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Namibia: Country Case Study Report Namibia: Country Case Study Report How Law and Regulation Support Disaster Risk Reduction United Nations Development Programme June 2014 IFRC-UNDP Series on Legal Frameworks to support Disaster Risk Reduction United Nations Development Programme United Nations Development Programme NAMIBIA: COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT How Law and Regulation Supports DRR │ June 2014 │ About this report This report was commissioned by UNDP and prepared by Mr Ewan Powrie. It is one of a series of case studies UNDP is undertaking with the IFRC as part of a global research project to learn about how law and regulation support disaster risk reduction. For more information about the project and various case studies as they become available, please visit: www.drr-law.org About UNDP UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in more than 170 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. Since 2005, UNDP through the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery has provided extensive support to over 58 countries to develop and strengthen their legislative frameworks for disaster risk reduction, one of the priority areas in the Hyogo Framework for Action. United Nations Development Programme One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017 www.undp.org About the IFRC Disaster Law Programme The IFRC Disaster Law Programme seeks to reduce human vulnerability by promoting effective legal frameworks for disaster risk reduction and legal preparedness for disasters. It works in three main areas: collaboration with National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and other partners to offer technical assistance to governments on disaster law issues; building the capacity of National Societies and other stakeholders on disaster law; and dissemination, advocacy and research. E-mail: [email protected]. Website:www.ifrc.org/dl International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies P.O. Box 303 CH-1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 42 22 Cover photograph: Sousevlei, Namibia ©UN Photo/John Isaac United Nations Development Programme NAMIBIA: COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT │ How Law and Regulation Supports DRR │ June 2014 Namibia: Country Case Study Report How Law and Regulation Supports Disaster Risk Reduction UNDP June 2014 IFRC-UNDP Series on Legal Frameworks to support Disaster Risk Reduction 1 United Nations Development Programme NAMIBIA: COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT │ How Law and Regulation Supports DRR │ June 2014 1 Copyright © United Nations Development Programme, 2014 All rights reserved Prepared in Namibia 1 United Nations Development Programme NAMIBIA: COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT │ How Law and Regulation Supports DRR │ June 2014 Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 1. Introduction, Background & Project Objectives .................................................................................................. 10 1.1 Law & DRR Project Background ............................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Country Risk Profile ................................................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Governmental & Law-Making Structure .................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Meaning of Key Terms ............................................................................................................................... 14 2. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 2.1 Project Objectives ....................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Local & Community Visits ......................................................................................................................... 18 3. Findings on Regulatory Frameworks for DRR & their Implementation .............................................................. 20 3.1 DRR in Disaster Management Law & Institutions ..................................................................................... 20 3.2 Responsibility, Accountability & Liability for Disaster Risk Reduction .................................................... 32 3.3 DRR & Law on Specific Hazards ............................................................................................................... 33 3.4 Early Warning Systems & Risk Mapping ................................................................................................... 35 3.5 Regulation of the Built Environment .......................................................................................................... 40 3.5.1 Building Codes ....................................................................................................................................... 40 3.5.2 Land Use Planning Laws ........................................................................................................................ 41 3.5.3 Land Tenure ........................................................................................................................................... 43 3.5.4 Informal & Precarious Settlements ......................................................................................................... 47 3.5.5 Urban Water & Flood Management ....................................................................................................... 49 3.6 Regulation of the Natural & Rural Environment ........................................................................................ 50 3.6.1 Environmental Management .................................................................................................................. 50 3.6.2 Forest Management & Exploitation ....................................................................................................... 56 3.6.3 Rivers & Watercourses in Rural Areas ................................................................................................... 58 3.7 DRR Education & Awareness ..................................................................................................................... 61 4. Conclusions & Observations ................................................................................................................................ 65 4.1 Good Practices & Examples ....................................................................................................................... 65 4.2 Gaps in the Legal Framework for DRR ...................................................................................................... 66 4.3 Effectiveness of Community Level Implementation ................................................................................... 68 6. Annexes................................................................................................................................................................ 70 Annex A List of Persons & Groups Consulted.................................................................................................. 70 Annex B Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 73 Annex C Project Terms of Reference ............................................................................................................... 78 2 United Nations Development Programme NAMIBIA: COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT │ How Law and Regulation Supports DRR │ June 2014 List of Tables and Figures Table 1: Impact of natural disasters in Namibia, 1900 – 2013 ............................................................. 11 Figure 1: Spatial distribution of mean annual rainfall in Namibia (mm) .............................................. 12 Figure 2: Institutional framework for DRM in Namibia ........................................................................ 26 Figure 3: Current organizational structure of the Directorate of Disaster Risk Management ............. 27 Figure 4: Channels of communication for Early Warning information ................................................. 37 3 United Nations Development Programme NAMIBIA: COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT │ How Law and Regulation Supports DRR │ June 2014 Executive Summary The Republic of Namibia has been in existence since March 1990, gaining independence from South Africa following the Namibian War of Independence. During the last few decades the country has experienced economic growth and achieved significant improvements in many areas vital to development, including
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