarchy–it is a country governed by a king or queen who accepts the advice of a parliament.

Parliamentary democracy The UK is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional Monarch as Head of State. The principle behind British democracy is that the people elect Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons in London at a general election, held no more than five years apart. Most MPs belong to a political party, and the party with the largest number of MPs in the House of Commons forms the government.

The two Houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, The House of Lords and the House of Commons are based on The Palace of Westminster, also known as the Houses of Parliament, in London. The palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the London of the City of Westminster, close to the government buildings of Whitehall.

The House of Lords and the House of Commons meet in the Houses of Parliament, located next to the River Thames in London. The Houses of Parliament is also called the Palace of Westminster and was a royal palace. The last monarch to live here, Henry VIII, moved out in 1512. Parliament has met in the Palace of Westminster since around 1550. The highest positions in the government are filled by members of the directly elected parliament (MPs). The UK government is divided in powers among the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.

Legislature It is the Parliament 1. House of Lords is hereditary peers or peeresses, senior judges, church figures and life peers (695 Lords) 2. House of commons is members of parliament (659)

Three functions are 1. to examine proposals for new laws 2. to observe government policy and administration 3. to debate the major issues of the day

The Houses of Parliament is also called the Palace of Westminster. It is made up of three parts: 1. The Queen 2. The House of Lords 3. The House of Commons

Palace of Westminster

The Queen Queen Elizabeth II The Queen is the official Head of State. The UK has a constitutional monarchy where, the Queen only rules symbolically; in reality, power belongs to Parliament. Although the Queen 'opens' Parliament each year and laws are passed in her name, the Queen herself plays no part in determining decisions made in Parliament. The Queen has the final say on whether a bill becomes law. The last Monarch to reject a law that was wanted by both Houses of Parliament was Queen Anne. She died in 1715. Queen Elizabeth II , Born: 21 April, 1926. Be Queen since 6 February 1952 , The Queen lives at Buckingham Palace in London.

Queen Elizabeth II

Queen Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary) was born on 21 April, 1926 at 17 Bruton Street, London. Her birthday is officially celebrated in Britain on the second Saturday of June each year. The day is referred to as “the Trooping of the Color”, the official name is “the Queen’s Birthday Parade”. Queen Elizabeth II is a 'constitutional monarch'. This means that although she is officially the head of the state, the country is actually run by the government, led by the Prime Minister.

The House of Commons The House of Commons (the lower House), is the center of the parliament power, composing of 659 Members of Parliament (Mps), who represent the 659 geographical areas or “constituencies”. The House of Commons has 659 members who have been elected by local residents to represent an area of the country in Parliament. The members are called MPs (Members of Parliament). Each MP represents one of 659 constituencies (areas) in the UK and is a member of a political party, such as New Labor or the Conservative party.

House of Commons

The party which holds the majority of “seats” in the House of Commons forms the government, its leader acting as the Prime Minister. After a government has been in power for 5 years, it must resign and hold a general election, in which all British adults

55 are given the chance to vote again for the MP who represents their constituency. The House of Commons performs 3 major functions. 1. Draft new laws. 2. Scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government; and supervise finance. 3. Influence future government policy.

MPs hold most of their debates in the House of Commons Chamber. The Speaker, who controls proceedings, sits on a raised chair at one end of the Chamber. The Government sits on the benches on the Speaker's right, whilst members of the Opposition party MPs occupy the benches on the Speaker's left. The Opposition's job is to oppose the Government. The biggest Opposition party sits directly across from the Government benches.

MPs hold most of their debates in the House of Commons Chamber. The Speaker, who controls proceedings, sits on a raised chair at one end of the Chamber.

The Government sits on the benches on the Speaker's right, whilst members of the Opposition party MPs occupy the benches on the Speaker's left. The Opposition's job is to oppose the Government. The biggest Opposition party sits directly across from the Government benches.

What are the red lines on the carpet in front of each set of benches? 1. The red lines in front of the two sets of benches are two-sword lengths apart; a Member is traditionally not allowed to cross the line during debates. 2. The lines are there to prevent either side attacking the other during a debate. Of course, MPs are not likely to attack each other these days.

The House of Lords The House of Lords is made up of people who have inherited family titles and those who have been given titles because of their outstanding work in one field or another. There are 675 members of the Lords. The main job of the House of Lords is to 'double check' new laws to make sure they are fair and will work.

The House of Lords (the Upper House), consists of 1. the Lords Spiritual, including archbishops and prominent bishops of the Church of England, 2. the Lords Temporal, including hereditary peers and life peers who are granted noble titles by the monarch on the advice of the PM, and the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, more commonly known as the Law Lords, who perform the judicial functions of the House of Lords.

The House of Lords

The House of Lords is made up of people who have inherited family titles and those who have been given titles because of their outstanding work in one field or another. There are 675 members of the Lords. The main job of the House of Lords is to 'double check' new laws to make sure they are fair and will work.

The main legislative function of the House of Lords is to examine and revise bills from the House of Commons, but the Law Lords can’t normally prevent proposed legislation from becoming law if the House of Commons insist on it. The House of Lords also functions as the supreme court of justice and the highest court of appeal for both criminal and civil cases.

Executive It is the Government 1. Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, allocates functions among ministers Informs the Queen of the general business of the Government Recommends a number of appointments to the Queen 2. Cabinet ischosen by Prime Minister support the Government’s delivery reform program 3. Civil Service offers advice, implement the policies

The Government

The Prime Minister Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament. After each general election, the monarch will ask the leader of the winner party to be the PM and form a new Cabinet. Cabinet members are chosen by the PM from members of his own party in Parliament. Most of them are appointed as ministers in charge of government departments. The role of the PM is traditionally described as “first among equals ”; the Cabinet has always been led by the PM.

10 Downing Street 10 Downing Street, colloquially known in the United Kingdom as "Number 10", is the headquarters of the executive branch of the British Government. Situated in Downing Street in the City of Westminster, London, The Queen

Judiciary It is the Supreme Court 1. Headed by Lord Chancellor 2. Interpret laws in practice

The Supreme Court

Main Political Parties There are three predominant political parties in the United Kingdom. 1. The Conservative Party 2. The Labor Party 3. The Liberal-Democrats

Conservative Party Their original name is ‘The conservative and unionist party’ but is more commonly known as just the Conservative Party. They adhere mainly to a center-right philosophy. That philosophy primarily caters to the ideologies of British-union and of conservatism. The leader of this party - David Cameron, is the current leader of the nation. He is the current Prime Minister. It is the most successful party in the United Kingdom as of today and is currently holding the cabinet. They are holding it with a coalition government with the Liberal-Democrats.

Labor Party The labour party is also known as the new labour. They are a party that adheres to a primarily center-left philosophy, as opposed to the conservative party. The labour party was the last party that has held the cabinet before the 2010 General Elections.The labour party was led by ex-Prime Minister Tony Blair, and later by ex-Prime Minister Gordon Brown. The current leader for the party is Ed Milliband MP. This party is also an active member of ‘Socialist International.’

