CEU eTD Collection K K Y Y R R P P G G R R Y Y O In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the requirements of the Infulfillment partial O Z Z V V S S O O T T C C A A A A N N T T ’ ’ S S I I O O

T T Department of Nationalism Studies Studies Nationalism Departmentof N N R R Central European University University European Central

O A Supervisor: Anton Pelinka Pelinka Anton Supervisor: O A R G R G Budapest, Hungary Budapest,Hungary Asel Suinaly kyzy kyzy Suinaly Asel

E E E E Submitted to to Submitted D D T T Y Y H 2012 2012 H By By

N N I I N N I I C C

T T

C C H H O O E E degree of Master of Arts Arts Master of of degree N N

S S F F O O R R U U O O T T N N H H T T : :

A A P P T O T O I I L L O O I I N T N T I I ? ? C C

A A L L

CEU eTD Collection

It has always been a mystery to me how men canfeel men me how to been mystery a always has It

themselves honored by the humiliation humiliation the by honored themselves of their fellow beings fellow their of Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma ii ii

CEU eTD Collection auhk ekoa ad ay ay tes hs inval whose others point. this come to to me andencouraged helped many many and Kevkhoyan Manushak Karlygac Pransky, Tiffany Mendes, Mariana Candlish, monitoring the process of writing. writing. of process the monitoring supervision helped me during the process of writing of process the during helped me supervision

Zamira Muratova, for their endless love and support love endless for their ZamiraMuratova, gratitude of sense deep my all, of First work. this

n, ial, y pca tak g t m fins e friends, my to go thanks special my finally, And, as wn t tak ai Kvc ad nrs Kovacs Andras and Kovacs Maria thank to want also I I m lo epy netd o y uevsr Profess supervisor my to indebted deeply also am I I would like to express my enormous gratitude to al to gratitude enormous my express to like would I Acknowledgements Acknowledgements

goes to my parents, Suinaly Shatmanov and and Shatmanov Suinaly parents, my to goes this thesis. thesis. this . . h Nurmanbetova, Marija Todorovic, Todorovic, Marija Nurmanbetova, h l those who helped me to complete complete to me helped who those l specially Courtney Kelner, Ruth Ruth Kelner, Courtney specially r no Plna hs skillful whose Pelinka Anton or uable assistance and support support and assistance uable o vlal cmet and comments valuable for iii iii CEU eTD Collection

n Ubk, h Jn voec i suhr Kyrgyzsta southern to assumed differenceor ethnic to causallylinked in violence June the Uzbeks, and Although explained. is ethnicization of process the and rhetorics, regime various state, nationalizing po nationalities Soviet explore to frameworks these instrume and identity, to are approaches concepts constructivist The conflict. th ethnicized highlighting and thus conflict people, mobilize to means a as an cl the and why of how analysis this arein explored contested highly ethn parties, state organizations, international of remain violence wit pervaded are politically, and journalistically, the of triggers Kyrg around and in 2010 June in conflict ethnicized Asia, the Central provides Kyrgyzstan, of post-Soviet democracy parliamentary in ethnicity politicized Fundamentally, this paper argues that ethnic differ ethnic that argues paper this Fundamentally, h nerltosi ewe h oi-oiia w socio-political the between interrelationship The Abstract Abstract ic Kyrgyz, ethnic Uzbek, and other stakeholders stakeholders other and Uzbek, ethnic Kyrgyz, ic

omissions and flaws of existing interpretations, interpretations, existing of flaws and omissions h divergent interpretations. The interpretations interpretations The interpretations. divergent h be a primordially predestined occurrence. occurrence. predestined bea primordially ashes became suddenly ethnicized. ethnicized. suddenly ashesbecame there are differences between ethnic Kyrgyz Kyrgyz ethnic between differences are there ntalist accounts of violence. By employing employing By violence. of accounts ntalist licy, dichotomous identity narratives of the the of narratives identity dichotomous licy, yzstan’s southern capital, Osh. The initial initial The Osh. capital, southern yzstan’s theoretically framed in social cleavages, cleavages, social in framed theoretically e conceptual distinction between ethnic ethnic between distinction conceptual e otx fr hs nlss f h armed, the of analysis this for context particularly in the tensely emerging emerging tensely the in particularly i lrey otxul n cno be cannot and contextual largely is n ence was used by ethnic entrepreneurs entrepreneurs ethnic by used was ence eakening of the state and the rise of of rise the and state the of eakening d the discourses, academically, academically, discourses, the d iv iv CEU eTD Collection CHAPTER II. CHAPTER Historical Background ...... Theoretical I. CHAPTER Framework ...... Introduction ...... CHAPTER III. The CHAPTER Post-SovietKyrgyzstan: Conflict a

Bibliography...... Conclusion ...... V. The Chapter KyrgyzTragedy: Political Provocatio Chapter IV. IV. Chapter 2010 June and Aftermath ...... 1.3 Instrumental 1.3 Approach Violence to 11...... Constructivist 1.2 Approach Identity to 10...... Cleavage Social 1.1 Theory 9 ...... 2.3 Splitting up Splitting 2.3 Ferghanathe Valley 21...... 2.2 Soviet “Creating” the KyrgyzRepublic 20...... borders 2.1 Drawing 15...... 4.2 CompetingInterpretations 4.2 andNarratives Aftermath. Ambiguity 4.1 TheJune 2010Tragedy 43...... 4.3 From Interpretation 4.3 to Reality 50...... 3.5 3.5 2010May Jalalabadin 40...... April 3.4 7, 2010. TheRegime Change 38...... 3.3 The Collapse Home”under the of the Bakiyev “Common regi Askar 3.2 Akayev andhis Identity Double Narrative 28...... 3.1 TheOsh JuneConflictin 1990 25...... 4.2.3The Government’sResponse 48...... 4.2.2Uzbeks Souththe in 47...... 4.2.1Kyrgyz thein South 46......

Table of Contents of Table ...... n or Ethnic nor Confrontation? ...... 52 ndEthnicity 2 ...... me 34...... 66...... 2 ...... 68...... andComplexity 44...... 43 ...... 15 ...... 9 5 1

CEU eTD Collection days will forever remain as the most tragic and the and tragic most the as remain forever will days sources. the on depending vary statistics official n Uzbeks. and tensions the deepened and homes, mostly buildings, mostl people, of hundreds many killed 2010 June, of parts southern in looting and destruction violence, i full-fledged into turned later which gangs Kyrgyz Kyrg the of city largest second the Osh, in started 2 1 writ future,” Asia. Central of peaceful geographer a for hope best the provides Os That cultures. Kyrgyz and Uzbek of point meeting l of violence interethnic the “Before 2010. June in rise m in resulted have the to said be can interrelationship and state the of weakening socio-political investigate to chance the provides also Kyrgyzstan Unite both to host a as known is world the to Asia, million five some of nation small a is Kyrgyzstan parliam first The China. and Uzbekistan Tajikistan, Introduction

russia/nick-megoran/osh-one-year-on International Crisis Group, “The Pogroms inKyrgyz Pogroms “The Group, Crisis International on,” year one “Osh: Megoran, Nick 2 codn t uofca saitc, eea thousa several statistics, unofficial to According

1 h 10 The

Open Democracy, Democracy, Open

th f ue 21 ws h dy hn re clashes armed when day the was 2010 June, of

stan,” September, 2010, 4. 2010, September, stan,” “ June 12, 2011, http://www.opendemocracy.net/od- 2011, 12, June I just I mycountry,” love he down. saidgazing “If only we “If could to learn each love other.” This confrontation which lasted several several lasted which confrontation This yz Republic, between ethnic Uzbek and Uzbek ethnic between Republic, yz of the Kyrgyz Republic on the 10-14th 10-14th the on Republic Kyrgyz the of ajor bloodshed in southern Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan southern in bloodshed ajor bloodiest event in the national history national the in event bloodiest entary democratic republic in Central Central in republic democratic entary between the country’s ethnic Kyrgyz Kyrgyz ethnic country’s the between d States and Russian military bases; bases; military Russian and States d nterethnic conflict. An explosion of explosion An conflict. nterethnic ast June, Osh was a remarkable remarkable a was Osh June, ast h is no longer, but shared history, history, shared but longer, no is h the interrelationship between the the between interrelationship the of politicized ethnicity. This This ethnicity. politicized of y Uzbeks, destroyed over 2000 2000 over destroyed Uzbeks, y es Nick Megoran, a political political a Megoran, Nick es people that borders Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan, borders that people d ee ild while killed, were nd ~ Walker, ~ the Guardian the 2

CEU eTD Collection tinder box” region where imminent ethnic antagonism ethnic imminent region where box” tinder 3 o words the in history”, “violent a Kyrgyz: against st a is This happen. to destined was which conflict f explanation an with up come to quick were outlets space post-Soviet regime to led which uprisings mass experiencedtwo the in country only the as stands occasio only the not albeit Republic; Kyrgyz the of goac, n iefciees n h peeto of prevention the in ineffectiveness and ignorance, th blame politicians other Some happened. that all Ba Kadyrjan minority, Uzbek of leader prominent the in Bakiyev Kurmanbek President overthrown recently po the to According displayed. were buildings burnt powe many where discussions forum and blogs, sites, a their directed people Ordinary most. the suffered vie this opposed leader, its as Otunabeva Roza with The people. and state Kyrgyz the both by endangered Uzbeks that reports their in claimed organizations violen the of end the after Immediately believe. to peop where situation a in resulted rumors divergent coverag media competing the in presented narratives 1999652.html 1999652.html http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/kyrgyz

Shaun Walker, “Kyrgyz gangs accused of 'genocide' 'genocide' of accused gangs “Kyrgyz Walker, Shaun As soon as tormented calm gathered in southern Kyr southern in gathered calm tormented as soon As h iiil rge o te re ros s tl unk still is riots armed the of trigger initial The

as death toll rises”, rises”, toll death as -gangs-accused-of-genocide-as-death-toll-rises- ory of Kyrgyz against Uzbek, Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek, against Kyrgyz of ory the violence. There are also people people also are There violence. the le did not and still do not know who know not do still and not did le e interim government for weakness, weakness, for government interim e changes. changes. e n ue itrainl ei and media international June, in ce ttention towards social networking networking social towards ttention f an article in the the in article an f had to erupt. had to tyrov, were the main people behind behind people main the were tyrov, ee h piay itm ad are and victims primary the were rjcig h cam ht Uzbeks that claim the rejecting w n of political turmoil. Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan turmoil. political of n the April Revolution of 2010 and 2010 of Revolution April the rful images of brutal killings and killings brutal of images rful interim government of that time time that of government interim e in addition to widespread and and widespread to addition in e or the violence: an “interethnic” “interethnic” an violence: the or litical elite of Kyrgyzstan, the the Kyrgyzstan, of elite litical since independence that has has that independence since gyzstan, international media media international gyzstan, The Independent, The on Opsd political Opposed nown. 3

Independent 14 June 2010 2010 June 14 , “a “a , 3 CEU eTD Collection 4 ethno-cultural was it as surprising, all at not was Asia” Central of boiling-pot “ethnic as place, took cit the called outlets media foreign some Moreover, ignored is populations Kyrgyz of suffering the that attemp an was it that arguing presented are reports wh observed be can languages different in cleansing www.uzbektr website the on example, For population. cou polarization ethnic deep Generally, “genocide”. involving mostly cyberspace in emerged discussions star the following days several the in Furthermore, v the into report Commission’s the when Kyrgyzstan, persona-n as Chair, Kil Commission’s Inquiry Kimmo Kyrgyzstan declared government Kyrgyz the community, the for As government. national the within position from autonomy gain to opportunity an as country the l Uzbek that believe who structure political within of intrastate violent conflicts, most of them being them of most conflicts, violent intrastate of roots of the violence of this infamously bloody Jun infamously bloody this ofviolence the of roots andinterpretat narratives the and research dissect below) (explained earlier years twenty only groups, sa the in month, same the in happened that conflict a witnessed has nation Kyrgyz the that believe who

“Stalin’s Harvest”, 17 June 2010, 2010, June 17 Harvest”, “Stalin’s Since the end of the Cold War, there has been an in an been has there War, Cold the of end the Since

the Economist, Economist, the http://www.economist.com/node/16377083 ions presented in order to understand the the understand to presentedorder in ions commonly labeled as ‘ethnic’. Once the the Once ‘ethnic’. as labeled commonly ly determined.ly e. eaders used the political instability in in instability political the used eaders arguing that the eruption of violence violence of eruption the that arguing and majority Kyrgyz the disgrace to t y of Osh, where most of the violence violence the of most where Osh, of y . Thus, there is a substantial need to to need substantial a is there Thus, . Nvrhls, xetos o exist. do exceptions Nevertheless, . t of the conflict, many reports and and reports many conflict, the of t repetition of history referring to the the to referring history of repetition two “big” words: “Kyrgyzstan” and and “Kyrgyzstan” words: “big” two 2011. May in published was iolence me city, involving the same ethnic ethnic same the involving city, me the state. There is no one common common one no is There state. the ld be observed amongst the local local the amongst observed be ld agedy.com, the narrative of ethnic ethnic of narrative the agedy.com, explanation of the international international the of explanation ngaa bne fo entering from banned on-grata, ereas on www.osh-reality.info, www.osh-reality.info, on ereas crease in the number and scale scale and number the in crease ue, h International the junen, 4 Also, there are people are there Also,

4 CEU eTD Collection (1998): 428 (1998): tnc ofit Hwvr I o o cam ht ethni that claim not do I However, conflict. ethnic is violence June the thus people, mobilize to means difference ethnic that that argue will I conflict. betwee distinguish to important very is It reasons. bas Kyrgyzstan southern in 2010 of clashes June the 5 vario the tragedy. Kyrgyzstan's to attributed through sorting by polarization this from critical is It perpetrator. as other the and victim the in bias coding ‘the as to referred have Laitin from result might that incentives the with together ready-mad a provide to need The discourse. everyday h to seems ‘ethnic’ terms, ideological in explained viol and disappeared East and West between division polarization in the aftermath of these clashes in w in clashes these of aftermath the in polarization Osh, of citizens of of lives the because 2010, of mainly June Since complicated, increasingly become anin far is being from label ethnic other,the the in frame interpretative dominant the influenced by act the hand, one the on If, ‘ethnic’. as conflicts ac and media by both characterization, the was rise line ethnic along fought conflicts of growth sudden

Rogers Brubaker and David Laitin, “Ethnic and Natio and “Ethnic Laitin, David and Brubaker Rogers The aim of this thesis is to problematize the domin the problematize to is thesis this of aim The

nalist Violence,” Violence,” nalist to find conceptual clarity and seek respite seek and clarity conceptual find to of labeling a conflict tends to be strongly be to tends conflict a labeling of nocent one. nocentone. ethnic direction’. ethnic a ue b ehi eternus s a as entrepreneurs ethnic by used was hich one ethnic group was portrayed as as portrayed was group ethnic one hich this frame, explain what Brubaker and Brubaker what explain frame, this the media and academic discourses, on on discourses, andacademic media the n an ethnic conflict and an ethnicized ethnicized an and conflict ethnic an n s, what seemed to be definitely on the the on definitely be to seemed what s, an ethnicized conflict but it is not an not is it but conflict ethnicized an city is wholly irrelevant to the June June the to irrelevant wholly is city ed on analytical as well as normative normative as well as analytical on ed ave become the preferred label in in label preferred the become ave ademia, of the very discourse on on discourse very the of ademia, ent conflicts could no longer be be longer no could conflicts ent the intensification of the ethnic ethnic the of intensification the us perspectives and meanings meanings and perspectives us both Kyrgyz and Uzbek, have Uzbek, and Kyrgyz both itrrtto fr violence, for interpretation e ant interpretative frame put on put frame interpretative ant Annual Review of of Sociology Review Annual 5 Indeed, more than the the than more Indeed, 24 24 5 CEU eTD Collection Ferghana Valley,” Valley,” Ferghana nrpeer. s aya age, eas ethnicity because argues, Kalyvas As entrepreneurs. mob a as cleavages ethnic of salience increased the south the in imbalance power of result a as country occ changes of series a and 2010, April in uprising i change The 2010. April of crisis political the of importantl of more and 2005 of year the since occurred context the in it explore to has one Kyrgyzstan, ethnic violence andcommonly that was mobilization, confr the of cleavage driving the not was ethnicity th of case the in occurred ethnicization of process to answering and cause analytical an as difference et is dynamics violent its and conflict the both of violen a in – claim causal problematic extremely an med the by overemphasized largely been has violence 6 earlier.years twenty some identificat ethnic on based violence massive the to sensitive the with familiar certainly were violence forced were they and down, burned were homes their o the or one to belonging as identified were people had it Indeed, Kyrgyzstan. southern in tragedy 2010

Sean Roberts, “What’s Ethnicity Got to do with it? withit? do to Got Ethnicity “What’s Roberts, Sean In this study, I claim that in order to understand understand to order in that claim I study, this In PONARS Eurasia PONARS 6 I believe that the term “ethnic conflict” in regar in conflict” “ethnic term the that believe I

(August 2010): 13 2010): (August Healing the Wounds of Uzbek-Kyrgyz Violence in the inthe Violence Uzbek-Kyrgyz of Wounds the Healing

nature of the Kyrgyz-Uzbek divide due divide Kyrgyz-Uzbek the of nature e June clashes, I will demonstrate that that demonstrate will I clashes, June e ilization tool by opportunistic political political opportunistic by tool ilization n the government following the mass mass the following government the n , provided a suitable environment for for environment suitable a provided , ion that took place in the same city, city, same the in place took that ion hnicity itself. Without taking ethnic ethnic taking Without itself. hnicity y to situate the conflict in the context context the in conflict the situate y to t “ethnic conflict” the driving factor factor driving the conflict” “ethnic t urring in the political sphere of the the of sphere political the in urring ther ethnic group, they were killed, killed, were they group, ethnic ther ally exercised, but not driven. driven. not but exercised, ally become important; simply because because simply important; become uh usin s h ad o the how and why as question such ia and general public, and it implies implies it and public, general and ia s en s h cnlc’ master conflict’s the as seen is ontation but rather a source for for source a rather but ontation the political changes that have have that changes political the to flee. Those who provoked the the provoked who Those flee. to the violence of June 2010 in in 2010 June of violence the ds to the Osh the to ds 6 CEU eTD Collection 7 interests have different and unitary actorsnot are this because flawed is perspective a Such dynamics. cleavage master perceived the of lenses the through diff between interactions violent the all cleavage, on Politics on

ihtmu iett nraie cvc n ehi, o ethnic, and civic narrative, identity dichotomous Kyrgyzstan of republic the on focusing Sovie particularly the of policy nationalities cha the second of The background thesis. the of framework theoretical conducted on this particular issue. issue. particular this conductedon non-gov and state other and community international subject, the on written articles academic including fr collected be will Data study’sconclusions. this occurr conflict the recently of how because evident ethnic different two the among imp coexistence peaceful and consider they as Kyrgyzstan in policymakers i study the Therefore, violence. further prevent to diffic very it making south, the in forces security worse, even and, public the among entrenched deeply Stathis Kalyvas, “The Ontology of ‘Political Viole ‘Political of Ontology “The Kalyvas, Stathis Since the violence of June 10-14, 2010, ethnicity-b 2010, 10-14, June of violence the Since hs hss osss f ie hpes Te is ch first The chapters. five of consists thesis This As for methodology, content analysis will be the ma the be will analysis content methodology, for As 1 (3): 475 (3): 1

nce’ : Action and Identity in Civil Wars,” Wars,” Civil in Identity and Action nce’: and motivations. and om both primary and secondary sources, sources, primarysecondary and both om erent ethnic groups tend to be explained be to tend groups ethnic erent ult to restore interethnic cooperation or or cooperation interethnic restore to ult the official reports of the government, government, the of reports official the ed. ed. f Akayev’s regime, followed by the the by followed regime, Akayev’s f as iprat o euaos and educators for important also s assumption overlooks the fact that that fact the overlooks assumption , without carefully looking at their their at looking carefully without , rus Is eeac i especially is relevance Its groups. . The third chapter analyses the the analyses chapter third The . ernmental organizations’ research research organizations’ ernmental t Union towards Central Asia, Asia, Central towards Union t embraced by ethnic Kyrgyz Kyrgyz ethnic by embraced apter starts by presenting the the presenting by starts apter tr rvds h historical the provides pter lement measures to achieve achieve to measures lement ased narratives have become become have narratives ased in method employed towards towards employed method in 7

Perspectives Perspectives 7 CEU eTD Collection country. the in crisis major this in resulted which i thus 2005, since transformations political all of conf the of background particular the gives chapter a omissions the to pointing Kyrgyzstan, southern of narrative and interpretations existing the at looks K to brought revolution April the changes the later Kyrgy ethnonationalist more a toward transformation

s among Kyrgyz and Uzbek populations populations Uzbek and Kyrgyz among s lluminating the process of ethnicization ethnicization of process the lluminating yrgyz political life. The fourth chapter chapter fourth The life. political yrgyz lict and analyzes it within the context context the within it analyzes and lict nd flaws of them. And, the final final the And, them. of flaws nd ptits udr aie, and Bakiyev, under patriotism z 8 CEU eTD Collection perspectives violence. violence. fo mobilisation, political violent, unconventional, Third conflict. on approach this of implication the the present I will Kyrgyzstan.Secondly, of context while overlapping cleavages reinforce eachother.reinforce cleavages overlapping while cross-cutting that assumption the is theory this of cleava the though examined be will division Kyrgyz regio language, class, rural-urban, as such society ouain n wy tnct a a laae eae t became mobilization. cleavage a as ethnicity why and population political why of exploration the to contribute can thi in utilised be will violence ethnic of theories to related Theories mobilisation. political of form 8 Theory Cleavage 1.1 Social I. TheoreticalCHAPTER Framework

Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan. Rokkan. Stein and Lipset Martin Seymour First, I present cleavage theory and demonstrate ho demonstrate and theory cleavage Ipresent First,

The role and impact of various cleavages which are which cleavages various of impact and role The The thesis seeks to explore variation of ethnic ide ethnic of variation explore to seeks thesis The (New York: The Free Press 1967), 23.1967), Press Free The York: (New

Party systems and voter alignments: cross-national cross-national alignments: voter and systems Party

8 s analysis. The theoretical framework framework theoretical The analysis. s cusing on an instrumental approach to to approach instrumental an on cusing

cleavages and mobilisation as well as as well as mobilisation and cleavages constructivist approach to identity and to approach constructivist cleavages decrease conflict intensity intensity conflict decrease cleavages a o te ere r ee o Uzbek- of level or degree the on nal ge theory. One of the main elements elements main the of One theory. ge w this theory can be utilised in the the in utilised be can theory this w ly, I discuss theories related to to related theories discuss I ly, entrepreneurs chose to mobilize mobilize to chose entrepreneurs embedded within Kyrgyzstan’s Kyrgyzstan’s within embedded ntity in conflict intensity as a a as intensity conflict in ntity he main source of political political of source main he 9 CEU eTD Collection Organization Organization

cleavages in society and political mobilisation. political and society in cleavages understanding for insights gives that Rokkan Stein 10 9 i in role a play do entrepreneurs political of role through we explored as be changes will historical identities or and Cleavages structural that states toIdentity Approach 1.2 Constructivist and the effects of a cleavage’s position in the hie the in position acleavage’s of effects and the polarize conflicts communal why and how at look to theory Cleavage another. to unit political one from hierarc and existence the of products are conflicts places. and times specific at differences political m divide which those are cleavages relevant the and communi a of members the divide which criteria “the as oiiain r dtrie b dlbrt acti deliberate by determined are mobilisation mass po ofdegree the that and agencies by shaped be can changi constantly and dynamic a as seen is identity F 2010. in Osh in place took mobilisation political better understand can we society among polarization cultur or political constructing deconstructing, in of role the on focus a with approach constructivist perspectives Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan, Rokkan, Stein and Lipset Martin Seymour James Fearon and David D. Laitin, "Violence and the and "Violence Laitin, D. David and Fearon James It is the theory of social cleavages developed in 1 in developed cleavages social of theory the is It (New York: The Free Press 1967), 24.1967), Press Free The York: (New 54 (2000):855. (2000):855. 54

Party systems and voter alignments: cross-national cross-national alignments: voter and systems Party

social construction of ethnic identity," identity," ethnic of construction social 9 According to the authors, cleavages are: are: cleavages authors, the to According rarchy of cleavages on it. it. on cleavages of rarchy hy of cleavages that vary over time and time over vary that cleavages of hy ll as both intentional and unintentional unintentional and intentional both as ll can offer a good analytical framework framework analytical good a offer can political, social, organizational actors organizational social, political, ng thing, thus it implies that cleavages cleavages that implies it thus thing, ng al identities, reducing or increasing increasing or reducing identities, al larization and the type of the mode of mode the of type the and larization Te uhr cam ht political that claim authors The ” ett formation.dentity society and political life of the state, state, the of life political and society 960s by Seymour Martin Lipset and and Lipset Martin Seymour by 960s why and how the violent mode of mode violent the how and why o te osrciit perspective, constructivist the rom embers into groups with important with groups into embers ons of certain actors: individuals, individuals, actors: certain of ons the relationship between existing existing between relationship the ty or subcommunity into groups, groups, into subcommunity or ty a constructivist approach, which approach, constructivist a 10 y plig a applying By International International 10 CEU eTD Collection International Organization Organization International

ht hr i awy a optto bten differen between competition a always is there that or changing the boundary rules between ethnic group ethnic between rules boundary the changing or eth eith entail can identities, their of their characteristic perceive and group certain a to belonging which identity, of construction that argue authors ide group makes and strengthens it because continue t and conflict, ethnic/religious violent to related formation the that believe Laitin David and Fearon antipathy, and use violence as an instrument to ach to instrument an as violence use and antipathy, the perspective of instrumental approach. approach. of instrumental perspective the seeking in actors political by mobilisation of mode 14 13 12 11 Violence to Approach 1.3 Instrumental social, by as well as society civil organizations, “other” community in order to achieve the aim. the achieve to order in community “other” gov certain or violence aggression, use can members sep a as acceptance and self-definition uniqueness, University Press, 1997. 1997. Press, University ethnic/religious groups of other ethnic categories. other ethnic groupsof ethnic/religious violen behind motives the understanding in relevant Paul Brass, Brass, Paul Ibid,868. Ibid,868. th and "Violence Laitin. D. David and Fearon James According to Paul Brass, political elites construct elites political Brass, Paul to According h uiiain f oiia mblsto, n this in mobilisation, political of utilization The Theft of an Idol: text and context in the represent the in context text and Idol: an of Theft 54 (2000):866. 54(2000):866.

e social construction of ethnic Identity," Identity," ethnic of construction social e er changing the content of a social category category social a of content the changinger hat violence is motivated to emerge and emerge to motivated is violence hat historical or economical events.economical or historical 13

arate group or entity, some community community some entity, or group arate The constructivist approach is highly is approach constructivist The certain gains will be analyzed through through analyzed be will gains certain ieve their certain purposes. certain their ieve also implies making individuals feel feel individuals making implies also ation of collective violence collective of ation ntities more solid. Furthermore, the the Furthermore, solid. more ntities s. ce and antagonism towards other other towards antagonism and ce 12 f dniy y oiia atr is actors political by identity of t ethnic groups in multi-ethnic multi-ethnic in groups ethnic t iiis s seta ad major and essential as nicities Having a big desire to assert its assert to desire big a Having ernmental policies towards the the towards policies ernmental particular case, unconventional unconventional case, particular and preserve ethnic/ religious religious ethnic/ preserve and , Princeton: , Princeton: 14 He notes notes He 11 James 11 CEU eTD Collection interpretation the attacks. the interpretation enact the rehearsal, or preparation the are: phases i actors political of responsibilities specific and actors depends on how well they can maintain the vi the maintain can they well how on depends actors t and system, riot institutional the of stage every explanations for the events in the favor. the in events the for explanations

translating an event into violent mode of political of mode violent into event an translating propagandist leaders, political as such individuals hs atr uuly r gop o tand activist trained of groups are usually actors These publi growing translate to how know who specialists the theory, system riot institutional institutional riot system. riot institutional t t institutionalized have systematic, and believes widespread Brass Paul violence, the for responsible riots. interpretati the control to or violence the justify 19 18 17 16 15 this. to connected is identities communities’ c the thus others, than power and status economical tha group one usually is it and entities, political Washington Press, 2003), 43. 2003), Press, Washington xlntr phase explanatory Ibid, 45. Ibid, 44. Ibid, 44. Ibid, Brass, Paul Brass, Paul 19 sal i ti sae atr tk a opiiy in complicity a take actors stage, this in Usually The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contempo in Violence of Hindu-Muslim Production The Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison and Theory Nationalism: and Ethnicity ae pae hn h uhaa i oe, n te eli the and over, is upheaval the when place takes The scholar comes up with a division of riots into riots of division a with up comes scholar The 16 The

preparatory phase preparatory ncmn o violence of enactment

The construction of ethnic identity is present in in present is identity ethnic of construction The 15 odn te iw ht ih fiil are officials high that view the Holding ons and explanations of the causes of the the of causes the of explanations and ons n the relation to each stage. These three three These stage. each to relation the n mobilisation. ment of the violence, the explanation or explanation the violence, the of ment he success of political organizations or organizations political of success he s, media who play an important role in role important an play who media s, bnft mr i trs f political, of terms in more benefits t his way of political mobilisation in an in mobilisation political of way his onstruction or reinforcement of ethnic ethnic of reinforcement or onstruction of the violence involves agencies or agencies involves violence the of , on hoias criminals. hooligans, young s, c tensions into a large-scale carnage. carnage. large-scale a into tensions c ew that the “others” constitute a big a constitute “others” the that ew (New Delhi: Sage, 1991), 12. 12. 1991), Sage, Delhi: (New hat regions, where violence is is violence where regions, hat rary India rary h voec, ek o give to seek violence, the involves the actions of of actions the involves 17 The second phase of the the of phase second The (Seattle: University of University (Seattle: e fn wy to ways find tes three stages stages three 18 The 12 CEU eTD Collection s ecie a “o oe iy bt w dfeet ci communities. ethnic segregationof different two but city, one “not as described is

acquire successful place. successful acquire more a in community one put that ideas and beliefs the segregated more the Varshney to according Also, th to leads separation ethnic that state Laitin and separation residential marginalization, territorial emergence the of probability the between connection justification various other some find also they and and efficient most the is it believe they that said viole use to decide people ordinary why explanation eivs ht hr tee s hg dge o compe of degree happ to likely oftentimes is bloodshed formations, high a is there where that believes are who individuals political or parties political 23 22 21 20 number. wan that community, barbaric and immoral an threat, are not provided security or the rights to realize realize to rights the or security provided not are minor from votes or support any need not does power first-past- and two-party with states in Wilkinson, University Press, 1997), 67. 67. 1997), Press, University Cambridge University Press, 2004. Press, University Cambridge Comparative Politics Politics Comparative Ashutosh Varshney, "Postmodernism, Civic Engagemen Civic "Postmodernism, Varshney, Ashutosh Ibid Wilkinson, Steven Brass, Paul ikno, h age ta te ih ee o violen of level high the that argues who Wilkinson, 20

Theft of an Idol: text and context in the represent the in context text and Idol: an of Theft Votes and Violence. Electoral Competition and Commu and Competition Electoral Violence. and Votes 30(1997), 57. 57. 30(1997), 23 Osh, the most severely affected city during the 20 the during city affected severely most the Osh,

e view of an ethnic group as the “other”. “other”. the as group ethnic an of view e t, and Ethnic Conflict: A Passage to India,” India,” to APassage Conflict: Ethnic and t, right way to reach their own objectives objectives own their reach to way right of ethnic/religious groups. As Fearon Fearon As groups. ethnic/religious of en. s for such kind of behavior. There is a a is There behavior. of kind such for s the post systems, where the party in in party the where systems, post the ation of collective violence collective of ation interested in electoral benefits, also also benefits, electoral in interested hi mnrt interests. minority their nt tactics during conflicts, it can be can it conflicts, during tactics nt 21 ities, minorities in most of the cases cases the of most in minorities ities, superior position over another can can another over position superior ties” due to its highly territorial territorial highly its to due ties” ts to outnumber and destroy their their destroy and outnumber to ts This is exarcerbated, according to according exarcerbated, is This groups are the more untroubled untroubled more the are groups and intensity of conflict and and conflict of intensity and iin ewe rvl political rival between tition ce is mainly organized by by organized mainly is ce nal Riots in India Riotsin nal (Princeton: 22 10 violence, 10 , Cambridge: Cambridge: , s o the for As 13 CEU eTD Collection

gotintensified. f police the and government the of role the explore

y sn Pu Bas ter aot h rl o polit of role the about theory Brass’ Paul using By

orce, and understand how the conflict conflict the how understand and orce, ical actors it is crucial to to crucial is it actors ical 14 CEU eTD Collection 2003),10. MacMillan,

ethnic identity had to be given. be to had identity ethnic s classless of consolidation the was which of basis ruling socialits understood ”the national question” ”the national understood rulingsocialits policies, nationalities Soviet the discussing begin role the was politics Soviet of features ambigious t of one fact, In procedure. consolidation national dramaticall its left and politicized, highly became Sovi the during was It ethno-politics. Kyrgyzstan’s post-indepen of discussion a for basis excellent an 24 borders 2.1 Drawing II. HistoricalCHAPTER Background political community, and the absence of such things such of absence the and community, political dividing the towns of the Ferghana Valley into diff into Ferghana Valley of the towns the dividing chapter this in explored issue major Another logic. exam Asia Central of delimitation border of process nation Soviet the analyzing on focuses chapter This t of institutionalization of process the understand

Arne Haugen, ArneHaugen, Soviet ethno-politics was regulated by Marxist and Marxist by regulated was ethno-politics Soviet backg historical Soviet the to refer to vital is It The border-making process of Central Asia by centra by Asia Central of process border-making The The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet C in Soviet Republics National of Establishment The

24 The revolutionary socialists foresaw anforesawinternatio socialists The revolutionary he most distinctive yet at the same time time same the at yet distinctive most he . . nationality played. However,in order to to order However,in played. nationality he Kyrgyz ethnicity and its outcomes. its and ethnicity Kyrgyz he erent Central Asian republics. republics. Asian erentCentral y influential marks on the post-soviet post-soviet the on marks influential y first, it is necessary to see how the the how see to necessary is it first, ethnicity when time nation-building et ociety, thus no value and place for for place and value no thus ociety, as nations, nationalism, or national or nationalism, nations, as is the dynamics of the process of of process the of dynamics the is ining its conceptual framework and and framework conceptual its ining alities policies, and particularly the the particularly and policies, alities ec frain n caatr of character and formation dence round of Kyrgyzstan in order to to order in Kyrgyzstan of round entral Asia entral Leninist thinking, the ultimate the thinking, Leninist l Soviet authorities provides authorities Soviet l (New York: Palgrave Palgrave York: (New nalized 15 CEU eTD Collection

niis oey n ethnicity. on solely entities an only the was Union Soviet the noted, rightly has of the Soviet rule.” ofSoviet the remains delimitation national-territorial “the out, in For territo questions. of number a raised and surprising its of formation the for criteria important mak to decided authorities, Soviet revolutionaries, 29 28 27 26 25 statehood. (California: Stanford University Press, 1993), 23. 23. 1993), Press, University Stanford (California: re agn lo bouey emd t a i parado big ”a it termed absolutely also Haugen Arne ”the as state Soviet of establishment the Defining being organized into a federalist system with Mosco with system federalist a into organized being ethn dominant their after names given and ethnicity republi Soviet the territories, national were state National Identities,” Identities,” National intended as a “temporary solution only, as a transi a as only, solution “temporary a as intended over control populat overall Union’s and Soviet the of heterogeneity dominance centre’s the secure and politics power as explained is nationality to given to According observed. be can approaches mainstream Francine Hirsch, “Towards an Empire of Nations: Bo Nations: of Empire an “Towards Hirsch, Francine Suny, Ronald 15. Ibid, Arne Haugen, Ibid, 12. Ibid, Generally, in the sholarly literature on nationalit on literature sholarly the in Generally, 25 oee, h raiy apnd o e ey different very be to happened reality the However, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, a Revolution, Nationalism, Past: ofthe Revenge The The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet C in Soviet Republics National of Establishment The The Russian Review Russian The 29

28 oee, h fc ta te rgnly anti-nationa originally the that fact the However, , vol.59, no.2 (April 2000), 210. 210. 2000), (April no.2 vol.59, , rder Making and the Formation of “Soviet” “Soviet” of Formation the and Making rder cs, formed on the basis of nationality or or nationality of basis the on formed cs, the heart of the debate about the nature nature the about debate the of heart the tional stage to a completely centralized centralized completely a to stage tional ; a pragmatic approach to consolidate consolidate to approach pragmatic a ; stance, as Francine Hirsch has pointed pointed has Hirsch Francine as stance, greatest nation-building polity ever”, ever”, polity nation-building greatest ic population groups, groups, population ic e nationality or ethnicity the most most the ethnicity or nationality e ion. The national concessions were were concessions national The ion. il n pltcl nt ws quite was units political and rial w as the centre. the as w frt tt t cet is political its create to state first d x” ies policy of the Soviet state, two two state, Soviet the of policy ies the first, the Soviet importance importance Soviet the first, the nd the Collapse of the Soviet Union Soviet the of Collapse the nd entral Asia entral 26 ht osiue te Soviet the constituted What the extraordinary ethnic ethnic extraordinary the n qie unexpected. quite and

27 As Ronald Suny Ronald As titular nations, titular list

16

CEU eTD Collection edn. Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press, 1997, 1997, Press, University Harvard Cambridge,MA: edn.

as a strategic way to transform the society in the the in society the transform wayto asa strategic moderniz to identity national of promotion connected the interpretation, is nationality of advancement 31 30 delimitation national when 1924-1936 of period C of region Russia the by colonized was the population heterogenous when century nineteenth the of half h mention to important also is It (RSFSR). Republic Rus the of rule the under (ASSR) Republic Socialist the into organized was Asia Central of most region, lines. ethnical/national along units a administrative the with following when 1924, of year the regio was Asian Central It the Union, Soviet the of policy state.” Soviet world-wide supra-national a and SSR, the Karakalpak ASSR, and the Kyrgyzand the SSR. Karakalpak the ASSR, SSR, Uzbek the (SSR), Republic Socialist Soviet Turkmen wa Asia Centra which of consequence a as and place, event from which the era of nationality for Central for nationality of era the which from event A Central of reorganization political the maintains themselves characterize to tend not did who state, nationhood fixed territorialy introduced it because of ins borders drawing the the that on of agree scholars Most demonstration profound most the project, Arne Haugen, Arne Haugen, Pipes, Richard The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet C in Soviet Republics National of Establishment The The Formation of the Soviet Union. Communism and Na and Communism Union. Soviet the of Formation The

296. 296. direction of development. of development. direction by the Soviet authority was understood understood was authority Soviet the by 31 30 Before this process took place in the the in place took process this Before in the national sense. As Arne Haugen Haugen Arne As sense. national the in Asian people can be traced, and also also and traced, be can people Asian

o epe f hs at f h Soviet the of part this of people to From the second perspective, the the perspective, second the From in ertre bcm a important an became territories sian n was reorganized into new political political new into reorganized was n ntinlne razmezhevanie) (natsional’noe titutionalization of national identity, identity, national of titutionalization ere is that it was during the second second the during was it that is ere n Empire. Nevertheless, during the the during Nevertheless, Empire. n s politically reorganized into the the into reorganized politically s sian Soviet Federative Socialist Socialist Federative Soviet sian uksa Atnmu Soviet Autonomous Turkestan S, h Tjk S, h Kazak the SSR, Tajik the SSR, entral Asia entral Central Asia was a significant significant a was Asia Central nrl sa ih t highly its with Asia entral tionalism 1917-1923 tionalism to. codn t this to According ation. bove explained nationality nationality explained bove , 97. ,

, revised , revised took took 17 CEU eTD Collection longing, and bring to the minds of people the unre the people of minds the to bring and longing, natio genuine a destroy or weaken to aimed rule and politic and administrative national of organization to According co Asia. implications proposed of Central variety big in a is There project delimitation by a Brubaker’s explained can be perfectly entities edn. Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press, 1997, 1997, Press, University Harvard Cambridge,MA: edn.

than as a long development”. long a as than political particular under emerges that phenomenon exp be can nation the instances most in that argues iss particular this to approach different a also is a by Asia Central on imposed were identity national no does identity pr national historical of outcome an is but characteristics, that believe who scholars triba closed as groups Asian Central among dominant 34 33 32 groups”. Asian Central a “nationalism when time the as history in left was ht hy rmtd ainl dniis o h point the to identities national promoted they that development the feared much so Bolsheviks the view, includ be also can Empire”, Action “Affirmative the par this to regards in thinking similar a holds who (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996),12. 1996),12. Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: Richard Pipes, Pipes, Richard Brubaker, Rogers Arne Haugen, The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet C in Soviet Republics National of Establishment The The Formation of the Soviet Union. Communism and Na and Communism Union. Soviet the of Formation The Nationalism Reframed. Nationhood and the National Q National the and Nationhood Reframed. Nationalism 32 Before the Soviet arrival, several suborganization several arrival, Soviet the Before

