Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 31-47
The Triassic Marine Biota of Eastern Indonesia and its Interregional and Global Correlation: A Review
F. Hasibuan
Geological Survey Institute Jln. Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia
AbstrAct The interregional and global correlation of the Triassic biota of Indonesia was based on the review of previous workers and the author himself. Scythian Epoch (Early Triassic) in Timor is subdivided into Early Scythian with Ophiceras demisso, Meekoceras sp., Pseudomonotis subaurita, Gervillia subpannonica, and Myophoria sp., whilst Late Scythian is indicated by the presence of Owenites egrediens and Sibirites sp. The presence of Anisian Stage (Middle Triassic) in Misool is indicated by ammonite Beyrichites and bivalve Daonella lilintana. In Timor, this stage is pointed out by the presence of Joannites cymbiformis, Monophyl- lites wengensis, Protrachyceras archaelus, Daonella indica, Tracyceras cf. aon, Brochidium timorense, and Lima subpunctatoides. Terebellina mackayi found above Beyrichites-bearing bed in Misool has an age range from Anisian to Ladinian. It is concluded that the boundary between Anisian and Ladinian lies between beds with Beyrichites and Terebellina mackayi. Early Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) in Timor is indicated by the presence of Joanites cymbiformis, Waldhausenites sp., Miltites sp., and Halogyra cipitiensis; whereas Late Carnian is indicated by the presence of Cladicites crassestriatus and Tropites subbulatus. The presence of Halobia verbeeki, Pinacoceras parma, Neobetites sp., Parabetites sp., Malayites sp., Amarassites sp., and Halorites sp., indicates the Early Norian Stage, whilst the presence of Cladiscites tornatus, Cyrtopleurits malayicus, and Trachypleuraspidites sp. implies the Late Norian. The Rhaetian Stage in Timor contains Choristoceras indoaustralicum, whereas in Misool it contains Choristoceras sp. and Cochloceras sp. Keywords: Triassic, biota, macrofossil, Scythyan, Anisian, Carnian, Norian, Rhaetian
Sari Korelasi interregional dan global pada biota laut yang berumur Trias di Indonesia dilakukan dengan metode penelaah hasil penelitian penulis-penulis terdahulu dan hasil penelitian penulis. Zaman Scythian (Trias Awal) di Timor dapat dibagi dua, yaitu Scythian Awal yang ditandai dengan keterdapatan fosil Ophiceras demisso, Meekoceras sp., Pseudomonotis subaurita, Gervillia subpannonica, dan Myophoria sp; sementara Scythian Akhir ditandai oleh keterdapatan fosil Owenites egrediens dan Sibirites sp. Jenjang Anisian (Trias Tengah) di Misool ditentukan oleh kehadiran fosil amonit Beyrichites dan bivalvia Daonella lilintana, sedangkan di Timor, jenjang ini ditandai oleh adanya fosil Joannites cymbiformis, Monophyllites wengensis, Protrachyceras archaelus, Daonella indica, Tracyceras cf. aon, Brochidium timorense, dan Lima subpunctatoides. Terebellina mackayi di Misool ditemukan di atas lapisan yang mengandung Beyrichites, dan umurnya berkisar mulai dari Anisian sampai Ladinian. Dengan demikian, batas antara jenjang Anisian dan Ladinian terletak di antara lapisan yang mengandung Beyrichites dan Terebellina mackayi. Jenjang Karnian Awal (Trias Akhir) di Timor ditandai oleh keberadaan fosil Joanites cymbiformis, Waldhausenites sp., Miltites sp., dan Halogyra cipitiensis. Sementara itu Karnian Akhir ditandai oleh Cladicites crasses- triatus dan Tropites subbulatus. Jenjang Norian Awal dicirikan oleh adanya Halobia verbeeki, Pinacoceras parma, Neobetites sp., Parabetites sp., Malayites sp., Amarassites sp., Halorites sp., sedangkan jenjang Norian Akhir mengandung Cladiscites tornatus, Cyrtopleurits malayicus, dan Trachypleuraspidites sp.. Jenjang Rhaetian di Timor ditandai dengan adanya fosil Choristoceras indoaustralicum dan di Misool oleh Choristoceras sp. dan Cochloceras sp. Kata kunci: Trias, biota, fosil makro, Scythyan, Anisian, Karnian, Norian, Rhaetian Naskah diterima 18 Februari 2009, revisi kesatu: 22 April 2009, revisi kedua: 10 September 2009, revisi terakhir: 12 Februari 2010
31 32 Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 31-47
IntroductIon of the Triassic biota have been attempted. These efforts are to establish the faunal succession and The Mesozoic marine biota of Indonesia is biostratigraphy in order to correlate the biota with widespread, and very diverse, because Indonesian the international standard chronostratigraphy and Archipelago is composed of different tectonic frag- with another well known biostratigraphic scheme, ments. Consequently, this region has one of the most and thereby to determine precise ages for the vari- complex geomorphic, paleontologic, and geologic ous Triassic faunal assemblages. It is hoped that this development patterns in the world. The paleonto- review will provide additional information and logical study reports of Indonesia are scattered in understanding the geology of the area. the libraries which need to be reviewed and lumped The stages in Mesozoic Era are studied more together in a synopsis. This paper is also based on comprehensively in Indonesia. Misool Archipelago the opinion that the Pre-Tertiary rocks of Indonesia is the only place where the Mesozoic rocks are well have long been regarded as generally lacking in exposed bearing almost complete stages e.g. Triassic economic prospect. This effort is expected to be (Scythian to Rhaetian) strata. This paper summaries useful for a further study of Indonesian paleonto- what is known of these marine biota of the Triassic logy in the future. age, based on the previous studies in the eastern part The basement of the sedimentary basins consists of Indonesia. of continental and oceanic terranes of incompletely known ages. Radiometric ages for metamorphic and mafic basement rocks are limited and become PrevIous studIes unreliable for older epoch, because of alteration and repeated metamorphism by tectonic events. The Attention to the eastern part of Indonesia has most acceptable dating for those rocks is therefore long been carried out, especially on the Triassic based on their stratigraphic position relative to biota, as follows: fossil-bearing beds. Biostratigraphy is therefore Boehm (1904) reported the presence of Daonel- very important in terranes analyses. As structure la-bearing slate of Triassic age here and in 1908, studies have progressed, particularly in the present this author thought that some brachiopod species era of the concept of plate tectonics, paleontologic were of possibly Triassic or even Late Paleozoic and stratigraphic data have taken on even greater age. Frech (1905) concluded that Daonella from correlative and interpretive significance. Misool was similar to the European specimens, Biostratigraphy of the region is very much while Renz (1905) regarded that the Daonella was influenced by this highly mobile zone including similar to the specimen from Sumatra and could the Tertiary-Quaternary Period. The Pre-Tertiary link with Caledonian Triassic. Wanner (1907) macrofauna has been found to be quite diverse and (1910a,b) described the bivalve from this area as dominated by molluscs, especially bivalves, and Daonella lilintana. cephalopods, with subsidiary brachiopods, corals, Bülow (1915) described Orthoceratidea and Bel- annelids worms, and crinoids. The accompanying emnitidae from Timor. Arthaber (1927) reported the microbiota has been largely untouched, although presence of Ammonoidea leiostraca of Late Trias- a few biostratigraphic information about the Pre- sic, and Diener (1923) described the Ammonoidea Tertiary rocks is that they have long been regarded trachyostraca of Middle