Liberal-Democrats The Liberal-Democrats are popularly shortened to be known as Lib-Dems. They are a ‘center to center-left social liberal’ active political party. Today, they are a part of a coalition government with the Conservative Party and hold the maximum number of seats in the ministry. This party originated with two other parties came together: The Liberal Party and The Social Democratic party, in 1988.

The Parliament and the Government The Parliament and Government mean two different things: Parliament represents the people Government runs the country and is also elected by the people

The British Prime Minister Unlike the US, British voters do not choose their Prime Minister (PM). He/she is voted for within their political party. The Prime Minister is the head of the UK Government. The Prime Minister heads the Government and appoints Ministers, who head individual Government departments.

The Secretaries of State The most important ministers are called Secretaries of State and they form the Cabinet. The Secretaries of State are in charge of a Government Department (a ministry). Each minister is responsible for his department, and makes sure that his department applies the policy of the government. The most important Secretaries of State: 1. The Chancellor of the Exchequer (finance) 2. The Foreign Secretary (international affairs) 3. The Home Secretary (internal affairs) 4. The Lord Chancellor (the legal system) 5. The Secretary of State for Education 6. The Secretary of State for Transport and the Environment.

The Prime Minister: David Cameron At present, the Prime Minister is David Cameron, who is the leader of the Conservative Party and Nick Clegg, leader of the Liberal Democrats is his deputy. Every week the Prime Minister appears before the House of Commons and must answer questions put to him or her by the members of Parliament. The Prime Minister heads the Government and appoints Ministers, who head individual Government departments.

Shadow Cabinet The two other main political parties also have their own ‘shadow cabinets’. The Official Opposition (the non-government party with the largest number of elected members of Parliament — currently the Labor Party) is headed by the Shadow Cabinet and is supported by numerous junior opposition front benchers. The Liberal Democrats, as the only other party with a large number of seats, used to call their leadership while in opposition the Liberal Democrat Frontbench Team, but during the last Labor government, they started to use the term 'Shadow Cabinet'.

The Chequers Chequers are a country house belonging to the Government, which is used as the Prime Minister's non-London residence. If the PM needs to hold a private conference of some of his Ministers or receive foreign visitors over a weekend, Chequers is usually where it is done. It is also used by Prime Ministers to entertain guests as a special privilege.

The Leader of the Government, It is the Prime Minister The new Prime Minister chooses a team of people from Parliament who will run the country with him. Any MPs or Lords in the team he or she picks are now members of the UK Government. There are normally about 100 people in a UK government. The Government is different from Parliament. The Government is also different from the rest of the party who won the election.

The Leader of the Party in Power Becomes the Prime Minister The leader of the political party with the most MPs in the House of Commons is asked by the Queen to become Prime Minister and to form a government that will manage the country.

Unit 7 Religion Life in the U.K.

Background of History Barring the first few centuries of its history, Christianity has been the predominant religion in Britain. Christianity, as propounded by the Anglican Church of England, continues to be the dominant faith of the country. The head of the Church of England is the reigning British monarch, presently Queen Elizabeth II. According to the census of 2001, the Christian community of the country accounted for about 71% of the entire population. In addition to Christianity, other religions of Britain feature Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Jainism and Sikhism. In Britain religion is a matter of individual choice. Religious diversity is one of the defining features of the British society that is the outcome of the right to religious freedom granted to the citizens of the country.

History of religion in Britain reflects the evolution of the country's faith from Roman Catholicism to Protestantism. It was during the reign of Henry VIII in 1533 that the Anglican Church was formed after breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church. The Church of England was led by Henry VIII, who got the Bible translated into English. Those who adhered to his new faith came to be known as the Protestants. The country once again reverted back to Catholicism under Queen Mary in the year 1558. With the succession of Queen Elizabeth to the throne of the country, the Anglican Church was restored back to its former glory and since then it features as the official religion of the country.

Religion in Great Britain In Great Britain majority of the people are Christians. The Christian communities of Great Britain include the followers of the Church of Scotland, Catholics, Church of England, Protestants, Church in Wales and other Christian denominations. Presbyterian Church of

Scotland is the official Church of Scotland. A large number of inhabitants of Britain adhere to no religion. The 2001 census placed them at over 15% of the entire population, second only to the Christians. Among the non Christians, the Muslims are the largest religious denomination, with the Hindus occupying the second position. Tolerance towards all religions is the hallmark feature of the British society.

Christianity in Britain Christianity in Britain is the dominant faith. However, the country follows a policy of religious tolerance for its citizens. Christianity, as propagated and practiced by the Church of England, is the chief religion in Britain. The Scottish follows the Scottish Presbyterian Church. Roman Catholicism is also followed by a wide number of people in Britain. Almost three quarter of the population of Britain consists of Christians. Most Christians in Britain are followers of the Church of Scotland and the Church of England. Roman Catholic, Methodist and Church of Wales are other Christian denominations of the country. The Church of England is headed by the Queen of England. As Christianity is the major religion of the country, a wide variety of denominations, churches and sects can be witnessed there.

Christianity was introduced in Britain with the arrival of Romans. Nearly 40 churches of that period are still in existence. After the departure of the Romans, prominence of Christianity declined in the country. However, in 597 AD, with the arrival of missionaries under the supervision of Augustine, Christianity again rapidly flourished in the country. Augustine was declared the first Archbishop of Canterbury. A wide number of parishes and dioceses distributed all over the country form the structural base of the practice of Christianity in Britain. The Break with Rome in 1533 in the reign of Henry VIII saw the establishment of the Church of England in Britain with Canterbury as its main centre. The monarch assumed the role of the Head of the Anglican Church. This incident, commonly referred to as the Reformation resulted in the pre-eminence of the Protestant faith in Britain. The Protestants still continue to be the most widely followed form of Christianity in Britain.

Over the years, a large number of Christian denominations started to make their appearances in Britain. A large number of people resorted to Catholicism following the new Evangelist movements that started to make their presence felt from the sixteenth century onwards. The major influx from Ireland also saw an increase in the number of Catholics. With religious groups disagreeing over points of theology and ecclesiastical organizations, a large number of other Christian groups appeared in Britain over the years. Commonly known as the Free Church groups, they amount to over 200 in present day Britain.

Britain Islam Among the religions practiced in modern Britain, Islam accounts for 3 per cent of the total population of the country. Britain Islam refers to the Muslim Community residing in Britain, which is the largest non Christian religious group in the country. Muslims in Britain are estimated to be around two to three million. The Muslim community of Britain is concentrated largely in the cities of Lancashire, Greater London, West Yorkshire and

West Midlands. The Muslims of Britain are mostly followers of the Sunni tradition. Muslim population in Britain is concentrated in the urban areas. The followers of Britain Islam are ethnically diverse. 74% are British Asian, 6.9 % are black British, 11.6% are white and 7.5 % belong to other groups.

