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ED344820.Pdf DOCUMENT RESUME ED 344 820 SO 021 913 AUTHOR Mason, John P., Ed.; Clark, Mari H., Ed. TITLE New Directions in U.S. Foreign Assistance and NE! Roles for Anthropologists. Studies in Third World Societies, Publication Number Forty-Four. INSTITUTION College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA. Dept. of Anthropology. PUB DATE Apr 91 NOTE 174p. PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Anthropology; *Developing Nations; Foreign Countries; *Foreign Policy; Futures (of Society); International Relations; *Social Scientists; World Affairs IDENTIFIERS *Foreign Aid ABSTRACT Civen recent developments throughout the world, the status of U.S. foreign assistance policies is uncertain. This document is a collection of papers whose authors, all anthropologists concerned with developing nations, critically examinenew directions in development assistance in the 1990s, The papers includean introduction (M. Clark; J. Mason); "The Future of Foreign Assistance" (G. Britan); "Humanizing the Development Paradigm" (M. Clark); "Actions of the U.S. Congress toward Environmentally Sustainable Foreign Assistance" (K. Moran); "Restructuring National Economies: The Challenge to Development Anthropology" (P. Boyle); "Socialand Institutional Analysis in the African Economic Policy Reform r4rogram" (P. Vondal); "Development Anthropologyin a Rapidly Urtimizing World" (J. Mason); "Gender Issues in Microenterprlse Assistance" (M. Clark); "The Development Fund for Africa: New Opportunities forAnthropology in A.I.D." (D. Hess); and "Practicing the Anthropology of Development: Comments on 'Anthropology and ForeignAssistance" (R. Netting). (DB) ************ *********** * ******** **************** ***************** ***** * Reproductions suppied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made from the original document. ***************************** ***** *************14****** ***************** U IIOEPARTM(NT OP IEDUCATk)N OM, ei 00 t liationa, Vietsmart h awl ImO,Ovanalml EDO( A II( NAL AtSOURCES INFORMATION i f N TI Ft if Ric) j(101 .a rmaol has boon teproduc adIIIIII (ft a.v.0 from thrt marl. or organitafloo 004inaling t N. nO, l hinges hiivc Oeer, 'Nide Ici imolov I'lli rao,otfui, tio,, Itiblily Ilill p wIlS o' .ftr ot oom.olla alatau ili this doc Lk man( (to 1101 nticossedy loplasent official OE RI pos,lion or 1....*. y "1 "PERMISSION TORI 1FIODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS E3[N GRANTED SY TO THE EDUCATIONA: RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER RFST COPY AVAILABLE STUDIES IN THIRD WORLDSOCIETIES is devoted to the study of cultures and societies of theThird World.Each publication contains),apers dealing with a single themeor area, addressed both to scholars and laymen as well as to teachers, students, anipractitioners of social sciences; the papers should bc ofvalue also to applied socialscientists, planners, demographers, community developmentworkers, and other students ofhuman cultures and societies. COPYRIGHT by THE EDITORS Library of Congress CatalogCard Number: 91-072919 Communications concerningeditorial matters, includingrequests to reprint or translate, and correspondence about subscriptions, change ofaddress, ci-culation, and payments should beaddressed to: The Editors STUDIES IN THIRD WORLDSOCIETIES Department of AL'hropology College of William and Mary Williamsburg, Virginia 23185U.S.A. Phone: 804/221-1056 Fax: 801/221-1066 EDITORS VINSON H. SUTLIVE MARIO D. ZAMORA VIRGINIA KERNS TOMOKO HAMADA PUBLISHER DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY Williamsburg, Virginia 23185 U.S.A. Internationai Editorial Advisory Board Carlos H. Aguilar (University of CostaRica), Muhammad Ali (Universityof Malaya), Jacques AL'yot (ChulalongkornUniversity, Thailand), Ghaus Ansari (Kuwait University), George N.Appell (Brandeis University), HaroldBarciay (University of Alberta, Canada), EttaBecker-Donner (Museum fur Volkerkunde, Vienna, Austria), Harumi Befu (StanfordUniversity), Ignacio Bernal (Instituto Nacional de Antropologiae Historia, Mexico), Ronald M. Berndt(University of Western Australia), Fernando Camara(Instituto Nacional de Antropologiae Historia, Mexico), Paulo de Carvalho-Neto(Sao Paulo, Brazil), S. Chandrasekhar (California State University), K.C. Chang(Harvard University), Chen Chi-lu (National Taiwan University, China),Hackeny Choe (Seoul NationalUniversity, Korea), George Coelho (NationalInstitute of Mental Health, Maryland),Ronald Cohen (University of Florida),Ronald Crocombe (University of thePacific, Fiji Island), May N. Diaz (University of California,Berkeley), Fred Eggan (University of Chicago), S. C. Dube (IndiaInstitute of Advanced Study, India),S. N. Eisenstadt (Hebrew University, Israel),Gabriel Escobar M. (PennsylvaniaState University and Lima, Peru), ClaudioEsteva