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IMPACT of FLOODS on RURAL LIVELIHOODS of PEOPLE RESIDING in FLOOD PRONE AREAS: the CASE of LUHONONO COMMUNITY Ln the ZAMBEZI REGION of NAMIBIA

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IMPACT of FLOODS on RURAL LIVELIHOODS of PEOPLE RESIDING in FLOOD PRONE AREAS: the CASE of LUHONONO COMMUNITY Ln the ZAMBEZI REGION of NAMIBIA IMPACT OF FLOODS ON RURAL LIVELIHOODS OF PEOPLE RESIDING IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS: THE CASE OF LUHONONO COMMUNITY lN THE ZAMBEZI REGION OF NAMIBIA By MASHEBE PERCY MASHEBE (STUDENT NO: 2006067124) Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree Master in Disaster Management In the Disaster Management Training and Education Centre for Africa At the UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE Study Leader: DR. ANDRIES JORDAAN 2015 Declaration L Mashebe Percy Mashebe, declare that thi mini-dissertation hereby submitted for the MASTER 'S DEG REE in DISASTER RI SK MA AGEME T at the Faculty of atural and Agriculture Sc iences, Uni versity of the Free State, is my own independent wo rk and that I have not previously submitted this wo rk for a qu alificati on at another uni versity. TUDE TS AME: Mashebe Percy Mashebe T DE T SIG ATURE: .. .. ...... ....................... DATE: .............. .. ............ .. Acknowledgements In the first place, I wo uld like to thank our mi ght y God fo r giving me st rength, wisdom and capacity to carry out thi s research. Secondly, I wo uld li ke to offe r my great thanks to Dr Andri es Jordaan, my supervisor, fo r hi s strong support, gu idance and contin uous encouragements th roughout the process of thi s research . Thirdly, I wo uld like to thank the trad iti onal leaders of the Luhonono area for all owing me to co llect data in their area without any fo rm of di ffi culties. Fourthly, I wo ul d like to thank the Katima Mul ilo Campus Director, Dr B. Kangumu . and the Deputy Dean, Dr C. Chata, fo r thei r support in all owi ng me to carry out the field work for this research. Finall y, I wo uld like to thank my wife, Meshelle, my two da ughters, Li sa and Jerrelyn, and my son, Percy Junior, fo r their support during the time when I was away at times working on this project. II TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................................................................. i AC KNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii LIST OF FIG URES ............................................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... viii KEYWORDS .................................................................................................................... viii DEFINITION OF TERMS ................................................................................................ ix LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ J 1. 1 Introduction ... .. ................................. ........................................................... .. .. .. I 1.2 Descripti on of Study area .......... ...... ............ ...................... ............... ......... .. ...... 2 1.2. 1 Location .. .................................................................................................... .. ..... 2 1.2.2 Climate .. ... ............. .... ..................................... ...................... .......................... .... 4 1.2.3 Topography and soil type .................... .. .. .............................. ...................... ...... 5 1.2.4 Vegetation .. ...................... ............................................................................. ..... 5 1.2.5 Socio-economic activities ..................................................... ............................. 6 1.3 Problem staternent ........................................... ........... ........ .. .. ........................... 6 I .4 Conceptual Framework ..................................... .. .. ....................... .. ...... .... ....... ... 7 1.5 Research objectives ........... .................... .. .. .. .. ... ... .. ............................................ 8 I .5.1 Sub-objecti ves ........ .... .............................. .. ............................. ........... .. ............. 8 1.6 Null hypotheses .. .. ...................................... ........ ........................... .. .......... ....... 8 1.7 Significance of the study ............................................................... .. .................. 8 1.8 Scope of the study ......................................................................................... .. ... 9 1.9 Outli ne of the report .... .. .............. ............... ... .. .. ................. .. ....... .. ... .. ....... .. .. .... 9 I. I 0 Conclusion ............................................................................ ..... ............ ........ .. I 0 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction ........................... ................................. .. .. ..................................... 12 2. 1.1 The Sustainable Livelihood Approach (S LA) model ...................................... 13 2.1. 2 Live Iih ood capital assets .................................................................................. 14 2.1.3 Vul nerability context ............... .. .. ......... .. ......................................................... 17 2.1.4 Livelihood strategies .. .. .. .. .. .. ................ .............................. .. .............. .............. 17 2.1.5 Li velihood outcome .... ... .......... ........... ................... .. ..... .......... ..... ................ ... 17 2.2 Pressure and Release (PAR) model .. ... .. ................................. .. .. .......... ......... .. 18 11 1 2.2.1 Root Causes of Vulnerability ................................... ....................................... 19 2.2.2 Dynam ic pressures .. ......................................................................................... 20 2.2.3 Unsafe conditions ............................................................................................ 20 CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 22 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................... ...................... 22 3.2 Overview of floods as a natural disaster. ......................................................... 22 3.3 Types of Floods ........................................................................................... .. .. 25 3.3. 1 Ri verine floods ................................................................................................ 25 3.3.2 Flash floods ...................................................................................................... 26 3.4 Flood characteristics ........................................................................................ 27 3.5 The impact of floods on the livelihoods of peopl e .......................................... 28 3.6 Causes of Flooding ................................................................... ....................... 30 3.7 Positive impacts of floods ................................................................................ 32 3.7. 1 Different vu lnerabilities and impacts to flood ing ............................................ 33 3.7. 1.1 Economic Im pacts (Direct and Indirect) ............. ............................................ 34 3.7.1.2 Social Impact (Direct and Indirect) ......................................................... .. ...... 35 3.7. 1.3 Environmental Impact (Direct and Indi rect) .................................................. 36 3.7.2 Coping or resilience against fl ooding .................................................... .. ... ..... 37 3.8 Economic Benefits of Flood .................................................... ........................ 38 3.8. 1 Lessons learnt from other Flooding Globall y .................................................. 40 3.8.2 Lessons learned from 1993 flood of the upper Mississippi River basin ......... 42 3.8.3 Best Practices from other areas globally in Disaster Management ................. 43 3.9 Root causes of Community Vulnerabili ty to flood .......................................... 44 3. 10 Flooding in study area ......................... ............................................................ 45 3. 11 Local knowledge on flood-related issues ........................................................ 47 3. 12 amibia National Disaster Risk Management Plan (NDRMP), 20 11 ............ 48 3.13 Namibia Disaster Risk Management Act, 20 12 .............................................. 50 3.14 What Government of Namibia did/did not do with regard to fl oods .. 51 3. LS Summary .......................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ................................... 53 4.1 Introduction .......................................................... ...................... ..................... 53 4.2 Nature of the study .......................................................................................... 53 4.3 Study population .. ............................................................................................ 53 4.4 Sampling Method and sample size
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