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Captain Robert Niles and the Connecticut State Navy

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Captain Robert Niles and the Connecticut State Navy Captain Robert Niles and the Connecticut State Navy sheldon s. cohen NLIKE most military campaigns of the Revolution, U American naval activities have scarcely received the at- tention they deserved. William J. Morgan, former editor of the Naval Documents of the American Revolution series, and a distinguished maritime historian, has noted that, “all too fre- quently historians of the American Revolution have ignored the maritime aspects of the conflict, or, at best, have reflected slight understanding of that decisive element.” The lives, exploits, and achievements of men such as John Paul Jones, Esek Hop- kins, Joshua Barney, Abraham Whipple, and John Barry have received considerable scholarly coverage; but other American naval figures also performed valuable, yet unheralded, services during this struggle for independence. Any new historical em- phasis on the maritime aspects of the American Revolution may allow for greater expositions of the careers and contributions of some of these lesser-known mariners, such as Connecticut’s Captain Robert Niles.1 The first son of a respected farmer, Robert Niles was born on 2 September 1734 in Groton, Connecticut. Although Gro- ton and the nearby commercial center New London were part of an extensive maritime network, Niles’s first experience with the military was in militia service. In February 1757, during the French and Indian War, he enlisted as a clerk in Colonel 1William J. Morgan, review of William M. Fowler, Rebels Under Sail: the American Navy during the Revolution (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976)intheAmerican Historical Review 82 (1977): 176. The New England Quarterly, vol. LXXXIX, no. 1 (March 2016). C 2016 by The New England Quarterly. All rights reserved. doi:10.1162/TNEQ a 00513. 84 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/TNEQ_a_00513 by guest on 29 September 2021 ROBERT NILES 85 Phineas Lyman’s regiment. He was discharged the following December, but the next March, commissioned as a second lieutenant in a company commanded by John Stanton of Gro- ton and under Colonel Nathan Whiting’s regimental command. Niles returned to Connecticut after the campaign of 1758;the following April, he was again listed in Captain Stanton’s com- pany of recruits. The company was stationed at Lake George in northern New York by June 1759, though it was then noted that Lieutenant Niles had not joined his unit. A final wartime entry showed his reappointment as a company officer in Con- necticut’s muster of March 1760.2 After the French and Indian War, Niles had relocated with his growing family to Norwich in New London County, on the Thames River, and became involved in the expansion of trade with the West Indies as increasing numbers of New En- gland ships set their courses for Grand Turk, Antigua, and other Caribbean ports. The vessels, usually owned by promi- nent colony merchants such as Nathaniel Shaw, Jr., varied both in size and safety, but opportunities for profit and adventure at- tracted many young sea captains who were willing to undertake the arduous and often treacherous voyages.3 And for several of these Connecticut merchant captains such as Charles Bulkeley, Elisha Hinman, Seth Harding, and Robert Niles, these trips provided maritime training for subsequent wartime commands. As for Niles’s own experiences, these pre-Revolutionary trading voyages were not without excitement. The Connecticut Gazette reported on 18 September 1767 that at the beginning of the month, Niles, returning home near Turks Island and Bahama had chanced upon five survivors of a Philadelphia vessel that had capsized and left these mariners clinging to the overturned bottom. Niles rescued these mariners, who claimed that their 2Charles J. Hoadly, ed., “Rolls of Connecticut Men in the French and Indian War, 1756–1762,” The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, May 1757–March 1762, Connecticut Historical Society Collections (Hartford: Connecticut Historical Society, 1880), 6:95, 97, 224, 228, 356, 9 (1903–05):190, 10 (1906–09):45, 126, 178 (hereafter referred to as Hoadly, Public Records of Conn.). 3Dorothy B. Goebel, “The New England Trade and the French West Indies 1767– 1774, A Study in Trade Policies,” William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser., 21 (1963):331– 35, 360–72. Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/TNEQ_a_00513 by guest on 29 September 2021 86 THE NEW ENGLAND QUARTERLY ship “not being sufficiently Ballas’d” was unable to manage the vagaries of weather they had encountered.4 A patriot, Niles was among forty-seven older members of lo- cal militia companies that petitioned the Connecticut General Assembly in May 1775 to establish them into an independent militia company called the “Norwich Light Guards.” Although their petition was not granted, Niles continued to volunteer his services for the insurgent cause. On 6 July, Connecticut’s Gov- ernor Jonathan Trumbull recognized Niles’s abilities when he recounted the request of Colonel Edward Mott, the colony’s engineer at Fort Ticonderoga, to send “a Captain (Robert) Niles as commander for one of the several armed vessels upon Lake George.”5 Shortly thereafter, Niles led a naval action when, the brig Nancy, owned by Josiah Winslow, a Boston loyalist, was forced into Stonington Harbor by bad weather. The ship, under the command of Thomas Davis, was returning from the West Indies with a valuable cargo including 19,000 gallons of molasses. The opportunity was not lost on Joseph Trumbull, commissary general for Connecticut’s troops, who wrote to New London County Justice Christopher Leffingwell, a Nor- wich resident, that General Washington desired to have the cargo “secured for the use of the Army.” In Norwich, Leffin- gwell, a close friend of Niles, reacted immediately to Colonel Mott’s request regarding Niles, and the town’s Committee of Inspection also chose him to lead the seizure of the vessel. On 10 July 1775, Niles and his men sailed in a large armed sloop to Stonington, captured the Nancy, and brought her back to 4The Connecticut Gazette and Universal Intelligencer, 13 September, 4 October 1767; Louis F. Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1925), 1:7–8. 5Militia Papers, 2nd ser., 2148,a-c,p.9, and Revolutionary War, 1763–1789, 1st ser., 4 (pt. 2):254–58, Connecticut State Archives, Hartford, Conn. (hereafter referred to as Conn. State Archives). Edward Mott to Jonathan Trumbull, 6 July 1775,Jonathan Trumbull to Philip Schulyer, 6 July 1775, Trumbull to Christopher Leffingwell, 28 July 1775, John Deshon to Leffingwell, 6 August 1775 in Naval Documents of the American Revolution, William B. Clark et al., eds., 12 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Division, Department of the Navy, 1964–2014), 1:829–33, 999, 1077–78 (hereafter referred to as Naval Documents of the Revolution). Joan Nafle, To the Beat of a Drum: A History of Norwich, Connecticut during the American Revolution (Norwich: Conn. Old Town Press, 1975), pp. 79–80. Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/TNEQ_a_00513 by guest on 29 September 2021 ROBERT NILES 87 Norwich. The ship and her cargo were to be the object of bitter legal and political contention for more than a year until the General Assembly finally settled the matter. Even though Connecticut had not yet granted Niles an official commission, the seizure of Nancy served to give him sufficient acclaim to be awarded his next command.6 On 1 July 1775, Connecticut became one of the first Amer- ican colonies to establish its own navy. Twelve of the thirteen states (New Jersey was the exception) did. The Connecticut General Assembly resolved that the “two vessels of a suitable burthen be immediately fitted out and armed with a proper number of cannon, swivel guns, and small arms and furnished with necessary warlike stores and well officered and manned for the defense of the sea coasts in this colony under the care and direction of his Hon., the Governor and Committee of the Council (the Council of Safety) appointed to assist7 him in the recess of the General Assembly.” Three weeks later this exec- utive body selected a committee to visit certain Connecticut seaport towns to search for proper and suitable vessels, as well as officers and men to sail them. On 2 August, the committee initially reported that “sundry vessels may be had on reason- able terms, but none can be found perfectly accommodated for war vessels.” After some discussion, the governor and Council of Safety decided to purchase and fit out a brig belonging to Captain William Griswold of Wethersfield and also to charter “a vessel of small burden and a fast sailor [sic.] of about 20, 25, or 30 tons.” The larger of these ships was the brig Minerva, captained by Giles Hall of Wallingford. The “smaller vessel” was to be used primarily for intelligence-gathering missions, and Robert Niles, who received his commission in Lebanon on 6Sheldon S. Cohen, “We Dare Oppose Them, The Connecticut State Navy in the Revolution,” The Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin, 47 (July, 1982):1–10; Minutes of the Connecticut Council of Safety, 2 August 1775, Robert Niles to Jonathan Trumbull, 25 September 1775, in Clark et al., Naval Documents of the Revolution, 1:796–97, 1041–42, 2:243; Hoadly, Public Records of Conn., 15:516–17.Nafle,To the Beat of a Drum, p. 73. Middlebrook, Maritime Conn. in the Revolution, 1:33–39, 193, 2:13. 7Cohen, “We Dare Oppose Them,” pp. 8–12; Captain Robert Niles to Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, 25 September 1775, Clark et al., Naval Documents of the Revolution, 2:203; Middlebrook, Maritime Conn. in the Revolution, 2:193. Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/TNEQ_a_00513 by guest on 29 September 2021 88 THE NEW ENGLAND QUARTERLY 7 August was to be its commander with Benjamin Huntington and John Deshon assigned to see her made ready for sale.8 On Monday, 14 August, Huntington, a member of the government’s search committee, reported that the fifty-ton schooner Britannia, owned by Thomas Hancox of Stonington, was available for purchase.
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