and Late Triassic in Timor. as generally lacking economic prospects. Bather (1929) described Triassic Echinoderms from this island. Gerth (1915, 1927) reported the Heterastridium from this area. Kieslinger (1924) Methods described Nautiloids from Middle and Late Trias- sic from Timor. Kobayashi and Tamura (1968) This paper is mainly based on the results of the redescribed bivalve Myophoria (s.l.) with a note paleontologic study of previous workers and the on the Triassic Trigoniacea in Malaya. Krumbeck author himself. In some cases the geological data (1924) discussed some brachiopods, bivalve, and description and documentation of the occurrences gastropods of Triassic from Timor. Kummel (1968) The Triassic Marine Biota of Eastern Indonesia and its Interregional and Global Correlation 33 (F. Hasibuan) re-examined the ammonoids from Early Triassic (Anisian and Ladinian Stages), and Late Triassic of Timor. Vinasa de Rigny (1915) examined the Epoch (Carnian, Norian, and Rhaetian Stages). The Triassic algae, sponge, anthozoa, and bryozoa from scheme of the Triassic Period is later completed by Timor. Wanner (1907) described the Triassic fauna Harland et al. (1989) (Table 1) described as below. from Maluku and Timor Islands, and then in 1911 The Griesbachian (lower) is divided into Gan- he also described the cephalopods from Timor and getian Substage (lower) with Otoceras concatum Rote Islands. Welter (1914, 1915, 1922) discussed (lower) and Otoceras boreale (upper) biozones. the cephalopods from Timor. Ishibashi (1975) Ellesmarian Substage (middle) above the Ganget- studied some Triassic ammonites from Indonesia ian Substage has Ophiceras commune (lower) and and Malaysia. Proptyhites strigatus (upper) biozones. Nammalian In 1905, Boehm discussed the presence of bra- Stage is divided into Dienerian Substage (lower) chiopods in the limestone from the Ambon Island; with Proptychites candidus (lower) and Vavilovites whilst in this island, Jaworski (1927) studied the sverdrupi (upper) biozones; the Spathian Stage Late Triassic brachiopods. Previously, in 1892 (upper) above the Nammalian Stage has Olenikes Rothpletz studied the fauna of Permian, Triassic and pilaticus (lower) and Keyserlingites subrobustus Jurassic formations from Timor and Rote Islands. (upper) biozones. Seidlitz (1913) described the presence of bra- Middle Triassic: Anisian Stage (lower) is divided chiopod athyrids in the Buru and Misool Archipela- into Aegean Substage (lower) with Lenotropites goes. Jaworski (1915) compared the Triassic fauna caurus biozone, Pelsonian Substage with Anagym- of Lios Member from this area with Europe and notoceras varium biozone, and Illyrian Substage other parts of Indonesia. He has also described the with Frechites deleeni (lower) and Frechites Mesozoic biostratigraphy of Misool Archipelago chischa (upper) biozones. Ladinian Stage (upper) including the Triassic sequence in the area. The is divided into Early with Eoprotrachyceras sub- Mesozoic biostratigraphy of Misool Archipelago asperum (lower), Progonoceratires poseidon (up- is known as the most complete in South East Asia. per) biozones, and Late with Meginoceras meginae Then in 1991, Hasibuan proposed stratigraphic and (lower), Maclearnoceras maclearni (middle) and biostratigraphic frameworks of Mesozoic rocks of Frankites sutherlandi (upper) biozones. the Misool Archipelago. Hasibuan & Grant-Mackie Late Triassic: Carnian Stage (Lower) is divided (2007) discussed and described some Triassic into Julian Substage (lower) with Trachyceras desa- and Jurassic gastropod from the Misool area and toyense (lower) and Austrotrachyceras obesum (up- concluded that molluscan fauna is quite diverse, per) biozones; Tuvalian Substage (upper) with Tro- especially bivalves, gastropods, with the subsidiary pites dilleri (lower), Tropites welleri (middle), and brachiopods, corals, annelid worms and crinoid. Klamathites macrolobatus (upper) biozones. Norian Hasibuan (2007a) studied the Pre-Tertiary rocks Stage (middle) is divided into Early has Stikinoceras of Rote Island and based on the stratigraphic posi- kerri (lower), Mayaites dawsoni (middle), and Ju- tion of Halobia spp. and Monotis (M.) salinaria, vavites magnus (upper biozones; Alaunian Substage he concluded that the Aitutu Formation of Late (middle) with Drepanites rutherfordi (lower) and Triassic age has been overturned. He also found Himervites columbianus (upper) biozones; Late that the exposures of Triassic rocks in the area are with Gnomohalorites cordilleranus (lower), and more widely distributed than had been mapped by Cochloceras amoenum (upper) biozones. Rhaetian previous geologists (Rosidi et al., 1996). Stage is indicated by the presence of Choristoceras marshi biozone.
trIAssIc PerIod the trIAssIc PerIod In IndonesIA Tozer (1967,1984) revised the Triassic System in Germany and divided the Triassic Period into Scyth- Early Triassic Epoch ian Epoch (Early Triassic: with Griesbachian, Nam- Krumbeck (1921) divided the Scythian Epoch malia and Spathian Stages), Middle Triassic Epoch of Timor into two horizons, they are: 1. Early 34 Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 31-47
Table 1. The Triassic Chart (Harland et al., 1989, part)
TRIASSIC PERIOD Period Epoch Stage Sub-stage Some biozones JURASSIC Lias Hettangian 208 Rhaetian Rht Choristoceras marshi 210 Late Cochloceras amoenum Nor3 Gnomohalorites cordilleranus
Alaunian Homervites columbianus Norian Ala Drepanites rutherfordi Juvavites magnus Late Triassic Early Malayites dawsoni
Nor1 Nor Stikinoceras kerri 223 Klamathites macrolobatus Tuvalian Tropites welleri Tuv Carnian Tropites dilleri Austrotrachyceras obesum Julian Tr3 Crn Jul Trachyceras desatoyense 235 Frankites sutherlandi
Late Maclearnoceras maclearni Ladinian Lad2 Maginoceras maginae TRIASSIC Progonociratites poseidon Early Eoprotrachyceras subasperum Mid Triassic Lad Lad1 241 Frechites chischa Illyrian Ill Frechites deleeni Anisian Pelsonian Anagymnotoceras varium Pel Aegean Lenotropites caurus Tr2 Ans Aeg Keyserlingites subrobustus Spathian Spa Olenikites pilaticus Wasatchites tardus Smithian Nammalian Smi Euflemingites romunderi Scythian Vavilovites sverdrupi (Early Triassic) Dienerian Nml Die Proptychites candidus Proptychites strigatus Ellesmerian Ell Ophiceras commune Griesbachian Otoceras boreale Gangetian Tr1 Scy Gri Gan Otoceras concavum 245 PERMIAN Zec Changxing Dorashamian
Scythian with Ophiceras demisso, Meekoceras sp., Kummel (1968) made some corrections of the Pseudomonotis subaurita, Gervillia subpannonica, Scythian ammonoid described by Welter (1922) and and Myophoria sp., and 2. Late Scythian contains Wanner (1911) from Timor. According to Kummel, Owenites egrediens and Sibirites sp. the presence of Scythian in Timor is indicated by The Triassic Marine Biota of Eastern Indonesia and its Interregional and Global Correlation 35 (F. Hasibuan) the presence of Owenites simplex, O. egrediens, Keskain Formation. Daonella lilintana was also Prosphingites austini, Vickohlerites sundaicus, found about 5 m below it which here is regarded Metadagnoceras freemani, Meekoceras sp., Alban- as Late Anisian age. It is also possible that the ites sp., and Prohungarites sp. Table 2 shows the Anisian-Ladinian boundary lies between the Bey- biostratigraphic correlation of the Early and Middle richites bearing bed and the Daonella lilintana bed Triassic in Indonesia. (Hasibuan, 1991). In Timor, the cephalopod facies of this stage Middle Triassic Epoch belongs to Joannites cymbiformis-facies with Mono- Krumbeck (1921) collected brachiopod Spirig- phyllites wengensis, Protrachyceras archaelus, era stoliczkai of the Middle Anisian in Timor. The Daonella indica, Tracyceras cf. aon, Brochidium cephalopod facies in this stage belongs to Sturia timorense, and Lima subpunctatoides (Krumbeck, mongolica–facies with Keyserlingites anguste- 1921). costatum (lower), Sturia mongolica, Japonites ugra The Daonella bearing bed is most probably Early (middle), and Pseudomonotis intermediaeformis, Ladinian because there is no stratigraphic gap be- and Monophyllites pseudopradyumna (upper). tween it and the Beyrichites bed. Other fossils found The presence of Beyrichites in Misool indicates in this bed are Terebellina mackayi and trace fossils the presence of Anisian Stage in the upper part of regarded as the Anisian-Ladinian age (Hasibuan,