33 In my opinion, the formation of Central Asian poli Asian Central of formation the opinion, my In 296. ocesses, it happens to be that nations and and nations that be to happens it ocesses, ue introduced by Rogers Brubaker, who who Brubaker, Rogers by introduced ue

al entities in Central Asia was to divide divide to was Asia Central in entities al nalytical framework. framework. nalytical lained as “an event”, that is a “political “political a is that event”, “an as lained ticular issue labeling the Soviet Union Soviet the labeling issue ticular al national aspirations. national al of affirmative action in favor of the the of favor in action affirmative of n external authority. However, there However, authority. external n s a belief system developed among among developed system belief a s nalism, pan-Turkic and pan-Islamic and pan-Turkic nalism, l and clan groups. According to the the to According groups. clan and l ed to the group. From his point of point his From group. the to ed and societal circumstances, rather rather circumstances, societal and of defensive minority nationalism nationalism minority defensive of Pipes, the rationale behind the the behind rationale the Pipes, entral Asia entral ncerning the logic behind the behind logic the ncerning t poccess any primordial primordial any poccess t tionalism 1917-1923 tionalism uestion in the New EuropeNewthe in uestion , 72. 72. , 34 identites were were identites Terry Martin, Martin, Terry , revised , revised , , tical 18 CEU eTD Collection groups was a goal, not a threat. not goal, a groups was of unity the of achievement the Haugen, of opinion vast the over control Soviet total securing the for prev fragmentation perceived they and Asia, Central fragmenta deep the of aware were authorities Soviet administr the make would ethnicity along boundaries pri a had rulers Soviet the that conclusion to came availab became Archives Party Central the after who Soviets. Soviets. the in intentions complex more of range a is there

state. f more a of shape the in develop to thing important was it However, development. societal for strategy nationaliti Soviet that argues Nations” of “Empire 37 36 35 nationalists. minority potential Dissertaion. (University of Chicago, 1996), 68. 1996), Chicago, of (University Dissertaion. htrco ainlt a dpe ursnl rap suprisingly adopted was nationality of rhetoric adminis education, jobs, as such resouces and goods decisive most the Terry delimitation, the nationality of consequences the made for As state Soviet the National Identities,” Identities,” National Arne Haugen, Arne Haugen, Bo Nations: of Empire an “Towards Hirsch, Francine Martin Terry 36 On the other hand, some scholars suggest that the the that suggest scholars some hand, other the On Nevertheless, I tend to agree with the more recent recent more the with agree to tend I Nevertheless, , , An Affirmative Action Empire. Ethnicity and the Sov the and Ethnicity Empire. Action Affirmative An The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet C in Soviet Republics National of Establishment The The Russian Review Russian The

37 35

o d t ti, uh coa a Facn Hrc in Hirsch Francine as scholar such this, to add To , vol.59, no.2 (April 2000), 234. 234. 2000), (April no.2 vol.59, , rder Making and the Formation of “Soviet” “Soviet” of Formation the and Making rder territory of Central Asia. So, in the the in So, Asia. Central of territory idly by the populations of the newly the of populations the by idly national identification to be the most most the be to identification national tion of identity among the peoples of of peoples the among identity of tion mary belief that structuting political political structuting that belief mary ailing in the region as a big obstacle obstacle big a as region the in ailing le having studied them thouroughly, them studied having le s oiy hud e ecie a a as perceived be should policy es rcniin n h dsrbto of distribution the in precondition coethnics among the Central Asian Asian Central the among coethnics ation in the region a lot easier. The The easier. lot a region the in ation process of border-drawing by the the by border-drawing of process naetl oat t te Soviet the to loyalty undamental trative positions, and so on, the the on, so and positions, trative entral Asia entral iet State, 1923-1938, PhD 1923-1938, State, iet Martin has stated that because that stated has Martin assumption of Arne Haugen, Haugen, Arne of assumption su i nt ht ipe and simple, that not is issue , 96. ,

his 19 CEU eTD Collection

maintaining that: that: maintaining scholar. the in arose thing a such no nations, as recognized and Kazakhs Only process. delimitation the to prior separate no was there that stressed who Haugen Arne re Soviet the by unity ethnoterritorial of creation r Kyrgyz among identity national of sense the about 41 40 39 38 Republic Kyrgyz Soviet the 2.2 “Creating” territ “their” autonomous groupsin privelegethese na titular the of pocession” total the “in as known nationalitie of Soviet system andelaborate dynamic a language cultures, national of idea the promotion institut in regime Soviet the of tactic key Another republics. Asian Central established Dissertaion. (University of Chicago, 1996), 89. 1996), Chicago, of (University Dissertaion. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 12. 1996), Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: and created a certain anxiety among some groups, li groups, some among anxiety certain a created and of reorganization political the that saying by fact itself delimitation the of outcome direct a as more Arne Haugen, Arne Haugen, Brubaker, Rogers The Roy, Olivier Martin Terry languages and languages „nations” against their neighbors, an Stalin’s great Stalin’s was victory made he that the intelle n sc eape f eieae odr eacto i demarcation border deliberate of example such One 41 ahr we sc cam eegd n 94 i could it 1924, in emerged claims such when Rather, , , An Affirmative Action Empire. Ethnicity and the Sov the and Ethnicity Empire. Action Affirmative An The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet C in Soviet Republics National of Establishment The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations of Creation The Asia: Central New Nationalism Reframed. Nationhood and the National Q National the and Nationhood Reframed. Nationalism called upon mediationcalled and settlement the of conflic

38 Moreover, Olivier Roy also agrees with Martin by Martin with agrees also Roy Olivier Moreover, Central Asia was perceived as an alarm alarm an as perceived was Asia Central gime, then we learn from the writing of writing the from learn we then gime, ctualsCentral Asiain defend their own . Furthermore, as Haugen explains this explains Haugen as Furthermore, . ories. d d against not whoinsteadMoscow, was name of the Kyrgyz, according to the the to according Kyrgyz, the of name s policy, the new republics came to be came be to republics new policy, s the (London: I.B. Tauris),73. Tauris),73. I.B. (London: nd local elites. Overall, through the the through Overall, elites. local nd ke Kyrgyz, of becoming minorities. minorities. becoming of Kyrgyz, ke tions, which in turn was used to to used was turn in which tions, ionalizing of nationality was the the was nationality of ionalizing Kyrgyz nationalism in the period period the in nationalism Kyrgyz ukes a dmne t be to demanded had Turkmens 40 epublic’s population before the the before population epublic’s entral Asia entral

iet State, 1923-1938, PhD 1923-1938, State, iet uestion in the New EuropeNewthe in uestion s Kyrgyzstan. If we talk talk we If Kyrgyzstan. s ae en understood been have ts. , 167. , 39

, , 20 CEU eTD Collection Dissertaion. University of Chicago. 1996, 34. 1996, Chicago. of University Dissertaion. nldn prin f egaa aly o h republi the to Valley Ferghana of portion including Kyrgy in inclusion population’s Uzbek large the for Vall Ferghana the was on living people of ethnicity terr between mismatch the in resulted which borders

45 44 43 42 rep national forming for Central basis the of as groups served groups ethnic major com such the in few cases being groups most other with In communities Valley Ferghana upthe 2.3 Splitting affiliation. national to connected greatly were m that is above mentioned been already has that and st the in role played factor important another And, national territory and nationalities of people inha people of nationalities and territory national certa a was there borders, ethnoterritorial drawing a structures complex having communities territorial into a Union republic (SSR) in December 1936. in republic(SSR) a Union into (ASSR Republic Autonomous the renamed was AO Kyrgyz the to changed was oblast the of name the 1925, May Autonomo Kara-Kirgiz the October 1924, on 14, 1924, t According territory. own its with nation a become possible a represented also Kyrgyz the that agreed Distributors Ltd 2003), 28 2003), Ltd Distributors Terry Martin, An Affirmative Action Empire. Ethnic Empire. Action Affirmative An Martin, Terry C in States and Minorities “Nations, Patnaik, Ajay 167. Ibid, Arne Haugen, The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet C in Soviet Republics National of Establishment The

entral Asia ”, (Kolkata: Anamika Publishers and and Publishers Anamika (Kolkata: ”, Asia entral ity and the Soviet State, 1923-1938, PhD 1923-1938, State, Soviet the and ity 42 43 After all, the central figures in Moscow in figures central the all, After biting them. biting

rengthening of national identification identification national of rengthening in degree of incongruence between between incongruence of degree in ain political and economic resources economic and political ain o the first delimitation plan in early early in plan delimitation first the o ey. According to Patnaik the reason reason the Patnaik to According ey. nd composition posed difficulty for for difficulty posed composition nd c as a part of “ethnicity principle” principle” “ethnicity of part a as c Kyrgyz AO. In February 1926, the the 1926, February In AO. Kyrgyz unity and therefore had a right to to right a had therefore and unity z Republic was a consequence of of consequence a was Republic z us Oblast (AO) was established. In established. (AO) Oblast was us ublics. tr asge ad predominant and assigned itory entral Asia entral pact settlements. These major major These settlements. pact ), before it was finally made made finally was it before ), 45 44 One such case of drawing of case such One However, because some some because However, Asia lived in compact compact in lived Asia , 170. 170. , 21 CEU eTD Collection region” me most accurately to failed have the would effort demarcation even that ambiguity and overlap much so “region that out point Koch Natalie and Bond Andrew

oiia srcue, oieooi dfeecs wer differences socioeconomic structures, political Distributors Ltd 2003), 28. 2003), Ltd Distributors 48 47 46 Tajik. and Uzbek Kyrgyz, ethnicities: different inhabitan the although goals economic with combined Osh and Namangan happened to be the main themes of themes be main the to happened and Namangan Osh s valley, the of towns the Mostly, controversy. big a Tajiks the and side one the on Uzbeks the between within the Uzbek republic, while Osh was included i was included Osh while republic, Uzbek the within m like Andijan end, its to came borders the drawing I stated. Haugen Arne as Osh, town the on than more o part the as Andijan have to lobbied mostly Kyrgyz the and people Kyrgyz the for important highly were stro they Committee, Kyrgyz the for As nationality. their of majority the because republic Uzbek the to of all that believed Committee representative Uzbek par both which in Uzbeks, and Kyrgyz sides, two the Perspective,” Perspective,” Arne Haugen, Arne Haugen, Tension “Interethnic Bond, Andrew and Koch Natalie Ajay Patnaik, “Nations, Minorities and States in Ce in States and Minorities “Nations, Patnaik, Ajay What is interesting is that when the two parties ex parties two the when that is interesting is What 47 According to Haugen, the discussions had the charac the had discussions the Haugen, to According Indeed, most sources say that the drawing the bord the drawing the that say sources most Indeed, Eurasian Geography and Economics and Geography Eurasian The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet C in Soviet Republics National of Establishment The

(2010), 534. 534. (2010), ntral Asia ”, (Kolkata: Anamika Publishers and and Publishers Anamika (Kolkata: ”, Asia ntral s in Kyrgyzstan: A Political Geographic Geographic APolitical insKyrgyzstan: 46 n ead o hs atclr issue, particular this to regard In ngly argued that several of the towns towns the of several that argued ngly n the Kyrgyz the n oblast. capture the everyday realities of this this of realities everyday the capture ost other Ferghana towns was placed placed was towns Ferghana other ost uch as Kokand, Ferghana, Andijan, Andijan, Ferghana, Kokand, as uch nd Kyrgyz on the other resulted in a in resulted other the on Kyrgyz nd the Ferghana towns have to belong to have towns Ferghana the f the future republic, certainly much much certainly republic, future the f n spite of this, when the process of of process the when this, of spite n ts of Ferghana Valley were of three three of were Valley Ferghana of ts republic as well. In particular, the the particular, In well. as republic al identities were characterized by by characterized were identities al ts made unrealistic demands. The The demands. unrealistic made ts e obvious. While the Kyrgyz, Kyrgyz, the While obvious. e a hot debate. debate. ahot populations were of an Uzbek Uzbek an of were populations pressed the needs of their future their of needs the pressed entral Asia entral ter of negotiations between between negotiations of ter ticulous or benign border border benign or ticulous ers of the Ferghana Valley, Ferghana the of ers , 189. ,

48

22 CEU eTD Collection

50 49 aim initial the achieving of method efficient most fo allowing andnot stability political maintaining o control and power its consolidating in successful So the on literature scholarly the in agreed is It multinational first the of one being Union, Soviet noma traditionally a be would which of majority the s a as included be to fear the was population Uzbek mo a However, Asia. Central in resource scarce very agricultu settled a of being mainly side, Uzbek the la character, nomadic a of be to known historically

in the region of Central Asia. ofregion Central the in be to happened groups, ethnic ninety than more for as “historically foreign”.“historically as a Chechens Turks, Meskhetian Koreans, Germans, were th after policy resettlement Stalin’s by Kyrgyzstan m other the them, of Apart Ukrainians. Russians, as of flow large a in resulted times Soviet the during historically prevailing with identification the is important primarily not was Kyrgyz or Uzbek as such Valley Ferghana the of peoples the for that evident Matteo Fumagalli, “Informal Ethnopolitics and Loca and Ethnopolitics “Informal Fumagalli, Matteo Arne Haugen, Ethnopolitics utemr, xet rm h Ubk ioiy te bo the minority, Uzbek the from except Furthermore, The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet C in Soviet Republics National of Establishment The , 6:2, (June 2007), 213. 213. (June2007), 6:2, , 50 Consequently, the new republic of Kyrgyzstan, bein Kyrgyzstan, of republic new the Consequently,

l Authority Figures in Osh, Kyrgyzstan,” Kyrgyzstan,” Osh, in Figures Authority l socio-economic divisions in the region. region. the in divisions socio-economic r the eruption of ethnic nationalism. The nationalism. ethnic of eruption the r other ethnic groups to the country such such country the to groups ethnic other states of the world at the time, was very was time, the at world the of states ral character,were interested in water, a a water, in interested character,were ral e World War II. These minority groups groups minority These II. War World e rgely focused on the need for markets, markets, for need the on focused rgely ocio-economic minority in a republic republic a in minority ocio-economic known as a new multi-ethnic country country multi-ethnic new a as known dic population. dic , identification with ethnic identites identites ethnic with identification , e is uooos oiia units, political autonomous its ver re principal concern of the valley’s valley’s the of concern principal re , instead what was really important important really was what instead , inorities were forcefully sent to to sent forcefully were inorities s Matteo Fumagalli named them them named Fumagalli Matteo s it ainlte plc ta the that policy nationalities viet a te ntttoaiain of institutionalization the was entral Asia entral om of industrialization industrialization of om , 191. 191. , 49 From this it is quite is it this From g a home home a g 23 CEU eTD Collection achieve their own interests. own their achieve languag the manipulated significantly leaders local act made players political Asian Central that noted

National Identities,” Identities,” National 52 51 to belong ethnicity different of those that people Mainly, citizenship. and nationality ethnicity, as c was there that was policy this of outcome Another socializat of result the is identity/identification approac constructive the with contrast a in is that categ biological a as only institutionalized became ethnicity, as codified was Nationality nationality. state. stat modern the in used still is mechanism same the fin to peoples employed societies the the by within main the became nationality institutionalized with importan More populations. local the among remained clan tribe, as such identities suborganization for Sov the identification, national advance engaged to o lives the from disappeared identities traditional

Institutional Account,” 50. 50. Account,” Institutional Francine Hirsch, “Towards an Empire of Nations: Bo Nations: of Empire an “Towards Hirsch, Francine in Question National the and “Nationhood Brubaker, The Russian Review Russian The 52

Nevertheless, it is not to say that historically p historically that say to not is it Nevertheless, , vol.59, no.2 April 2000, 224. 224. 2000, April no.2 vol.59, , the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Eurasia: Post-Soviet and Union Soviet the rder Making and the Formation of “Soviet” “Soviet” of Formation the and Making rder it was understood and perceived by the the by perceived and understood was it different nations.different or region based communities, and they they and communities, based region or whereas ethnicity was understood and understood was ethnicity whereas h to identity according to which ethnic ethnic which to according identity to h f the peoples. Even though local elites elites local though Even peoples. the f ion and conscious self-identification. self-identification. conscious and ion d his/her place in the social reality, and and reality, place social the his/her d in organizing principles of categorization categorization of principles organizing iet regime created a considerable room room considerable a regime created iet ive use of the national identities. The identities. national the of use ive ory, a characteristic defined by birth birth by defined characteristic a ory, onfusion about such basic categories categories basic such about onfusion es since the collapse of the Soviet Soviet the of collapse the since es e of nationality to promote and and promote to nationality of e t to note is that this factor along along factor this that is note to t 51 Francine Hirsch has Hirsch Francine redominant redominant 24 CEU eTD Collection Conflict,” Conflict,”

Soviet Republic within the territories of the Kyrgy the territoriesofwithin the Republic Soviet format the demanding elites minority Uzbek the from allege republic, Kyrgyz the Party, Communist Kyrgyz amon program ethnic-based strongly a with activists th of March In change. political this by unaffected U Soviet the of part remote the Even states. Baltic the became protests mass anti-perestroika 1990 numerous phenomenon, May of month the Mostly, observed.

4 ad usas bu 2% te he mjr ethnica major three the 20%, about Russians and 24% e post-Soviet the of years early the In population. 54 53 inJune 1990 Conflict Osh 3.1 The III. CHAPTER The Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan: Conflict and Ethnicity republic, and was classified as a “riot-type confli as a “riot-type classified andrepublic, was in erupted itself conflict The Kyrgyz. and Uzbeks – mem were clashes the of sides two the that is issue sou of number limited the from known is What Union. o in left place was took 1990 June that of Osh conflicts in violent strife bloody most The the of one Valery Tiskov, “Don’t Kill Me, I am Kyrgyz! An AntAn am I Kyrgyz! Me, Kill “Don’t Tiskov, Valery Kyrgyzstan in “Pogroms Group, Crisis International n 90 te is pae f h Sve epr’ dis empire’s Soviet the of phase first the 1990, In h ct o Oh a awy be caatrzd y it by characterized been always has Osh of city The Journal of Peace Research Peace of Journal

, Vol 32, no. 2, 137. 137. no. 2, 32, Vol , ,” 3. 3. ,” hropological Analysis of Violence in the Osh Osh the in Violence of Analysis hropological ct”. z Soviet Socialist Republic. Socialist Soviet z poch Uzbeks comprised 46%, Kyrgyz 46%, comprised Uzbeks poch bers of two Central Asian nationalities nationalities Asian Central two of bers 54 sm ya, ih h eegne of emergence the with year, same e n the territory of the former Soviet Soviet former the of territory the n

dly confronted itself with the calls the with itself confronted dly taking place from Moscow to the the to Moscow from place taking nion, Central Asia, did not stay stay not did Asia, Central nion, g ethnic Uzbek members of the the of members Uzbek ethnic g the Osh region of the Kyrgyz Kyrgyz the of region Osh the ion of an Uzbek Autonomous Autonomous Uzbek an of ion rces concerning this particular particular this concerning rces history of the Soviet space as space Soviet the of history l groups residing in the the in residing groups l ouin ol hv been have could solution period of unprecedented unprecedented of period ehial diverse ethnically s 53

25 CEU eTD Collection Conflict,” Conflict,”

positions in trade and services, for example in the in example for services, and trade in positions dominated Uzbeks the Amelin, to According Uzbeks). Kirgiz (66.6% Kyrgyz ethnic by dominated generally, ethnicit Uzbek of person one only was there oblast, 25 among 1990 of year the in Moreover, apartments. registered people 40,000 were there that maintains oblast 56 55 m 27,525. the numbering 34,167, is population center regional Uzgen’s Osh the of point administrative ua sca cevgs a ih ee o unemploymen of level high a cleavages, social rural st power over control get to competition the land), c communities’ interethnic increasing the were they conditio t to fruitful regards in However, destabilization. political the Tishkov, Valery to According livi low of conditions the were tension interethnic sphereof the posi high hold to used Russians sheep-breeding. and of source main the whereas agriculture, engaged in economic traditional the in different historically Ibid, 142.Ibid, AntAn am I Kyrgyz! Me, Kill “Don’t Tiskov, Valery sd o con fr n-hr o al nutil pr industrial all of one-third for account to used Journal of Peace Research Peace of Journal

oblast 55 . . Having been industrially well developed during tha during developed well industrially been Having

, Vol 32, no. 2. 141. 141. no. 2. 32, Vol , oblast. Another important town of the Osh Osh the of town important Another hropological Analysis of Violence in the Osh Osh the in Violence of Analysis hropological he immediate reasons he has argued that that argued has he reasons immediate he ng standards, socio-economic crisis and crisis socio-economic standards, ng city of Osh 79% of all taxi drivers and and drivers taxi all of 79% Osh of city living for the Kyrgyz was cattle, horse cattle, horse was Kyrgyz for living the orientations, Uzbeks were primarily primarily were Uzbeks orientations, y. The central apparatus of Osh was, was, Osh of apparatus central The y. utrs te reiec o urban- of preeminence the ructures, Communist party leaders in the Osh the in partyleaders Communist tions in industry and in intellectual in and industry in tions ompetition over resources (mainly (mainly resources over ompetition , n lc o housing. of lack and t, in Osh waiting to receive state state receive to waiting Osh in dcin f h rpbi. Being republic. the of oduction ajority of which are Uzbeks Uzbeks are which of ajority , 13.7% Russians, and 5.8% 5.8% and Russians, 13.7% , es nleta bt profitable but influential less s o te xlso of explosion the for ns t time, the Osh the time, t 56 Amelin oblast, oblast, 26 CEU eTD Collection Republics of Central Asia). Moscow: Ross., 1 993, 5 993, 1 Ross., Moscow: Asia). Central of Republics Conflict,” Conflict,”

rape, assault and pillage).and assault rape, 5 than more commission, investigating the of report oneR and Kirgiz 50 120Uzbeks, June, 10 4- of week 1 clas June 4 the on of out broke consequences confrontation The armed open Uzgen. The to spread later violent attacks. violent were administration region’s the of ineffectiveness o groups nationalist of activities the that believe y moig sae f mrec ad ocw sending Moscow and emergency of state a imposing by 61 60 59 58 57 Uzbeks. were employees trade state of 71.4% the perestroika in the high-ranking power structure power high-ranking perestroikathe the in “maf economic groups, criminal of activities the to eiet i Osh.” in residents confro eventual and tension discontent, to led this distric provinces, of leadership the among Uzbek no U on bordering districts the in numerous especially Uzb of thousands of hundreds hears often “One said: on commenting V.G.Gusov, time that Affairs Internal France, United Nations University, 1996. 1996. University, Nations United France, world contemporary the in power and Ethnicity Distributors Ltd 2003), 126. 126. 2003), Ltd Distributors AntAn am I Kyrgyz! Me, Kill “Don’t Tiskov, Valery Osh the in Conflict “Ethnic Abilabek. Asankanov, C in States and Minorities “Nations, Patnaik, Ajay v konjlikty Mezhnatsional'nye Y., Venalii Amelin, Ibid, 139.Ibid, Journal of Peace Research Peace of Journal