Muslim community in Britain comprises people from the countries of North Africa, Middle East and some countries of the Indian subcontinent like Pakistan, Bangladesh and India, who migrated to the country for a number of reasons like economic and political. Yemenis were the first Muslim group that settled in Britain. The first mosque of Britain was built at Cardiff in 1860. There are more than 1200 mosques in Britain at present. Some of the more famous mosques in Britain are: • East London Mosque • London Central Mosque • Finsbury Park Mosque • Al-Rahma mosque • Glasgow Central Mosque • Birmingham Central • Mosque London Markaz

Christianity and the Christian tradition Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is a loosely organised community of Protestant churches, whose 'mother church' is the Church of England, established by the Act of Supremacy in 1534 (during the English Reformation). Others include the Church in Wales, the Scottish Episcopal Church, and the Church of Ireland.

Baptists Baptists hold six convictions in common: supreme authority of the Bible; baptism of believers only; a church comprised of believers only; equal status of all Christians within the church; independence of local churches; and separation of church and state.

Charismatic Renewal Founded by US Catholics in 1967, the Charismatic Renewal movement seeks a return to traditional teaching and values, while emphasising the spiritual rebirth of believers.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) It was founded in 1830s America by Joseph Smith, who revealed the Book of Mormon, telling of Israelite migration to America centuries before Christ. Adherents are millennialist, believing a second coming of Jesus Christ will be followed by 1,000 years of peace under his rule.

Church of Scotland State Church of Scotland, founded in 1560 along Calvinist principles. In 1690 it developed a Presbyterian form of governance - a collective including both clergy and non-clerical elders. The church has no set prayer-book or order of service; communion is generally celebrated only occasionally.

Jehovah's Witnesses Millennialism faith was founded by Charles Taze Russell in 1870-80. Believers reject the Trinity, saying Jesus is the son of Jehovah but not an embodiment of God. They are active evangelists.

Methodism It was founded in 1739 by John Wesley, who wanted to emphasize the power of the Holy Spirit in the faith and personal life of believers and the value of a personal relationship with God.

Orthodoxy The Orthodox Church split from Catholicism in the 'great schism' of 1054, over papal supremacy and aspects of the nature of God. The church in the UK now represents a combination of jurisdictions, primarily the ecumenical patriarchate, but also Greek, Russian, Serbian and Antiochian traditions.

Pentecostalism Pentecostal beliefs have their roots in Protestantism. Members are baptized into the spirit, availing them to the spiritual gifts of God which may include speaking in tongues, and the ability to prophesy and heal.

Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) Quakerism was founded by George Fox during the 17th-century English Puritan movement. Believing that there is something of God in everyone, Quakers reject barriers of race, sex or creed. Meetings of worship are characterized by silence, during which anyone may feel moved to speak, pray or read.

Roman Catholicism It is church dating back to the Apostles of Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD. Unlike Protestants, Roman Catholics believe in the literal transformation of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ (also known as transubstantiation). Unlike the Orthodox, they believe in the 'supreme jurisdiction' of the Pope - one of the issues that led to the 'great schism' of Catholicism and Orthodoxy in 1054.

Salvation Army Christian religious and charity movement founded by William Booth, a London Methodist minister, in 1865. Doctrinally it is similar to most Protestant evangelical denominations. Services are informal.

Seventh-Day Adventist Church Millennial faith was established in the US largely through the preaching of William Miller (1782-1849). Adherents share many basic Christian beliefs. Principles include the observation of the seventh day of the week rather than the first as the Sabbath.

Unitarianism Form of Christianity that rejects the concept of the Trinity, believing instead in the oneness of God. Also believe in the 'essential unity of humankind and of creation', espousing a liberal, tolerant attitude to other branches of faith.

United Reformed Church Formed in 1972 with the union of the Congregational Church in England and Wales and the Presbyterian Church of England

Other religions Baha'i It has been founded in Iran in 1844, principally by Mirza Hoseyn Ali Nuri - or Baha Ullah (Glory of God). He and his forerunner, Mirza Ali Muhammad (the Bab), are held to be manifestations of God, who in his essence is unknowable. The Baha'i seek to establish a universal faith, and are devoted to abolition of racial, class and religious prejudices.

Buddhism Religion and philosophy founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), possibly in the 5th century BC. According to his Four Noble Truths, the human condition is one of suffering caused by the craving for temporary things. One of these espouses a search for enlightenment and nirvana - a deliverance from human existence.

Hinduism Both a civilization and a congregation of religions have neither a founder, central authority, hierarchy nor organization. Most sects accept the sacredness of the ancient Indian Veda texts of 1400 to 500 BC. Hindus believe in reincarnation, the worship of several gods, and a caste system as the basis of society.

Islam The sources of Islam are the Koran, believed by Muslims to be the exact word of God, and the Hadith - the report of the sayings, deeds and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. Tenets include the oneness of God, the equality of mankind, the innocence of man at birth, and the inseparability of religion and politics. Have two principal branches: Sunni and Shia.

Jainism Although precise origins are unknown, most believers come from the Gujarat and Rajasthan areas of India. Jains are followers of the Jinas or Tirthankaras (spiritual victors) - an ancient line of teachers said to possess infinite knowledge and to have attained perfect purity. The principal belief is ahimsa - the avoidance, where possible, of physical or mental harm to any living being.

Judaism Jews believe they are the descendants of Abraham, who received a covenant from God around 2000 BC. This covenant was enhanced 500 years later by the Torah, five books

65 given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai. Jews believe that they are challenged and blessed by God, who compels them to obey his laws and act as witness for other peoples of the world.

Paganism Paganism encompasses several spiritual movements, many of which predate the major religions. Based on the ancient polytheistic religions of Europe and the Middle East, the focus is a spirituality linked to the cyclical and rhythmic patterns of nature.

Rastafarian Rastafarians worship Haile Selassie I (known as Ras [Prince] Tafari), former emperor of Ethiopia, considering him to have been the Messiah and champion of the black race. Rastas believe black people are Israelites reincarnated and have been persecuted by the white race in divine punishment for their sins. They will eventually be redeemed by exodus to Africa, their true home and heaven on earth.

Scientology It is religious/scientific movement spawned by dianetics, a programme developed by the American L. Ron Hubbard in the 1950s. According to dianetics, every experience is recorded in the mind as a mental image: it espouses a set of techniques, including working with an 'auditor', to free the mind of latent painful memories or 'engrams'.

Sikhism Indian religion combining Islamic and Hindu elements, founded in the Punjab in the late 15th century by Guru Nanak. Nanak was the first of the Ten Gurus, of whom Sikhs are disciples. There is one God, whom man should serve by leading a life of prayer and obedience: Sikhs believe that their soul then passes through various existences by transmigration, and will become one with God.

Zoroastrians Religion founded between 6000 and 12000 BC in north-east Iran. Scriptures describe the will of Ahura Mazda (Lord of Wisdom), the all-powerful and perfect creator, who grants humans Vohu Manah - a clear, rational mind with which to dispel ignorance and blind faith.

Unit 8 British Royal Family ______

The Surname of the British Royal Family The British Royal Family's surname is Windsor. They changed their name from Saxe- Coburg-Gotha to Windsor in 1917.

Name Changes World War I broke out in 1914 and anti-German sentiment was at its height in 1917. In protest, King George V renounced all the German titles belonging to him and his family and adopted the name of his castle, Windsor.