Table 2. Biostratigraphic Correlation for the Early and Middle Triassic of Indonesia
Late Lima subpunctatoides, Brochidi- um timorense, Trachyceras cf. aon (Aon Zone) (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921)
Middle Daonela indica, D. cf. bulogensis, Protrachyceras archelaus, Mono- (Lommeli Ladinian phyllites wengensis Zone) (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921)
Daonella cf. bulogensis, D. cf. Beyrichites, Terbellina mackayi Early indica (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921) (Misool Arhipelago: Hasibuan, 1991, (Reitzi Zone) 2007; Hasibuan dan Grant-Mackie, 2007b) Middle
Triassic Monophyllites pseudo- Beyrichites, Daonella lilintana pradyumna (upper); (Misool Arhipelago: Hasibuan, 1991, Sturia mongolica, Japonites 2007; Hasibuan dan Grant-Mackie, ugra (middle); 2007b) Spirigera stoliczkai, Keyser- Anisian Joanites cymbiformis-facies with lingites angustecostatum Monophyllites wengensis, Protra- (lower) chyceras archaelus, Daonella indica, (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921) Trachyceras cf. aon, Brochidium timorense, Lima subpunctatoides (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921)
Owenites egrediens, Sibirites sp. Late (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921) Owenites simplex, O. egrediens, Prosphingites austini, Vickohler- Early ites sundaicus, Metadagnoceras Scythian Ophiceras demisso, Meekoceras Triassic sp., Pseudomonotis subaurita, freemanio, Meekoceras sp., Alban- Early Gervillia subpannonica, Myo- ites sp., Prohungarites phoria sp. (Timor; Krumbeck, (Timor; Kummel, 1968) 1921) 36 Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 31-47
2007b). Table 2 shows the biostratigraphic chart of M. aff. Ochotica Cladiscites tornatus, Cyrtopleurits the eastern Indonesia in the Early and Middle Triassic. malayicus, and Trachypleuraspidites sp. Arthaber (1927) determined Arcestes subdistinc- Late Triassic Epoch tus, Rhacophyllites neojurensis, and Pinnacoceras The presence of Early Carnian Stage in Timor is metternichi from Oi Batok, Timor. indicated by the existence of Joanites cymbiformis, In Timor, Rhaetian Stage is indicated by the Waldhausenites sp., Miltites sp., and Halogyra cipi- presence of Choristoceras indoaustralicum (Krum- tiensis. The Late Carnian Stage is indicated by the beck, 1921). In Misool and Buru Island this stage presence of Cladicites crassestriatus and Tropites is indicated by the presence of Promathildia (P.) subbulatus. For the whole Carnian Stage other spe- pacifica, Neritina sp., Coelostylina similis, C. sp. cies are also present such as Koninckina subexpansa, cf. C. similis, C. wanner Paleocardita globiformis, Halobia comata, Pergamidia sp., Sagana geomet- P. cf. buruca, Protocardia rhaetica, Rhabdoceras rica, Naticopsis klipsteini Loxonema variscoiformis, suessi, Cochloceras continuecostatum, Indonautilus and Pinacoceras rex (Krumbeck, 1921). aff. kraffti, Choristoceras sp., Cochloceras sp., and Arthaber (1927) reported the Proarcestes aus- Serpula sp. (Jaworski, 1915; Hasibuan, 1991;Ha- seeanus, Arcestes antonii, Paracladiscites timidus, sibuan & Grant-Mackie, 2007). Table 3 shows the and Discophyllites floweri from Oi Batok, Timor biostratigraphic chart of the eastern Indonesian in indicating the presence of Carnian Stage. the Late Triassic. For the Norian Stage, Welter (1914) recorded the Early Norian cephalopoda such as Halorites ferox, H. superbus timorensis, H. phanois timoren- dIscussIon sis, H. cf. macer, Amarassites sundaicus, Juvavites sandbergeri, J. angulatus, Dimorphites fissicostatus In correlation, ammonites are most reliable, be- timorensis, D. f. interruptus, Anatomites caroli, A. cause of their geologically instantaneous migration, rothi, Sagenites malayicus, Helictites malayicus, wide distribution, and rapid evolution. However, Clionites arestimorensis, C. gandolphi timorensis, some of the genera or even species of bivalves and A. hughesi, Paratibetites geikiei, P. tornquisti timo- other groups are also used, and the combination of rensis, P. angustosellatus posterior, Metacarnites bivalves and ammonites can be very useful although dieneri, Distichites pudens, Sirenites evae, S. dianae, such a combination is rather rare in some sequences. Arcestes cf. parvogaleatus, Pinnacoceras parma, Table 4 shows the global biostratigraphic correlation Placites perauctus, Discophyllites neojurensis, in the Late Triassic. D. debilis timorensis, Proclydonautilus griesba- The brachiopod Retzia bulaensis described by chi, P. gasteroptychus timorensis, Clydonautilus Wanner et al. (1952) from Triassic sediments of bianglaris, C. noricus timorensis, Gonionautilus Seram Island slightly differs from Neoretzia sp. A salisburgensis timorensis, Pleuronautilus spp. from of Early Carnian from Misool (Hasibuan, 1991) by Timor. Krumbeck (1921) indicated that the Early having wider ribs. Retzia reticulate (Wilckens, 1927) Norian in Timor contains Halorites, Amarassites, from New Zealand has a similar type of ribbing, Paratibetites insulanus, Neobetites, Pinacoceras but slightly smaller size than Misool specimens. parma, Malayites, Halobia verbeeki, H. distincta, H. Neoretzia superbescens from Europe differs from cf. salinarium, H. cf. superbescens, Indopecten roth- the Neoretzia sp. A by having stronger and fewer pletzi?, Palaeocardita buruca, Lovcenipora, while ribs, more inflated and slightly more acute of beak the Middle Norian is indicated by the presence of (80o) (cf. Misool specimens: 90o). The brachiopod Trachypleuraspidites malaicus, Halorella nimassica, biota Spiriferina sublilangensis, S. timorensis, Misolia aspera, Aulacothyris cf. joharensis, Indopec- S. subgriesbachi, and S. aff. shalshanensis from ten subserraticostata, and Halobia cf. lineata. Late Timor (Krumbeck, 1924) probably belong to genus Norian contains Trachypleuraspidites, Cyrtopleu- Zugmayerella sp. A from Misool (Hasibuan, 1991) rites, malayicus, Cladiscites tornatus, Montlivaultia of Early Carnian age. Z. uncinata from Luming For- norica, M. marmorea,Thecosmillia fenestrata var. mation, Pilot Mountain, Nevada is of Early Norian multiseptata, T.norica, T. opelli, Monotis salinaria, age (Stanley, 1979). Spiriferina retziaeformis from The Triassic Marine Biota of Eastern Indonesia and its Interregional and Global Correlation 37 (F. Hasibuan) sp., C. sp. cf. similis, Cochloceras RHAETIAN sp. , Paleocardita globiformis, P. cf. globiformis, P. Paleocardita (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921). (Timor; Promathildia (P.) pacifica, Neritina sp., Promathildia (P.) Coelostylina similis, C. wanner rhaetica, buruca, Protocardia Rhabdoceras suessi, Cochloceras continuecostatum, Indonautilus aff. kraffti Choristoceras Serpula sp., Archipelago: Jaworski, 1915, (Buru, Misool Hasibuan, 1991: Hasibuan & Grant-Mackie, 2007) Choristoceras indoaustralicum aff. aff. marshi, P. griesbachi, P. multiseptata, T. , aff. aff.
