Environmental Criteria Analysis Can
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ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA ANALYSIS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINABLE LOCAL LEVEL LAND USE PLANNING – LINYANTI/KATIMA MULILO RURAL/KABBE CONSTITUENCI ES, CAPRIVI REGION, NAMIBIA PANDULENI NDIBA HAMUKWAYA A minithesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Philosophiae in the Faculty of Economic Management Science, University of the Western Cape Supervisor: Dr M Hara November, 2007 Key words: Ecosystem approach Environmental criteria Environmental indicators Environmental framework Environmental sustainability Land users Land use practices Land use plans Land use planning Participatory Rural Appraisal 2 ABSTRACT The contribution of local knowledge to land use panning and sustainable utilization of natural resources is enormous, yet often overlooked by conventional top-down approaches of regional integrated land use plans. The rich knowledge of local land users contribution to implementation of top-down plans is very important. The study investigates the importance of environmental criteria analysis in sustainable land management through engaging the community at local level, using Salambala Conservancy in Katima Mulilo Rural, Lusese Village in Kabbe and Mayuni Conservancy in Linyanti constituencies, Caprivi region, North East Namibia as case studies. Looking at an array of environmental indicators and land use practices which people use, the study investigates the proportional contribution of complex indigenous land use management strategies of the environment. It further revealed that wherever different groups of people use land and its resources, land use is always planned, consciously or subconsciously. The study uses several methods to capture these issues of interest. Evaluation of environmental sustainability through an appropriate environmental framework is applied as an approach to engage local level land use planning. Pressure State Response Framework (PSR) was found to be useful methodology at local community level for identifying the right indicators for monitoring objectives. It was also established that Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was an appropriate method for engaging the local community at different levels to participate in activities for land use planning. The PRA exercises could help to generate knowledge and understanding of seemingly logical decisions on land uses through familiarisation with background information on study sites. 3 The study concludes by demonstrating how the problem of integrating environmental considerations into land use plans can be overcome. One of the main conclusions from the study is that there is an alternative possible way of engaging and integrating local level land use practices (LUP) with regional land use plans. The expectation is that there is a need to integrate bottom-up local level planning with regional planning in order to ensure environmental and development sustainability. 4 DECLARATION I declare that Environmental Criteria Analysis can contribute to Sustainable Local Level Land Use Planning in the, Katima Mulilo Rural, Linyanti and Kabbe Constituencies, Caprivi Region, Namibia is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. Panduleni Ndiba Hamukwaya November, 2007 Signed………………………………………………………………………….. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to thank my MPhil supervisor Dr. Mafaniso Hara, School of Government, Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS), University of the Western Cape for his patience in reviewing drafts version of this minithesis, superb guidance, advice and support. The work and interaction with land users in Katima Mulilo Rural, Kabbe and Linyanti constituencies, Caprivi region, North East Namibia was a huge experience and through PRA exercises and interviews, we shared useful local knowledge insights and exchanged many ideas. My sincere thanks go to Reagan Chunga and Sandjahi Martin for their help during the field work. I am especially indebted to Jack Kambatuku, Dr. Julianne Zeidler and James Williams for their assistance in reviewing and correcting the spelling and grammar of the thesis. I am extremely grateful to the Belgian Technical Cooperation, South Africa for providing the bursary, without their generous support this MPhil study would not have been accomplished. I would also like to acknowledge the kind support from GTZ and IECN of Namibia which assisted logistically during field work. 6 Table of Contents ABSTRCT…………………………… ………………………………………………...3 DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………...6 TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………...7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………9 CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................... 13 1.3 RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................................................. 15 1.3.1 RATIONALE FOR THE CHOICE OF THE CASE STUDY ............................................................... 15 OPERATIONAL LINKS AND ARRANGEMENTS ................................................................................. 15 1.3.2 SELECTION OF THE CASE STUDY AREAS .................................................................................. 16 1.3.3 LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE CASE STUDY AREAS .................................................... 16 1.4 THESIS OUTLINE ...................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 24 2.1 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.1 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................ 24 PRELIMINARY PLANNING (DESK TOP STUDY) ....................................................................................... 24 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION AT REGIONAL LEVEL ............................................................................. 24 2.1.2 APPROACH TO IMPLEMENT THE STUDY METHOD AT COMMUNITY LEVEL (LOCAL LEVEL) 25 2.1.3 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AT COMMUNITY LEVEL (LOCAL LEVEL) ......................... 26 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 31 3.1 NATIONAL CONTEXT – POLICY ANALYSIS .................................................................... 31 3.1.1 BACKGROUND OF SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT (SLM) CONTEXT IN NAMIBIA ....... 31 3.1.2 OVERVIEW OF LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM IN NAMIBIA ........................................... 32 3.1.3 HOW LAND REFORM RELATES TO SLM IN NAMIBIA ............................................................ 33 3.2 LOCAL CONTEXT – ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES .................................. 34 3.2.1 REGIONAL CONTEXT – CAPRIVI REGION................................................................................ 34 3.2.2 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND LAND USE ................................................................................. 36 3.2.3 CLIMATE AND RAINFALL ......................................................................................................... 37 3.2.4 GENERAL LIVELIHOODS IN CAPRIVI REGION ........................................................................ 38 3.2.5 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC .......................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 40 4.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................. 40 4.1.1 ECOSYSTEM APPROACH (EA) ................................................................................................. 40 4.1.2 INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT ................................................................ 45 4.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS AND FRAMEWORKS .............................................................. 47 CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................................ 52 5.1 RESULTS OF QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY AT REGIONAL LEVEL ............................. 52 7 5.2 RESULTS OF COMMUNITY PRA EXERCISES AT LOCAL LEVEL ............................. 59 CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................................................ 63 6.1 DISCUSSIONS OF RESULTS BASED ON RESPONDENT’S QUESTIONNAIRE AT REGIONAL LEVEL ................................................................................................................... 63 6.1.1 DOCUMENTING CAPRIVI REGIONAL LOCAL LEVEL LUP PRACTICES ................................... 63 6.1.2 ANALYSIS IF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ARE WELL INTEGRATED INTO LUP ...... 67 6.2 DISCUSSION