The Religion of Royal Family The Royal family is members of the Church of England. The Royal family can only be Church of England. Roman Catholics are barred from succession under the Act of Settlement (1701) Act of Settlement 1701. The monarch "shall join in communion with the Church of England." The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 with the Act of Supremacy and understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed.

The Titles of Royal Family Members 1. HM = Her Majesty • the Queen 2. HRH = His or Her Royal Highness • Royal Highness is associated with the rank of prince or princess 3. TRH = Their Royal Highnesses • It appears in front of the names of some members of some royal families but is not used for Kings or Queens who are styled Majesty.

Descendants of Alfred the Great Royal Family Tree (849 - 2012) 1. Wessex 2. Normans 3. Plantagenet 4. Tudor 5. Scottish 6. Stuart 7. Hanover 8. Windsor a. Family of Elizabeth II

Royal Family of Elizabeth II

Royal Family of Elizabeth II THE BRITISH MONARCHY TODAY

The British Monarchy And Its Most Important Members 1. the Queen 2. the Sovereign‘s successor and her grandchild

I‘m Prince Philip. The Duke of Edinburgh. I was I‘m Prince Edward. born in Corfu on The Earl of Wessex. I 10 June 1921. was born on 10 March 1964 and I‘m the youngest child of the Queen.

I‘m Prince I‘m Princess Anne.I William. I was was born on 15 born on June 21, Aug.1950. I‘m the 1982 in London second child of the and I‘m the And I‘m Queen. second heir to the Elizabeth II throne

I‘m Prince Charles.The I‘m Prince Andrew. Prince of Wales.I was The Duke of York. I born on 14 Nov. 1948 was born on at Buckingham Palace. 19 Feb.1960. I am I‘m the eldest son of the first child to be the Queen and I‘m the born to a reigning heir to the throne. monarch for 103 years

The Queen I was born in London on 21 April 1926. My parents are: The Duke and Duchess of York, subsequently King George VI and Queen Elizabeth I. I was christened Elizabeth Alexandra Mary. I was proclaimed Queen Elizabeth II at the age of 25 when my father King George VI died aged 56 on Feb. 6, 1952. My Coronation was in Westminster Abbey on June 2, 1953. The Queen lives at Buckingham Palace in London.

The Official Title of the Queen The Queen's title in the United Kingdom is: ‘Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'.

The surname of the British Royal Family The British Royal Family's surname is Windsor. They changed their name from Saxe- Coburg-Gotha to Windsor in 1917. Why they changed their name World War one broke out in 1914 and anti-German sentiment was at its height in 1917. In protest, King George V renounced all the German titles belonging to him and his family and adopted the name of his castle, Windsor.

What religion the Royal family belong to The Royal family is members of the Church of England. The Royal family can only be Church of England. Roman Catholics are barred from succession under the Act of Settlement (1701)

When Queen Elizabeth came to the throne Queen Elizabeth II ascended the throne on February 6, 1952 upon the death of her father, King George VI. Her Coronation, at Westminster Abbey, followed on June 2, 1953. (A new king or Queen begins to rule as soon as their succession to the throne has been announced. But the coronation - when the crown is placed on the monarch's head - may not happen until months later.) The queen celebrated her Golden jubilee (50 years since her accession) in 2002.

Head of State Queen Elizabeth II is the United Kingdom's Head of State. She is queen of 16 former British colonies, including Australia, Canada and New Zealand; and head of the Commonwealth, a multinational body created after the dissolution of the British Empire.

Who the Queen is married to The Queen was married to the HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the son of Prince and Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark. They married on 20 November 1947. The Duke is Queen Elizabeth's third cousin; they share Queen Victoria as a great-great- grandmother.

Queen Elizabeth II‘S Husband A Prince Rather Than A King In the British monarchy, the husband of a female monarch does not have any recognized special status, rank, or privileges. Prince Philip was a prince from birth. He is the son of Prince Andrew of Greece and was born Prince of Greece and Denmark. Upon his marriage to then-Princess Elizabeth in 1947, Philip was given the title "Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merion, and Baron Greenwich," and was made a Knight of the Garter. (He became a British citizen around this time and renounced his Greek and Danish titles). Elizabeth II was coroneted in 1953, and in 1957, she granted Philip the title "Prince of the United Kingdom."

Queen Elizabeth’s surname The Queen does not normally use a surname (she doesn't need a passport or a driving license for example), but on the few occasions where it has been necessary, i.e. when serving with the ATS during World War II, she has used the surname 'Windsor'. The British royal family changed their last name from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor in 1917. Why? World War One broke out in 1914 and anti-German sentiment was its height in 1917. In protest, King George V renounced all the German titles belonging to him and his family and adopted the name of his castle, Windsor. From 8 February 1960, all The Queen's descendants who do not bear the "style, title or attribute of HRH and the titular dignity of Prince or Princess" have the name of Mountbatten-Windsor. (Mountbatten is Prince Philip's surname).

Royal Homes Among the official royal residences are 1. Buckingham Palace, 2. Windsor Castle, 3. St. James Palace, 4. Balmoral Castle, 5. Frogmore House, 6. The Palace of Holyroodhouse, 7. Sandringham House, and 8. Kensington Palace.

Buckingham Palace Buckingham Palace is the Queen's official and main royal London home, although the Queen regularly spends time at Windsor Castle and Balmoral in Scotland, Belonging to British people, official home in London of royal family, Residence of royal family since Queen Victoria in 1837, Built in 1703, enlarged in 1825 & 1913, Royal standard flies when sovereign in residence.

Windsor Castle Windsor Castle is an official residence of The Queen and the largest occupied castle in the world. The castle was the inspiration for the Royal family's surname, also belonging to nation, 22 miles west of London, weekend & summer home of royals for 900+ years, when sovereign here, royal flag flies from Round Tower. William the Conqueror built the castle in 1080 and it has remained a royal palace and fortress for over 900 years. Windsor is the oldest royal home in Britain and, covering 13 acres, it's the largest castle in the world that is still lived in. Each year, the Order of the Garter ceremony is held at Windsor Castle, and the Queen occasionally hosts a "dine and sleeps" for politicians and public figures, Includes St. George’s Chapel (royal burial place) & Albert Memorial Chapel, dedicated to husband of Queen Victoria. Surrounding castle, Home Park, including Frogmore House & Mausoleum (burial site of Queen Victoria & Prince Albert & other royals), & Windsor Great Park, home to a stock of red deer.

St. James Palace St. James's Palace was built between 1531 and 1536 and was home of kings and queens of England for over 300 years. The palace was built by Henry VIII on the site of the Hospital of St. James, Westminster. After the destruction by fire of the Palace of

Whitehall in 1698, all monarchs until William IV lived at St. James's for part of the time. William IV was the last Sovereign to use St. James's Palace as a residence. Since the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837, the Sovereign has lived at Buckingham Palace.

