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Rural Youth Poverty Alleviation in the Zambezi Region: Problems and Possibilities

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Rural Youth Poverty Alleviation in the Zambezi Region: Problems and Possibilities RURAL YOUTH POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN THE ZAMBEZI REGION: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES by NICO LISWANI SISINYIZE Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the subject DEVELOPMENT STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR M.J. RAKOLOJANE September 2019 DECLARATION Name: Nico L. Sisinyize Student Number: 4500-406-4 Degree: Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Development Studies RURAL YOUTH POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN THE ZAMBEZI REGION: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES I declare that the dissertation/thesis is my own, original work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted were indicated and acknowledged with complete reference. I further declare that I submitted the thesis to originality checking software and that it falls within the accepted requirements for originality. I further declare that I have not previously submitted this work, or part of it, for examination at UNISA for another qualification or at any other higher education institution. Signature …………………………. ……..Date: 5 November 2020 i . DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my parents: Victor Sepiso Sisinyize (Late Father) and Agnes Nswahu Sisinyize (Mother) ii . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The successful completion of this study would have been difficult without contributions from academics, family members, and friends. First, I thank God for the gift of life and his guidance throughout the research process. I am indebted to Dr. M.J. Rakolojane for her time and effort in supervising this study, appreciating her wisdom, patience, and motivation that kept me focussed on the theoretical and pragmatic facets of this study. I would also like to express my appreciation towards Dr. J.M. Kamwi and Dr. R.K. Shalyefu for their academic advice, which delivered an indispensable role in shaping my study. I am further indebted to the Department of Development Studies of the University of South Africa for opening avenues, allowing me to further my education. Thank you are also to Mr. Persy W. Misika, Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry; Mrs. Emma Katema-Gaomas, Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Youth, National Service, Sports and Culture; Mr. Peter Amutenya, Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Lands and Reform; Mr. Mandela Kapere, Executive Chairperson of the National Youth Council; Mr. Reagan Mwazi, General Manager for Cooperate Services, for permitting me to undertake the study in their respective ministries and offices. To the Zambezi Regional Council, I owe my gratitude to Hon. Colonel (Rtd) L.A. Sampofu, Governor of the Zambezi Region and Ms. Regina Ndopu-Lubinda, Chief Regional Officer of the Zambezi Regional Council, for permitting me to undertake the study in their respective institutions. I would also like to thank all the traditional authorities, constituency councillors, conservancy committees, and forestry committees, including the entire rural youth in the Zambezi Region for their co-operation and assistance during the data collection process. My sincere gratitude is also attributable to the following individuals and their families: Mr. Robert Kalonda; Mr. Nicolaas Mwambwa; Mr. Christopher Maadyaoo; Mr. Eric Tubatole; Mr. Tobias Sisamu; Mr. Gilbert Mate; iii . Mr. Hudson Sisinyize; Mr. Bernard Mwala Neo; Mr. Earl Sinvula Mudabeti; Ms. Constance Manga Mashosho and Mr. Morgan Silume. My profound words of gratitude also extend to my family: My wife, Winnie Kahundu Sisamu- Sisinyize; my brother, Victor Sepiso Sisinyize; my sisters, Joyce Namataa Sisinyize and Jennety Miyaze Sisinyize. No words can describe how much I value your support. I would also like to thank my children, Kyle Maiba Sisinyize and Aisha Iuze Sisinyize for bearing with my regular absenteeism from home in pursuit to complete my studies. My gratitude to all my friends and family who contributed to my success. It is difficult to mention them all; it is a pleasure to record the value of their contribution in enabling me to complete this study. My appreciation to my editor for her effort in copy-editing, proofreading, and formatting my thesis. iv . ABSTRACT The objectives of the study were to analyse rural youth poverty alleviation in the Zambezi Region, problems, and possibilities in order to determine how rural youth agricultural and non-agricultural livelihood activities have improved their livelihood and alleviated poverty. The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework has helped the researcher to understand and explain rural youth poverty alleviation, problems, and possibilities in the study area. The study employed a mixed-method approach, with more emphasis on qualitative research. The study had a total size sample of 223, respondents, including focus group discussions. The findings indicate that no livelihood analysis was carried out for rural youth in agriculture and non-agricultural activities in the Zambezi Region. For this reason, agricultural and non-agricultural programmes and projects have not addressed rural youth poverty alleviation. The findings also show that rural youth in agriculture and non- agricultural activities are exposed to numerous factors affecting their livelihood, as most of them cannot efficiently affect the vulnerability context. Furthermore, rural youth depends on their families and friends for livelihood support since they lack access to most livelihood assets. Despite livelihood improvement, rural youth faces problems that impede poverty alleviation in both agriculture and non-agricultural livelihood activities; lack of participation in policy deliberations, access to markets, Information Communication Technologies, training in both agriculture and non- agricultural activities, limited access to financial services and limited access to land. The study demonstrates that successful agricultural and non-agricultural programmes need to take rural youth sincerely to influence rural youth poverty alleviation. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the limited literature on rural youth poverty alleviation and also provide a rural youth critique in agriculture and non-agricultural activities in Namibia. Key terms: Rural youth; agriculture; non-agricultural activities; livelihood; Sustainable Livelihoods Approach; Sustainable Livelihoods Framework; poverty alleviation. v . ACRONYMS CBC Community-Based Conservation CBNRM Community-Based Natural Resources Management CF Community Forest CMHA Canadian Mental Health Association CYB Credit for Youth in Business DF Directorate of Forestry DFID Department for International Development DYD Department of Youth Development FANRPAN Food Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network FGD Focus group discussion FINCA Foundation for International Community Assistance GDP Gross Domestic Product GIZ Gesellschaftfür Internationale Zusammenarbeit vi . ICT Information Communication Technology ICTSD International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development IDRC International Development Research Centre IDS Institute of Development Studies IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development IIED International Institute for Environment and Development ILO International Labour Organisation MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry MFMR Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources MIJARC The International Movement for Catholic Agricultural and Rural Youth MJ Ministry of Justice MLR Ministry of Lands and Resettlement MYNSSC Ministry of Youth, National Service, Sports and Culture NAMPORT Namibian Ports Authority NDP National Development Plan vii . NLFS National Labour Force Survey NPC National Planning Commission NSA Namibia Statistics Agency NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product NVS National Voluntary Service NYC National Youth Council NYCS Namibia Youth Credit Scheme NYP National Youth Programme NYS National Youth Service RYD Rural Youth Development RYF Rural Youth Forum SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SLA Sustainable Livelihoods Approach SLF Sustainable Livelihoods Framework TIPEEG Targeted Intervention Program for Employment and Economic Growth viii . UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund WHO World Health Organisation ix . Table of Contents DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. i DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... v ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... xvii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... xx CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................. 1 ORIENTATION OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................
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