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Staatloosheid: Een Mondiaal Probleem Een Overzicht Van Staatloosheid En Geboorteregistratie Wereldwijd

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Staatloosheid: Een Mondiaal Probleem Een Overzicht Van Staatloosheid En Geboorteregistratie Wereldwijd Staatloosheid: Een Mondiaal Probleem Een overzicht van staatloosheid en geboorteregistratie wereldwijd Ministerie van Veiligheid en Justitie Directie Migratiebeleid Immigratie‐ en Naturalisatiedienst Den Haag, september 2016 1 Inhoud Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Achtergrond .................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Materiaal en methoden ................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Staatloosheid: begrippen en definities ......................................................................................... 5 1.4 Oorzaken van staatloosheid .......................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Problemen met het kwantificeren van staatloosheid ................................................................ 13 Hoofdstuk 2: Regio – Europa ................................................................................................................ 16 2.1 Voornaamste oorzaken van staatloosheid in Europa ................................................................. 16 2.2 Voornaamste groepen staatlozen in Europa .............................................................................. 20 2.3 Landenlijst ................................................................................................................................... 21 Hoofdstuk 3: Regio – Sub‐Sahara Afrika ............................................................................................... 40 3.1 Voornaamste oorzaken van staatloosheid in sub‐Sahara Afrika ................................................ 40 3.2 Voornaamste groepen staatlozen in sub‐Sahara Afrika ............................................................. 45 3.3 Landenlijst ................................................................................................................................... 47 Hoofdstuk 4: Regio – Azië en Oceanië .................................................................................................. 65 4.1 Voornaamste oorzaken van staatloosheid in Azië en Oceanië ................................................... 65 4.2 Voornaamste groepen staatlozen in Azië en Oceanië ................................................................ 66 4.3 Landenlijst ................................................................................................................................... 68 Hoofdstuk 5: Regio – Het Midden‐Oosten en Noord‐Afrika (MENA) ................................................... 84 5.1 Voornaamste oorzaken van staatloosheid in MENA .................................................................. 84 5.2 Voornaamste groepen staatlozen in MENA ................................................................................ 87 5.3 Landenlijst ................................................................................................................................... 88 Hoofdstuk 6: Regio ‐ Amerika ............................................................................................................. 102 6.1 Voornaamste oorzaken van staatloosheid in Amerika ............................................................. 102 6.2 Voornaamste groepen staatlozen in Amerika .......................................................................... 103 6.3 Landenlijst ................................................................................................................................. 104 Hoofdstuk 7: Staatloze Palestijnen ..................................................................................................... 109 Hoofdstuk 8: Geboorteregistratie ....................................................................................................... 113 8.1 Geboorteregistratie: achtergrond informatie ........................................................................... 113 8.2 Oorzaken van gebrekkige of onvolledige geboorteregistratie ................................................. 114 8.3 Geboorteregistratie en staatloosheid ....................................................................................... 116 Categorie I: 90 tot 100 procent ........................................................................................................... 118 Categorie II: 40 tot 89 procent ............................................................................................................ 128 2 Categorie III: 0 tot 39 procent ............................................................................................................. 143 Categorie IV: Data Onbekend ............................................................................................................. 148 Conclusies ........................................................................................................................................... 153 Bibliografie .......................................................................................................................................... 155 3 Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding 1.1 Achtergrond In 2011 bracht de UNHCR een rapport uit over staatloosheid in Nederland. Eén van de voornaamste conclusies van dit rapport was dat Nederland een vaststellingsprocedure voor staatloosheid in het leven moet roepen, om zo staatloze personen in het land te kunnen identificeren en de aan staatloosheid verbonden rechten toe te kennen. Deze conclusie werd herhaald in het ACVZ advies uit 2013, ‘Geen land te bekennen: een advies over de verdragsrechtelijke bescherming van staatlozen in Nederland’. Hierin werd gesteld dat Nederland niet alleen een vaststellingsprocedure voor staatloosheid nodig heeft, maar ook de plicht om bij de naturalisatie een geboorteakte over te leggen voor staatloze personen kwijt moet schelden, aangezien staatloze personen volgens de ACVZ meestal niet aan deze eis kunnen voldoen. In het kader van dit advies is dit verslag tot stand gekomen. Het doel van het onderzoek is tweeledig: ten eerste wordt een overzicht gegeven van de personen en bevolkingsgroepen wereldwijd die te maken hebben met staatloosheid, en de oorzaken van hun staatloosheid. Ten tweede wordt gekeken naar het niveau van geboorteregistratie wereldwijd, waardoor bepaald kan worden in welke landen en bij welke bevolkingsgroepen problemen bestaan met registratie, en waar een gebrekkige, onvolledige of ontbrekende registratie dus aannemelijk is. Er kan een verband bestaan tussen een gebrekkige, onvolledige of ontbrekende registratie en staatloosheid. De twee komen echter ook los van elkaar voor. 1.2 Materiaal en methoden De informatie in dit onderzoek is voornamelijk gebaseerd op secundair bronnenonderzoek, en heeft als doel om een overzicht te geven van wat tot nu toe bekend is over het omvang en oorzaken van staatloosheid en gebrekkige geboorteregistratie wereldwijd. Cijfers in dit onderzoek die het staatloosheidsprobleem inzichtelijk moeten maken zijn over het algemeen gebaseerd op het aantal staatlozen die onder het United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) staatloosheidmandaat vallen, maar worden soms aangevuld met schattingen van andere organisaties.1 De inhoud van dit verslag moet niet worden gezien als een definitief overzicht van staatloosheid en geboorteregistratie wereldwijd: in plaats daarvan is de informatie bedoeld om overzichtelijk een indicatie te geven van de landen en bevolkingsgroepen die te maken hebben met staatloosheid of risico op staatloosheid en/of gebrekkige geboorteregistratie, en de redenen die hierachter zitten te geven. Deze informatie kan vervolgens als uitgangspunt dienen voor verdere verdieping en actualisering. Voor het onderzoek is gebruik gemaakt van bronnen en data van UNHCR2. Deze informatie is uitgebreid en aangevuld met informatie van de 2015 country report van het United States Department of State en verschillende global surveys van NGO’s en hulporganisaties die zich 1 Het UNHCR‐staatloosheidmandaat geeft geen volledig beeld van de omvang van het mondiale staatloosheidsprobleem. Zie het kopje “Problemen met het kwantificeren van staatloosheid” voor informatie over de limieten van de data van de UNHCR. 2 Voor een tabel met daarin alle data over het aantal staatloze personen die in 2015 per land onder het UNHCR‐staatloosheidmandaat vielen, zie annex table 1 in: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015 (2015). 4 bezighouden met het mondiale staatloosheidsprobleem, waaronder het Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion3 en Refugees International4. Voor het stuk over geboorteregistratie zijn vooral rapporten en data van UNICEF geraadpleegd5, maar ook hier vormde informatie van de UNHCR en de Country Reports van het United States Department of State een belangrijke bron. Ook zijn landenexperts van de IND en de UNHCR geconsulteerd, en is er gebruik gemaakt van verscheidene academische publicaties6 en nieuwsartikelen7. In deze inleiding worden eerst de belangrijkste termen en begrippen met betrekking tot staatloosheid uitgelegd, en worden de voornaamste oorzaken van staatloosheid kort toegelicht. Ook wordt stil gestaan bij problemen die bestaan rondom het verzamelen en interpreteren van data met betrekking tot staatloosheid. In de volgende hoofdstukken zullen de oorzaken van staatloosheid wereldwijd uiteengezet worden in de vorm van een landenlijst,
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