Balmoral Castle Balmoral Castle is the private residence of The Queen. It has remained a favorite residence for The Queen and her family during the summer holiday period in August and September. The Castle is located on the large Balmoral Estate in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Also belonging to sovereign, located in Scotland, 7 miles NE of Braemar, summer residence of royal family. Mansion bought by Queen Victoria in 1852 & renovated by Prince Albert’s plans. Foundation stone for parish church of Crathie laid in 1893 by Queen Victoria & attended by royal family nearby at Balmoral Castle. Scottish Highland Games celebrated in Braemar on first Saturday in September, attended by 20,000 people & royal family, all dressed in traditional Scottish attire. Some 85,000 people visit Balmoral each year, and the estate maintains and restores footpaths throughout the property for visiting hikers.

Frogmore House Built in the 17th century, Frogmore was purchased for George III’s consort, Queen Charlotte, and has since been a tranquil, country residence of successive monarchs. It is no longer an occupied royal residence, but is frequently used by the Royal Family for private entertaining.

The Palace of Holyroodhouse Founded as a monastery in 1128, the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh is The Queen's official residence in Scotland. It was also the home of many Scottish royals. The Queen holds receptions, state functions, and investitures within its walls, and each year during Holyrood Week Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip invite 8,000 Scottish guests to the Garden Party.

Sandringham House The Royal family’s private country retreats in Norfolk. Every Christmas is spent at Sandringham House, which has been the private home of four generations of sovereigns since 1862. Belonging to monarch, residence constructed (1867-1870) during reign of Queen Victoria & located in Norfolk (East Anglia), 8 miles outside town of King’s Lynn. Traditionally, Xmas spent here by royals. Queen Alexandra, wife of Edward VII (son of Queen Victoria), George V, & George VI all died here. Grounding with magnificent trees, small church (silver altar), & museum (hunting trophies & vintage cars).

Kensington Palace Kensington Palace was the favorite residence of successive sovereigns until the death of George II in 1760. When William III bought the Jacobean mansion in 1689 it was known as the Nottingham House. Kensington Palace was the birthplace and childhood home of Queen Victoria and her primary residence until she moved into Buckingham Palace. Kensington Palace was the London residence of the late Princess Diana.

Her son Prince Charles Philip Arthur George. Duke of Cornwall and Prince of Wales (the Queen invested him on July 1, 1969) at the age of 3 he became heir apparent. Prince Charles has two sons. The oldest is Prince William. The youngest is Prince Harry. The eldest is named William and the youngest is named Henry, but called Harry.

Her grandchild (HRH) Prince William Arthur Philip Windsor of Wales, born: 21.June 1982 9:03pm at St. Mary‘s Hospital Paddington (London), Christened by the Archbishop of Canterbury

Prince Henry of Wales (Henry Charles Albert David; born 15 September 1984), commonly known as Prince Harry, is the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales, and fourth grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Unit 9 British Literature ______

British Literature British literature refers to literature associated with the United Kingdom, Isle of Man, Channel Island, as well as to literature from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, prior to the formation of the UK.

Periods of British Literature 1. Latin Literature 2. Old English Literature 3. Late Medieval English Literature 4. Other Medieval English Literature 5. Renaissance  Elizabethan and Jacobean Era  1600 to 1800 6. 19th century English Language Literature  Romanticism  The 19th century novel  Victorian Era  Ireland  Wales  Scotland 7. English Language Literature since 1900

Latin Literature Chroniclers such as Bede, with his Historia Ecclesatia Gentis Anglorum and Gildas were figures in the development of indigenous Latin literature, mostly ecclesiastical, in the centuries following the withdrawal of the Roman Empire.

Historia Ecclesatia Gentis Anglorum

Bede

Old English Literature Old English period: 450-1066 the earliest form of English Literature developed after the settlement of the Saxons and other Germanic tribes in England after the withdrawal of the Romans and is known as Old English or Anglo-Saxon. The earliest known English poem is a hymn on the creation; Bede attributes this to Cadman (fl. 658–680), who was, according to legend, an illiterate herdsman who produced extemporaneous poetry at a monastery at Whitby. This is generally taken as marking the beginning of Anglo-Saxon poetry.

Epic Poem Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English. A hero of the Geats, Beowulf battles three antagonists: Grendel, Grendel’s mother; and a Dragon.

Epic Poem Beowulf

Late medieval English literature In the later medieval period a new form of English now known as Middle English evolved. This is the earliest form which is comprehensible to modern readers and listeners. The most significant Middle English author was Geoffrey Chaucer who was active in the late 14th century. His main works were The Cantebury Tales and Troilus and Criseyde. The rise of Scottish poetry began with the writing of The Kingis Quair by James I of Scotland. The main poets of this Scottish group were Robert Henryson, William Dunbar and Gavin Douglas.

Geoffrey Chaucer

Other medieval English literatures Geoffrey of Monmouth was one of the major figures in the development of British History and the popularity for the tales of King Arthur. He is best known for his chronicle

Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain) 1136, spread Celtic motifs to a wider audience, including accounts of Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, wizard Merlin, and sword Caliburnus (named as Excalibur in some manuscripts of Wace).

Geoffrey of Monmouth History of the Kings of Britain

William Langland's Piers Plowman is considered by many critics to be one of the early great works of English literature along with Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight during the middle Ages. It’s also the first allusion to a literary tradition of Robin Hood.

William Langland Piers Plowman

Early Modern English literature The Elizabethan era was the epoch in English history of Queen Elizabeth I's reign (1558– 1603). The Jacobean era refers to the period in English and Scottish history that coincides with the reign of James VI of Scotland (1567–1625), who also inherited the crown of England in 1603 as James-I.

Elizabethan and Jacobean eras The most important literary achievements of the English Renaissance were in drama. William Shakespeare, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language, wrote over 35 plays in several genres, including tragedy, comedy and history. Such as, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Othello, Antony and Cleopatra, and also poet like Venus and Adonis.

1660 to 1800 English Literature The early 18th century is known as the Augustan Age of English literature. Daniel Defoe 1719 castaway novel Robinson Crusoe, with Crusoe standing over Man Friday after freeing him from the cannibals. The 18th century novel tended to be loosely structured and semi-comic. Henry Fielding's Tom Jones is considered a comic masterpiece. Major novelists from the middle to late 18th century include; Laurence Sterne, Samuel Richardson, Samuel Johnson, and Tobias Smollett, who was a great influence on Charles Dickens.

Horace Walpole's 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, invented the Gothic fiction genre, which combines elements of horror and romance. Although the epics of Celtic Ireland were written in prose and not verse, most people would probably consider that Irish fiction proper begins in the 18th century with the works of Jonathan Swift (especially Gulliver's Travels) and Oliver Goldsmith (The Vicar of Wakefield).

19th century English language literature Romanticism Major political and social changes at the end of the eighteenth century, particularly the French Revolution, prompted a new breed of writing known as Romanticism. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge began the trend for bringing emotionalism and introspection to English literature. The main poets of this era were William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron, and John Keats.

The 19th century novel At the same time, Jane Austen was writing highly polished novels about the life of the landed gentry, seen from a woman's point of view, and wryly focused on practical social issues, especially marriage and money.

