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New Balkan Migration Route and Its Impact on Transit Countries, „Rocznik In- Stytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), Z

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New Balkan Migration Route and Its Impact on Transit Countries, „Rocznik In- Stytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), Z Vol. 17 (2019) Vol. Yearbook Yearbook Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej of the Institute of the Institute of East-Central Europe of East-Central Europe (Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe) Volume 17 (2019) Volume 17 (2019) Issue 4 Issue 4 of East-Central Europe of East-Central the Institute of Yearbook ISSN 1732-1395 All Western Balkans countries relate their future to the European Union. Each of the countries faces specifi c chal- lenges on its path, while common problems have also been detected, as well as regional initiatives aiming to assist the region with regard to certain issues. These topics are addressed […], with particular attention paid to the discus- sion about the parallelism of both processes (EU accession versus/or along with regional integration) and further Instrukcje dla autorów i Rocznik online: prospects of EU accession for the Western Balkans. 4 Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej https://ies.lublin.pl/rocznik Silvana Mojsovska, PhD, is a full-time professor at the Institute of Economics, Rok 17 (2019), Zeszyt 4 Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia The Balkans: European Integration, Politics and Security Politics Integration, The Balkans: European The role of the EU in the Western Balkans is understood as “transform[ing] the normative context and reconstruct The Balkans: identity in terms of shared European identity in order to foster democracy, peace and stability”. Despite the marked success in transforming the countries of the eastern enlargement in the 2000s, in the 2010s the EU enlargement European Integration, process slowed or halted because of ‘enlargement fatigue’ or became caught up in the ‘crisis discourse’ following the impact of the global economic crisis of 2008. Politics and Security Marko Kovačević, M.A., is a researcher and PhD candidate at the Faculty of Political Science, University of Belgrade, Serbia The Western Balkans on its path to the European Union It can be said that the migration crisis is a consequence of the Balkans’ location, which is described by various me- Small states’ marginality constellations taphors, such as the gate of Europe or a bridge (between East and West), suggesting the suspension of the region and the challenges to the Europeanisation between two worlds. […] Existence in this ‘no man’s land’ without solid plans to expect a better future turns to un- of the Western Balkans in the last decade derstandable frustration among the migrants. On the other hand, subsequent waves of refugees further complicate the already diffi cult situation in the Balkans […]. The geopolitical dimensions of the TurkStream pipeline Magdalena Rekść, PhD (hab.), is an assistant professor New Balkan migration route New Balkan migration route at the Department of International and Political Studies, University of Lodz, Poland and its impact on transit countries and its impact on transit countries Magdalena Rekśća a Uniwersytet Łódzki (Polska) Opublikowano online: grudzień 2019 Sposób cytowania: M. Rekść, New Balkan migration route and its impact on transit countries, „Rocznik In- stytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 4, s. 141-160, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.4.7. „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” („Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe”) jest kwartalnikiem. Poszczególne teksty bądź całe zeszyty publikowane są w języku polskim lub angielskim. Na liście czasopism naukowych MNiSW z 31 lipca 2019 roku „Rocznik IEŚW” znajduje się z liczbą 70 punktów. Jest również uwzględniony w bazach ICI Journals Master List, Central and Eastern European Online Library, BazEkon oraz ERIH PLUS. M. Rekść, ‘New Balkan migration route and its impact on transit countries’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, vol. 17 (2019), no. 4, pp. 141-160, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.4.7 Magdalena Rekść* New Balkan migration route and its impact on transit countries Abstract: In 2015, global public opinion was shaken by the migration crisis, as wave after wave of refugees from the Middle East, primarily from Syria, tried to get from Turkey and Greece to Western Europe via the so-called ‘Balkan Route’. In time, the situation only seemed to be resolved. In the Balkan coun- tries, there still are, according to estimates, tens of thousands of migrants who failed to get farther west, and more are constantly arriving. Meanwhile, since 2018, one can speak of a new, though a much smaller wave of immigrants who are trying to get from Greece to Croatia (and thus to the European Union), increasingly often bypassing Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina along the way. