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The Roman World 105 Caves to Cathedrals Visual Arts in Ancient and Medieval Texts Revised Second Edition Written and edited by Lee Ann Turner Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Carrie Montoya, Manager, Revisions and Author Care Kaela Martin, Project Editor Berenice Quirino, Associate Production Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Natalie Lakosil, Licensing Manager Bryan Mok, Interior Designer Natalie Piccotti, Senior Marketing Manager Kassie Graves, Director of Acquisitions and Sales Jamie Giganti, Senior Managing Editor Copyright © 2018 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. For inquiries regarding permissions, translations, foreign rights, audio rights, and any other forms of reproduction, please contact the Cognella Licensing Department at [email protected]. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trade- marks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover images: copyright © Depositphotos/loriklaszlo. Birdseye view of Rome from the Très Riches Heures de duc de Berry by the Limbourg Brothers, 1411-1416, Musée Condé, MS. 55, f. 141. Copyright in the Public Domain. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 978-1-5165-3164-6 (pbk) / 978-1-5165-3165-3 (br) Contents Preface ix Websites ................................................................................................................. xiii The Manuscript Tradition: A Very Brief Overview ........................................................................................................xv Image List ...............................................................................................................xix Introduction 1 1. The Ages of Man, from Hesiod’s Works and Days �����������������������������������������3 The Stone Ages 5 2. A description of a Paleolithic cave, from Francois de Belleforest’s Universal Cosmography of the whole World ..................................................7 3. Stonehenge in the medieval tradition, from Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain .........................................................................9 iii The Ancient Near East 11 4. Excerpts from the Law Code of Hammurabi ...............................................13 5. The tower of Babel, from the Book of Genesis ���������������������������������������������15 6. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, from Diodorus Siculus’ Library of History ............................................................................................17 Ancient Egypt 19 7. A letter from Pepi II regarding a Pygmy, from the tomb of Harkhuf .......21 8. An Egyptian Artist Statement, from Irtisen’s funerary stele ....................23 9. On moving a colossal stone for a statue, from the tomb of Thuthotep ......25 10. The great Sphinx speaks to Thutmosis IV, from the Dream Stele ............27 11. On Mummification, from Herodotus’ The Histories ....................................29 12. The Opening of the Mouth and Eyes, from the Book of the Dead..............31 13. The Colossus of Memnon, from Callistratus’ Descriptions of Statues .......33 14. A poem inspired by a statue of Ramesses II, Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Ozymandias .....................................................................................................35 15. Ramesses III versus the Sea Peoples, an inscription from Medinet Habu ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37 The Ancient Aegean 39 16. Pasiphae and the Bull, from Apollodorus’ The Library ..............................41 17. Theseus and the Minotaur, from Apollodorus’ The Library .......................43 18. The Funeral of Patroclus, from Homer’s Iliad .............................................45 19. Polyphemus attacks Odysseus, from Homer’s Odyssey ..............................47 Classical Greece 51 20. On proportions and the Architectural Orders, from Vitruvius’ On Architecture ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������53 iv 21. On women’s clothing: the Peplos and the Chiton, from Herodotus’ The Histories .......................................................................57 22. Pheidias’ statue of Zeus Olympios, from Pausanias’ Description of Greece ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������59 23. On the Periclean Building Program, from Plutarch’s Life of Pericles .......61 24. On the so-called Elgin Marbles, from the report of the House of Commons ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������63 25. Famous sculptors: Polykleitos, Lysippus, and Praxiteles, from Pliny the Elder’s Natural History.........................................................69 26. The Amazon sculpture competition, from Pliny the Elder’s Natural History ...............................................................................................71 27. The mutilation of the Herms, from Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War ..........................................................................................73 28. A poem inspired by the Sosibios vase, John Keats’ Ode on a Grecian Urn .....................................................................................77 29. The Mausoleum of Halikarnasos, from Pliny the Elder’s Natural History ................................................................................................81 30. The stage scenery of Agatharchus, from Vitruvius’ On Architecture ........83 31. A philosopher inspired by ancient Greek drama and mythology, Friedrich Nietzsche’s The Birth of Tragedy .................................................85 32. The Death of Laocoön, from Virgil’s Aeneid .................................................87 The Etruscans 91 33. On the behavior of Etruscan Women, from Timaeus and Theopompus .....................................................................................................93 34. Touring Etruscan tombs, excerpts from D. H. Lawrence’s Etruscan Places ................................................................................................95 35. The plan of Etruscan temples, from Vitruvius’ On Architecture ...............99 36. Rome under the Etruscans, from Livy’s History of Rome .........................101 37. Vulca of Veii and the decoration of the Capitoleum, from Pliny the Elder’s Natural History ................................................................103 The Roman World 105 38. On early Roman Portraiture, from Polybius’ The Histories .....................107 v 39. On the Roman craze for Greek art, from Plutarch’s Life of Marcellus ............................................................................................109 40. On the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, from Pliny the Younger’s Letters �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������111 41. On Roman Wall Painting Styles, from Vitruvius’ On Architecture .........117 42. Narcissus in Roman Painting, from Philostratus’ Imagines ��������������������119 43. Early emperors of Rome, from Suetonius’ The Twelve Caesars ...............123 Augustus .........................................................................................................123 On Nero ..........................................................................................................124 Nero and the Domus Aurea..........................................................................125 Tiberius and the cave at Sperlonga .............................................................125 Gaius (a.k.a. Caligula) ..................................................................................126 Claudius ..........................................................................................................126 44. A Roman Dinner Party, from Petronius’ Satyrica .....................................129 45. The inauguration of the Colosseum, from Dio Cassius’ Roman History ...............................................................................................133 46. A view on Gladiatorial Games, from Seneca’s Moral Epistles: Crowds .................................................................................135 47. The Triumph of Titus, from Josephus’ The Jewish War ...........................137 48. Hadrian and the architect Apollodorus of Damascus, from Dio Cassius’ Roman History .........................................................................141 49. Roman Baths, from Lucian’s Hippias .........................................................143 50. The capture and death of an Emperor, from Lactantius’ On the Deaths of the Persecutors ������������������������������������������������������������������147 Early Christianity 149 51. Persecution of Christians, from Pliny the Younger’s Letters ...................151 52. The Vision of Constantine, from Eusebius’ The Life of Constantine .......155 53. Constantine’s gifts to Old St. Peters, from “The Life of Pope Sylvester I”, The Book Of Popes �������������������������������������������������������������������157 The Byzantine World 159 54. Theodora, a depraved woman, from Procopius’ The Secret History ........161 vi
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