intermedia, var. var. Cyrtopleurites, var. var. , Late P. inflatus P. P. (Cosmonautilus) dilleri, P. , and ammonotiforme, C. aff. aff. Indopecten misolensis 1910a) Wanner, (Buru, Misolia misolica Archipelago: Buru, Seram; (Misool Hasibuan, 1991) Monotis (M.) salinaria, Halobia styriaca, H. suessi, comata, (H.) austriaca, (Rote; Hasibuan, 2007a) norica, T. opelli, Monotis salinaria, M. norica, T. ochotica Krumbeck, 1921) (Timor; malayicus, Cladiscites tornatus, Montlivaultia norica, M. marmorea, Thecosmillia fenestrata Trachypleuraspidites Procydonautilus discoidalis Procydonautilus P. singularis P. P. angustus P. 1914) Welter, (Timor; (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921) (Timor; Oxytomainaquivalve Choristoceras indoaustralicum, C. Indopectencoronatiformis, Indopectencoronatiformis, timorensis Prosogyrotrigonia joharensis, joharensis, cf. lineata cf. Trachypleuraspidites malaicus, Trachypleuraspidites nimassica, Halorella Misolia aspera, Aulacothyris indopecten subserraticostata, Halobia (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921) (Timor; NORIAN sp. A, sp. Early Middle spp UPPER TRIASSIC
superbescens,Indopectenrothpletzi?, Palaeocardita superbescens,Indopectenrothpletzi?, Pleuromya Malayites, Pteria sp. A, Costatoria (Vesticostata) vestitaeformis, A, Costatoria (Vesticostata) Pteria sp. . cf.
sp. A, sp. parvogaleatus, Pinnacoceras parma, Placites perauctus, sp. A , B, A sp. cf. . macer, Amarassites sundaicus, Juvavites sandbergeri, . macer, salinarium, H cf b,1931; Krumbeck, 1913, Jaworski, 1915, Hasibuan, 1991) (Buru, Misool Archipelago: Wanner, 1910a, Wanner, Archipelago: (Buru, Misool Burmesia Myophoria sp., M. subvestita,Palaeocardita globiformis, Myophoria sp., M. subvestita,Palaeocardita (Protocardia) trapezoidalis , Protocardia P. Serpula constrictor, Palaeonucula misolensis Modiolus (M.) jaworskii, Serpula constrictor, Pinna (P.) (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921) (Timor; Arcestes subdistinctus, Rhacophyllites neojurensis, subdistinctus, Rhacophyllites neojurensis, Arcestes Pinnacoceras metternichi 1927) Arthaber, (Timor; C. noricus timorensis, Gonionautilus salisburgensis timorensis, timorensis, Gonionautilus salisburgensis C. noricus timorensis, Pleuronautilus Halorites ferox, H. superbus timorensis, H. phanois timorensis, H. phanois timorensis, H. superbus timorensis, Halorites ferox, H. (Timor; Welter (1914) Welter (Timor; griesbachi, P. gasteroptychus timorensis, Clydonautilus bianglaris, timorensis, gasteroptychus griesbachi, P. J. angulatus, Dimorphites fissicostatus timorensis, D. f. interruptus, J. angulatus, Dimorphites fissicostatus timorensis, Sagenites malayicus, Helictites A. rothi, Anatomites caroli, A.hughesi, C. gandolphi timorensis, Clionites arestimorensis, angustosellatus posterior, P. tornquisti timorensis, Paratibetites geikiei, P. evae, S. dianae, Metacarnites dieneri, Distichites pudens, Sirenites Arcestes Discophyllites neojurensis, D. debilis timorensis, Proclydonautilus Proclydonautilus D. debilis timorensis, Discophyllites neojurensis, Halorites, Amarassites, Paratibetitesinsulanus, Neobetites, Halorites, Pinacoceras parma, cf. buruca, Lovcenipora vinassai Halobia verbeeki, H. distincta, Late (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921) (Timor; Cladicites crassestriatus, subbulatus Tropites Sagana geometrica, sp., CARNIAN sp., sp. Halogyra 1991) sp. A, sp. Archipelago: Early Timor; Arthaber, 1927) Arthaber, Timor; sp. Koninckina subexpansa, Halobia comata, Pergamidia Naticopsis klipsteini, Loxonema variscoiformis, Pinacoceras rex Proarcestes ausseeanus, Arcestes antonii, Arcestes ausseeanus, Proarcestes Paracladiscites timidus, Discophyllites loweri (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921) (Timor; Hasibuan, Zugmayerella Neoretzia Neoretzia (Timor; Krumbeck, 1921) (Timor; (Misool Joanites cymbiformis, Waldhausenites Miltites cipitiensis Table 3. Biostratigraphic Chart of the Eastern Indonesia in Upper Triassic 3. Biostratigraphic Chart of the Eastern Indonesia in Upper Table
38 Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 31-47
AMERICA NORTH NORTH
Acrochordiceras hyatti Acrochordiceras Maginoceras meginae Frankites sutherlandi Macleamoceras macleami Proganociratites Poseidon Protrachyceras subasperum Gymnotoceras occidentalis Gymnotoceras meeki Gymnotoceras rothel- liformis Balatonites shosho- nensis caurus Lenotropites
Late Early Late Middle Early
SIBERIA
Neodal- matites Zone Na- thorstites Zone Fre- chites Zone Bey- richites Zone JAPAN sub- Da- onella quadrata Protra- chyceras reitzi Protra- chyceras archelaus Paracera- tites cf. trinodo- sus Hol- landites Leiophyl- lites
with with MALAYSIA with with gensis Beds pichteri,
D. pahan- Myo- Daonella Daonella
Beds Daonella lommeli “ phoria” sandstone Beds Daonella indica Paraci- ratites trinodosus KAMPUCHEA
Beds with Para- ceratites trinodosus, bivalves & brachio- pods VIETNAM with with
Beds Protrachy- ceras cf. reitzi Beds with Parace- ratites nodosus & Daonella elongate Beds with “Mono- phyllites” suessi, “M”. confussii Beds Protra- chyceras archaelus Para- ceratites trinodosus LAOS
Beds with Parac- eratites trinodo- sus Beds with Protra- chyceras BURMA cal-
Beds with Daonella lommeli Kondeik Lime- stone with Paraci- ratites thuilieri Thigaung- daung Limestone with careous algae & foramin- ifera etc. LAND NEW ZEA- NEW Mentzeliop- sis spinosa, Spiriferina kaihikiana, Athyris kaihikuana, Entrochus undatus, “Mono- trypella” maorica, Daonella apteryx, Agonisca corbiensis, Patella nelsonensia, Praegonia coobsi, Ptychites cultrate, Leiophyllites marshalli, Parapo- panoceras fraseri, P. bartrumi, P. routi, P. tepungai, Monophyl- lites sphae- rophyllus, Mellanium mutchi, M. nodulosum Beds with Costa- toria gold- fussi man- suyi South China Protrachyceras Protrachyceras primum Paraciratites binodosus Protrachyceras Protrachyceras deprati, Daonella indica Nico- me- dites yohi Parapopanoceras nanum Paraciratites trinodosua CHINA ma Mt.