Austen's Pride and Prejudice is often considered the epitome of the romance genre, and her other most notable works include; Sense and Sensibility, Mansfield Park, Persuasion and Emma. Mary Shelley is best known for her novel Frankenstein 1818, infusing elements of the Gothic novel and Romantic Movement. Frankenstein's chilling tale suggests modern organ transplants, tissue regeneration, that reminds us of the moral issues raised by today's medicine.

Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene in the 1830s, confirming the trend for serial publication. Dickens wrote vividly about London life and struggles of the poor, Oliver Twist, but in a good-humored fashion, accessible to readers of all classes.

The immortal A Christmas Carol he called his "little Christmas book". Great Expectations is a quest for maturity. Dickens early works are masterpieces of comedy, such as The Pickwick Papers. Later his works became darker, without losing his genius for caricature.

Victorian Era It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading form of literature in English. The Victorian era was a period of great political, social and economic change. Most writers were now more concerned to meet the tastes of a large middle- class reading public than to please aristocratic patrons. The best known works of the era include the emotionally powerful works of the Brontë sisters: Charlotte's Jane Eyre, Emily's Wuthering Heights and Anne's Agnes Grey were released in 1847

An interest in rural matters and the changing social and economic situation of the countryside is seen in the novels of Thomas Hardy and others. Wilkie Collins’ novel The Moonstone is generally considered the first detective novel in the English language. Literature for children was published during the Victorian period, some of which has become globally well-known, such as the works of Lewis Carroll, notably with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

Anna Sewell wrote the classic animal novel Black Beauty. At the end of the Victorian Era, Beatrix Potter was best known for her children’s books featuring animals, The Tale of Peter Rabbit. Bram Stoker, the author of Dracula, featured as its primary antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. Dracula has been attributed to many literary genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, gothic novel and invasion literature. H. G. Wells, is referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction", invented a number of themes that are now classic in the science fiction genre.

The War of the Worlds, describing an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry; it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. His novel The Time Machine is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel using a vehicle that allows an operator to travel purposefully and selectively.

The major High Victorian poets were Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Matthew Arnold and Gerard Manley Hopkins. Robert Browning's great innovation was the dramatic monologue, which he used to its full extent in his long novel in verse, The Ring and the Book. Elizabeth Barrett Browning is perhaps best remembered for Sonnets from the Portuguese but her long poem Aurora Leigh is one of the classics of 19th century feminist literature.

In Ireland In the 19th century, the Irish playwright Dion Boucicault was an extremely popular writer of comedies. However, it was in the last decade of the century that the Irish theatre finally came of age with the emergence of George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde.

All of these writers lived mainly in England and wrote in English, with the exception of some works in French by Wilde.

The Celtic Revival (1890), was begun by William Butler Yeats, Augusta, Lady Gregory, John Millington Synge, Seán O'Casey, James Joyce and others. The Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature. The movement also encouraged the creation of works written in the spirit of Irish culture, as distinct from British culture.

In Wales Anglo-Welsh literature is a term used to describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers, notably Dylan Thomas, especially if they either have subject matter relating to Wales or (as in the case of Anglo-Welsh poetry in particular) are influenced by the Welsh language in terms of patterns of usage or syntax. It has been recognized as a distinctive entity only since the 20th century. The need for a separate identity for this kind of writing arose because of the parallel development of modern Welsh literature, i.e. literature in the Welsh language.

In Scotland Scottish literature in the 19th century, following the example of Walter Scott, tended to produce novels that did not reflect the realities of life in that period. Robert Louis Stevenson's short novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) depicts the dual personality of a kind and intelligent physician who turns into a psychopathic monster after imbibing a drug intended to separate good from evil in a personality. His Kidnapped is a fast-paced historical novel set in the aftermath of the '45 Jacobite Rising, and Treasure Island is the classic pirate adventure.

The Kailyard School of Scottish writers presented an idealized version of society and brought elements of fantasy and folklore back into fashion. J. M. Barrie, author of Peter Pan, is one example of this mix of modernity and nostalgia.

English language literature since 1900 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Scotland of Irish parents, but his Sherlock Holmes stories have typified a fog-filled London for readers worldwide. The major lyric poet of the first decades of the 20th century was Thomas Hardy, who concentrated on poetry after the harsh response to his last novel, Jude the Obscure.

The most widely popular writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling, a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems, notably The Jungle Book, often based on his experiences in British India. Kipling's inspirational poem If—is a national favorite.

Major poets of this period in Britain included the American-born T. S. Eliot and Irishman W. B. Yeats. Free verse and other stylistic innovations came to the forefront in this era. The experiences of the First World War were reflected in the work of war poets such as

Wilfred Owen, Rupert Brooke, Isaac Rosenberg, Edmund Blunden and Siegfried Sassoon. Following the Arab Revolt, T. E. Lawrence "Lawrence of Arabia" wrote his autobiographical account in Seven Pillars of Wisdom.

Important novelists between the two World Wars include Irish writer James Joyce, alongside English authors D. H. Lawrence, Enid Blyton, Virginia Woolf, E. M. Forster, C. S. Forester and P. G. Wodehouse. Joyce's complex works included Ulysses, arguably the most important work of Modernist literature, which is referred to as "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement".

D. H. Lawrence wrote with understanding about the social life of the lower and middle classes, and the personal life of those who could not adapt to the social norms of his time. He attempted to explore human emotions more deeply than his contemporaries and challenged the boundaries of the acceptable treatment of sexual issues in notable works such as Lady Chatterley's Lover.

Virginia Woolf was an influential feminist, and a major stylistic innovator associated with the stream-of-consciousness technique. Her novels included To the Lighthouse, Mrs Dalloway, and The Waves.

Robert Graves is most renowned for his 1934 novel I Claudius, with E. M. Forster A Passage to India. Aldous Huxley's futuristic novel Brave New World anticipates developments in reproductive technology and sleep-learning that combine to change society.

Daphne Du Maurier wrote the highly acclaimed Rebecca, while Malcolm Lowry is best known for Under the Volcano. The most notable work of W. Somerset Maugham is Of Human Bondage that is strongly autobiographical and is generally agreed to be his masterpiece.

Classics of children's literature consisted of A Milne collection of books about fictional bear Winnie-the-Pooh, novelist Enid Blyton adventures of a group of young children and their dog in The Famous Five, and Mary Norton wrote about tiny people who borrow from humans, The Borrowers.

Major fantasy novelists; C. S. Lewis (The Chronicles of Narnia) and J. R. R. Tolkien (The Lord of the Rings), were leading figures in the English faculty at Oxford University and in the informal Oxford literary group known as the "Inklings".

Ian Fleming created the character James Bond, chronicling his adventures in twelve novels and two short story collections such as Casino Royale, Dr. No, and Goldfinger, Notable children's works consisted of Dodie Smith novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians.

Agatha Christie was a renowned crime writer of novels, short stories and plays, best remembered for her 80 detective novels and her successful West End theatre plays. Her

83 works, particularly featuring detectives Hercule Poirot or Miss Jane Marple, have given her the title the 'Queen of Crime' and made her one of the most important and innovative writers in the development of the genre, with some of her most famous works being Murder on the Orient Express and Death on the Nile.

