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WORKBOOK in CHEMISTRY (I) (Inorganic & Bioinorganic) 1 UKRAINE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES OF UKRAINE Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry & Water Quality WORKBOOK in CHEMISTRY (I) (Inorganic & Bioinorganic) of student______________________________________ (Name, Surname) (group, year of study) Branch of knowledge – 10 Natural Sciences Speciality – 101 Ecology Kyiv-2019 2 УДК 546 (07) Робочий зошит призначено для виконання лабораторного практикуму з неорганічної і біонеорганічної хімії. Включає методики виконання експериментальних задач, форми протоколів аналізу, питання для самоперевірки. Рекомендовано методичною радою факультету захисту рослин, біотехнологій та екології Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України для спеціальності 101 – Екологія, для яких викладання ряду дисциплін проводиться англійською мовою (протокол № ___ від ________ 2020 р.). Рецензенти: д.х.н., проф. Максін В.І., НУБіП України; к.х.н., доц. Бухтіяров В.К., НУБіП України. Voitenko, L.V. Workbook in chemistry I (inorganic and bioinorganic) (Speciality 101- Ecology) / Kyiv : DDP ―Expo-druk‖. – 2020. – 241 p. Відповідальний за випуск: к.х.н., доц. Войтенко Л.В. UDC 546 (07) The workbook is intended to train in lab course of Chemistry I (Inorganic and Bioinorganic). It contains the description of experimental strategies, lab techniques, the templates of lab reports, test questions for own training. Recommended for publication by the by the Methodical board of the Plant Protection, the Biotechnologies & Ecology faculty of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences, for Speciality 101 – Ecology. Report # ___, Data ________2020. Reviewers: Doctor of Chem. Sci., Prof. Maksin V.I., NUBiP of Ukraine; Candidate of Chem. Sci., Ass. Prof. Buchtiyarov V.K., NUBiP of Ukraine. Responsible for the edition: Cand. of Chem. Sci., Ass. Prof. Voitenko L.V. 3 CONTENT PART 1. INORGANIC CHEMISTRYОшибка! Закладка не определена. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 7 1.1 General chemistry safety and laboratory rules ............................. 7 1.2 Chemical lab glassware ................................................................. 8 1.3 Cleaning of lab glassware ........................................................... 11 1.4 Chemical reagents and their storage ........................................... 12 1.5 Elementary operations carrying out ............................................ 14 CHAPTER 2 GENERAL NOTIONS OF ATOMIC-MOLECULAR STUDY ........................................................................................................ 26 2.1 Chemical formulas ...................................................................... 27 2.2 Basic notions ............................................................................... 30 2.3 The laws and concepts of Stoichiometry .................................... 34 2.4 Types of chemical reactions ........................................................ 43 Review questions ......................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 3 STATE OF MATTER........................................................... 46 3.1 Five phases .................................................................................. 46 3.2 Going through a phase ................................................................ 48 3.3 Substances and Mixtures ............................................................. 51 3.4 Elements and compounds............................................................ 53 Review questions ......................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 4 ATOMIC STRUCTURE. CHEMICAL BONDING ............ 55 4.1 The development of the model of the atom ................................ 55 4.2 Modern notions of the atom ........................................................ 58 4.3 Atomic Orbitals and Quantum Numbers .................................... 59 4.4 Principles for distribution of electrons in atoms ......................... 61 4.5 Valence and Oxidation number as function of electrons distribution................................................................................................... 62 4.6 Ionic and covalent bonding ......................................................... 63 4.7 Hydrogen Bonding ...................................................................... 67 4.8 Metallic Bonds ............................................................................ 70 4 4.9 Donor-acceptor covalent bonding ............................................... 72 4.10 Why does Chemical Bond occur? ............................................. 75 Review questions ......................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 5 THE PERIODIC LAW AND PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS .......................................................................... 78 5.1 General notions ........................................................................... 78 5.2 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table ....................................................... 79 5.3 The Role of the Atomic Number in the Periodic table ............... 82 5.3 Position of Hydrogen in Periodical table .................................... 83 5.5 Physical meaning of the chemical periodicity ............................ 85 Review questions ......................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 6 THE MAIN CLASSES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 90 6.1 Classification of inorganic substances ........................................ 90 6.2 Relation between main classes of inorganic substances ............. 92 6.2.1 Oxides ............................................................................ 94 6.2.2 Bases .............................................................................. 97 6.2.3 Acids .............................................................................. 98 6.2.4 Amphoteric hydroxides................................................. 99 6.2.5 Salts .............................................................................. 100 6.2.6 Structural formulas ...................................................... 104 Review questions ....................................................................................... 106 CHAPTER 7 REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS .................... 108 7.1 Solution Stoichiometry ............................................................. 108 7.2 Theory of dissociation ............................................................... 116 7.2.1 Degree of dissociation ................................................. 117 7.2.2 Main classes of inorganic substances from viewpoint of theory of electrolytic dissociation ................................................. 118 7.2.3 Ionic equations ............................................................. 119 7.3 Ionic product of water. Notion of pH. Hydrolysis of salts ....... 120 7.3.1 Measuring pH............................................................... 121 7.3.2 Hydrolysis as replacement process .............................. 125 7.3.3 Types of hydrolysis ...................................................... 126 CHAPTER 8 CHEMICAL KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIUM .............. 129 8.1 General concepts ....................................................................... 129 8.2 Factors affecting reaction rate ................................................... 130 5 8.2.1 Nature of the reactants ................................................. 130 8.2.2 Physical state ................................................................ 130 8.2.3 Concentration ............................................................... 131 8.2.4 Temperature ................................................................. 132 8.2.5 Catalysts ....................................................................... 134 8.2.6 Pressure ........................................................................ 136 8.2.7 Other factors................................................................. 137 8.3 Chemical equilibrium ................................................................ 137 8.3.1 Irreversible and Reversible Reactions ......................... 137 8.3.2 Equilibrium constant .................................................... 138 8.3.3 Displacement of Chemical Equilibrium. Henri Le Châtelier’s Principle ...................................................................... 141 9.1 Oxidation numbers .................................................................... 146 9.2 Basic concepts of redox processes ............................................ 147 9.3 Compiling equations of redox processes .................................. 149 9.4 Typical oxidizing ans reduction agents..................................... 154 9.5 Applied problems connected with RedOx reactions................. 156 9.5.1 Oxiding agents and aging ............................................ 156 9.5.2 Chemical current sources ............................................. 157 9.5.3 Bleaching agents .......................................................... 161 9.6 Redox reactions in biological processes ................................... 162 CHAPTER 10 COMPLEX COMPOUNDS ............................................. 164 10.1 General concepts ..................................................................... 164 10.2 Nomenclature .......................................................................... 166 10.3 Transition metal
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