Jomlo Lung-
Pro- trachy- ceras Joanites Pty- chites rugifer Anacro- chord- iceras nodosus Japo- nites magnus HIMALAYA Daonella Limestone Ptychites rugifer (Upper Mus- chelkalk) Daonella Shale Lower Mus- chelkalk
EUROPE
Protra- chyceras archelaus Paraceratites trinodosus Osmani Protrachy- ceras reitzi Paraceratites binodosus Ismidicus Paracroch- hordiceras Japonites Beds THAILAND
Beds
Daonella indica Beds Hollandites, Balatonites Beds Costatoria Beds Hollandites, Leiophyl- lites
TIMOR)
(MISOOL/ INDONESIA INDONESIA
Daonel- la lilintana Beyric- chites Zone Bed’s Bed’s with Protra- chyceras arche- laus & Daonel- la indica
Illytian Longobardian Fassan Bythynian Pelsonian Aegean
Substage
LATE LATE EARLY EARLY
ANISIAN Stage LADINIAN
System TRIASSIC MIDDLE Table 4. Global Correlation Chart for the Middle Triassic of Indonesia Triassic 4. Global Correlation Chart for the Middle Table The Triassic Marine Biota of Eastern Indonesia and its Interregional and Global Correlation 39 (F. Hasibuan)
Seram of Late Triassic age reported by Wanner and (1961) recorded probably the same species from Knipscheer (1951) probably belongs to genus Zug- Oman Peninsula, Arabia, and also from Yunnan of mayerella (Hasibuan, 1991). Late Triassic beds. Modiolus (Modiolus) jaworskii Other brachiopods Misolia misolica described was also recorded with Palaeonucula misolensis, by Seidlitz (1913) from Misool are very close to Pinna (Pinna) sp. A, and Pteria sp. A from the Buru (Fogi Beds) (Boehm, 1908). But, Misolia same formation (Hasibuan, 1991) and the species asymetrica, Retzia bulaensis, and Paleonucula sp. was also recorded from Oman Peninsula, Arabia from Seram may even be conspecific with Misool by Hudson and Jefferies (1961). M. (M.) jawroskii fauna. Misolia noetlingii (Bittner) and M. lenticu- is very similar to M. cf. rablianus and M. raubensis lana Hudson and Jefferies (1961) from Oman Pen- from Late Triassic of Pahang, Malaysia and with also insula, Arabia, are closely related. Both species lie Modiolus sp. from Late Triassic of Chile reported within the range of M. misolica and are considered by Hayami et al. (1977). conspecific of Late Norian age. Bivalve Indopecten misolensis from Misool The Annelida Terebellina mackayi found in the similar to ammonite Ceratitites fauna from Bilkofan, Misool Archipelago with ammonoid Beyrichites Buru (Wanner 1910a). Indopecten in Thailand has indicates a Ladinian or Anisian age. Terebellina an Early to Middle Norian (Chonglakmani, 1981) mackayi was reported for the first time from the and Early Norian in Himalaya (Bhalla, 1983), but Misool Archipelago by Jaworski (1915), then by in Misool has a Late Norian in age. Fauna with Wanner (1931), and lately by Hasibuan (1991, Indopecten in Oman, Arabia has a Norian age 2007b) from the same area. Terebellina mackayi was (Hudson and Jefferies, 1961). The fauna from Iran, first described by Bather (1905) from New Zealand Spiti and the Sumra and Asfal Formations have a and its age ranges possibly from Ladinian to Norian similar fauna with Misool (Bogal Formation) and at (Campbell and Waren, 1965; Force and Force, 1978; least in the Norian (Douglas, 1929). The O Combor Begg et al., 1983). The species probably also occur beds in Kampuchea yields Palaeocardita cf. buruca in Thailand within Carnian strata and Ladinian strata (Saurin, 1956) which can be correlated with Misool with Daonella in Malaysia (Grant-Mackie pers. and closely with Fogi Beds in Buru of Norian age. comm.). Serpula sp. recorded from the Fogi Beds, The European Zlambach Marl yielded Paleocardita West Buru by Krumbeck (1913). Hasibuan (1991) globiformis, Protocardia rhaetica, Coelostylina regarded the species is conspecific with the Misool similis, Rhabdoceras suessi, Cochloceras contin- specimens as Serpula constrictor of Jaworski (1915) uecostatum, and others which are comparable with with Rhabdoceras and Cochloceras indicating a Misool fauna in Rhaetian age (Jaworski, 1915). Norian age. Rhabdoceras suessi is also present in North America. Hasibuan (1991) recorded Promathildia (Pro- The presence of Monotis in Seram, Buton, and Rote mathildia) pacifica Jaworski from the Lios Member Islands and other parts of Indonesia is not known of Bogal Formation of Rhaetian age. Hasibuan and in Misool (Hasibuan, 2007a). Monotis is widely Grant-Mackie (2007) reviewed Triassic and Juras- distributed in the world such as in New Zealand, sic gastropods collection from the same formation New Caledonia, Japan, British Columbia, Soviet Neritina sp. indet and judged to be Rhaetian because Far East, and Western Canada of Norian age (Grant- their position above the Rhabdoceras/Cochloceras- Mackie, 1978, 1980, 1985). Monotis is an indicator bearing Lios Member and below the unconformity at for Norian Stage, because no Monotis were found the base of Jurassic sequence. From the same local- other than this age (Grant-Mackie, 1978). ity, they also described gastropod Coelostylina sp. Costatoria is a group of bivalve Myophoridae cf. and C. similis Münster. Jaworski (1915) recorded with many species in South East Asia. C. subvestita, three species e.g. Coelostylina: C. wanner, C. similis, C. vestita, C. vestitaeformis, and C. moluccana are and Coelostylina sp. included in the vestita group of subgenus Vestico- Palaeonucula misolensis, a bivalve from Lios stata Kobayashi and Tamura (1968). The specimen Member, Bogal Formation in the Misool Archi- found in Misool Archipelago is regarded as Myo- pelago has a Norian age and also recorded from Fogi phoridae Costatoria (Vesticostata) vestitaeformis of Beds in Buru (Jaworski, 1915). Hudson and Jefferies Norian age, and very close to the Costatoria quin- 40 Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 31-47 quecostata from Chegar, Perak, Malaysia. C. (C.) Burmesia Healey was originally a Napeng genus, but chenopus, C. (C.) goldfussi, C. (C.) inaquecostata, it is known from Norian to Liassic and from Jordan C. (C.) kokeni, C. (C.) vestita, and C. (C.) whateleyae to Japan through Burma and Indonesia (Kobayashi from Italy (Allasinaz, 1966) in general differ from and Tamura, 1983). Pleuromya sulcatissima and P. C. (V.) vestitaeformis from Misool. Costatori malay- deningeri