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the phenomenon of the so-called ‘New Balkan Route’ and the problems it creates for the Balkans. Keywords: Balkans, New Balkan Route, migration crisis, refugees, geopolitics Introduction 1. In 2015, global public opinion was shaken by the news of a griev- ous migration crisis, as wave after wave of refugees from the Middle East, primarily from Syria, tried to get from Turkey and Greece to Western Europe via the so-called ‘Balkan Route’. The overwhelming majority of refugees chose the route through Macedonia and Serbia, from where they headed to Croatia and Slovenia or to Hungary. Roads through Bulgaria and Romania were less popular. Media headlines were flooded with photos of columns of people wandering towards the EU border and crowds of refugees at Belgrade’s train station and the nearby park, which the newcomers transformed into their ‘town’. After a few months, the topic stopped attracting attention. The EU borders were closed to these migrants and in some countries, barriers * Magdalena Rekść – PhD (hab.), is an assistant professor at the Faculty of International and Politi- cal Studies, University of Lodz, Poland. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-5489. E-mail: [email protected]. 142 Magdalena Rekść had been erected. In March 2016, President of the European Coun- cil Donald Tusk signed an agreement with Turkey in which the Turks agreed to accept the return of migrants who had travelled to Europe from its territory. This gave the illusion of a solution to the problem. The inhabitants of the prosperous western world focused on other problems without realising that the situation was only seemingly un- der control, or in other words, that it had been moved outside the EU’s borders. Meanwhile, in the Balkan countries, there still are, according to estimates, tens of thousands of migrants who failed to get farther west, and more are constantly arriving1. The Balkan Route and local societies 2. One should remember that the countries of Southeastern Eu- rope are not only poor but also weak, with numerous internal problems and generally ruled by corrupt politicians2. Their special services have long been unable to cope with organised crime3. Thus, the presence of people of unknown identities raises questions about the security of not only the Balkans but also of all of Europe. Unfortunately, the Old Continent has once again proved that it is not interested in the problems of the Balkan region and its inhabitants. Western decision- makers seem to think that the problems of the ‘continental abroad’ (‘kontinentalno inostranstvo’), as metaphorically described by Mu- harem Bazdulj, are so distant that they can be underestimated, espe- cially since they do not focus on the voters4. Meanwhile, among the migrants left alone in countries that were supposed to be transit points from the very beginning, the frustration has begun to build up. The 1 Karitas: Izbeglice na Balkanu ponekad u katastrofalnim uslovima, Danas, 18.07.2016, https://www. blic.rs/vesti/drustvo/karitas-izbeglice-na-balkanu-ponekad-u-katastrofalnim-uslovima/nzs8x0q [25.07.2019]. 2 R. Pejanović, Tranzicija i nacionalna kultura. Ogledi iz društveno-ekonomske antropologije, Novi Sad 2015, pp. 66-69; A. Ben-Meir, Corruption in the Balkans Is Impeding EU Membership, The Globalist, 11.01.2019, https://www.theglobalist.com/european-union-membership-balkans-corruption/ [06.08.2019]. 3 R. Woźnica, Wpływ konfliktów w byłej Jugosławii na kierunki rozwoju transnarodowej przestępczości zorganizowanej na Bałkanach, [in:] P. Chmielewski, S.L. Szczesio (eds), Bałkany Zachodnie między przeszłością a przyszłością, Łódź 2013, pp. 264, 274-275. 4 M. Bazdulj, I oni su pjevali o ratu. Odjeci raspada Jugoslavije u engleskoj i američkoj književnosti, Beograd 2013, p. 34. Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe • Volume 17 (2019) • Issue 4 New Balkan migration route and its impact on transit countries 143 feelings of hopelessness are well reflected in the words of a Kurdish woman from Iraq, who fate threw to Svilengrad in Bulgaria: ‘This is not Europe (...) We cannot work, we cannot go further. It’s a prison’5. It is not difficult to notice that people who have travelled many thousands of kilometres to get to their ‘paradise’, and now are at its gates, will not suddenly change their minds just because politicians have decided to close the borders. Their determination is so powerful that they will try and try to reach Croatia illegally, and then to Slove- nia which is part of the Schengen area. From there, it is very close to Italy, Austria, and Germany6. Meanwhile, left at the EU gates, often without a livelihood, these migrants are victims of organised crime. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have reported a number of cases of organ trafficking, prostitution, and child pornography7. On the other hand, migrants with money become targets of robberies8. The attitude of local people towards the migrants has also been changing. Initially, in 2015, most Serbs, Macedonians, or Croats looked at them with compassion9. People spontaneously organised to pro- vide help. Today, though, negative attitudes are gradually increas- ing10, which has led many migrants and refugees to travel to Bosnia and Herzegovina, inhabited mainly by Muslims, who themselves re- member the recent war.
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