59 Moreover, Valery Tishkov deems that the unrest was unrest the that deems Tishkov Valery Moreover, 58 sihl dfeet on i epaie b sm s some by emphasized is point different slightly A 61 It is also important to note that the violence was violence the that note to important also is It

, Vol 32, no. 2, 137. no. 2, 32, Vol , , edited by K. Rupesinghe and V. Tishkov, 116-124. 116-124. Tishkov, V. and Rupesinghe K. by edited , entral Asia ”, (Kolkata: Anamika Publishers and and Publishers Anamika (Kolkata: ”, Asia entral 1. respublikakh Srednei Azij (Ethnic Conflicts in the in Conflicts (Ethnic Azij Srednei respublikakh Region in Summer 1990: Reasons and Lessons.” In Lessons.” and Reasons 1990: Summer in Region hropological Analysis of Violence in the Osh Osh the in Violence of Analysis hropological

57 f both Kyrgyz and Uzbek sides and the the and sides Uzbek and Kyrgyz both f zeitns is dpt Mnse of Minister deputy first Uzbekistan’s ntation between the Kyrgyz and Uzbek Uzbek and Kyrgyz the between ntation s of the republic as well. ofrepublic the s ia”, and to the disbalance created after after created disbalance the to and ia”, zbekistan. However, one finds almost almost finds one However, zbekistan. ,000 crimes were committed (murder, committed were crimes ,000 crucial factors in provoking ethnic ethnic provoking in factors crucial ts and farms. It is quite possible that possible quite is It farms. and ts ussian were killed. According to the the to According killed. were ussian hes were catastrophic: during the the during catastrophic: were hes eks live in Kyrgyzstan. They are are They Kyrgyzstan. in live eks ze-ygz eain i Osh in relations Uzbek-Kyrgyz military troops, over 2,000 2,000 over troops, military 990 in the city of Osh and Osh of city the in 990 directly connected connected directly 60 stopped only stopped

cholars who who cholars Paris, Paris,

27 CEU eTD Collection Tatarsand others. 2,5 Dungans, 1% population, the of 13% represented Kyrg was population the of 52% 1989, In population. n constituted nation major or titular the that fact the for important more nation-building of objective Conflict,” Conflict,”

The event of 1990 in Osh has affected Kyrgyz-Uzbek affectedhas Kyrgyz-Uzbek Osh in The event of 1990 happened; almost no efforts to scatter the “myths” “myths” the scatter to efforts no almost happened; l was there conflict; the of roots the on conducted 65 64 63 62 Narrative DoubleIdentity his and Akayev 3.2 Askar Osh the into airborne Soviet the of members needne n 31 of on aims independence important most the of one become had nation wi their of spite in motherland their as Kyrgyzstan b ethno-cultural different of people of unification http://www.osceacademy.org/uploads/files/Ethnicity_ Ideology,” Nation-State Effective an Craft Asian states when the Soviet Union had come to the the to come had Union Soviet the when states Asian ethno-culturally most the was fact, in Kyrgyzstan, reconciliation the manage to and reforms democratic to determined was Akayev Askar intellectual, Soviet Emil Juraev, “Ethnicity and Education in Kyrgyzsta in Education and “Ethnicity Juraev, Emil Inven “The Schoeberlein, John and Murzakulova Asel inKyrgyz Pogroms “The Group. Crisis International AntAn am I Kyrgyz! Me, Kill “Don’t Tiskov, Valery h frt eortcly lce Peiet f h c the of President elected democratically first The Journal of Peace Research Peace of Journal 65

st f uut 19. ned a ag puaiy f cult of plurality large a Indeed, 1991. August, of

, Vol 32, no. 2, 143. 143. no. 2, 32, Vol , Europe-Asia Studies Europe-Asia and_Education_in_Kyrygzstan.pdf and_Education_in_Kyrygzstan.pdf n.” Project of the OSCE Academy in Bishkek. Bishkek. in Academy OSCE the of Project n.” stan,” 7. 7. stan,” hropological Analysis of Violence in the Osh Osh the in Violence of Analysis hropological tion of Legitimacy: Struggles in Kyrgyzstan to to inKyrgyzstan Struggles Legitimacy: of tion oblast. ot such a big percentage of the overall the of percentage big a such ot heterogeneous among all other Central Central other all among heterogeneous . Vol. 61, No. 7 (September 2009), 1231. 2009), (September 7 No. 61, Vol. . cgons wo apnd o call to happened who ackgrounds, ht mre drn te violence. the during emerged that ittle public discussion of what had had what of discussion public ittle country especially considering the the considering especially country sh to be included into Kyrgyzstani Kyrgyzstani into included be to sh 62 relations. relations. yz, 22% Russians, and the Uzbeks the and Russians, 22% yz, % Ukrainians, 1 % Uigurs, 1,6 % % 1,6 Uigurs, % 1 Ukrainians, % process after the June violence. violence. June the after process There was not much of research of much not was There n o is disintegration. its of end lead the state on a path of of path a on state the lead the country after it got its its got it after country the uty a rmnn former prominent a ountry, ures made the the made ures 64 The 28 63

CEU eTD Collection policy in 1991 was the unification of the entire po entire the of unification the was 1991 in policy of lives and political social groupsinto cultural accep by is nation a construct to way best the that issue, and political agenda, ” ” agenda, political and issue,

factors that gave push for the Osh and Uzgen violen Uzgen and Osh the for push gave that factors conditi living namedpoor who (1928-2008), Aitmatov world-wid republic’s the was process reconciliation sa Aae dvlpd h soa “ygztn s o is “Kyrgyzstan slogan the developed Akayev Askar ( groups of Kyrgyzstan.of groups Institute Asia-Caucasus Central 69 68 1990,118. June 12 FBISSOV-90-113, 67 3. 1993), Books, Basic York: (New Philip Franklin 66 republic.Kyrgyz twofold ofarm the and that ofSoviet Union the dissolution electio a the in emphasized, engraved has was Encausse d’ 1990 Carrere October As in President been treated not well by the minorities ofstat the minorities the by well not beentreated na titular the to assurances special and residents, announcin by country the in instability interethnic se to intend to him of ambitious too was it argues, s rc Mrt a ntd h otn sd h tr “m term the used often he ( noted, has Marat Erica as Kyrgyzstan – nash obshii dom obshii nash – Kyrgyzstan nentoa/neehi accord international/interethnic Marlene Laruelle, “The Paradigm of Nationalism in in Nationalism of Paradigm “The Laruelle, Marlene Translate Service.” Domestic “Moscow June 11 TASS, d’Encausse. Carrère Helene

Erica Marat, “National Ideology and Statebuilding i Statebuilding and Ideology “National Marat, Erica 66 However, another important figure that played a si a played that figure important another However, 69 Communist and Post-Communist studies, studies, Post-Communist and Communist By announcing Kyrgyzstan as “a common home”, he be he home”, common “a as Kyrgyzstan announcing By The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Na the of Triumph The Empire: Soviet the of End The , Washington DC (2008), 32. (2008), DC Washington ,

) as the main concept for the country’s new identit new country’s the for concept main the as ) t dsrb te eainhp ewe dfeet et different between relationship the describe to ) n Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.” Tajikistan.” and nKyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan. Evolving narrative, the sovereignty sovereignty the narrative, Evolving Kyrgyzstan. the state. So, the official concept of ethnic ethnic of concept official the So, state. the d in Foreign Broadcast Information Service. Service. Information Broadcast Foreign in d e as well as by Moscow. as asby well e ting and including all the diverse ethno- diverse the all including and ting inlt wih eivd tef o have to itself believed which tionality ed clashes of June 1990 in the southern southern the in 1990 edclashes of June

pulation in spite of ethnic or cultural cultural or ethnic of spite in pulation g Kyrgyzstan a homeland for all its its all for homeland a Kyrgyzstan g e known writer and thinker Chyngyz Chyngyz thinker and writer known e ce. ons and unemployment as the main asmain the and unemployment ons ttle two contrtadictory trends: the the trends: contrtadictory two ttle 67 As for Akayev, Laurelle rightly Laurelle Akayev, for As context, that of the sudden sudden the of that context, vol. 45 issue 2, March 2012,3. March 2, issue 45 vol. n of Askar Akayev as a a as Akayev Askar of n ezhdunaradnoe soglasie” soglasie” ezhdunaradnoe ur common home” home” common ur gnificant role in the the in role gnificant tions Silk Road Papers The The Papers Road Silk 68 . Translated by by . Translated

y, and and y, lieved

hnic hnic 29 CEU eTD Collection

Te is ps-oit rsdn cetd h Peopl Kyrgy of nation-building the to activities positive the created President post-Soviet first cul minorities’ national The the administer to supposed Craft an Effective Nation-State Ideology,” Europe-A Ideology,” Nation-State Effective an Craft Kyrgyzstan: The evidence from the field”. Nationali field”. the from evidence The Kyrgyzstan: 74 73 72 71 70 embraci nation, Kyrgyzstani one the into background University in the southern capital Osh, which again which Osh, capital southern the in University c the in University Slavonic Kyrgyz the University, Universi American established: universities several quite was situation the minorities, of recognition nationalism in Kyrgyzstan pose a threat to the mino the to threat a pose Kyrgyzstan in nationalism Kyrgyzstan: The evidence from the field”, Nationali field”, the from evidence The Kyrgyzstan: hr ws dmnne f usfe clue Russian language. communication culture, Russified of dominance a was there lan official the as proclaimed was language Russian country’s minorities. country’s and equality, and security of guarantor a as him at consequence a As regime. Akayev the under rejected i the state; the to loyalty civic the was important leave, and not quite accepting Kyrgyzstan as their their as Kyrgyzstan accepting quite not and leave, bee largely has group This independence. since time minor largest the as position its lost minority the Juraev. Emil Juraev, “Ethnicity and Education in Kyrgyzsta in Education and “Ethnicity Juraev, Emil

Asel Murzakulova and John Schoeberlein, “The Invent “The Schoeberlein, John and Murzakulova Asel Abazov. &Rafis Omuraliev Nurbek Elebayeva, Ainura Matthew Griggs, “Defending Minority Rights inEthni Rights Minority “Defending Griggs, Matthew Abazov, &Rafis Omuraliev Nurbek Elebayeva, Ainura 74 h Ubk tnc ioiy ok h dmnne n nu in dominance the took minority ethnic Uzbek The 71

73 However, due to the large outflow migration of the of migration outflow large the to due However,

rity Uzbek population?” 32. population?” Uzbek rity ties Papers, Vol. 28. No. 2. 2000, 68.2000, 2. No. 28. Vol. Papers, ties ties Papers, Vol. 28. No. 2. 2000, 67. 67. 2000, 2. No. 28. Vol. Papers, ties sia Studies. Vol. 61, No. 7. (September 2009), 1245 2009), (September 7. No. 61, Vol. Studies. sia n.” Project of the OSCE Academy in Bishkek. Bishkek. in Academy OSCE the of Project n.” c Nation States: Does the prospect of democratic democratic of prospect the Does States: Nation c ion of Legitimacy: Struggles in Kyrgyzstan to to Kyrgyzstan in Struggles Legitimacy: of ion “The shifting identities and loyalties in loyalties and identities shifting “The “The shifting identities and loyalties in loyalties and identities shifting “The stable and promising at first. There were were There first. at promising and stable zstan. ity of Kyrgyzstan after quite a short of short a quite after Kyrgyzstan of ity tural centers and contribute with their their with contribute and centers tural e o a ehocnrc ain was nation ethno-centric an of dea illustrated Kyrgyzstan’s welcoming welcoming Kyrgyzstan’s illustrated n on the defensive, always ready to to ready always defensive, the on n he gained much support from the the from support much gained he ty of Kyrgyzstan, Kyrgyz-Turkish Kyrgyz-Turkish Kyrgyzstan, of ty , most of minority members looked looked members minority of most , rdn’ ( ‘rodina’ apital city and the Kyrgyz-Uzbek Kyrgyz-Uzbek the and city apital guage of the state in 2000. Since Since 2000. in state the of guage 72 g multiculturalism. ng Although it took long years, the the years, long took it Although was used as the interethnic interethnic the as used was ’ Asml, hc was which Assembly, e’s motherland

br A fr cultural for As mber.

)”, says Emil Emil says )”, 70 h most The Russians, . 30 CEU eTD Collection

political life, and ethnically based political part political based ethnically and life, political opportunities any have not did they regime, Akayev minorities national Although state. the of problem s a forming by population the of vacuum ideological g the of inability the importantly, More hi democracy. and state, the of structure political dominating netw patronage or politics Clan recession. economic initi economy state-planned Soviet the from reforms the or therapy” “shocking The government. first c the it as best as be to out turned reality overall the avoid Nevertheless, and identity independence civic the of years early the in promote Evidently, to agae a edwd fiil tts tee a a s a was there status, official endowed was language Kyrgyzstane” Analitika.org (November 2, 2007), 56. 2007), 2, (November Analitika.org Kyrgyzstane” 76 75 between the relationship andflourish strengthen to connec a as serve to had that Friendship” of “House the year, same that During cultures. other towards was an 1997 in organizations cultural country’s the ce a of establishment The function. to allowed were teaching of language primary the as language Uzbek sec several this, from Apart cultures. other the of Omuraliev, E.S. Kokareva “Osnovnye mekhanizmy upra mekhanizmy “Osnovnye Kokareva E.S. Omuraliev, Kyrgyzsta in Education and “Ethnicity Juraev, Emil

n.” Project of the OSCE Academy in Bishkek. Bishkek. in Academy OSCE the of Project n.” ies were prohibited. were ies different from the official convictions of convictions official the from different vleniia mezhetnicheskimi otnosheniiami v otnosheniiami mezhetnicheskimi vleniia m. other sign of the existence of tolerance tolerance of existence of the othersign nay col wr etbihd with established were schools ondary were given cultural rights during the the during rights cultural given were ting bridge between cultures in order order in cultures between bridge ting ntral cultural organization uniting all all uniting organization cultural ntral 75 trong national identity was a serious serious a was identity national trong governing body of Osh created the the created Osh of body governing in Osh, and minority media outlets outlets media minority and Osh, in drn te ul osldto of consolidation full the ndering ated by Akayev led to the serious serious the to led Akayev by ated

sudden shift to liberal economic economic liberal to shift sudden overnment to fill the post-Soviet post-Soviet the fill to overnment o eoe novd n h state’s the in involved become to trong requirement to use Kyrgyz Kyrgyz use to requirement trong orks among Kyrgyz were still still were Kyrgyz among orks era Kyrgyzstan was committed committed was Kyrgyzstan era ould ethno-centric feelings. feelings. ethno-centric ould 76 Although Russian Russian Although 31 CEU eTD Collection issue, and political agenda, ” ” agenda, political and issue, ” agenda, political and issue, 224. 2007), (June 6:2, Ethnopolitics, rmtcly rm utn epai o te ii loy civic the on emphasis putting from dramatically

of southern Kyrgyzstan. southern of for the of signific was who Masaliyev, Absamat Party Communist popularity the hinder to was this behind c the of anniversary 3000-year the organized Akayev e an As country. the of parts southern and northern the about cleavage social predominant historically 81 80 79 78 77 especi life, the of aspect every almost in language and his followers to corruption, the problem, actua problem, the corruption, to followers andhis was he but clean, is personally Akayev that opinion Kyrg of majority the However, leader. authoritarian ain ne is oto fr oe hn 0 years. 70 than more for control its under nation former the as seen were Russians whereas religious, Islamic possible being of basis the on marginalised minorit both of workplace the at discrimination the Publisher: 1999), 26. 1999), Publisher: getting more support in the coming 2005 presidentia coming 2005 the in gettingmore support revivin about more was it but statehood”, Kyrgyz of Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Asia-Caucasus Central Marlene Laruelle, “The Paradigm of Nationalism in in Nationalism of Paradigm “The Laruelle, Marlene Statebuilding and Ideology “National Marat, Erica in Nationalism of Paradigm “The Laruelle, Marlene Loca and Ethnopolitics “Informal Fumagalli, Matteo Anderson, John usqety te dniy htrc f h central the of rhetoric identity the Subsequently, The political life of Kyrgyzstan changed its orient its changed Kyrgyzstan of life political The Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia’ island of democracy? of island Asia’ Central Kyrgyzstan: 80 Communist and Post-Communist studies, studies, Post-Communist and Communist studies, Post-Communist and Communist Furthermore, in 2003 the President celebrated the the celebrated President the 2003 in Furthermore, , Washington DC (2008), 35. (2008), DC Washington ,

in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.” Tajikistan.” and inKyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan. Evolving narrative, the sovereignty sovereignty the narrative, Evolving Kyrgyzstan. sovereignty the narrative, Evolving Kyrgyzstan. l Authority Figures in Osh, Kyrgyzstan,” Kyrgyzstan,” Osh, in Figures Authority l 78 lly, very inherent to Central Asia. Central to inherent lly,very y groups, the Uzbeks particularly were were particularly Uzbeks the groups,y vidence for this can serve the fact that that fact the serve can this for vidence vr ie Aae cagd no an into changed Akayev time, Over g his rapidly declining popularity and popularity declining rapidly his g ly political. ally l elections. l pushed by his entourage, his family family his entourage, his by pushed ity of Osh, but his political intention intention political his but Osh, of ity “colonizers” who kept the Kyrgyz the kept who “colonizers” iiin ewe te lts f the of elites the between division ztns ouain sil s n the in is still populations yzstan’s aias eas te wr more were they because radicals (Amsterdam: Hardwood Academic Academic Hardwood (Amsterdam: antly popular in his native region region native his in popular antly mer Secretary of the Kyrgyz Kyrgyz the of Secretary mer ation into more and more the the more and more into ation alty and multiculturalism to to multiculturalism and alty vol. 45 issue 2, March 2012, 4.2012, March 2, issue 45 vol. 5. 2012, March 2, issue 45 vol. 81

77 oenet changed government Furthermore, besides besides Furthermore, Silk Road Papers The The Papers Road Silk “2200 years “2200 79

32 CEU eTD Collection issue, and political agenda, ” ” agenda, political and issue,

China and Tajikistan returned. Tajikistan and China program 22,0 program this a of result the when as and established, 2006 in only was it However, abroad. th for measures taking in interested got government department particularly devoted to studying the “Ma the studying to devoted particularly department Acad the also and universities, Kyrgyz state the in special been have there 1990s late the Since state. w clans, Kyrgyz all gathered first who someone into epic national Kyrgyz the of hero the of revival the 85 84 83 82 group. ethnic titular the of centrality Ky the of History textbook, history new a developed intent the to Adhering ethnocentrism. strengthening system’s operation. system’soperation. t networks patronage the of strength and growth the econo market the to transition rapid the of failure deter the to related closely is structure state the States Working Papers Series Papers Working States as a result of the revolution.asofa the result count the of south the from figure political Kyrgyz Ku 2005. March in uprising social the by power from Anna Matveeva, “ Kyrgyzstan in Crisis: Permanent R Permanent Crisis: in “ Kyrgyzstan AnnaMatveeva, 87. Ibid, Epi Manas The Performance “Spirited Heide. van der in Nationalism of Paradigm “The Laruelle, Marlene sa Aae ws h Peiet f h rpbi from republic the of President the was Akayev Askar Communist and Post-Communist studies, studies, Post-Communist and Communist (September, 2010), 3. 2010), (September, 85