are present in Wamkaha, Fogi Beds, West ensis that has a Ladinian age, C. chegarperakensis Buru (Krumbeck, 1913), and Pleuromya sp. from of an Anisian age in Malaysia, and C. (Costatoria) Misool (Hasibuan, 1991). subrotunda that is probably close to Anisian C. The presence of Daonella indica with D. cf. chegarperakensis in Europe (Loriga and Posenato, bulogensis, and D. pichleri var. timorensis in the 1986) is a Smithian marker. Myophoria sp. was Ladinian is probably correlatable with the upper reported by Wanner (1910a,b) from Late Triassic of part of the Keskain Formation in Misool. Daonella Lios Member, in Misool Island and also by Wanner indica from Himalaya of Ladinian age (Reed, 1927; in 1931. Myophoria. subvestita from Wamkaha, Chen,1974; Yi-kang and Guo-xiong, 1976) and D. Gugu Tama, Bilkofan, West Buru, was described apteryx from New Zealand are probably correlative by Krumbeck (1913). with the upper part of Keskain Formation containing Carditidae Palaeocardita globiformis and P. Daonella (D.) lilintana. Daonella indica, D. pichleri, trapezoidalis and Cardiidae Protocardia (Proto- and D. pahangensis have a Late Ladinian age in cardia) sp. A, Burmesia sp. A and B, Pleuromya Malaysia (Kummel, 1960; Sato, 1964). Terebellina spp. were also collected from Lios Member, Bogal mackayi from Misool, New Zealand, Thailand, and Formation in Misool. Cardita globiformis was Sumatra are probably of Anisian to Ladinian age also recorded by Jaworski (1915) from the same (Hasibuan, 1991). The presence of ammonite Bey- formation. Musper (1929) regarded that the Pal- richites in Misool which is also present in Thailand aeocardita globiformis is also present in Padang (Chonglakmani, 1981) indicates an Anisian age. Highlands, Sumatra. The species is also widely Kittl (1912) placed Daonella (D.) lilintana in the D. distributed in Norian of Viet Nam (Vu-Khuc et tyrolensis Group with D. bulogensis, D. tyrolensis, al. (1965). Palaeocardita trapezoidalis from Fogi D. arzelensis, D. indica, D. léczyi, D. spitiensis, D. Beds, Buru is Norian, also in Oman (Hudson and tripartite, D. taramelli, D. frami, D. parthanemsis, Jefeferies, 1961), in Early Norian in Hong Hoi D. imperialis, D. (?) amperta, D. cassiana, and D. Formation, Thailand (Chonglakmani, 1981), but latecostata and he believed it is also found in Suma- Carnian in Peru (Kőrner, 1937). It has also been tra. This study accepts that D. lilintana belongs to reported from Late Triassic of Yunnan (Ma, 1977), the subgenus Daonella in the D. tyrolensis Group. New Zealand (Trechmann, 1918; Marwick, 1953), Table 5 shows the global biostratigraphic correla- and Mexico (Kristan-Tolmann, 1986). Protocardia tion in the Late Triassic. Figure 1 show the selected (Protocardia) sp. is very close to P. cf. contusa from species resulted from recent study (Hasibuan, 1991). Bilkofan, Buru. The species differs from P. rhaetica Nautiloid Procydonautilus discoidalis, P. gries- of Jaworski (1915), but also close to P. aff. contusa bachi, P. singularis, P. (Cosmonautilus) dilleri, of Krumbeck (1913) and to P. subrhaetica (Krum- P. angustus, and P. inflatus recorded from Timor beck (1923) from the Late Triassic of Seram Island. (Welter, 1914) are of Late Norian age. The specimen Burmesia praecursor and B. aff. lirata are present from Misool (Proclydonautilus sp.) is difficult to in Fogi Beds, west Buru (Krumbeck, 1913), while compare with those mentioned and differs also from Jaworski (1915) regarded that Pholadomya mira- P. mandevillei from Otamitan of New Zealand. In- bilis from Buru and Sumatra is a member of genus donautilus cf. kraffti was first reported from Misool Burmesia. Neoburmesia present in Japan (Yabe and by Jaworski (1915). Hasibuan (1991) regarded that Sato, 1942), Burmesia lirata, and Unionites grieba- Indonautilus aff. kraffti from the Bogal Formation, chi etc. constitute the B. lirata assemblage (Chen, Misool (Rhaetian) is similar to I. awadi and Procly- 1990). This Early Norian assemblage is equivalent donautilus from Sinai and Israel (Kummel, 1960). to the fauna of the Napeng Beds from Burma and The ammonoid Beyrichites is first recorded from similar to Katialo Beds of Sumatra, the Fogi Beds of the Keskain Formation, Misool Archipelago by Buru, and the Asfal or Sumra Limestone of Oman. Hasibuan (1991). Beyrichites (B.) yuati of Skwarko The Triassic Marine Biota of Eastern Indonesia and its Interregional and Global Correlation 41 (F. Hasibuan)
Table 5. Global Correlation Chart for the Upper Triassic of Indonesia
System U P P E R T R I A S S I C Stage N O R I A N K A R N I A N Lactinian Tuvalian “Cordevol” Substage Rhaetian Sevatian Alaunian Julian Late Middle Early Late Middle Early
Rhabdoceras suessi, Cochlocerascontinuecostatum, Zugmayerella, Misolia misolica MISOOL Costatoria(Subvestita)vestitaeformis, Burmesia, Neoretzia,Trocholina Palaeocardita globiformis, P. trapezoidalis, Indopecten Joanites TIMOR Choristoceras, Tropites & Ammonoids Trachypleuraspidites cymbiformis, ROTE subbulatus Trachyceras cf. aon
Monotis Indopecten Halobia Halobia Halobia Halobia Bivalves austriaca- Beds seinamensis distincta tropitum charlyana styriaca SERAM Monotis (Pacimonotis) subcircularis
I N D O N E S I A I S E N O D N I BURU Fogi Formation with Misolia
BUTON Cassianella, Hoernesia, Misolia Monotis (Pacimonotis) subcircularis Halobia
? Halobia Indopecten Zone Halobia charlyana Paratrachyceras distincta parallela THAILAND Zone Zone Zone “Kamawkala Fauna” of Northwest and West Thailand Zone Trigonodus Zone
“Halor- Cyrtop- Juvavites magnus, Anatropites “Sirenites Horizon” ites leurites spinosus, Trachyceras Choristoceras Rhabdoceras Horizon” Mayaites EUROPE bicren- austricum, T. aon marshi suessi paulckei, T ropites bullatus, atus Mojsisovites T. dilleri T. aonoides kerri
Dolomitic Limestone Monotis Coral Juvavites Grey Beds SPITI Halobia Limestone Shale Limestone Beds Tropites Shale Megalodon Bed Quartz series (Kioto Lst.) Halorites Nodular Limestone Shale and Limestone Traumatocrinus PAINKHANDA Bed (Hauerites Bed) with Halobia comata Limestone
