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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Disobedience, Discipline UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Disobedience, Discipline, and the Contest for Order in the Early National New England Militia A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Christopher Alan Bray 2012 © Copyright by Christopher Alan Bray 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Disobedience, Discipline, and the Contest for Order in the Early National New England Militia by Christopher Alan Bray Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Joan Waugh, Co-Chair Professor Michael Meranze, Co-Chair This dissertation examines conflict and discipline in the militias of five New England states during the years 1792 to 1826, describing local contests for order during a period of postrevolutionary testing and negotiation. While historians have argued that the model of universal white male militia service failed in the early republic because of legislative neglect and administrative inattention, this study argues that the men subject to militia service shaped the institution to a substantial degree through their willingness to dissent and disobey. They engaged in ordered disobedience, signaling their values and placing authority within the limits they made by their local action. Further, militia discipline eroded the boundaries between military affairs and social relations, making a state institution subject to broad sources of conflict and tension. Military character and social identity were inextricably intertwined. These conflicts in the militia were not conflicts ii between order and disorder, as they are often depicted, but rather were competitions between competing conceptions of order. The first chapter examines state courts martial as structured social trials, "conversations with verdicts." The second chapter examines contests over political and institutional boundaries, many of which related to questions of court martial jurisdiction and the limits of military authority, as when militia officers were tried by military courts for off-duty political speech. The third chapter examines contests over social honor that took place before state military courts, as militia officers stood accused of eccentricity, licentiousness, and other forms of poor character. The fourth and final chapter examines contests over the election of militia officers, particularly in Massachusetts, finding that the establishment of military authority in local militia units was often hampered by social conflict and disputes over the nature of proper authority. iii The dissertation of Christopher Alan Bray is approved. Joan Waugh, Co-Chair Michael Meranze, Co-Chair Geoffrey Robinson Dora L. Costa University of California, Los Angeles 2012 iv To my family, for their love and support. v Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter One: "Such Warring and Contradictory Judgments" 17 Chapter Two: "In His Ordinary Costume" 79 Chapter Three: "Every Thing That Is Dear to Man" 136 Chapter Four: "As Peaceable as Elections Usually Are" 201 Conclusion: 250 Appendix A: New England Courts Martial, 1792-1826 251 Appendix B: Courts Martial Frequency by Year 272 Bibliography 273 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first spoke with Joan Waugh in 2002, as I considered the possibility of applying to graduate school. She has been patient, considerate, and generous throughout all of the years that followed, and I am grateful to her for the personal and professional guidance she offered. I appreciate her many years of kind attention, without which I could not have successfully completed this dissertation. After reading the first draft, she offered the best advice anyone ever gave me in grad school: go back to the archives. She was right. Michael Meranze joined this project as co-chair on the first day we met, and has also offered patient and generous guidance throughout the years that followed. He has a disturbing ability to find every last flaw in an argument, the result of the close and careful reading he gives to everything he reads. Again, I could not have completed this dissertation without his effort and insight. Both have been more patient with this dissertation than I have, and I thank them. Geoffrey Robinson served as the third reader for this dissertation, but also played a substantial role in my ability to survive grad school. I first met him when I worked as a teaching assistant in his survey course on Southeast Asia since 1800, and I later had several opportunities to work grading exams in that class. A reminder to the students in History 176B: Suharto and Sukarno are still not the same guy. Dora Costa served as outside reader, and has always been helpful and quick to respond. I am grateful to both for their time and generosity. vii Without the help of archivists all over New England, I could not even have begun this project. My thanks to the archivists at the American Antiquarian Society, the Huntington Library, the state archives in Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, the historical societies of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Newport, the Massachusetts National Guard Museum and Archive, and the Fogler Library at the University of Maine. I am particularly grateful to Keith Vezeau at the Massachusetts National Guard Museum and Archives, Jeannie Sherman at the Connecticut State Archives, Frank Mevers at the New Hampshire State Archives, and Kenneth Carlson at the Rhode Island State Archives. The director of the Massachusetts National Guard Museum and Archives, Len Kondriatuk, a historian of the militia, offered years of encouragement and insight. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts provides a lightly funded nineteenth-century armory for its National Guard archives, and I fondly remember the days when the staff there had to turn off the air conditioner so they could use the photocopier. It is an extraordinary facility in an unlikely setting, and I fondly remember the weeks I spent there. I had several opportunities to present the research that went into this dissertation, and those presentations helped me to clarify my understanding of the material. I am grateful to David Silbey, who convened and chaired a panel that I joined at the annual conference of the Society for Military History, and to John Hall, who generously served as commenter for that panel. I also thank the graduate students and faculty at the University of Alabama, where I presented a paper at the excellent Graduate Student History Conference on Power and Struggle. At the American Antiquarian Society, Paul J. Erickson kindly arranged for me to give a lunchtime talk about my very earliest research viii on militia courts martial. Finally, my thanks to Ruth Bloch and Ellen Dubois for their generous discussion of this research during a presentation to the History Department's Graduate Student Colloquium. Graduate school is an endurance test, and I am grateful to the UCLA History Department for providing me with research funding, and for the opportunity to work as a teaching assistant. I thank the professors for whom I worked as teaching assistant: Jessica Wang, Andrea Goldman, Kevin Terraciano, Arthur Ralston, and Arch Getty, as well as Geoffrey Robinson and Ellen Dubois. Thank you also to William Deverell of the University of Southern California, and to Alfred W. McCoy, who both gave me valuable opportunities to work as a research assistant. Hadley Porter, the Director of Student Affairs in the History Department, has been patiently answering my questions for years, and I am glad to have the chance to stop pestering her with helplessly confused email messages. Most important, I thank my family for their incredible patience and support. My wife, Ann Cherkis, my daughter, Madeline Cherkis-Bray, and my parents, Hal and Linda Bray, have put up with it all for years. I am grateful to them above all. ix VITA 2003 B.A., History Pitzer College Claremont, CA 2005 M.A., History University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 2004-2005 and 2006-2009 Teaching Assistant University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 1999-2001 and 2005-2006 Infantryman United States Army PUBLICATION “Every Right to be Where She Was: The Legal Reconstruction of Black Self-Defense in Jim Crow Florida." The Florida Historical Quarterly, Winter 2009 (Vol. 87, No. 3). Pp. 352-377. PRESENTATIONS “‘An Healing Evil’: Settler Paramilitaries, Nascent State Institutions, and the Revolutionary Legacy in the Early United States.” University of Alabama Graduate History Conference, March 6-9, 2009. "'Reduced to Order': State Violence and the Contest over Social Discipline in the Early Republic." Society for Military History Annual Conference, May 20-23, 2010. SERVICE Presidential Transition Committee, Pitzer College (2003) Alternate Field Representative, UCLA Graduate Council, (2004) Grad Student Representative, UCLA History Dept. Business Committee (2009-2010) Field Representative, UCLA Graduate Council (2009-2010 x Introduction "I am forty-two years of age, have about half the period of my life been engaged in military duty, + have hitherto escaped censure in the execution of the various offices I have sustained in a regular progression in rank from a private to the office which I now hold, + the reputation acquired by punctuality + fidelity in the discharge of duty as a military officer being the principal claim to respectability I now hold (for I have no title to influence from wealth) when I contemplate the attack now made on my character by the charges exhibited before you, I feel no disposition to suppress what is indeed a most interesting fact, that the importance of a fair reputation to myself + a young family dependent on my standing in society for their own rank among their fellow citizens, makes the trial which I am now undergoing before you the most serious event of my life." -- Trial of Capt. Alpheus Shumway, 18201 The history of the postrevolutionary American militia has been built around a paradox in which Americans feared the threat of a standing army, but the institution they intended as its alternative never cohered or functioned reliably as an instrument of armed force.
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