84 Nevertheless, I strongly believe that the ethniciz the that believe strongly I Nevertheless, 82 Moreover, the state concentrated its attention on attention its concentrated state the Moreover, Kyrgyzstan. Evolving narrative, the sovereignty sovereignty the narrative, Evolving Kyrgyzstan. c and Society, Kyrgyzstan,” Amsterdam (2008), 86. (2008), Amsterdam Kyrgyzstan,” Society, and c evolution and the Curse of Nationalism,” Nationalism,” of Curse the and evolution ioration of the socio-economic situation, a situation, socio-economic the of ioration courses on “manasology” implemented implemented “manasology” on courses , Manas. He was unusually transformed transformed unusually was He Manas. , emy of Sciences established a separate separate a established Sciences of emy my, harsh social transformations, and transformations, social harsh my, ry emerged as the main political force political main the as emerged ry 00 people, mainly from Afghanistan, Afghanistan, from mainly people, 00 nas” epic.nas” rgyz of Kyrgyzstan, stressing on the the on stressing Kyrgyzstan, of rgyz hat became the main element in the the in element main the became hat of this, the Academy of Sciences Sciences of Academy the this, of hich later formed the first Kyrgyz Kyrgyz first the formed later hich e “return” of the Kyrgyz living living Kyrgyz the of “return” e mne Bkyv a prominent a Bakiyev, rmanbek vol. 45 issue 2, March 2012, 4. 2012, March 2, issue 45 vol. called “Kairylman” was was “Kairylman” called 83 1991 and was forced out out forced was and 1991 Besides this, in 1995 the 1995 in this, Besides Crisis Crisis ation of ation 33 CEU eTD Collection

oiia fgrs h hd ocd u Aae fo th from Akayev out forced had who figures political the family of the President Bakiyev. President the family the of n the and Kyrgyz; ethnic by occupied were structure posi central the of all almost that noted have Bond practiced highly became members, network patronage public mobilize triba elite, to political Kyrgyz the of characteristic way efficient most the as served mainly differences social the Kyrgyzstan, in bases south divide becoming an increasingly important mec important increasingly becoming divide an south Kyrof spread and promotion stronger the were shift o ethno-politics the in change significant a marked lts f h nrh n suh o nrae n stren and approval. increase to south and north the of elites up playing was he explains, Marat Erica as divide, 88 87 Institute Asia-Caucasus Central 86 regime Bakiyev the under Home” “Common ofthe Collapse 3.3 The 8. Violence,” Violence,” Perspective,” Perspective,” ntttd n mnpltd olpe, wie Nick writes collapsed,” manipulated and instituted interethnic manage to arrangements brittle the and Natalie Koch and Andrew Bond, “Interethnic Tension “Interethnic Bond, Andrew and Koch Natalie Statebuilding and Ideology “National Marat, Erica

Neil Melvin, “Promoting a Stable and Multiethnic Ky Multiethnic and Stable a “Promoting Melvin, Neil The successful triumph of the movement that brought that movement the of triumph successful The With the new change of the regime, Bakiyev strenuou Bakiyev regime, the of change new the With “With Akaev gone, the rhetoric of Kyrgyzstan as a “ a as Kyrgyzstan of rhetoric the gone, Akaev “With 86 Central Eurasia Project. Occasional Papers Series Papers Occasional Project. Eurasia Central Because of the absence of developed political part political developed of absence the of Because Eurasian Geography and Economics and Geography Eurasian , Washington DC (2008), 43. (2008), DC Washington ,

87

(2010), 540. 540. (2010), in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.” Tajikistan.” and inKyrgyzstan rgyzstan: Overcoming the Causes and Legacies of Legacies and Causes the Overcoming rgyzstan: s in Kyrgyzstan: A Political Geographic Geographic APolitical insKyrgyzstan: lism, the advancement of the family and family the of advancement the lism, relations that the former president had had president former the that relations f Kyrgyzstan. Important marks of the the of marks Important Kyrgyzstan. f gyz nationalist rhetoric and the north- the and rhetoric nationalist gyz no. Open Society Foundations, March 2011, 2011, March Foundations, Society Open no. the competition between the political political the between competition the umber one example of tribalism was tribalism of example one umber Melvin. hanism of political mobilization. mobilization. of political hanism the north-south political difference difference political north-south the tions in every sphere of the state state the of sphere every in tions pwr ee rm h ntvs of natives the from were power e during the Bakiyev era. Koch and and Koch era. Bakiyev the during te hs ulc ouaiy and popularity public his gthen support. Another common common Another support. 88 common home” disappeared disappeared home” common sly focused on the regional regional the on focused sly end to the Akayev regime Akayev the to end Indeed, since most of the the of most since Indeed, ies with strong ideological ideological strong with ies Silk Road Papers The The Papers Road Silk 34 CEU eTD Collection marked a new situation for the Uzbeks. the for situation new a marked re political corruptive and nationalistic Bakiyev’s gav Kyrgyzstan southern the in reputation and power

Uzbek leaders whose aim was to strengthen and advan and strengthen was to aim leaders Uzbek whose particularly incited revolution Tulip the Secondly, s being with break and demands their express openly provok it Firstly, ways. important two in community its and revolution Tulip the that argued has Melvin wi reign Bakiyev the and minority Uzbek the between drast structures state’s the in positions important the this, to addition In regime. corruptive Bakiyev groups, criminal by oppressed were businesses Uzbek so the across minority Uzbek dire the of in representatives was entourage his of most Actually, Uzbeks. no did Bakiyev Therefore, beliefs. political by not we geographically Uzbeks Osh, of city the in mainly 2011,9. Violence,” Violence,” 90 89 amongst dissatisfaction caused turn and anxiety its promote to order in aspirations, nationalist Kyrgyz norther the oppose to order in Kyrgyzstan, southern

Ibid, 13. Ibid, Ky Multiethnic and Stable a “Promoting Melvin, Neil

The sudden switch of political power to the politic the to power political of switch sudden The Central Eurasia Project. Occasional Papers Series Papers Occasional Project. Eurasia Central

89 Being largely concentrated in the Osh oblast, Osh the in concentrated largely Being rgyzstan: Overcoming the Causes and Legacies of Legacies and Causes the Overcoming rgyzstan: a more assertive generation of younger of generation assertive more a national minorities of the country. ofcountry. the minorities national legacy had greatly affected the Uzbek Uzbek the affected greatly had legacy ie n, codn t Nc Melvin, Nick to according and, gime their policies and interests, which in in which interests, and policies their n elite, they started openly promoting promoting openly started they elite, n no. Open Society Foundations, March March Foundations, Society Open no. t have much support among ethnic ethnic among support much have t ically decreased. Clearly, hostility hostility Clearly, decreased. ically ubr f tnc zes holding Uzbeks ethnic of number ed some of the minority sections to to sections minority the of some ed uthern part of the country. In fact, fact, In country. the of part uthern dened. Regarding this change, Nick change, this Regardingdened. but “southerners”, as considered re ce their interests. their ce the power of which grew with the the with grew which of power the e a big push for the Kurmanbek Kurmanbek the for push big a e ilent during the Akayev regime. regime. Akayev the during ilent ct economic rivalry with the the with rivalry economic ct al elite that had a considerable considerable a had that elite al 90

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besides getting actively involved in the politics o politics the in involved actively getting besides airli an also and elsewhere and Russia in factories financia post-Soviet first the of one as emerged he and righ times, Soviet the during manager bea shop h From Union. Soviet the of collapse the after just gai was fortune significant His group. of type this oblast, 92 91 problems in the country. There are lots of problems of lots are There country. the in problems patie have to elite) political Kyrgyz the (by asked Jalalaba of city the in people 700 approximately of Later, government. state the against Rodina) party moveme the by organized were protests mass the when gro political Batyrov’s between crack serious first “natio the of management President’s the of critics news.org/people/462. news.org/people/462. influential leader in the Uzbek community. Uzbek leader the influential in Uzbe educated among distrust the of spite in Hence, rea the about curious were members community the of a support wide a gaining result a as and coethnics, Jalalaba in institutions educational other some and Summary bio-date can be found on on found be can bio-date Summary Societyas Uzbek Jalalabad the of head was the He where he is known as a wealthy businessman, was th was businessman, wealthy a as known is he where ayjn ayo, pplr edr f h Ubk com Uzbek the of leader popular a Batyrov, Kadyrjan uig h rln o Krabk aie, ayo was Batyrov Bakiyev, Kurmanbek of ruling the During

Батыров

Кадиржан 92 well as serving as an MP MP an as serving wellas

Алимжанович f the state the f ned during the fierce time of capitalism capitalism of time fierce the during ned mong Uzbeks despite the fact that most most that fact the despite Uzbeks mong is biography it is known that he used to to used he that known is it biography is ne, Batyr Avia. Later, in the late 1990s 1990s late the in Later, Avia. Batyr ne, nal question”. It was in 2006 when the the when 2006 in was It question”. nal in May, 2006, during a mass meeting meeting mass a during 2006, May, in t after the disintegration of the USSR, ofUSSR, the disintegration the after t up and the Bakiyev regime emerged emerged regime Bakiyev the and up and that they all will be solved is all all is solved be will all they that and c bcue hr ae os f other of lots are there because nce poig o opruiis o his for opportunities job proving d d Batyrov stated: “We are always always are “We stated: Batyrov d l magnates, the owner of several several of owner the magnates, l ks, he made himself as the most most the as himself made he ks, nt of Kadyrjan Batyrov (political (political Batyrov Kadyrjan of nt l sources of his gigantic fortune. gigantic his of sources l 91 , he established a university a established he , , http://who.ca- , e chief or central figure of figure central or chief e munity in the Jalalabad Jalalabad the in munity one of the most active active most the of one 36 CEU eTD Collection

dominated by the Uzbeks, whereas the rural economy economy rural the whereas Uzbeks, the by the dominated and economy urban The Melvin. Nick to according prope over competition intense the by summoned also on and leadership community’s Uzbek the of upsurge conc of economi Uzbek the of sector source business the “touching” important an also was it suppress to governme the and in corruption of level high extremely right also is Melvin think I Moreover, Bakiyev. st had elite Uzbek the of none revolution Tulip the close maintained had leaders Uzbek some era, Akayev 95 2009 Nijmegen, University, Radboud thesis, Master’s 94 93 th solve to anything do never they but told, are we a, n at te is tm we a ru o ethnic of clashes of June the since streets the in grievances group a when time first the fact, in was, n Ubk omnt leaders.” community Uzbek and amo communication of diss channels informal of breakdown Uzbek rising the that suggested has who Melvin Never ethnicized. got clearly, politics, Kyrgyz the radica regime Bakiyev The ethno-politics. ambiguous a had consequently and direction, nationalist more 15. Violence,” Violence,” http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civi 2006, 6, Neil Melvin, “Promoting a Stable and Multiethnic K Multiethnic and Stable a “Promoting Melvin, Neil Uz The inKyrgyzstan. Land Uzbek “Our Blanken. den R Civil Intensify Uzbeks “Ethnic Khamidov, Alisher

It was the events of March of the year 2005 that ch that 2005 year the of March of events the was It Central Eurasia Project. Occasional Papers Series Papers Occasional Project. Eurasia Central

95 t ol b epand y h fc ta drn the during that fact the by explained be could It lsociety/articles/eav060706a.shtml. lsociety/articles/eav060706a.shtml. , 42. , yrgyzstan: Overcoming the Causes and Legacies of Legacies and Causes the Overcoming yrgyzstan: ights Advocacy Effort,” www.eurasianet.org, June June www.eurasianet.org, Effort,” Advocacy ights bek Minority and Claims for Cultural Politics.” Politics.” Cultural for Claims and Minority bek 1990 in the southern Kyrgyzstan. southern the in 1990 no. Open Society Foundations, March 2011, 2011, March Foundations, Society Open no. nt’s ineffectiveness or unwillingness unwillingness or ineffectiveness nt’s em.” theless, I would agree with Nick Nick with agree would I theless, c elite. A striking influence on the the on influence striking A elite. c the mobilization of the Uzbeks was Uzbeks the of mobilization the rong personal ties to Kurmanbek Kurmanbek to ties personal rong ie “h ntoa qeto” and question”, national “the lized Uzbeks openly expressed their their expressed openly Uzbeks relations with Akayev, but after after but Akayev, with relations dramatic impact on its already already its on impact dramatic i frhr mlcto ta an that implication further his ng Kyrgyz government officials government Kyrgyz ng 93 r. orpin a strongly was Corruption ern. tsato ws eae “o a “to related was atisfaction anged the Kyrgyz politics into politics Kyrgyz the anged rty and economic resources, resources, economic and rty The Jalalabad demonstration Jalalabad The and the local administrative administrative local the and bazaars traditionally were were traditionally bazaars 94

37 CEU eTD Collection ee ad kSukr wt Rz Oubyv a a hea a as Otunbayeva Roza with Ak-Shumkar) and Meken Dem Social (the parties political three of composed of period short very a Within released. immediately th and from, comes originally he where country, the opti other any have not did family his of part some w 1,000 around Kyrgy the of capital the and Bishkek, in demonstrations police, with confrontation armed The members. opposition political important several A on Talas of town northern the in started protests Kyrgyz circles was seen, due to the support of the support the dueto was seen, Kyrgyzcircles b between shared were sectors shadow the that notes

orpin n crime.” and “bankr corruption as Bakiyev Kurmanbek of time the named group a patronage of strengthening and prices, utility of corrupti government’s the of result a as heightened 2010, his overthrow on April 7 came as a surprise t surprise a as came 7 April on overthrow his 2010, 100 99 98 97 96 Change Regime The 3.4 April 7, 2010. Kyrgyz of control the under mostly were structures 15. 15. Papers Violence,” Erica Marat, “Kyrgyzstan.” “Kyrgyzstan.” Marat, Erica Group, Crisis International “Kyr Faizullaev. Bahrom Savin, Igor AnnaMatveeva, K Multiethnic and Stable a “Promoting Melvin, Neil Ibid, 299.Ibid, , no. 17 (April 2012), 11. 2012), (April 17 no. , y al 21, h pplr rsrto wt te Bak the with frustration popular the 2010, early By Central Eurasia Project. Occasional Papers Series Papers Occasional Project. Eurasia Central

98 Kyrgyzstan: A Hollow Regime Collapses Regime Hollow A Kyrgyzstan: Bcue aie’ hl o pwr emd o im by firm so seemed power on hold Bakiyev’s “Because Nations in Transit Transit in Nations

(2011): 299 (2011): yrgyzstan: Overcoming the Causes and Legacies of Legacies and Causes the Overcoming yrgyzstan: gyzstan: Tragedy in the South.” South.” the in Tragedy gyzstan: Bakiyev family.Bakiyev on rather than to escape to the south of of south the to escape to than rather on nd clan networks. International Crisis Crisis International networks. clan nd pril 6, 2010 provoked by the arrest of arrest the by provoked 2010 6, pril no. Open Society Foundations, March 2011, 2011, March Foundations, Society Open no. on, repression, the dramatic increase increase dramatic the repression, on, z republic. As a result, Bakiyev and and Bakiyev result, a As republic. z next day, 86 people died during the the during died people 86 day, next oth groups, albeit the domination of domination the albeit groups, oth o many,” writes Erica Marat. Erica writes many,” o people. cai Pry f ygztn Ata- Kyrgyzstan, of Party ocratic time, a provisional government government provisional a time, e jailed opposition leaders were were leaders opposition jailed e , Asia Briefing, April 27, 2010. 2010. 27, April AsiaBriefing, , ws formed. was d upt state hollowed out by by out hollowed state upt 96 n, s na Matveeva Anna as And, ere injured during the the during injured ere iyev regime increasingly increasingly regime iyev 97

Ethnopolitics Ethnopolitics 100 t s quite is It 99 early The 38 CEU eTD Collection the opportunity to use the clashes for looting. the use to opportunity the l seemed also It country. the of suburbs rural from uneduca young were protests the of element main the 200 March in uprising peoples’ the with as well As ob the to According directly. Uzbeks ethnic involve

also to develop amendments to the constitution. the to amendments develop to also O for scheduled the before months six for office in 27. 16. 103 102 101 before.years five Akayev Askar overthrowing per same the were instability political of time the forc opposition the of members the that interesting Violence,” Violence,” Violence,” society. civil andthe reassure dialogue and population, the amongst anxiety widespread the unpromising and rumors various this, to addition In mu change not did country the of situation economic adopted was constitution new the The one. of parliamentary replacement the initiated Tekebayev, Omurbek important An decisions. unilateral took times often pr the that mentioned be should it stro a further, no Moving was There disunited. and weak a as itself

Neil Melvin, “Promoting a Stable and Multiethnic Ky Multiethnic and Stable a “Promoting Melvin, Neil Ky Multiethnic and Stable a “Promoting Melvin, Neil

International Crisis Group, Group, Crisis International Central Eurasia Project. Occasional Papers Series Papers Occasional Project. Eurasia Central Series Papers Occasional Project. Eurasia Central Kyrgyzstan: A Hollow Regime Collapses Regime Hollow A Kyrgyzstan:

103 101 rgyzstan: Overcoming the Causes and Legacies of Legacies and Causes the Overcoming rgyzstan: of Legacies and Causes the Overcoming rgyzstan: 102

sons who had actively participated in the the in participated actively had who sons The provisional government would stay would government provisional The

ike many of them intended just to use to just intended them of many ike figure in the provisional government, government, provisional the in figure ng consensus among the leaders, they they leaders, the among consensus ng ctober 2010 presidential elections and elections presidential 2010 ctober e that emerged as the winners during during winners the as emerged that e , Open Society Foundations, March 2011, 2011, March Foundations, Society Open , 2011, March Foundations, Society Open no. servation, the crowds that constituted constituted that crowds the servation, predictions paved a fruitful way for for way fruitful a paved predictions the central authority failed to build a build to failed authority central the ch, instead continued getting worse. worse. getting continued instead ch, e pol wo ae o Bishkek to came who people ted n 7 ue 00 Te socio- The 2010. June 27 on ovisional government showed showed government ovisional , Asia Briefing, April 27, 2010, 6. 2010, 27, April AsiaBriefing, , rsdnil ytm o a to system presidential , h Arl vns i not did events April the 5, 39

CEU eTD Collection provisional government’s two main supportive politi conf supportive main two government’s provisional the into intervene to unwillingness security’s complicated Jalalabad, in particularly Kyrgyzstan,

ih h Poiinl Government.” Provisional the with were south the in people 25,000 that stated Bakiev” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8679258.stm rampage in Osh might have been prevented. have might rampageOsh in sta authorities central the Kyrgyz the by addressed community them solving in actions active taken and the if that claim to Group Crisis International the social deep a of time the and structure, political govern central impotent and weak the of structures, unreliable the of month the Osh; in bloodshed June 107 106 105 104 p the of all capital, the from flee Bakiyev’s With Jalalabad the to specifically south, 2010 inJalalabad 3.5 May States Working Papers Series Papers Working States Violence,” Bakiyev. powe political swing to aiming hostage governor new J Osh, Batkem, in buildings administrative regional his and brothers president’s the of one by financed “Bakiyev Loyalists Seize Kyrgyzstan Regional Offic Regional Kyrgyzstan Seize Loyalists “Bakiyev Re Permanent inCrisis: Kyrgyzstan AnnaMatveeva,“ Kyrgyzstan in “Pogroms Group, Crisis International K Multiethnic and Stable a “Promoting Melvin, Neil On 13 May, the family of Kurmanbek Bakiyev and his his and Bakiyev Kurmanbek of family the May, 13 On 106 Central Eurasia Project. Occasional Papers Series Papers Occasional Project. Eurasia Central A so-called “committee in defense of ousted Kyrgyz ousted of defense in “committee so-called A . (September, 2010), 3. 2010), (September, .

oblast 107 ciia stain mre i te southern the in emerged situation critical A . 104 . . 105 It was May of 2010 that foreshadowed the foreshadowed that 2010 of May was It ,” 18. 18. ,” yrgyzstan: Overcoming the Causes and Legacies of Legacies and Causes the Overcoming yrgyzstan:

es,” www.bbc.co.uk, May 13, 2010, 2010, 13, May www.bbc.co.uk, es,” volution and the Curse of Nationalism.” of Curse the and volution paranoia in the country. It is legitimate of of legitimate is It country. the in paranoia se issues had been paid attention in May May in attention paid been had issues se loyal ally Usen Sydykov, snatched the the snatched Sydykov, Usen ally loyal ready to march on Bishkek and “deal “deal and Bishkek on march to ready , Open Society Foundations, March 2011,29. 2011,29. March Foundations, Society Open , by the fact of the police and state state and police the of fact the by cal parties, “Ata-Meken” headed by by headed “Ata-Meken” parties, cal alalabad, and captured Jalalabad’s Jalalabad’s captured and alalabad, r back to the overthrown president, president, overthrown the to back r ment, of a huge imbalance in the the in imbalance huge a of ment, concerning these problems – the the – problems these concerning rontation. Given this fact, the the fact, this Given rontation. and irresponsible state security security state irresponsible and olitical attention switched to the to switched attention olitical te, and had the international international the had and te, supporters, supposedly supposedly supporters, President Kurmanbek President Crisis Crisis 40 CEU eTD Collection Scott Radnitz argues the Teyit burning produced an an produced burning Teyit the argues Radnitz Scott seco the attributed rumours the estate, president’s flag a structures administrative Kyrgyz the from out supporters a process Kyrg and Uzbeks the both that fact the Nonewithstanding in that population Kyrgyz

and force.gained wh point this exactly at was it that in Melvin Neil www.eurasianet.com, May 25, 2010, http://www.eurasi 2010, 25, May www.eurasianet.com, Kyrgyzstan,” 110 109 108 Ka businessman Jalalabad. in order the restore to responsibility Uzbek influential an by led “Rodina” polit era post-Bakiyev instrumental most the of one representation were to be implemented into the new the into implemented be to were representation co minority Uzbek the of rights the and government, rep were there that promised government provisional with discussions the following Nevertheless, group. in movement Uzbek his and Batyrov with collaborate p gain to concerned very was government interim the an arson, committed by this group on that day. that on group this by committed arson, an famil a had Bakiyev where Teyit of village home his Jal in buildings government the from people Bakiyev 16. Violence,” Violence,” Neil Melvin, “Promoting a Stable and Multiethnic K Multiethnic and Stable a “Promoting Melvin, Neil Grapplin Government “Provisional Khamidov, Alisher Kyrgyzstan in “Pogroms Group, Crisis International

n a 1 21, lre ru o ehi Kry and Kyrgyz ethnic of group large a 2010, 14 May On Central Eurasia Project. Occasional Papers Series Papers Occasional Project. Eurasia Central 110 ih atr aie’ hue a bre, uor sp rumours burned, was house Bakiyev’s after Right