Fabregat (University ofBarcelona, Spain), Orlando Fa ls Borda (Bogota,Colombia), Muhammad Fayyaz(Punjab University, Pakistan, and Queens University,Canada), C. Dean Freudenberger (School of Theology, Claremont,California), Isao Fujimoto (Universityof California, Davis), C.von Furer-Haimendorf (London School ofOriental and African Studies, England),Dante Germino (University ofVirginia), Walter III 4 Goldschmidt (University of California,Los Angeles), Nancie I.. Gonzalez(Boston University), W. W. Howells (HarvardUniversity), Charles C. Hughes (University of Utah Medical Center), Erwin Johnson(State University of New York, Buffalo), Victor T. King (University of Hull),Koentjaraningrat (University of Indonesia), T. A. Lambo (World HealthOrganizabon, Switzerland), Gottfried 0. Land (University of Colorado), Diane K. Lewis(University of California, Santa Cruz), Abdoulaye Ly (University of Dakar,Senegal), Robert A. Manners (Brandeis University), Jamshed Mavalwala(University of Toronto, Canada), Eugenio Fernandez Mendez (Universidad de PuertoRico), Alfredo T. Morales (National Research and Development Centrefor Teacher Education, University of the Philippines), Gananath Obeyesekere(Princeton University, N.J.), Gottfried Oosterwal (Andrews University), MorrisE. Op ler (University of Oklahoma), Alfonso Ortiz (New Mexico), AkinRabibhadana (Thammasat University, Thailand), V. J. Ram (United Nations,Beirut, Lebanon), J. B. Romain (CRESHS, Haiti), Renato I. Rosa Ido (StanfordUniversity), Irving Reuse (Yale University), Kernial S. Sandhu (Institute of SoutheastAsian Studies, Singapore), Spiegal- Rosing (Rhur-Universitat Bochum,Germany), Rodolfo Stavenhagen (El Colegio de Mexico), Akira Takahashi(University of Tokyo, Japan), Reina Torres deArauz (Instituto Nacional de Cultura yDeportes, Panama), Donald Tugby (Queensland University, Australia), Victor C.Uchendu (University of Illinois and Kampala, Uganda), Lionel Vallee (Universityof Montreal, Canada), Mario C. Vasquez (National Office of Agrarian Reform, Peru),L. P. Vidyarthi (Ranchi University, India), B. M. Villanueva (United Nations,New York City), Wong Soon Ka' (Kuching, Sarawak), Inger Wulff(Danish National Museum). iv CONTENTS Publication Number Forty-four April :991 NEW DIRECTIONS IN U.S.FOREIGN ASSISTANCE AND NEW ROLES FORANTHROPOLOGISTS JOHN P. MASON MARI H. CLARK Guest Editors PAGE Introduction Mari H. Clark and Jon P. Mason vii The Future of ForeignAssistance Gerald M. Britan 1 Humanizing the DevelopmentParadigm Mari H. Clark 13 Actions of the U.S. CongressToward Environmentally Sustainable Foreign Assistance Katy Moran 27 Restructuring National Economies:The Challenge to Development Anthropology Philip Boyle 47 Social and InstitutionalAnalysis in the African Economic Policy ReformProgram Patricia J. Vondal 61 Development Anthropologyin a Rapidly Urbanizing World John P. Mason 79 Gender Issues inMicroenterprise Assistance Mari H. Clark 109 fi PAGE The Development Fund forAfrica: New Opportunities for Anthropology in A.I.D. 135 David W. Hess Practicing the Anthropology ofDevelopment: Comments on "Anthropologyand Foreign Assistance" 147 Robert McC. Netting 153 Notes on Contributors vi INTRODUCTION NEW DIRECTIONS INU.S. FOREIGN ASSISTANCEAND NEW ROLES FORANTHROPOLOGISTS MARI H. CLARK and JOHN P. MASON' The world is changingat an acceleratingpace in remarkable significantly affecting the ways that are nature, substance, and modesof delivery of U.S.foreign assistance. Fiveyears ago, who would havedared to imagine that Pact countries would be the Warsaw holding elections andseeking to build marketeconomies in the wake of Perestroikain the U.S.S.R.? Who and Western would have believedthat Arab powers would join forces toremove Iraqi troops from Kuwait? Forty years ago, whowould have predicted to rubble by World War that Japan, a nationreduced II, would beone of the largest donors offoreign assistance?Nor would they haveguessed that the then countries such as Korea, "underdeveloped" Taiwan, and Saudi Arabiawould be extending their growing trade andinvestment into theAmericas? anticipated the election of No one would have femaie presidents andprime ministers incountries such as the Philippinesand Bangladesh. These and other developments accentuate the implications ofa statement made by foreign aidexperts to the Advisory Aid, in September committee on VoluntaryForeign 1989. "US. foreignassistance is ata crossroads and current social, political, andeconomic realitiesare likely to alter fundamentally definition and conductinto the next century." its vii crossroads" provided theimpetus The challenge of"foreign assistance at a collection of papers. Thecontributors, all practicingdevelopment for the present in development assistancein anthropologists, criticallyexamine new directions address cutting-edgepolicy issues
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