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By D. G. Adolphson Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4030

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By D. G. Adolphson Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4030 AVAILABILITY AND CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER FROM SURFICIAL AQUIFERS IN SOUTHWEST MINNESOTA By D. G. Adolphson U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4030 Prepared in cooperation with the SOUTHWEST REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION and the MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES St. Paul, Minnesota 1983 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR JAMES G. WATT, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director ._» - .; : ?- f «* For additonal information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief Open-File Services Section U.S. Geological Survey Western Distribution Branch 702 Post Office Building U.S. Geological Survey St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 Box 25425, Federal Center Telephone: (612) 725-7841 Denver, Colorado 80225 Telephone: (303) 234-5888 CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................................................. 1 Introduction.............................................................. 1 Background........................................................... 1 Purpose and scope..................................................... 2 Location, extent, and climate ........................................... 2 Methods ............................................................. 2 Previous investigations................................................. 2 Well and test-hole numbering system..................................... 4 Glossary ............................................................. 4 Physiography and surficial geology....................................... 7 Availability of ground-water supplies ........................................ 9 Quality of ground water.................................................... 13 Presentation of data by counties ............................................ 16 Cottonwood County ................................................... 16 Des Moines River valley aquifer ..................................... 18 Jackson County ....................................................... 18 Des Moines River valley aquifer ..................................... 18 Lincoln County ....................................................... 20 Flandreau Creek-Lake Benton channel aquifer......................... 20 Elkton aquifer .................................................... 20 Porter aquifer .................................................... 20 Murray County........................................................ 20 Des Moines River valley aquifer..................................... 23 Nobles County ........................................................ 23 Kanaranzi Creek valley aquifer ..................................... 23 Worthington channels .............................................. 26 Pipestone County ..................................................... 26 Rock River valley aquifer .......................................... 26 Big Sioux tributary aquifers......................................... 28 Redwood County ...................................................... 28 Redwood River valley aquifer ....................................... 30 Cottonwood River valley aquifer .................................... 30 Rock County ......................................................... 31 Rock River valley aquifer .......................................... 31 Big Sioux tributary aquifers......................................... 31 Summary and conclusions................................................... 34 References............................................................... 35 ILLUSTRATIONS Plates 1-8. Maps showing hydrogeology of the outwash deposits in: 1. Cottonwood County .................................. In back 2. Jackson County ...................................... In back 3. Lincoln County ...................................... In back 4. Murray County....................................... In back iii ! i ILLUSTRATIONS Continued Page Plates 1-8. Maps showing hydrogeology of the outwash deposits in: Continued 5. Nobles County ....................................... In back 6. Pipestone County .................................... In back 7. Redwood County ..................................... In back 8. Rock County ........................................ In back Figure 1. Map showing location of study area and watersheds ............... 3 2. Diagram showing well and test-hole numbering system ............ 5 3. Map showing thickness of drift and predominant glacial features.... 8 4. Map showing location of surficial aquifers ....................... 10 5. Map showing location of observation wells and aquifer tests........ 11 1 -! TABLES i Table 1. Standards for some of the chemical constituents.................. 13 2. Chemical analyses of ground water from surficial deposits ......... 14 3-10. Summary of test-hole data for surficial deposits in: 3. Cottonwood County .................................... 17 4. Jackson County ........................................ 19 5. Lincoln County ........................................ 21 6. Murray County......................................... 22 7. Nobles County......................................... 24 8. Pipestone County ...................................... 27 9. Redwood County....................................... 29 10. Rock County .......................................... 32 CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply inch-pound units SL To obtain SI (metric) units inch (in.) 25.40 millimeter (mm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) acre r. 0.4047 hectare mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) square mile (mi ) 2.590 square kilometer (km ) foot squared per day (ft /d) 0.0920 meter squared per day (m /d) foot per mile (ft/mi) 0.1894 meter per kilometer (m/km) cubic foot per second (ft /s) 0.2832 cubic meter per second (m /s) gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.6309 liter per second (L/s) National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929); A geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called "Mean Sea Level." iv AVAILABILITY AND CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER FROM SURFICIAL AQUIFERS IN SOUTHWEST MINNESOTA By D. G. Adolphson ABSTRACT The principal surficial aquifers in southwest Minnesota are composed of outwash and alluvial material in river valleys. The largest and most productive of these aquifers occupy the valleys of the Cottonwood, Des Moines, Redwood, and Rock Rivers and of tributaries to the Big Sioux River. Minor aquifers in the valleys of the tributaries to the major streams yield small water supplies that are adequate for farm use. The surficial aquifers range in width from 0.5 to 2 miles, in thickness from 0 to 110 feet, and in saturated thickness from 0 to 80 feet. Grain size varies both laterally and vertically. A veneer of fine-grained sediment, as thick as 15 feet, has been deposited over the outwash by post-glacial streams. Availability of water in the surficial aquifers varies greatly within short distances. Probable maximum well yield is as much as 1,000 gallons per minute; however, yields generally range from 10 to 100 gallons per minute. The concentration of dissolved solids in water from the surficial aquifers ranges from 313 to 958 milligrams per liter. Analyses of 25 samples show that the water locally contains concentrations of iron, sulfate, and nitrate that are above the limits recom­ mended by the Minnesota Department of Health for drinking water. Based on these standards, the water is generally of acceptable chemical quality for most uses, although it is hard. INTRODUCTION Background The lack of rainfall and an increased demand for ground water in southwestern Minnesota during the mid-1970fs have increased the need for information on the availa­ bility and quality of water supplies. Twelve municipalities that obtain water from wells in surficial aquifers had shortages during the drought of 1976-77 (J. G. Fax, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, oral commun., 1979). Also during this period, the acreage irrigated by sprinklers increased from 852 to 8,681 (University of Minnesota, 1978). The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and eight of the nine counties that are associated with the South­ western Minnesota Regional Development Commission, made a study during 1977-80 to assess the availability of water from surficial outwash deposits in those counties. Information from that study will aid in management of the resource. Purpose and Scope The objectives of the study were to (1) determine the areal extent, thickness, and water-yielding capability of aquifers in the surficial deposits, (2) estimate the amount of water in storage in the aquifers, (3) determine the chemical quality of water in the aquifers, and (4) establish observation wells to monitor the effects of ground-water development on water levels and storage in the aquifers. j Surficial aquifers are defined for this study as those aquifers in glacial deposits and alluvium that occur at land surface. These aquifers can be located by their topographic expression. Location, Extent, and Climate o The study area consists of 4,870 mi in southwestern Minnesota. It includes parts of seven watersheds, as defined by the Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters (1959), and eight counties, Cottonwood, Jackson, Lincoln, Murray, Nobles, Pipe- stone, Redwood, and Rock (fig. 1). The area lies between lat. 43°30? and 44°42' N., and long. 94°51T and 96°27T W. Southwestern Minnesota has a continental-type climate characterized by cold, snowy winters and hot summer
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