Major British authors from mid to late 20th century — Evelyn Waugh, William Golding, Arthur C Clarke, Graham Greene, Anthony Burgess, Frederick Forsyth, Roald Dahl, John le Carré, Anthony Powell, Kingsley Amis, V. S. Naipaul, Brian Aldiss, J. G. Ballard, Anthony Horowitz, Iris Murdoch, Kazuo Ishiguro, John Wyndham, Iain M. Banks, Irvine Welsh, Clive Barker and Douglas Adams.

Major British writers on the turn of the 21st century include; the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature recipient Doris Lessing, Ian McEwan, Martin Amis, Helen Fielding, Philip Pullman, Salman Rushdie, Neil Gaiman, Alan Moore, Terry Pratchett and J. K. Rowling.

Unit 10 Food and Drink in the U.K. ______

British Traditional Foods You may already have several ideas about typical British food, but did you know that the most popular dish in England at the moment is curry. British food has traditionally been based on beef, lamb, pork, chicken and fish and generally served with potatoes and one other vegetable. The most common and typical foods eaten in Britain include the sandwich, fish and chips, pies like the Cornish pasty, trifle and roasts dinners. Some of our main dishes have strange names like Bubble & Squeak and Toad-in-the-Hole. The staple foods of Britain are meat, fish, potatoes, flour, butter and eggs. Many of our dishes are based on these foods.

Britain's First Curry

The British have long enjoyed food with a bit of bite. And 200 years ago, an Indian migrant opened The British have long enjoyed food with a bit of bite. And 200 years ago, an Indian migrant opened Britain's first curry house to cater for the fashion for spicy food.

Fish And Chips

Bubble & Squeak

Toad-in-the-Hole

The Most Popular Food in the UK The dish is very simple: fish (usually cod, haddock or plaice) is dipped in a batter made from flour, eggs and water and then deep fried in hot fat. Chips are made from thick slices of potato and deep fried. The best-known British dish eaten at home is roast beef. Roast beef is served with roast potatoes, vegetables and gravy. Yorkshire pudding – batter baked in hot fat in the oven – is also a favorite accompaniment to roast beef. Most recently, ethnic foods have become very popular in Britain. In fact, curry is now Britain’s most popular meal.

Cod Haddock

Gravy

Yorkshire pudding

Meals and Meal Times Some people have their biggest meal in the middle of the day and some have it in the evening, but most people today have a small mid-day meal - usually sandwiches, and perhaps some crisps and some fruit. We have three main meals a day: 1. Breakfast - between 7:00 and 9:00, 2. Lunch - between 12:00 and 1:30 p.m. 3. Dinner (sometimes called Supper) - The main meal. Eaten anytime between 6:30 and 8:00 p.m. (Evening meal)

Traditionally, and for some people still, the meals are called: 1. Breakfast - between 7:00 and 9:00, 2. Dinner (The main meal) - between 12:00 and 1:30 p.m. 3. Tea - anywhere from 5:30 at night to 6:30 p.m.

On Sundays the main meal of the day is often eaten at midday instead of in the evening. This meal usually is a Roast Dinner consisting of a roast meat, Yorkshire pudding and two or three kinds of vegetables.

British like Drinking Tea Tea is the most popular drink in Britain – far more popular than coffee. The Dutch brought the first tea to Europe in about 1610, but it was not until 1658 that the first advertisement for tea appeared in a London newspaper. By 1750, tea had become the principal drink of all the social classes in Britain, although at that time a pound of the cheapest tea cost about one-third of a skilled worker’s weekly wage! Gradually, tea drinking developed into a fashionable social ritual.

Tea gardens, where couples could stroll in the afternoon and enjoy a cup of tea with bread, butter and cakes, developed. Tea parties were also popular at home, and soon the ritual of ‘afternoon tea’ was firmly established. The custom of High Tea also arose, and served as a more substantial evening meal. Tea in Britain is traditionally brewed in a china teapot, adding one spoonful of tea per person and one for the pot. Great importance is attached to the use of freshly boiled water, which is poured onto the leaves. The tea is left to brew for a few minutes. Although hundreds of different teas are available, the strong English breakfast blend is one of the favorites, with added milk, and a little sugar for those with a sweet tooth.

The Tradition of High Tea Goes Back Many Years to the Late 1700's.

Afternoon Tea and High Tea in England AFTERNOON TEA is the traditional 4 o'clock tea. This is a small meal, not a drink. Traditionally it consists of tea (or coffee) served with either of the following: Freshly baked scones served with cream and jam (Known as a cream tea). Afternoon tea sandwiches - thinly sliced cucumber sandwiches with the crusts cut off. Assorted pastries

Afternoon Tea Today Afternoon tea is not common these days because most adults go out to work. However, you can still have Afternoon tea at the many tea rooms around England. Afternoon tea became popular about one hundred and fifty years ago, when rich ladies invited their friends to their houses for an afternoon cup of tea. They started offering their visitors sandwiches and cakes too. Soon everyone was enjoying Afternoon tea.

HIGH TEA (The traditional 6 o'clock tea) The British working population did not have Afternoon Tea. They had a meal about midday, and a meal after work, between five and seven o'clock. This meal was called 'high tea' or just 'tea'. (Today, most people refer to the evening meal as dinner or supper.) Traditionally eaten early evening, High tea was a substantial meal that combined delicious sweet foods, such as scones, cakes, buns or tea breads, with tempting savories, such as cheese on toast, toasted crumpets, cold meats and pickles or poached eggs on toast. This meal is now often replaced with a supper due to people eating their main meal in the evenings rather than at midday.

Haggis Haggis is Scotland’s best-known regional dish. It is made from lamb’s offal (lungs, liver and heart) mixed with suet, onions, herbs and spices, all packed into a skin, traditionally made of a sheep’s stomach. Traditionally served on Burns' Night, the haggis is often accompanied by mashed potatoes and mashed turnips.

Haggis 89

British People Drink Beer More than 27 million pints of beer are sold in the UK every day. Although breweries are mainly run by big national or multinational groups, there are many microbreweries serving a smaller area and a few publicans, or bar owners, still brew their own beer.

English beer styles: 1. Bitter 2. Brown ale 3. Mild ale 4. Old ale 5. Porter and Stout 6. Archaic styles 7. Lager

Bitter Brown Ale Mild Ale Larger

Achaic Old Ale Stout

Porter Larger Britain Cheeses Traditional cheeses are produced in many regions of the UK and are named after the area in which they were developed. Cheddar, a hard cheese with a strong, nutty taste, is the most popular and is now made all over the world. A 'true' Cheddar must come from the counties of Somerset, Dorset or Devon in southwest England or specifically from the Somerset village from which it takes its name. Wensleydale comes from the Yorkshire Dales (valleys) in northern England. Originally made from sheep's milk, it is based on a recipe introduced by the Cistercian monks in the 11th century.

Traditional Lancashire, from northwest England, has a light, salty flavor and is made using the combined curd from three consecutive days.