HIMALAYA Pinacoceras Cyrtopleurites Indojuvavites metternichi angulatus, Parahauerites acutus, socius Griesbachites- Protrachyceras- MT. JOLMO LUNGMA Goniotites, Hoptotropites, oannites Nodotibetites Indonesites dieneri dieneri Burmesia lirata- Costatoria H. ganziensis, H. Halobia CHINA napengensis with fallax parva pluriradiata, H. talauana, H. comata, SOUTH CHINA Halobia H. substyriaca H. comatoides cf. fallax, H. H. superba newmayi long
? BURMA Napeng Beds ? Kamawkala Limestone
Limestone of Ban-O Red Limestone Beds with Beds with NORTH VIETNAM Beds with Gervilleia Beds with Beds with Beds with of Pa-Ma with Halobia Halobia Halobia rugosa & NORTH LAOS praecursor & Rhaeto- Halobia lineata brachiopods Halobia comata avicula contorta pluriradiata superba Beds of the O Kombor with Beds with & Beds with SOUTH VIETNAM Palaeocardita cf. buruca Didymites Beds with Beds with Posidonia cf. bivalves beds Discotropites & Pachycardia wengensis, & KAMPUCHEA & beds with Gervilleia prae- Thisbites & Daonella cursor & Rhaetoavicula Hauerites rugosa cf. multilineata Halobia & contorta Daonella Amarrasites Halobia cf. styriaca, MALAYSIA Halobia Daonella cf. Beds with Jurong Fauna Halobia parallela talauana multilineata Paratrachyceras & SINGAPORE Himavites Guembelites Mt. Faber Fauna Monotis Beds (Placites & Arcestes Beds) Aso Formation Iwai Formation Halobia-Pecten Beds with Atsu Formation Halobia Halobia austriaca H. kawadai, moluccana, H. atsuensis, aotii-obsoleta Oxytoma-Mytilus Beds with Daonella yoshimurai JAPAN H. kashiwaiensis Paratrachyceras cf.hofmanni
Late M i d d l e Early Late Early Himavites Malayites Choristoceras Klamathites NORTH marshi Rhabdoceras columbianus, Juvavites dawsoni, macrolobatus, Sirenites AMERICA suessi Drepanites magnus Mojsisovites Tropites welleri, nanseni Thyracceras obesum rutherfordi kerri T. dilleri Rastelligera diomedea, Clavigera,Psioidiella, Psiodea, Otapiria, Manticula problematica, Oretia coxi, Monotis NEW ZEALAND (Entomonotis), M . (Eomonotis), Proclydonautilus, Pinacoceras, Cladiscites, Rhacophyllites, Arcestes, (Key fossils only) Heterastridium, Prograhularia 42 Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 31-47
Terebellina mackayi Misolia misolica Zugmayerella sp. (Anisian to Ladinian) (Late Norian) (Early Carnian)
Indopecten misolensis (Late Norian) Daonella (D.) lilintana Palaeocardita globiformis (? Anisiann to Ladinian) (Rhaetian)
Indonautilus cf. kraffti (Late Norian)
Cochloceras continuecostatum (Rhaetian)
Beyrichites sp. (Anisian)
Monotis (M.) salinaria Scale bar : 1 cm (Late Norian)
Rhabdoceras suessi (Rhaetian)
Figure 1. Photographs of selected species from the Keskain and Bogal Formations, Misool Archipelago; and Aitutu Forma- tion, Rote Island. The Triassic Marine Biota of Eastern Indonesia and its Interregional and Global Correlation 43 (F. Hasibuan)
(1973) from New Guinea has Late Scythian to Anisian Stage (The Middle Triassic Epoch) is Anisian age. B. falciforme of Middle Triassic of indicated by the existence of species Sturia mon- North America were described by Smith (1914). golica–facies with Keyserlingites angustecostatum Beyrichites (B.) kesava was also recorded from Hi- (lower), Sturia mongolica, and Japonites ugra malaya. Beyrichites of Hirsch (1977) was reported (middle); and Pseudomonotis intermediaeformis, from Vietnam within Anisian strata by Vu-Khuc et and Monophyllites pseudopradyumna (upper); and al. (1965). Hirsch (1977) also reported B. cognatus also Joannites cymbiformis-facies with Monophyl- from Late Anisian strata of Catalogne (Spain). lites wengensis, Protrachyceras archaelus, Daonella Chonglakmani (1981) mentioned the presence of B. indica, Tracyceras cf. aon, Brochidium timorense, (B.) srikanta from Changwat Lampang, Thailand, and Lima subpunctatoides (Krumbeck, 1921). which is also Anisian. Rhabdoceras suessi was Lower Ladinian Stage is known based on the first recorded from Lios Member, Bogal Formation presence of Beyrichites sp. and Daonella lilintana in Misool by Wanner (1910a, 1931) and later fol- (Hasibuan, 1991), and Terebellina mackayi (Ha- lowed by Jaworski (1915) and Rutten (1927) from sibuan, 2007b; Hasibuan and Grant-Mackie, 2007). the same location. Hasibuan (1991) redescribed the The Middle Ladinian Stage is based on the presence species from the same horizon. Hyatt (1892) and Cox of Daonella indica, D. cf. bulogensis, Monophyllites (1949) regarded Rhabdoceras as an age indicator wengensis, Protrachyceras archaelus (Krumbeck, for the Norian (see also Thenius, 1980). Siberling 1921), and Lima subpunctatoides, Tracyceras and Tozer (1968) regarded the age of R. suessi in cf. aon, Brochidium timorense (Upper Ladinian) North America as Late Norian, or Rhaetian in this (Krumbeck, 1921). work. Wiedmann et al. (1979) claimed that R. suessi Carnian Stage (The Late Triassic Epoch) (Early ranges from Early Late Norian to Late Norian (Early Carnian) contains Joanites cymbiformis, Wald- Rhaetian to Late Rhaetian). Cochloceras sp. was re- hausenites sp., Miltites sp., Halogyra cipitiensis ported by Wanner (1910a,b) from the Lios Member, (Krumbeck, 1921) and Neoretzia sp., and Zugmayer- Bogal Formation, Misool. Later Jaworski (1915), ella sp. (Hasibuan, 1991). In Late Carnian Cladicites Wanner (1931), and Hasibuan (1991) regarded the cressestrianus, Tropites subbulatus are reognized specimens belong to Cochloceras continuecostatum (Krumbeck, 1921). from the same bed. Rutten (1927) reported another Lower Norian Stage is shown by the presence of species C. canalicatum from the same horizon. Halorites ferox, H. superbus timorensis, H. phanois Cochloceras is well-known from the Alps (e.g. C. timorensis, H. cf. macer, Amarassites sundaicus, fischeri) and from other parts of Indonesia (e.g. Juvavites sandbergeri, J. angulatus, Dimorphites Timor Island). The age of Cochloceras is regarded fissicostatus timorensis, D. f. interruptus, Anatomites as the uppermost Triassic that it characterizes the caroli, A. rothi, Sagenites malayicus, Helictites middle part of the Norian (Tozer, 1979) e.g. in North malayicus, Clionites arestimorensis, C. gandol- America and the Tethys. In Misool it was found with phitimorensis, A. hughesi, Paratibetites geikiei, P. Rhabdoceras suessi. tornquisti timorensis, P. angustosellatus posterior, Metacarnites dieneri, Distichites pudens, Sirenites