,” 9. 9. ,” anet.org/node/61153. anet.org/node/61153. yrgyzstan: Overcoming the Causes and Legacies of Legacies and Causes the Overcoming yrgyzstan: 108 109 g with Simmering Ethnic Tension in Tension Ethnic Simmering with g Due to the fragile situation in the south, the in situation fragile the to Due en the ethnic component of the conflict conflict the of component ethnic the en And, it is impossible to disagree with disagree to impossible is it And, nd event solely to Uzbeks. Indeed, as Indeed, Uzbeks. to solely event nd s well as in the burning of the former former the of burning the in as well s , Open Society Foundations, March 2011, 2011, March Foundations, Society Open , constitution. constitution. extremely big controversy among the the among controversy big extremely y house, but which was destroyed in in destroyed was which but house, y resentative places for Uzbeks in the the in Uzbeks for places resentative alabad and then marched directly to to directly marched then and alabad the resistance to the Bakiyev force Bakiyev the to resistance the ower of the region and decided to to decided and region the of ower ncerning language, education and and education language, ncerning yz took part in forcing Bakiyev’s Bakiyev’s forcing in part took yz icians, Omurbek Tekebayev and and Tekebayev Omurbek icians, Batyrov and his loyalists, the the loyalists, his and Batyrov dyrjan Batyrov, took the the took Batyrov, dyrjan Uzbeks, first ousted the the ousted first Uzbeks, a as outraged. also was ed mn the among read 41 CEU eTD Collection

2010), 4. 2010), 111 politics.local unstable eth “an inserting population, Kyrgyzstan’s southern Scott Radnitz “Competing Narratives and Violence i Violence and Narratives “Competing Radnitz Scott

111

n Southern Kyrgyzstan.” Kyrgyzstan.” Southern n nic card” into already explosively explosively already into card” nic PONARS Eurasia Eurasia PONARS (August (August 42 CEU eTD Collection which constitute 31% of Osh oblast’s total populati total oblast’s Osh of 31% constitute which Kyrgyzs to home are regions These oblast. Jalalabad

113 Studies Eurasian and European, East Slavic, for 112 June2010 Tragedy 4.1 The Chapter IV. June Aftermath 2010 and of the Kyrgyz Republic. More than 470 people report people 470 than More Republic. Kyrgyz the of stand now, people ordinary by called is it as war”, Ju the rape, and arson pillage, bloodshed, of scale trustworthy in cellars, in themselves concealed or to escaped and children women weapons whereas with fo prepared men Young streets. to entrances blocked a community one by in engaged and planned allegedly conflict the of days first the during text-messages With lines. ethnic along intensified and mobilized Bazar-Korgo and Jalalabad, Osh, of cities the days, o offensive.for events preceding by r by inflamed were earlier, explained confrontation triggered south the of minority Kyrgy the between tensions growing Already country. i conflict violent into transformed April in regime Ibid Unma The Internationalism? Reeves,“After Madeleine

n ue 00 rsn pltcl rss olwn Ky following crisis political rising a 2010 June In 112 h agesv cahs ok lc mil i Oh ob Osh in mainly place took clashes aggressive The

. (October 2011), 2. 2011), (October . king of Osh.” v.51 n.5 n.5 v.51 Osh.” of king s as the foremost conflict in the history history the in conflict foremost the as s violence about information spreading , neighbors’ houses, in fields. Due to its its to Due fields. in houses, neighbors’ on and 24% of Jalalabad’s.of 24% and on the rapid increase of mobile calls and and calls mobile of increase rapid the umours of rape and reserved weapons weapons reserved and rape of umours ne inter-communal fight or “the June June “the or fight inter-communal ne n Osh, the southern capital of the the of capital southern the Osh, n n were submerged in carnage that that carnage in submerged were n edly were killed, 2,800 of the state state the of 2,800 killed, were edly the closest border with Uzbekistan with border closest the r a war by equipping themselves themselves equipping by war a r tan’s ethnic Uzbek communities, communities, Uzbek ethnic tan’s z majority and the large Uzbek Uzbek large the and majority z gainst another, men hurriedly hurriedly men another, gainst rgyzstan’s second change of of change second rgyzstan’s , especially the mid-May mid-May the especially , News of the Association Association the Newsof at ad aty in partly and last, 113 For fourFor 43 CEU eTD Collection

the winner of the battle of images and the hearts.and the images of winner the ofbattle the minds. rational without men inhumane subjugated or asMankur latter the depicting Kyrgyz, bloodthirsty prese clichés, easy and known commonly to resorting confli the defined media international political the and of social Most imminent and perpetual resumed as bloodshed. thing same the means violence the of initiators many For 2010. of 10-14 June during happened really T community. international the and actors, external inter and narrated differently been has unrest 2010 m every with as Nevertheless, investigation. under matter this to given been has attention significant 114 Complexity and Ambiguity Aftermath. Narratives and Interpretations 4.2 Competing conteste still are ofviolence the The roots homes. of thousands of tens than more and destroyed, were issue, and political agenda,” agenda,” political and issue, attempted genocide.The violence erupted in Osh last Osh in erupted violence genocide.The attempted by a row in a casino. But much of it appeared co-or appeared it much of But casino. a in byrow a

Marlene Laruelle, “The Paradigm of Nationalism in K in Nationalism of Paradigm “The Laruelle, Marlene “Witnesses said the attacks by the Kyrgyz populatio by Kyrgyz the attacks the “Witnessessaid (The Guardian (16 June 2010) Kyrgyzstan killings ar killings Kyrgyzstan 2010) June (16 Guardian (The h oii o te ilne n ue 0 ean dispu remains 10 June on violence the of origin The The attacks took the prosperous outlying Uzbek area outlying prosperous the took attacks The Communist and Post-Communist studies, studies, Post-Communist and Communist

yrgyzstan. Evolving narrative, the sovereignty sovereignty the narrative, Evolving yrgyzstan. 114 e attempted genocide, say ethnic Uzbeks). Uzbeks). sayethnic genocide, attempted e d. d. . The onset of the June conflict is still is conflict June the of onset The . The ts, a symbolic Central Asian prototype prototype Asian Central a symbolic ts, here is no single explanation for what for explanation single no is here people were forced to flee from their their from flee to forced were people preted by each side of the conflict, conflict, the of side each by preted Thursday evening, possibly ignited ignited evening, possibly Thursday dinated and planned, Uzbeks said. Uzbeks said. planned, and dinated resentments. The Western media, media, Western The resentments. ajor political turbulence, the June June the turbulence, political ajor The Uzbek minority is considered considered is minority Uzbek The Kyrgyz citizens, to determine the the determine to citizens, Kyrgyz nted the Uzbeks as the victims of victims the as Uzbeks the nted n on the Uzbek minority were Uzbek the on minority n h i t bae o te entire the for blame to is who Guardian Guardian vol. 45 issue 2, March 2012, 2. 2012, March issue 2, 45 vol. t s neehi cahs that clashes interethnic as ct s of town unawares.” unawares.” town of s e dsie h fc that fact the despite ted in June 2010 states: states: 2010 June in

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Areport by 116 115 Areport by bec o pwr n h suh ople pol t c to insta political of a big time during themselves the people compelled south the in power of absence accordi conflict the of narrative another presented figur individual or organizations political seeking opportunities, job education, of lack a of outcome conc analysts organizations’ international and NGOs ev the was which of point culminating the episodes, colli gangs Kyrgyz and Uzbek ethnic when up flashed Ri Human findings, interview the on Based conflict. issue, and political agenda, ” ” agenda, political and issue, icmtne i wih h eet to pae conti place, chronology took riots’ events June the the on which perspectives in Various circumstances groups of armed men. men. armed of groups org of a by number off was sparked but spontaneous, dec Rights Human of Commissioner Nations United The many years. But since Kyrgyzstan's popular uprising popular Kyrgyzstan's since manyyears. But roughly equal share of the population in the south. the in population the of share equal roughly Erica Marat, “Kyrgyzstan.” “Kyrgyzstan.” Marat, Erica Marlene Laruelle, “The Paradigm of Nationalism in K in Nationalism of Paradigm “The Laruelle, Marlene Kurmanbek Bakiyev was ousted, security has deterior has security ousted, was Bakiyev Kurmanbek people and despite old tensions the two ethnic grou ethnic two the tensions old despite peopleand “Southern Kyrgyzstan is Uzbe ethnic is large a hometo Kyrgyzstan “Southern “The clashes have deepened divisions between the Ky betweenthe divisions have clashes deepened “The their neighbourhoods of Osh, the epicentre of the v the epicentre the of Osh, of neighbourhoods their (Reuters (24 June 2010) PREVIEW-After the bloodshed the PREVIEW-After 2010) June (24 (Reuters (BBC News (13 June 2010) Fear and shock as ethnic U ethnic as shock and Fear 2010) June News (13 (BBC BBC News News BBC Reuters Reuters biggest challenge the new government has faced so f so faced government has new challengethe biggest from June 2010 notes: 2010 June from states in June 2010: June in states 115 Communist and Post-Communist studies, studies, Post-Communist and Communist Nations in Transit Transit in Nations ua Rgt Wth lsiid h Jn fgt s an as fight June the classified Watch Rights Human

(2011), 299. 299. (2011),

yrgyzstan. Evolving narrative, the sovereignty sovereignty the narrative, Evolving yrgyzstan. bility and uncertain future. anduncertain bility ng to which the central government’s government’s central the which to ng Many Uzbeks are blockaded inside inside blockaded are Many Uzbeks s A fr oa NO, hy have they NGOs, local for As es. anized attacks conducted by separate by separate conducted attacks anized in April in which former which president in April in ghts Watch states that the violence the that states Watch ghts ps had been living peacefully for for peacefully been had living ps iolence, too afraid to emerge.” emerge.” to afraid iolence,too , Kyrgyzstan votes on its future) its on votes Kyrgyzstan , ening of June 10. Many foreign foreign Many 10. June of ening n mnplto b advantage- by manipulation and of chain a in other each with ded luded that the violence was the the was violence the that luded ated. The latest violence the is latest The ated. k minority of almost a million million a almost of kminority zbeks flee Kyrgyz clashes) clashes) Kyrgyz flee zbeks rgyz and Uzbeks who have a who Uzbeks and rgyz all their coethnics to protect protect to coethnics their all vol. 45 issue 2, March 2012,6. March 2, issue 45 vol. ided that the unrest was not not was unrest the that ided nue to generate vigorous vigorous generate to nue , their causes and the the and causes their , ar.” ar.” 116

ethnic

45 CEU eTD Collection June riots in Kyrgyzstan),” Amnesty International P International Amnesty inKyrgyzstan),” riots June International Amnesty inKyrgyzstan.),” riots June

carnage other than to mitigate the violence. the mitigate to than other carnage secur that denies events of version This civilians. spontaneou react to population Kyrgyz the of groups populati Uzbek the of forces well-organized certain r the that claimed 2010, September in International Беспорядков Беспорядков 119 6. 2010), 118 117 casualties. Kyrgyz exclusively du more suffered Uzbeks that fact proven the accept Moreov majority. the by dictated rules the all obey g outsiders, dangerous as Uzbeks of image prevalent pri illogical other some and autonomy demanding far ethnic with interviews numerous of results Survey o because suffered Uzbeks that is belief widespread South inthe 4.2.1 Kyrgyz version own defending their violence,aggressively of other each accuse openly Uzbeks, and Kyrgyz the the of groups ethnic different among disagreements very few people were exposed to any unbiased analys any unbiased to exposed peoplewere veryfew a gain th to hand, other the On true. be to proved waiting themselves been long had who opportunists as Amnesty International. “ International. Amnesty i Violence and Narratives “Competing Radnitz Scott “ International. Amnesty

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Правосудие Правосудие on whose actions forced certain certain forced actions whose on uests in their country, who must must who country, their in uests vileges. This is based on the the on based is This vileges. starting or even plotting the the plotting even or starting idpnet ertr for territory independent n Kyrgyz show that the most most the that show Kyrgyz 117

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home” has yet to be achieved. yetachieved. be to home” has B communities. two the reconcile to working are and compromisin more have who example for conflict, and h with south the in classes middle Uzbek and Kyrgyz dom the with comply not do that events the on views Kyrgy ethnic exceptions: notable are there However, victims. gra unmarked in Uzbeks many burying of accused were t and version, this to according killed were Uzbeks toll death the that claimed Uzbeks ethnic ordinary im the for plans of implementation the for area the central the of i population Uzbek predominantly with neighborhoods control take to was purpose main the gro criminal organized and Osh of city the of mayor including population, Kyrgyz the of representatives vers this to According property. and families their me Uzbek and attacks, unreasonable committed Kyrgyz Беспорядков 121 120 South the in 4.2.2 Uzbeks ther later or “sooner professional, Kyrgyz here future the in confidence any have people “Few a shared Amnesty International. “ International. Amnesty 2011. November 24 Osh, interview, CrisisGroup n otat acrig o h peoiat ze ver Uzbek predominant the to according contrast, In 121

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he local officials and security forces forces security and officials local he was much higher, more than 2,500 2,500 than more higher, much was local authorities, in particular, the the particular, in authorities, local ups. As the Uzbek minority claims, claims, minority Uzbek the As ups. igher education, specialists in peace in specialists education, igher ion, the attacks were planned by by planned were attacks the ion, provement of the city. Moreover, Moreover, city. the of provement

z and Uzbeks who hold different different hold who Uzbeks and z n order to expel rivals and to clear to and rivals expel to order n Правосудие wl b aohr explosion”. another be will e g, flexible responses to the events events the to responses flexible g, ut for now, Akayev’s “common “common Akayev’s now, for ut n resorted to violence to protect protect to violence to resorted n inant narratives. There are the the are There narratives. inant ves to hide the true number of of number true the hide to ves market and some particular particular some and market – neither Kyrgyz nor Uzbek”, Uzbek”, nor Kyrgyz neither – in f h eet, armed events, the of sion

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such events. Furthermore, the National Commission s Commission National the Furthermore, events. such an Osh in population th Uzbek the of group a provoking in Uzbeks ethnic for autonomy for calls multiple Uz the accusing views, similar expressed commission community Uzbek the of members prominent by likely riot the that stated commission the of chairman the human in competent were members its of two only and not did commission the Furthermore, independently. rule specified clearly lack who Health, Interior of Prosecu General the as bodies such in serve members p Kyrgyz nationalist explicitly with parties the of elections parliamentary in candidates as nominated memb its of Several commission. the of independence the inspection, impartialit closer the upon However, ensure investigation. to government interim the of c were they seems it – occupations and competencies commission established the was of Inquiry of members Commission thirty National The total In 15. July Response Government’s 4.2.3 The oit etlt peald te oenet attempte government the prevailed, mentality Soviet decl was responsibility of claim moderate this But, (From the conclusion of the National Commission for Commission National the of conclusion the (From The conflict had its own historical and political r political and own historical its had conflict The when all the contradictions and conflicts in intern in conflicts and contradictions the all when and recommendations for the tragic events that occu that events tragic the for recommendations and

driven deeper by force by force deeper driven the comprehensive study of the causes, consequence causes, the of study comprehensive the

oots, due to the legacy of the Soviet era, era, Soviet the legacy the due of to oots, latforms. In addition to this, some other some this, to addition In latforms. s were carefully planned in advance, advance, in planned carefully were s s that would allow them to operate operate to them allow would that s were some and 2010, 10, October of ational relations were silencedwere or relations ational aid: aid: ared only on paper. In reality, the the reality, In paper. on only ared include independent criminologists, criminologists, independent include d Jalalabad provinces to prepare for prepare to provinces Jalalabad d rred in the south in June 2010) 2010) June in south inthe rred d to sweep the troublesome events events troublesome the sweep to d hosen to demonstrate the readiness the demonstrate to hosen – of different ethnic backgrounds, backgrounds, ethnic different of – re are doubts about the political political the about doubts are re bek political and social leaders of of leaders social and political bek departments ministry Office, tor’s ers, including the chairman, were were chairman, the including ers, rights issues. In November 2010 2010 November In issues. rights e south, starting in May, thus thus May, in starting south, e of Osh. Other members of the the of members Other Osh. of y and independence of the the of independence and y by presidential decree on on decree presidential by 48 s CEU eTD Collection June riots in Kyrgyzstan),” Amnesty International P International Amnesty inKyrgyzstan),” riots June June riots in Kyrgyzstan),” Amnesty International P International Amnesty inKyrgyzstan),” riots June

exaggerate the number of victims. of exaggeratenumber the e accusing and own their as bodies unidentified the eac with compete to continue sides Uzbek and Kyrgyz officia no With Uzbeks. and Kyrgyz between t tensions of one as government the of flaw this out pointed Беспорядков 125 124 123 7. 2010), 122 victims. the were Uzbeks that or conflict ethnic an O Roza government, provisional the of President the out pointed int the to In contrast peoples.” the of “friendship has Radnitz Scott as and, rug the under Беспорядков aulis y tnct wud ute agaae ten aggravate further would ethnicity by casualties a even it instance, For conflict. the of causes the mor or deeper a conduct to reluctant was government violence. co a suggests potentially This barricades. removing milita their giving Uzbeks, ethnic at shooting seen eyewitnesses of number a of claims the to According in narrati happened the what between disparity and dismaying neutral, a be is There to itself asserts Perspective,” Perspective,” Amnesty International. “ International. Amnesty “ International. Amnesty Tension “Interethnic Bond, Andrew and Koch Natalie i Violence and Narratives “Competing Radnitz Scott 125 2010 2010 2010 2010 Eurasian Geography and Economics and Geography Eurasian

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issue, and political agenda, ” ” agenda, political and issue, n rptbe pasd iue t dvlp persuas a develop to figures praised reputable, any Chingiz of rhetoric reconciliatory the by appeased eoe te esn o te hne i sca percep social in changes the for reason the becomes getti and increasing gradually but level, household such that seem might It stereotypes. of environment distortion/interpretations of degree the increases of level limited importantly, More levels. country int of level high a generates broadcasting channels b for resources limited the with along speculations com informal of prevalence The space. communication i country the in changes socio-political of palette bui and identity civil a constructing of chance any O erase. to undertaken be to measures effective and griev and victimhood of narratives Kyrgyz and Uzbek take unableto neutral or is not is state the that grabs land violence, daily of victims the as stands gi deplorable, is country the in situation conflict refusal government’s The complexity. and ambiguity the of interpretations widely-believed and existing 126 Reality to Interpretation 4.3 From Marlene Laruelle, “The Paradigm of Nationalism in in Nationalism of Paradigm “The Laruelle, Marlene If the memory of the June clashes of 1990 in southe in 1990 of clashes June the of memory the If What the country must be concerned with at this tim this at with concerned be must country the What Communist and Post-Communist studies, studies, Post-Communist and Communist

Kyrgyzstan. Evolving narrative, the sovereignty sovereignty the narrative, Evolving Kyrgyzstan. an objective position on ethnic matters. matters. ethnic on position objective an ven the fact that the Uzbek minority still still minority Uzbek the that fact the ven of the events in the country creating an creating country the in events the of , and unjustified imprisonments proves imprisonments unjustified and , erpretation of events, at both local and local both at events, of erpretation Aitmatov, nowadays Kyrgyzstan lacks lacks Kyrgyzstan nowadays Aitmatov, June tragedy have set the stage for for stage the set have tragedy June lding peace in the country. The rich rich The country. the in peace lding s reflected in the dynamics of the the of dynamics the in reflected s the broadcasts at home and abroad abroad and home at broadcasts the v iett consensus. identity ive therwise, the narrative will impede impede will narrative the therwise, in, lwy oig rm ut an just from moving slowly tions, ng misrepresented such a “box” “box” a such misrepresented ng tactics are quite harmless at the the at harmless quite are tactics ance will require substantial time substantial require will ance odatn ntoa information national roadcasting munication such as rumors and and rumors as such munication o cnweg ta te post- the that acknowledge to vol. 45 issue 2, March 2012, 8.2012, March 2, issue 45 vol. rn Kyrgyzstan was somewhat somewhat was Kyrgyzstan rn e is that the totally polarized polarized totally the that is e 126 o now, For

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International Tolerance Foundation. Bishkek 2011, 2 2011, Bishkek Foundation. Tolerance International Conflict,” Conflict,” 128 127 conflicts. social producing distorted, gets reality wh forms, real gain stereotypes and myths different unintentionally or intentionally hostages becoming influenc phenomenon of kind this of danger greatest con dichotomous of formation the for point starting Su reality. political then social, into information ok epr no ht atr ld o h euto o K in and Uzbeks Kyrgyz violence between interethnic eruption the to led factors what into deeper look followi the violence, June the of case the in apply and challenge t south the in control legitimacyand t of tactics assertive reconsidered without achieve Essent differently. events the remembering continue f to impossible be may violence the cause“true”of