During the Industrial Revolution (around 1760-1830), Lancashire cheese was the staple food of the mill workers. Caerphilly, a crumbly cheese, was first made in the Welsh town of that name in about 1831. The cheese is soaked overnight in brine baths to seal in the moisture. It was particularly popular with the local coalminers who lost a lot of salt during their work at the pit face. Blue Stilton is considered the "king" of British cheeses. No Christmas meal would be complete without a slice of this blue, creamy cheese and a glass of port!

Stilton Chedar

Lanchashire Wensleydale

Wensleydale

Unit 11 Geographical Site of the U.K. ______

The official title of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .

The UK is made up of 1. Great Britain (the formerly separate realms of England and Scotland, and the principality of Wales.) 2. Northern Ireland (also known as Ulster) 3. Numerous smaller islands including the Isle of Wight, Anglesey, and the Scilly, Orkney, Shetland, and Hebridean archipelagos.

Geo-astro location of the UK The UK is an island nation in Western Europe just off the coast of France. The mainland areas lie between latitudes 49°N and 59°N and longitudes 8°W to 2°E. The UK lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, and comes within 35 km (22 miles) of the northwest coast of France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. Northern Ireland shares a 360 km international land boundary with the Republic of

Ireland. The Channel Tunnel bored beneath the English Channel, now links the UK with France.

Land The UK Landscape is very varied, ranging from the Grampian Mountains of Scotland to the lowland fens of England which are at or below sea level in places. Scotland and Wales are the most mountainous parts of the UK. A ridge of hills, the Pennine, runs down the centre of northern England. Many coastal areas are low-lying, especially in the east and south of England. These include the wetlands of the Somerset levels that regularly flood during heavy rain. Most of the UK is made up of gently rolling hills with isolated areas of high ground such as Dartmoor in the south-west of England or the Mourne Mountains in Northern Ireland.

Lakes Northern Ireland is also home to the UK's largest lake, Laugh Neigh, which covers an area of 396sq.km (153 sq miles). Other major lakes include Windermere in the English Lake District and Loch Lomond in Scotland. Another of Scotland's lakes, Loch Ness is famous for sightings of 'Nessie', a mythical monster.

Loch Ness Monster

Rivers Being a relatively small Island, the UK's rivers are not very long. The Severn, its longest river, is just 338 km in length, beginning in Wales and entering the Atlantic Ocean near Bristol in England. Other major rivers include the Thames, which flows through Oxford and London, and the Trent and Mersey rivers, which drain rainfall from large areas of central England. England's best known river is, of course, the Thames which flows through London. It is also the longest, at 346km, in England. The River Severn

94 is the longest in total, but its source is in the mountains of Wales, and the parts which run through England are shorter than the Thames.

Coastline England has a long coastline of 3,200 km. In the south and west, the coastline can be rocky, with steep cliffs. The east coast is often flat and low lying, with beaches and mud flats.

Seas The UK is made up of several islands. The only land border connecting the UK to another country is between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The UK is bordered by four seas: to the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europe, to the east by the North Sea , and to the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean

Weather Britain is an island country and the surrounding sea gives England a varied climate. We never know what the weather will be like from one day to the other. It can be sunny one day and rainy the next. As we have such a variable climate changing from day to day, it is difficult to predict the weather. In general we have warm summers and cool winters. Our summers are cooler than those on the continent, but the winters are milder.

The main influence on the climate is the close proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, northern latitude, and the warming of the waters around the land by the Gulf Stream (a warm current of the northern Atlantic Ocean). The island is small compared with the other land masses in the northern hemisphere – hence Britain is more influenced by the ocean compared with other European countries, and the Gulf Stream helps to keep winters milder compared with other landlocked nations with a similar latitude.

Climate The overall climate in England is called temperate maritime. This means that it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0ºC in winter and not much higher than 32ºC in summer. It also means that it is damp and is subject to frequent changes.

Warmest and coldest months July and August are normally the warmest month in England. Around the coasts, February is normally the coldest month, but inland there is little to choose between January and February as the coldest month.

Best months to travel to England Probably the best months to travel in England are May, June, September and October. These months generally have the most pleasant temperatures and less rain. July and August are the warmest months, but they are also the wettest. The sunniest parts of the Britain are along the south coast of England.

Rainfall Rain is fairly well distributed throughout the year, with late winter/spring (February to March) the driest period and autumn/winter (October to January) the wettest. The Lake District is England's wettest region, receiving and average of 130 inches (330 centimeters) of precipitation each year. The western and northern hills receive about 40 inches (102 centimeters) of rain, while the east coast receives about 20 inches (51 centimeters).

Sunshine During June, July and August (the months of longest daylight) the mean daily duration of sunshine varies from five hours in northern Scotland to eight hours in the Isle of Wight. During the months of shortest daylight (November, December and January) sunshine is at a minimum, with an average of an hour a day in northern Scotland and two hours a day on the south coast of England.

British Seasons • We have four seasons: • Spring - March to May • Summer - June to August • Autumn - September to November • Winter - December to February

Natural Resources Natural resources are things that occur naturally, and that are useful to us. They include fuels such as oil and natural gas, and materials such as iron ore, and timber. Natural resources may be renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources are those that are replaced in nature at a rate close to their rate of use e.g. plants, forests and animals. Care is needed to make sure resources are used sustain ably and not over- harvested. There are non-living renewable resources too such as hydroelectric power, solar power, biomass fuel, and wind power. Non-renewable resources exist in fixed amounts or are used up faster than they can be replaced in nature e.g. fossil fuels. (Fossil fuels could be counted as renewable but as they take millions of years to form they are not practically considered 'renewable'.)

Britain's Natural Resources 1. coal, 2. petroleum, 3. natural gas - found in the British sector of the North Sea 4. zinc 5. tin, 6. limestone, 7. iron ore, 8. salt, 9. slate 10. clay, 11. chalk, 12. gypsum,

13. lead, 14. silica, 15. arable land

Mines and Factories During the 19th century Britain used to have many coal and iron mines and had the natural resources to make textiles, steel and ships. Today, coal and textiles can be produced more cheaply in other countries and so many British factories and mines have closed. Areas like south Wales, central Scotland, the north of England (the Midlands, Merseyside, Manchester, West Yorkshire and Newcastle) and London were important industrial centers.

References

Bromhead, Peter. 1991. Life in modern Britain. New Edition. Harlow: Longman. Burns MacGregor, James - J. W. Peltason - Thomas E. Cronin - David B. Magleby. 1994. Government by the people. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Crowther, Jonathan. (Ed.). 1999. Oxford Guide to British and American culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McDowall, David. 1995. Britain in close-up. Harlow: Longman. Oakland, John. 1993. A dictionary of British institutions. A Student's Guide. London: Routledge. Oakland, John. 2001. Contemporary Britain. A survey with texts. London: Routledge. Oakland, John. 2003. British civilization. An introduction. (5th edition.) London: Routledge. O'Driscoll, James. 1995. Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Room, Adrian. 1990. An A to Z of British life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Scheck, Denis. 1997. Leksykon amerykańskiej popkultury. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Baran Suszczyński. Project Britain, British Life and Culture, By Mandy Barrow