evae, S. dianae, Arcestes cf. parvogaleatus, Pinna- conclusIons coceras parma, Placitesperauctus, Discophyllites neojurensis, D. debilis timorensis, Proclydonautilus- It can be concluded that the Triassic of Indonesia griesbachi, P. gasteroptychus timorensis, Clydonau- can be subdivided into several stages based on the tilus bianglaris, C. noricustimorensis, Gonionautilus marine biota as follows: salisburgensis timorensis, and Pleuronautilus spp. Early Scythian Stage (The Early Triassic Epoch) fromTimor (Welter, 1914). Arcestes subdistinctus, is indicated by the presence of Ophiceras demisso, Rhacophyllites neojurensis, and Pinnacoceras met- Meekoceras sp., Pseudomonotis subaurita, Gervil- ternichi from Timor, (Arthaber,1927); Halorites, lia subpannonica, and Myophoria sp., whilst Late Amarassites, Paratibetites insulanus, Neobetites, Scythian is indicated by the presence of Owenites Pinacoceras parma, Malayites, Halobia verbeeki, egrediens and Sibirites sp. (Krumbeck, 1921). H. distincta, H. cf. salinarium, H. cf. superbescens, 44 Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 31-47
Indopecten rothpletzi, Palaeocardita buruca, and The faunas are well-fitted with global correlation Lovcenipora vinassai from Timor (Krumbeck, at least in the Triassic time. Any biostratigraphic 1921). Serpula constrictor, Palaeonucula misolen- study in Indonesia in the future can be tied to the sis, Modiolus (M.) jaworskii, Pinna (P.) sp. A, Pteria biostratigraphy of Misool Archipelago especially in sp. A, Costatoria (Vesticostata) vestitaeformis, Myo- Mesozoic, because the archipelago has been studied phoria sp., M. subvestita, Palaeocardita globiformis in more detailed and has a very reliable successions. and P. trapezoidalis, Protocardia (Protocardia) sp. A, Burmesia sp. A, B, and Pleuromya spp. (Buru, Acknowledgements---The author wishs to thank Dr. A. D. Misool Archipelago, Wanner, 1910a,b, 1931; Krum- Wirakusunah, the Director of the Geological Survey Institute, Geological Agency, Bandung, Indonesia, for a permission to beck,1931, Jaworski,1915, Hasibuan,1991) are also publish this manuscript. Colleagues from the Paleontology the indications of Lower Norian Stage. Laboratory of the institution, especially the paleontologists, Middle Norian Stage is defined by the presence were much appreciated source of information. of Trachyoleuraspidites malaicus, Halorella nimas- sica, Misolia aspera, Aulacothyris cf. joharensis, In- dopecten subserraticostata, and Halobia cf. lineata references from Timor (Krumbeck, 1921). Late Norian indicated by the existense of Cho- Allasinaz, A., 1966. Il Trias in Lambordia XVIII. La fauna ristoceras indoaustralicum, C. aff. ammonitiforme, a lamellibranchi dello Julico (Carnico medio). Rivista C. aff. marshi, Oxytoma inaquivalve var. interme- Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 72(3), p. 609- dia, Indopecten coronatiformis, Prosogyrotrigonia 752. Milano. Arthaber, G. Von, 1927. Ammonoidea Leiostraca aus der timorensis Trachypleuraspidites, Cyrtopleurites Oberen Trias von Timor. Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen in malayicus, Cladiscites formatus, Montlivaultia Nederlandsch-Indie, 55E Jaargang, 1926, Verhandelin- norica, M. mamorea, Thecosmillia fenestrate var. gen, 2, p.1-174, 20 Tafel, 19 Textfigures. multiseptata, T. norica, T. opelli, Monotis salinaria, Bather, F.A., 1905. The Mount Torlesse annelid. Geological and M. aff. ochotica from Timor (Krumbeck, 1921); Magazine (London), p.532-542. Indopecten misolensis from Buru (Wanner, 1910a); Bather, G. Von, 1929. Triassic Echinoderms of Timor. Paläon- tologie von Timor, 16, p.214-272, 2 Plates. Proclydonautilus discoidalis, P. griesbachi, P. Begg, J.G., Cave, M.P., and Campbell, H.J., 1983. Terebellina singularis, P. (Cosmonautilus) dilleri, P. angustus, mackayi Bather in Oretian rocks, Wairaki Hills, Southland and P. inflatus from Timor (Welter, 1914); Misolia (Note). New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, misolica from Misool, Buru, Seram (Hasibuan, 26, p.121-122. 1991); Monotis (M.) salinaria, Halobia styriaca, H. Bhalla, S., 1983. The Mesozoic. In: Moullade A.M. and Nairn, suessi, H. comata, and H. (H.) austriaca from Rote A.E.M. (eds), The Phanerozoic Geology of the World II, (Hasibuan, 2007a). B, p.305-351, 8 abh. 9 Tab. Amsterdam (Elsevier). Boehm, G., 1904. Geologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in den Rhaetian Stage indicators are Choristoceras Molukken. Comptes Rendus, 9th Conggres International, indoautralicum from Timor (Krumbeck, 1921); Vienna 1903, p.657-662. Promathildia (P.) pacifica, Neritina sp., Coelostylina Boehm, G., 1905. Ueber Brachiopoden aus Einem Aelteren similis, C. sp. cf. C. similis, C. wanner, Paleocardita Kalkstein der Insel Ambon. Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen, globiformis, P. cf. buruca, Protocardia rhaetica, Oost-Indie Wetenschappelijke Mededeelingen, Gedeelte Rhabdoceras suessi, Cochloceras continuecosta- 34, p.88-93. Boehm, G., 1908. Beschreibung eines Ammoniten von tum, Indonautilus aff. kraffti, Choristoceras sp., Südwest Neu Guinea. Koninklijke Nederlandsch Aard- Cochloceras sp., and Serpula sp. from Buru, Misool rijkskunde Genootschaap, Leiden, 409-410. (Jaworski, 1915; Hasibuan, 1991; Hasibuan & Bülow, E. Von, 1915. Orthoceren und Belemnitiden der Trias Grant-Mackie, 2007). von Timor. Paläontologie von Timor, 4(7), p.1-72, 6 The Triassic fauna of Indonesia is quite diverse Tafel, 24 Textfigures. and it is distributed on small islands, because the Campbell. J.D. and Warren, G., 1965. Fossil localities of the Torlesse Group in the South Island. Transactions Indonesian Archipelago comprises different tec- and Proceedings of the Royal Society, New Zealand, tonic fragments (terranes) which have been brought 3(8), p.99-137. together by subduction and collisions and it can be Chen, Chu-chen, 1974. A Handbook of the Stratigraphy and useful in both local and interregional correlation. Paleontology in S.W. China. Edited Nanking Institute of The Triassic Marine Biota of Eastern Indonesia and its Interregional and Global Correlation 45 (F. Hasibuan)
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