Valery Tiskov, “Don’t Kill Me, I am Kyrgyz! An AntAn am I Kyrgyz! Me, Kill “Don’t Tiskov, Valery J Osh, in Conflict-situation Monitoring on “Report s ale rprs n tnc ilne n h Fergha the in violence ethnic on reports earlier As more the is conflict” “ethnic of frame the Although Journal of Peace Research Peace of Journal

, Vol 32, no. 2, 142. no. 2, 32, Vol , 3. alalabad and Batken Provinces of Kyrgyzstan.” Kyrgyzstan.” of Provinces Batken and alalabad

hropological Analysis of Violence in the Osh Osh the in Violence of Analysis hropological

127 bsequently, this information becomes the the becomes information this bsequently, ng chapter seeks to problematize it and it problematize to seeks chapter ng he central government to strengthen its strengthen to government central he he dominant nationalist narratives. narratives. nationalist hedominant

ind, as long as participants and victims asparticipants as long ind, in policy-making in general. Thus, all all Thus, general. in policy-making in ially, change will be very difficult to to difficult very be will change ially, ich carries certain risks, because the the because risks, certain carries ich es on political decisions, which are are which decisions, political on es cepts and interpretations. And, the the And, interpretations. and cepts yrgyzstan. f violence that later turned into into turned later that violence f widely accepted and easier to to easier and accepted widely a Valleyna 128 ae hw the shown have 51 CEU eTD Collection (2000), 423. 423. (2000), describe the complex, messy process that became eth became that process messy complex, describethe ex in causal be to ethnicity taking that emphasizes

tef wt is w sucs n priua dynamic particular and sources own its with itself, rather but conflicts, of outgrowth self-explanatory st clearly commonl Laitin and Brubaker more ‘ethnically-driven’. is violence that and mobilization, for cl driving the not is ethnicity perceptions, common esse be to assumption this find I itself. ethnicity co the both of motive driving the conflict’ ‘ethnic problem extremely an implies it because misleading, overemphas largely been has Kyrgyzstan in conflict” t true is It conflict”. “ethnic as labeled commonly Seminar, London, September 13, 2010, 23. 23. 2010, 13, September London, Seminar, 131 130 129 Confrontation? or Provocation Political Tragedy: Kyrgyz The V. Chapter warring parties are ethnically distinct, which is c is which distinct, ethnically are parties warring employ be would they conflict, violent a in markers to used were terms these if Indeed, causation.” of “are ethnicity and class religion, labels the that on Politics Politics on Madeleine Reeves, “Recent Events in Kyrgyzstan.” P Kyrgyzstan.” in Events “Recent Reeves, Madeleine Violen ‘Political of Ontology Kalyvas,“The Stathis Nati and “Ethnic Laitin, David and Brubaker Rogers h lresae ilne ht rpe i suhr K southern in erupted that violence large-scale The 1(2003), 475. 475. 1(2003),

ce: Action and Identity in Civil Wars.” Wars.” Civil in Identity and Action ce: onalist Violence.” Violence.” onalist aper presented at Russia and Eurasia Programme Programme Eurasia and Russia at presented aper not neutral: they typically imply a theory theory a imply typically they neutral: not ntially flawed and argue that, contrary to to contrary that, argue and flawed ntially learly not the case. the not learly a form of social and political action in in action political and social of form a simply describe the existence of ethnic ethnic of existence the describe simply eavage of a conflict but rather a source source arather but conflict a eavageof ate that violence is not a natural and and natural a not is violence that ate hat media and public talk of “ethnic “ethnic of talk public and media hat s. nicized. atic causal claim – that in a violent a in that – claim causal atic ized. I believe that this discourse is is discourse this that believe I ized. plaining the June events does not not does events June the plaining nflict and its violent dynamics is is dynamics violent its and nflict 129 ed in every single case where the the where case single every in ed oevr Klvs emphasizes Kalyvas Moreover, y ‘ethnically-exercised’ than than ‘ethnically-exercised’ y 131 yrgyzstan in 2010 has been been has 2010 in yrgyzstan Annual Review of Sociology of Sociology Review Annual The task of this chapter is chapter this of The task 130 Madeleine Reeves Madeleine Perspectives Perspectives Ethnic Ethnic 24 24 52 CEU eTD Collection world”.

explanatory phase of the conflict in the heads of t of heads the in conflict the of phase explanatory resul utilization uncritical their feature, ter salient these labeled have actors social certain Since the that implies it that way a in violence” “ethnic edited by Carles Boix and Susan Stokes. 274-291. Ox 274-291. Stokes. Susan and Boix by Carles edited world” Brubaker’s rejection of “groupist” analysis, which which analysis, “groupist” of rejection Brubaker’s ae ad ainod r fnaetly as f perc of things not ways are They world. social the fundamentally representing are nationhood and race, Roger of view the term to adhering category, the constructed by clarify, To analysis. the to proceeding 135 134 133 132 place. took country the the of ethnicization the how and why understand to purposeful elites who are are who elites purposeful Constructivists construct. social and intellectual conceptio myths, culture, in differences historical conflicts, and fundamental units of social analysis of social units and fundamental conflicts, s of constituents basic as groups bounded discrete, onais s osaty hnig n rltvl fl relatively and changing constantly as boundaries

Rogers Brubaker, Brubaker, Rogers 5 Boundaries,” and groups “Ethnic Fredrick. Barth, Conflict. Ethnic and “Ethnicity Varshney, Ashutosh Brubaker, Rogers 133 First, it is necessary to look into the meaning of of meaning the into look to necessary is it First, 132 utemr, oh osrciit n instrumentali and constructivist both Furthermore, codn t te osrcie prah ehi sen ethnic approach, constructive the to According Ethnicity without Groups, ( Groups, without Ethnicity Groups, without Ethnicity

poesoa poues f subjective of producers “professional (London: Harvard University Press, 2004), 12. 2004), Press, University Harvard (London: London: Harvard University Press, 2004), 15. 2004), Press, University Harvard London: ford: Oxford University Press, 2007, 12. 12. 2007, Press, University Oxford ford: 6. 6. ” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, Politics, Comparative of Handbook Oxford The In ” ts in reproducing the same logic in the the in logic same the reproducing in ts see ethnic identity as such as the result of of result as the assuch identity ethnic see ethnic quality of the conflict is its most its is conflict the of quality ethnic ”. he general public. But, this should not should this But, public. general he 135 s ht r fre i te otx of context the in formed are that ns ocial life, chief protagonists of social social of protagonists chief life, ocial in in e eie as defines he long-standing sociopolitical crisis in crisis sociopolitical long-standing s Brubaker who argues: “Ethnicity, “Ethnicity, argues: who Brubaker s

the world, but perspectives perspectives but world, the “ethnicity” I mean a socially socially a mean I “ethnicity” the term “ethnic conflict” before before conflict” “ethnic term the i elements uid ms as “ethnic conflict” and and conflict” “ethnic as ms t prahs iw ethnic view approaches st iig itrrtn, and interpreting, eiving, iet s rae through created is timent

“the tendency to take take to tendency “the visions of the social social the of visions . 134 as adopt also I on on the the 53 CEU eTD Collection

& Archeology of Eurasia of &Archeology Ox 274-291. Stokes. Susan and Boix by Carles edited establishment of contemporary Central Asian nations Asian Central contemporary of establishment t as emerged ethnicity, of development the of level se elites, political Asian Central and Union Soviet cal one, first the to According engineering. Soviet t in frameworks analytical prevalent two are There Asi Central the that assert that USSR the of policy pro role in an important played also entrepreneurs” 139 138 137 136 state the from resources drawing or power political strategically that leaders for useful is ethnicity The interests. economic or political of core deeper se that approach instrumentalist adopt to important reflexi can who analyst serious a of eyes the in be rmtn a es o “groupness”. of sense a promoting ‘o live “may who entrepreneurs,” “ethnopolitical of show their loyalty to the state. the to loyalty their show S the by influenced o leaders, local project of collaboration political a was memory” collective a with presen Asia, Central of nationalities of invention” dniy camd ht te omto o Ubk iden Uzbek of formation “the that claimed Identity” Ibid Ethnos Nationalism, “Post-Soviet Abashin, Sergei, Brubaker, Rogers Conflict. Ethnic and “Ethnicity Varshney, Ashutosh

Ethnicity without Groups, ( Groups, without Ethnicity , (Spring 2006). (Spring2006). ,

139 Alisher Ilkhamov in his article “Archeology of Uzb of “Archeology article his in Ilkhamov Alisher 137 London: Harvard University Press, 2004), 14. 2004), Press, University Harvard London: n h cs o Krysa, “ethnopolitical Kyrgyzstan, of case the In ford: Oxford University Press, 2007, 13. 13. 2007, Press, University Oxford ford: theory, and Constructivist critique”, critique”, Constructivist and theory, ” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, Politics, Comparative of Handbook Oxford The In ” ted as “homogenous, constant, ancient, constant, “homogenous, as ted aiuae t o te ae f gaining of sake the for it manipulate voking the conflict. vokingconflict. the eing the nation as the highest stage or or stage highest the as nation the eing an ethnic identity is the product of the the of product the is identity ethnic an . instrumentalist approach argues that that argues approach instrumentalist 136 oviet ideology, that were aiming to to aiming were that ideology, oviet vely employ conceptual terms. It is is It terms. conceptual employ vely led the “Soviet ethnos theory”, the the theory”, ethnos “Soviet the led s tnct a a ak ht ie a hides that mask a as ethnicity es . 138 he main actors that promoted the the promoted that actors main he Rogers Brubaker stressed the role the stressed Brubaker Rogers ff’ as well as ‘for’ ethnicity”, ethnicity”, ‘for’ as well as ff’ Here, it can be argued that “the that argued be can it Here, he literature on the nationalities nationalities the on literature he f the Soviet Union with the the with Union Soviet the f tity is a result of deliberate deliberate of result a is tity Anthropology Anthropology 54 ek CEU eTD Collection (2000), 423. (2000), ethnicities, and also they do not have solid bounda attitud solid have not do and they also and ethnicities, aspiration dame the have to as coherent Kyrg and Uzbek between conflict the as violence Osh they fit in the “ethnic frame”, is wrong. is frame”, “ethnic the in fit they

Natalie Bond have argued that although the confront the although that argued have Bond Natalie explanatory superior a have may that factors other im is one war, the of aspect ethnic the on emphasis to prove certainly can that frameworks causal other elites or scholars” can be applied in the Kyrgyz ca Kyrgyz the in applied canbe or scholars” elites “be ethnicities that Brubaker of assertion the that as approach same the in nations Asian Central other Uzbe of phenomenon “the to refers Ilkhamov Although & Archeology of Eurasia of &Archeology 144 143 142 141 140 inter own their pursuing elites the by construction mainly with Uzbek community living in it, “the loca it, in living community Uzbek mainlywith hou destroyed showing man, Uzbek one said us,” with homogenous and bounded entities. bounded and homogenous m not does situations some in identification ethnic make to wants he rather but nation, or ethnicity of Rogers Brubaker and David Laitin, “Ethnic and Nati and “Ethnic Laitin, David and Brubaker Rogers inKyrgyz Pogroms “The Group, Crisis International Ibid Brubaker, Rogers Ethnos Nationalism, “Post-Soviet Abashin, Sergei, To build a research program around such heterogeneo such around program research a build To Nonetheless, Brubaker notes that the aim is not to to not is aim the that notes Brubaker Nonetheless,

Ethnicity without Groups, Groups, without Ethnicity , (Spring 2006). (Spring2006). ,

142 Given this presumption, it is wrong to analyze the analyze to wrong is it presumption, this Given ( London: Harvard University Press, 2004), 12. 2004), Press, University Harvard London: ( 144 O h te ad hs em overshadow terms these hand, other the On theory, and Constructivist critique”, critique”, Constructivist and theory, onalist Violence.” Violence.” onalist stan,” 17. 17. stan,” se. ests and cultural and political goals.”political and cultural and ests it clear that the existence of significant significant of existence the that clear it come real as a result of the efforts of of efforts the of result a as real come be a lot more relevant. By putting an an putting By relevant. more lot a be l governmentis.” l ries. well. Subsequently, it can be argued argued be can it Subsequently, well. 141 ation was primarily between Kyrgyz between primarily was ation a ta ehi gop d eit as exist do groups ethnic that ean plicitly lowering the importance of of importance the lowering plicitly

k identity”, he suggests looking at looking suggests he identity”, k yz “groups” because they are not not are they because “groups” yz eeae A Ade Kc and Koch Andrew As leverage.

ses in one of the neighborhoods neighborhoods the of one in ses “The Kyrgyz are not at the war war the at not are Kyrgyz “The e towards members of other other of members towards e refute the reality or importance importance or reality the refute Annual Review of Sociology of Sociology Review Annual us phenomena, just because because just phenomena, us 143

Anthropology Anthropology 24 24 140 55

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period of the Kokand Khanate (1709-1883). Khanate ofKokand period the the and left the between competition political The some including clans, many of consists which south, cl Adygine southern the by constituted wing “right” consi wing “left” a confederations: clan main three tribes, forty than more into divided are Kyrgyz The alli establishing in role great a play can and ties ofte can identities clan explains, Collins Kathleen eco and social political, in role decisive a played have them to attachments social and belongings Clan eurasia21.com/document/files/National_Identity_ of eurasia21.com/document/files/National_Identity_ characteristic of Kyrgyzstan. The issue of ethnicit one of issue The as Kyrgyzstan. of characteristic remains politics clan Asia, Central in clans Politics 149 148 147 146 145 seper betwe tension the of much for basis the Uzbeks, and motives. entrepreneurs” “ethnic by instruments mobilization Perspective,” Perspective,” Ibid Kyrgyzs in Identity “National Berdikeeva, Saltanat E ClanPolitics: of Logic “The Collins, Kathleen, 554. Ibid, Tension “Interethnic Bond, Andrew and Koch Natalie

. 2004, 24.2004, . bt ahr te taiinl u-raiain ide sub-organization traditional other rather but , Although the Soviet Union put a lot of effort into into effort of lot a put Union Soviet the Although 145

Eurasian Geography and Economics and Geography Eurasian

(2010), 554. 554. (2010), 149 vidence from the Central Asian Trajectories,” Trajectories,” Asian Central the from vidence Kyrgyzstan_-_the_Case_ of_/ of_/ Kyrgyzstan_-_the_Case_ tan: The Case of Clan Politics.” 2006 http://www. http://www. 2006 ClanPolitics.” of Case The tan:

s in Kyrgyzstan: A Political Geographic Geographic APolitical insKyrgyzstan: ances, and also in social mobilization. social in also and ances, n times be more important than blood blood than important more be times n y is closely related to this concept. this to related closely is y right wings has been present since the the since present been has wings right sting of seven clans from the north, a north, the from clans seven of sting but most of which are organized into into organized are which of most but an, and the Ichkilik group, also in the the in also group, Ichkilik the and an, nomic structures of the country. As As country. the of structures nomic always, at least since independence, independence, since least at always, en the two groups was not ethnicity ethnicity not was groups two the en that are not of “Kyrgyz” origin.“Kyrgyz” of not are that driven by political and economic economic and political by driven of the main and well-known well-known and main the of eliminating the importance of of importance the eliminating ntities that were used as as used were that ntities orldWo 146 147 148 56

CEU eTD Collection 2006), 132. 132. 2006), linked with the struggle for power in Kyrgyzstan be Kyrgyzstan in power for struggle the with linked relati ”interethnic notes, Melvin Neil 2010 June of In years. 10 past the for Kyrgyzstan in opposition

and inhabited by a large number of ethnic Uzbeks. ethnic of number large a by inhabited and whereas population, Russified more a with urbanized Kyrgyzstan of north the rule, Soviet the of outcome identity asidentity a “gro a of elements includes it because problematic, f the of aware am I that mentioned be must it Here, Revolution’.” Revolution’.” determining the population’s political identificati political population’s the determining ybo, hr ae tiig ot-ot differences north-south striking are there Ryabkov, 153 152 151 150 rpsto o Rdiz h camd ht regionalism that claimed who Radnitz of proposition epe rgntn fo te ae ilg o localit or village same the from originating people niiul t mblz te population. the mobilize to individuals bas important an as serve do differences these And, political and cultural real are there that claiming Survey Radnitz, Scott. “What really happened inKyrgyzsta happened really “What Scott. Radnitz, Dome Change: Regime of Dynamics “The David. Lewis, Ibid Polit and Cleavage North-South “The Ryabkov, Maxim . 2008. 2008. . h gons f h eet i Jn ae ad y high by laid are June in events the of grounds The Furthermore, according to the statistical analysis analysis statistical the to according Furthermore, Central Asian Survey Asian Central thing , not as an as not ,

event. , 27 (2008), 268. 268. (2008), 27 ,

152 oevr I ant iare ih the with disagree cannot I Moreover, n?” differences between the north and south. south. and north the between differences Journal of Democracy of Journal ical Support in Kyrgyzstan.” inKyrgyzstan.” Support ical stic and International Factors in the ‘Tulip ‘Tulip the in Factors International and stic on and their potential their and on 151 his analysis of the events dedicated to to dedicated events the of analysis his tween the south and north, rural and rural north, and south the tween Lewis largely agrees with Raybkov, with agrees largelyLewis ons in the south were inextricably inextricably were south the in ons y, mn te population. the among act that this analysis may stand as stand may analysis this that act the southern part is more agrarian agrarian more is part southern the s et s oe oenzd and modernized more as left is

upist” analysis, taking political political taking analysis, upist” fr oiia ognztos or organizations political for e is or

the most important factor in in factor important most the f uvy aa y Maksim by data survey of zemlyachestvo, dynamics of the political political the of dynamics , vol. 17, no. 2. (April 2. no. 17, vol. ,

Central Asian Central mobilization. upr for support 150 s the As

153 57

CEU eTD Collection laae, ete n prpey cevgs” hy s they cleavages,” periphery, and economic centre cleavages, functional, of space two-dimensional a in politi into transform can cleavages believe, Rokkan to unit political one from and time over vary they ex the of products are conflicts Political places.” political important with groups into members divide rele the and groups, into w subcommunity or community criteria “the are: cleavages theory, cleavage the

degree of polarization and the type of the mode of of mode the of type the and polarization of degree can cleavages that implies it thus thing, changing se is identity perspective, constructivist the From of these cleavages, and on the relationship between relationship the on and cleavages, these of overlappin are there whether cause, cleavages these perspectives population in the country. country. the in population c political constant the to leading division, north basis the on formed been have Kyrgyzstan of parties 156 155 154 groups ethnic clans, various the populations, urban 40. 40. Violence,” Violence,” Ibid Rokkan. Stein and Lipset Martin Seymour K Multiethnic and Stable a “Promoting Melvin, Neil

Stability in the state depends on the number of cle of number the on depends state the in Stability Central Eurasia Project. Occasional Papers Series Papers Occasional Project. Eurasia Central , (New York: The Free Press, 1967), 46. 46. 1967), Press, Free The York: (New ,

Party systems and voter alignments: cross-national cross-national alignments: voter and systems Party yrgyzstan: Overcoming the Causes and Legacies of Legacies and Causes the Overcoming yrgyzstan: sec ad irrh o cevgs as cleavages of hierarchy and istence cal parties; “parties represent alliances alliances represent “parties cal parties; and political forces.” political and g or crosscutting cleavages, the power power the cleavages, crosscutting or g the cleavages and political parties. political and cleavages the , Open Society Foundations, March 2011, 2011, March Foundations, Society Open , risis and deeper polarization of the the of polarization deeper and risis mass mobilisation are determined by by determined are mobilisation mass be shaped by agencies and that the the that and agencies by shaped be ay. another. Moreover, as Lipset and and Lipset as Moreover, another. en as a dynamic and constantly constantly and dynamic a as en differences at specific times and and times specific at differences f ertra cevg, h south- the cleavage, territorial of ih iie h mmes f a of members the divide hich 155 vant cleavages are those which which those are cleavages vant avages, the level of polarization polarization of level the avages, ot f h mjr political major the of Most and cultural, and territorial territorial and cultural, and 154 According to According 156 58

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of conflict in the society, the mass use of violenc of use mass the society, the in conflict of state of foundations the of erosion gradual the to withi fragmentation a representing primarily years, growing The Kyrgyzstan. in dissension of cause key processes, country the in conflict ongoing of midst relatio the moment, the “At study: Melvin’s Neil in do not explain why, at a at why, explain not do stru as differences cultural view they because weak conflict violent generating in condition sufficient where theories primordialist accept to is conflict tnc rus ae ie paeul tgte ad ev and together peacefully lived have groups ethnic ot in that ignoring ones, relevant into transformed 158 157 events. or economical historical social, individuals, actors: certain of actions deliberate International Organization Organization International Violence,” Violence,” f ygztns ao polm. eetees te a the explains and Kyrgyz Uzbek of both ethnonationalism Nevertheless, problems. major Kyrgyzstan’s of and power economic and political for seek to elites nationali ethnic Kyrgyz how depicting clearly 1991, nation the of theme the discussed chapters previous

Neil Melvin, “Promoting a Stable and Multiethnic Ky Multiethnic and Stable a “Promoting Melvin, Neil James Fearon and David D. Laitin. "Violence and the and "Violence Laitin. D. David and Fearon James The struggle for power is related to the national q national the to related is power for struggle The To accept ethnic differences as the key motivation motivation key the as differences ethnic accept To Central Eurasia Project Occasional Papers Series Papers Occasional Project Eurasia Central 54 (2000), 866. 866. 54(2000), particular time time particular

157 and in a in and

social construction of ethnic Identity," Identity," ethnic of construction social rgyzstan: Overcoming the Causes and Legacies of Legacies and Causes the Overcoming rgyzstan: organizations, civil society as well as by by as well as society civil organizations, s. Their explanatory power is extremely extremely is power explanatory Their s. particular place particular power in the country and exacerbation exacerbation and country the in power although the national question is not a not is question national the although promoted as a dominant interpretation interpretation dominant a as promoted , Open Society Foundations, March 2011, 40.2011, March Foundations, Society Open , e for political ends.” political for e n the Kyrgyz community, contributed contributed community, Kyrgyz the n in Kyrgyzstan since independence in in independence since Kyrgyzstan in tnc naoim s en s self- a as seen is antagonism ethnic nship between ethnic groups is in the the in is groups ethnic between nship sm has become an important tool for tool important an become has sm her times and in other places those those places other in and times her ctural constant factors and therefore therefore and factors constant ctural political confrontation of the last ten ten last the of confrontation political the June clashes. June the en intermingled. By considering considering By intermingled. en uestion. As rightly pointed out pointed rightly As uestion. of either the violence or the the or violence the either of im is not to claim that that claim to not is im , these differences were were differences these ,

158 The first two first The 59

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fall completely into the hands of the north, highly north, the of hands the into completely fall that fearing elite, southern the country, the fled s south, the from also was who Bakiyev, of side the clan north-south the of because Akayev, Askar under Kyrg “southern” many work, the of chapters previous a have I As government. provisional new Otunbaeva’s regime, Bakiyev’s during structures administrative and discrimination the with unhappy were Kyrgyzstan 161 160 159 a is that something as not “happens” that something i of “moments with event an as unity ethnic explain relational as but things substantial as not groups facts. social rapi of power the and agency human of role the both self-e and fixed rigid, a as identity taking by and in that facts self-explanatory as identities ethnic groupness” and feeling, group galvanize “can events, striking n pi o ta ya we te net ok place. took unrest the when year that of April in republic’s the of overthrow the to linked certainly tragedy. tragedy. Perspective,” Perspective,” Natalie Koch and Andrew Bond, “Interethnic Tension “Interethnic Bond, Andrew and Koch Natalie Ibid Brubaker, Rogers, The real causes of the June bloodshed are still und still are bloodshed June the of causes real The 160 Eurasian Geography and Economics and Geography Eurasian

Moreover, as Rogers Brubaker indicates that if we a we if that indicates Brubaker Rogers as Moreover, ad ht s egtnd ee cn e bevd n t in observed be can level heightened is that and , Ethnicity without Groups without Ethnicity

, (London: Harvard University Press, 2004), 35. 2004), Press, University Harvard (London: , (2010), 535. 535. (2010), s in Kyrgyzstan: A Political Geographic Geographic APolitical insKyrgyzstan: the power over the southern region would would region southern the over power the evitability lead to conflictual situations situations conflictual to lead evitability increased ethnonationalist rhetoric. As As rhetoric. ethnonationalist increased xclusive given, these theories overlook overlook theories these given, xclusive second president Kurmanbek Bakiyev Bakiyev Kurmanbek president second and contingent variables, then we can we then variables, contingent and 161 ntensely felt collective solidarity”, as as solidarity”, collective felt ntensely d structural change in producing new new producing in change structural d pecifically Jalalabad. When Bakiyev When Jalalabad. pecifically ic Ubk truhu southern throughout Uzbeks Since

yz, having seen the same treatment treatment same the seen having yz, based politics, decided to stay on on stay to decided politics, based ratchet up pre-existing levels of of levels pre-existing up ratchet underrepresentation in important important in underrepresentation lready mentioned earlier in the the in earlier mentioned lready they chose to support Roza Roza support to chose they lways “present”. “present”. lways er investigation, but they are are they but investigation, er dmit and think of ethnic ethnic of think and dmit e ae f h Osh the of case he 159 Particular 60 CEU eTD Collection oenet eie t inr te el aue f the of nature real the ignore to decided government re government’s provisional the for As card. ethnic way a provided vacuum legal and political both the asp ethnic an acquired quickly rivalry The Bishkek. with struggle to had Osh in gangs rival which over 12 (July 2011), 80. (July 2011), 12

control over the car industry.car the over control strugg a produced authority central the of collapse th among power of imbalance severe a to led Reeves, for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies Eurasian and European, East Slavic, for 163 162 their as claims identity ethnic using benefits for of spring that decided networks, these of strength U southern networks, clan and regional southern the since argues, McGlinchey as However, happened. have ethni ouster, Akayev’s With 2005. April in uprising cleavage identification an as ethnicity of thought neithe that out pointed rightly has McGlinchey Eric beyond ethnicity. ethnicity. beyond behi factors driving critical the that point our to particu one in relevant made are differences ethnic Madeleine Reeves, “After Internationalism? The Unm The Internationalism? “After Reeves, Madeleine and Instability Regime “Exploring McGlinchey, Eric ht s lo motn i hw h Arl revolution, April the how is important also is What

163 Here, I would also add drug industry as another su another as industry drug add also would I Here, . (October 2011) 2011) (October . Ethnic Violence in Kyrgyzstan,” inKyrgyzstan,” Violence Ethnic aking of Osh.” v.51 n.5 n.5 v.51 Osh.” of aking mobilization framework. mobilization nd a so-called ‘ethnic conflict’ extend extend conflict’ ‘ethnic so-called a nd that year was not a right time to fight to time right a not was year that lar context but not in another leads us us leads another in not but context lar needed to be pressed during the first first the during pressed be to needed cization of the political conflict could could conflict political the of cization e mn ciia gns n s for Osh in gangs criminal among le ect. And, as Reeves argues further, further, argues Reeves as And, ect. r ethnic Uzbeks nor ethnic Kyrgyz Kyrgyz ethnic nor Uzbeks ethnic r action to this, Roza Otunbayeva’s Otunbayeva’s Roza this, to action h clas o te an oe in power main the of collapse the o ppls pltcas o ly an play to politicians populist for bk ciit hvn raie the realized having activists zbek ilne ised anand the maintained instead violence, Bakiyev had a large support from support large a had Bakiyev e country’s criminal groups. The The groups. criminal country’s e according to Madeleine Madeleine to according News of the Association Association the Newsof 162 Asia Policy Asia The fact that fact The , no. no. , bject 61 CEU eTD Collection

there was a red herring to raise threats associated threats raise to herring red a was there pr Uzbek prevent to eager were and him with rivalry entrepreneu political for base fruitful a presented aiv n aaaa we h tid o odc hs ac his conduct government.” to tried he when Jalalabad in Bakiev governmen provisional the of members and Kyrgyz the active We passed. civ all in participate actively must and government has building state in participate Uzbe the when time “The said, Batyrov TV Osh and TV o broadcast interview an in hostility, increased of lo by animosity with perceived were community Uzbek such leaders Uzbek of demands earlier), (explained ot gather to started leaders political Uzbek ethnic 166 165 24. 2010, 13, September London, Seminar, 164 ethnicities”. “t that declaring by violence, the of ethnicization uooy o te oten Kyrgyzstan. southern the for autonomy sout the in figure political major unchallenged the Janua in Bakiyev by appointed Osh city the of mayor politicians, Kyrgyz autonomy. gain to intention and group criminal or elite southern local for incident Ibid, 10. Ibid, Kyrgyzstan in “Pogroms group, Crisis International P Kyrgyzstan.” in Events “Recent Reeves, Madeleine pig 00 a mre b a tog es o insecur of sense strong a by marked was 2010 Spring 164 165

u sil te ei brig (xlie earlier) (explained burnings Teyit the still, But

166 ,” 10. 10. ,” h cags gis Btrv actually, Batyrov, against charges The aper presented at Russia and Eurasia Programme Programme Eurasia and Russia at presented aper her Uzbeks for the street demonstrations demonstrations street the for Uzbeks her with the Uzbek minority and to play on on play to and minority Uzbek the with s to begin a narrative of Uzbek revenge Uzbek of narrative a begin to s n the Uzbek language channels Mezon channels language Uzbek the n ic processes…If there were no Uzbeks, Uzbeks, no were there icprocesses…If rs who were in political or economic economic or political in were who rs as Kadyrjan Batyrov on behalf of the the of behalf on Batyrov Kadyrjan as his is now a conflict between two two between conflict a now is his ry 2009, who by June 2010 became became 2010 June by who 2009, ry h, accused Batyrov of demanding demanding of Batyrov accused h, osperity and local influence. Now, Now, influence. local and osperity mainly Melis Myrzakmatov, the the Myrzakmatov, Melis mainly cal Kyrgyz elite. During this time this During elite. Kyrgyz cal ks sat still at home and did not not did and home at still sat ks ly supported the provisional provisional the supported ly iiy gis te provisional the against tivity wud o b al t resist to able be not would t ity, and especially when when especially and ity, evd s h best the as served 62 CEU eTD Collection

riots in Osh, volunteering to protect their coethni their protect to volunteering Osh, in riots as soon as spontaneously came groups these version, Bazar-Kor and Osh to taken were districts, Aksy and a remote the from youth Kyrgyz of groups large that 168 6. 2010), 167 dishones dirty, as Uzbeks about stereotypes general actors that used them in the first place. place. first the in them used actors that or ignore to is media, the in or academia in either ae n osals o dac ter oiia ad e violence. and political their advance to obstacles any have c prevent to unable be would government provisional Probab equipment. military obtaining by fight a for y unemployed – parties ethnic Uzbek and Kyrgyz both sugg has Radnitz Scott Kyrgyzstan. southern in held fram a and promoted, been already had confrontation v Osh the of beginning the and May in burning Teyit politic the at entrepreneurs’ ‘ethnic the of agenda th to contribute will violence of ethnicization the ‘natu more a becomes lines ethnic along perpetrated spre of consequence the with ethnic, initially been ethnic imputing by i.e., violence, of ethnicization erup that violence the on impact real a has framing Scott Radnitz “Competing Narratives and Violence i Violence and Narratives “Competing Radnitz Scott

Ibid

Information obtained by Amnesty International from from International Amnesty by obtained Information 168 nte rao t aod hs trs s h fc th fact the is terms these avoid to reason Another

n Southern Kyrgyzstan.” Kyrgyzstan.” Southern n cs. Nevertheless, from unofficial sources sources unofficial from Nevertheless, cs. ity to a phenomenon that might not have have not might that phenomenon a to ity downplay the interests of the particular particular the of interests the downplay al level. So, in the period between the the between period the in So, level. al e gathering of popular support for the the for support popular of gathering e ading a violent context where violence violence where context violent a ading ted in the first place, by producing the the producing by place, first the in ted ral’ phenomenon. On the other hand, hand, other the On phenomenon. ral’ reas, for example, from Batken, Alai Alai Batken, from example, for reas, ested that the supposed defenders of defenders supposed the that ested iolence, ethnicization of the political political the of ethnicization iolence, , n greedy. and t, e of ethnic competition was widely widely was competition ethnic of e they found out about the ongoing the about out found they ly, both sides assumed that the the that assumed sides both ly, onfrontation and they would not not would they and onfrontation conomic interest through street street through interest conomic oung men – started preparations preparations started – men oung a. codn t te official the to According gan. a number of sources indicate indicate sources of number a t dpig uh labels, such adopting at PONARS Eurasia Eurasia PONARS 167 n h oe hand, one the On (August (August 63 CEU eTD Collection June riots in Kyrgyzstan),” Amnesty International P International Amnesty inKyrgyzstan),” riots June

it provided fruitful conditions which enabled certa enabled which conditions fruitful provided it but aspects, ethnic have did it but nature, its in yearThe 2010. the of dynamics and crisis political in provoking ordinary people to exercise violence. exercise to people provoking ordinary in Ky of region southern the over take to fighting are Uzbe by committed allegedly Osh, city the of centre l girls Kyrgyz of rape of rumors case, given the In con the during rumors of role the Also, Kyrgyzstan. conditio living poor that fact the given especially viol of exercise the for motives driving the of one in mainly looting, mass by accompanied was conflict wa go motives driving the that infer to possible is Ithat believe do However, do. who certainlythose on based kill not do people that say to not is This 170 169 dr alcoholic with supplied well were men these that sou a informal International, Amnesty with interviews and, weapons with provided were they that alleged f transportation, provided were people Young areas. the in often sought recruiters that known became it Беспорядков International Crisis Group, “Pogroms in Kyrgyzstan in “Pogroms Group, Crisis International “ International. Amnesty vdnl, h ehi voec i te oten Kyrg southern the in violence ethnic the Evidently, Even though I recognize that people’s motivations a motivations people’s that recognize I though Even 2010 2010 Года

в

Частичная Кыргызстане

Правда (Partial Truth and Consequences of Electoral Justi Electoral of Consequences and Truth (Partial

и

Избирательное ublications, 2010, 8. 2010, ublications, ,” 11. ,” what is more important to understand that that understand to important more is what pure ethnic animosity because there are are there because animosity ethnic pure 170

political transformation was not ethnic not was transformation political this corresponds to a minority. minority. a corresponds to this in political forces to start violence by by violence start to forces political in inks, and in some cases-evendrugs. some in and inks, rgyzstan stand as another main factor factor main another as stand rgyzstan iving in the student dormitory in the the in dormitory student the in iving flict should not be taken for granted. granted. for taken be not should flict

rces referred to the indirect evidence evidence indirect the to referred rces byn ehiiy Sne h June the Since ethnicity. beyond y the city of Osh, I can suppose that that suppose can I Osh, of city the

ks, and that Uzbekistan or Uzbeks Uzbeks or Uzbekistan that and ks, ood and shelter. Moreover, it was was it Moreover, shelter. and ood ns are prevalent in the south of of south the in prevalent are ns loot, to opportunity the was ence ygz ouain n hs rural these in population Kyrgyz Правосудие lgdy fnnil ead In reward. financial llegedly, re extremely hard to assess, it assess, to hard extremely re yzstan was triggered by the the by triggered was yzstan

Последствия ce of the 2010 2010 the of ce

Июньских

169 64

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osdrto. eetees i i ciia t expl to case critical is this it Nevertheless, in consideration. relevant not is component ethnic that et their on based Osh in populations the mobilising dimension influences the logic and dynamics of the of the logic and dynamics influences the dimension

ore conflict. conflict. hnic identities. Again, I do not claim claim not do I Again, identities. hnic how r hud o b tkn into taken be not should or and n ht ways what in the ethnic ethnic the 65 CEU eTD Collection

events stresses the ethnic dimension narrating the the narrating dimension ethnic the stresses events pu the of much shown, has study the As Bazarkorgon. the in clashes interethnic full-fledged into turned a faced Kyrgyzstan instability, political of months was government central Kyrgyzstan’s change, regime revoluti April the Following policies. ethnocentric ac minority Akayev’s from shift radical the of face demonst regimes, different two under ethno-politics g a provided further and situation, ethno-political other. Ky and Uzbeks poor authorities, local a by crisis of economic result the as when 1990 in disintegration ifrn fo ter w, nts Kolpakov. notes own,” their from different perce to ability an developed they Therefore China. the and Europe from nations and cultures different happene people Valley Ferghana the Road, Silk Great Val Ferghana the area, rich and diverse most Asia’s living been have Kyrgyz and Uzbeks violence, ethnic 171 Conclusion 2001, 3. 2001,

Aleksei Kolpakov, “Managing the Diversity”, Inner A Inner Diversity”, the “Managing Kolpakov, Aleksei This study has presented the general background of of background general the presented has study This lhuh hr i a oua ble ta Kyrgyzstan’ that belief popular a is there Although

171 sian Uralic National resource Center, Indiana, Indiana, Center, resource National Uralic sian t a rgt fe te oit Union’s Soviet the after right was It eneral analysis of the country’s evolving evolving country’s the of analysis eneral southern towns of Osh, Jalalabad, and Jalalabad, Osh, of towns southern major outbreak of violence that later later that violence of outbreak major conflict as “ethnic conflict” that was that conflict” “ethnic as conflict ive and adapt to the world outlooks outlooks world the to adapt and ive commodating policies to Bakiyev’s Bakiyev’s to policies commodating on of 2010, which led to another another to led which 2010, of on rating its vigorous dynamics in the the in dynamics vigorous its rating in harmony for centuries in Central Central in centuries for harmony in ley. “During the golden age of the the of age golden the “During ley. blic and political discourse on the the on discourse political and blic rgyz used violence towards each each towards violence used rgyz Mediterranean area to India and and India to area Mediterranean severely weakened. After several several After weakened. severely management of deteriorating deteriorating of management d to be at the intersection of of intersection the at be to d pre-independent Kyrgyzstan’s Kyrgyzstan’s pre-independent suh s tnebx for tinderbox a is south s 66 CEU eTD Collection

politicians, journalists, and perpetrators. and perpetrators. journalists, politicians, attribut meanings and perspectives polarizing these other by imposed limits the of rid get to important no is it Therefore, violence. the of repetition the a conflict, of the remembering the “deconstructing” interests. interests. to order in forces political by exercised identity, basi the mobilisation, political unconventional the proved was It happen. to destined “thing” a as seen i violence June the south, the in Kyrgyz and Uzbeks Althou complex. more much was violence the of onset stud the conflict”, “ethnic as tragedy the of frame conflict”. “ethnic as interpreted or seen be cannot co the that prove to was thesis the of purpose main describe to or transformations political country’s Kyrgyz and Uzbeks of the Ferghana Valley. Valley. ofFerghana the Uzbeks Kyrgyzand a or delimitation Soviet of because happen to bound

By deconstructing the prevalent way of seeing the c the ofseeing way prevalent the Bydeconstructing h ojcie f h wr i nt o rvd detaile provide to not is work the of objective The

advance their economical and political political and economical their advance the June conflict and its aftermath. The The aftermath. its and conflict June the By avoiding a dominant interpretative interpretative dominant a avoiding By t only an academic point. It is very very is It point. academic an only t nd contributing to the prevention from from prevention the to contributing nd s of which happened to be an ethnic ethnic an be to happened which of s that the June events are the result of result the are events June the that s, and to liberate the discourse from discourse the liberate to and s, atmtd o eosrt ta the that demonstrate to attempted y ed to the Kyrgyzstan’s tragedy by by tragedy Kyrgyzstan’s the to ed s largely contextual and cannot be cannot and contextual largely s ncient ethnic antagonism between between antagonism ethnic ncient nflict in the south of Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan of south the in nflict gh there are differences between between differences are there gh onflict as “ethnic”, we are also also arewe as “ethnic”, onflict d chronological dates of the the of dates chronological d 67 CEU eTD Collection Brass, Paul. Asankanov, Abilabek. “Ethnic Conflict in the Osh Re Osh the in Conflict “Ethnic Abilabek. Asankanov, Anna Matveeva, Igor Savin, Bahrom Faizullaev. “Kyrg Faizullaev. Bahrom IgorSavin, AnnaMatveeva, Asel Murzakulova and John Schoeberlein. “The Invent Schoeberlein.“The and John Murzakulova Asel Berdikeeva, Saltanat. “National Identity Kyrgyzs in “National Berdikeeva,Saltanat. Offices Kyrgyzstan Regional Seize Loyalists Bakiyev Brass, Paul.

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30 (October 1997): 1-20. 1-20. 1997): (October 30 ak of violence in the ethnic boiling- ethnic the in akof violence ” In The Oxford Handbook of Handbook InOxford ” The , vol. 32, no. 2, (1995)133–49. (1995)133–49. 2, no. 32, vol. , thropological analysis of violence in of violence in analysis thropological as death toll rises.” toll as death and Society, Kyrgyzstan.” Kyrgyzstan.” and Society, ign Broadcast Information Information Broadcast ign June 17, 2010. 2010. 17, June t, and Ethnic Conflict: A Conflict: and Ethnic t, an Stokes. 274-291. Oxford: Oxford: 274-291. anStokes. -gangs-accused-of- nd the Collapse of the the of Collapse the nd The The nal Riots in in Riots nal 72 CEU eTD Collection

interest mentioned in theintext mentioned interest Fig. 1. 1. Fig. Appendix: General Maps General map of Kyrgyzstan, showing the location oflocation showing the Generalmap ofKyrgyzstan,

provinces, administrative centers, and other featur and administrativecenters, provinces, esof 73

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Fig. 2. 2. Fig. Uyghurs, and Tajiks; National) and Uyghurs, t ofthe exceeding1 percent nationalities (“other” Kyrgyzstan ethnicity map showing the distribution o distribution mapthe Kyrgyzstanshowing ethnicity

otal population of Kyrgyzstan in 2009 include Russi include 2009 in ofKyrgyzstan population otal f Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, and “other” nationalities “other”nationalities and Uzbeks, fKyrgyz, ans, Dungans, Dungans, ans, 74