Big Sioux River Watershed Strategic Plan
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BIG SIOUX RIVER WATERSHED STRATEGIC PLAN In Cooperation With: South Dakota Conservation Districts South Dakota Association of Conservation Districts South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Date: June 2016 Prepared by: TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 9 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 12 1.1 Project Background and Scope .................................................................... 12 1.2 Climate ....................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Population................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Geography .................................................................................................. 16 1.5 Soils ........................................................................................................... 18 1.6 Land Use .................................................................................................... 22 1.7 Water Resources ......................................................................................... 22 1.8 Big Sioux River Watershed Improvement History ....................................... 23 1.8.1 Upper Big Sioux River Watershed ........................................................ 26 1.8.2 North-Central Big Sioux River Watershed............................................. 28 1.8.3 Central Big Sioux River Watershed ....................................................... 28 1.8.4 Lower Big Sioux River Watershed ........................................................ 31 1.8.5 Summary of Past Big Sioux River Segment Projects ............................. 33 1.8.6 Big Sioux River WIP Current Status ..................................................... 35 1.8.7 National Water Quality Initiative .......................................................... 35 1.9 Lake Projects within the Big Sioux River WIP ............................................. 37 1.9.1 Oakwood Lake ...................................................................................... 37 1.9.2 Lakes Madison and Brant ...................................................................... 38 1.9.3 Lake Herman ........................................................................................ 38 1.9.4 Lake Campbell ...................................................................................... 38 1.9.5 Lake Alvin ............................................................................................ 40 1.9.6 Wall Lake ............................................................................................. 41 1.10 Big Sioux River WIP Water Quality Studies ............................................... 42 1.11 Goals of the BSWIP Strategic Plan ............................................................. 47 2.0 Causes and Sources of Impairment ................................................................... 47 2.1 Water Bodies Current Status ........................................................................ 47 2.2 SDDENR 2014 Integrated Report Status on Water Bodies Listings within the BSRWIP ................................................................................................ 51 2.3 Description of the Impairment for 303(d) Water Body Listings in the BSRWIP ........................................................................................... 65 2.3.1 Escherichia coli and Fecal Coliform Bacteria ........................................ 65 2.3.2 Total Suspended Solids ......................................................................... 65 2.3.3 Chlorophyll-a ........................................................................................ 66 Big Sioux River Watershed Strategic Plan June 2016 Page 2 2.3.4 pH Levels.............................................................................................. 67 2.3.5 Temperature .......................................................................................... 68 2.3.6 Mercury ................................................................................................ 69 2.4 Defining the Sources of Impairments for 303(d) Water Bodies.................... 71 2.4.1 Point Sources of Impairment – Streams .................................................. 71 2.4.1.1 Lower Big Sioux in Minnehaha County ........................................ 71 2.4.1.2 Big Sioux River Brandon to Mouth .............................................. 72 2.4.1.3 Big Sioux River Fairview to Mouth .............................................. 72 2.4.1.4 East Brule Creek........................................................................... 73 2.4.1.5 Summary of Other Tributaries ...................................................... 73 2.4.2 Point Sources of Impairment – Lakes ..................................................... 73 2.4.3 Nonpoint Sources of Impairment- Streams; E.coli & Fecal ..................... 73 2.4.3.1 E.coli and Fecal Coliform Big Sioux River ................................... 75 2.4.3.2 Big Sioux River 5 TMDL Pathogens ............................................ 78 2.4.3.3 Big Sioux River Dell Rapids to Brandon ...................................... 78 2.4.3.4 Beaver Creek ................................................................................ 80 2.4.3.5 Brule Creek .................................................................................. 82 2.4.3.6 East Brule Creek........................................................................... 82 2.4.3.7 Flandreau Creek ........................................................................... 83 2.4.3.8 Pipestone Creek ............................................................................ 84 2.4.3.9 Six Mile Creek ............................................................................. 84 2.4.3.10 Skunk Creek ................................................................................ 85 2.4.3.11 Split Rock Creek ......................................................................... 86 2.4.3.12 Spring Creek .............................................................................. 86 2.4.3.13 Union Creek ............................................................................... 86 2.4.4 Nonpoint Sources of Impairment – Streams; TSS ................................ 87 2.4.4.1 Big Sioux River: Brookings, Lake, Moody, Minnehaha Counties . 87 2.4.4.2 Big Sioux River Minnehaha County ............................................. 88 2.4.4.3 Beaver Creek ................................................................................ 91 2.4.4.4 Six Mile Creek ............................................................................. 91 2.4.4.5 Skunk Creek ................................................................................. 92 2.4.4.6 Split Rock Creek .......................................................................... 94 2.4.4.7 Union Creek ................................................................................. 94 2.4.4.8 East Brule Creek........................................................................... 95 2.4.4.9 Big Sioux River. Fairview to Mouth ............................................. 95 2.4.5 Nonpoint Sources Impairment - Lakes ................................................. 96 2.4.5.1 Lakes Herman and Madison ......................................................... 96 2.4.5.2 Lake Alvin Temperature ............................................................... 97 2.4.5.3 North Island, Twin Lakes West Hwy 81 & Minnehaha ................. 99 Big Sioux River Watershed Strategic Plan June 2016 Page 3 3.0 Nonpoint Source Management Measures ....................................................... 100 3.1 Animal Waste Management System. NRCS Practice Code 313 ................. 105 3.2 Nutrient Management Plan System. NRCS Practice Code 590 .................. 106 3.3 Prescribed Grazing - Riparian Areas. NRCS Practice Code 528................. 106 3.4 Residue & Tillage Management on Cropland. NRCS Codes 329 .............. 107 3.5 Stream Bank Stabilization. NRCS Codes 580 ........................................... 108 3.6 Grassed Waterways. NRCS Practice Code 412 .......................................... 109 3.7 Wetlands, Ponds, Water Storage Structures. NRCS Practice Codes 657, 600, 638, 587 .................................................. 110 3.8 Conversion of Cropland to Forage and Biomass Plantings. NRCS Practice Code 512 ........................................................................... 111 3.9 Conservation Crop Rotation & Cover Crop. NRCS Practice Code 328 & 340 ................................................................ 112 3.91 Conservation Crop Rotation (328) .................................................... 112 3.92 Conservation Cover Crop (340) ........................................................ 112 3.10 Nutrient Management Plan - Cropland. NRCS Practice Code 590 ............ 113 3.11 Terraces. NRCS Practice Code 600 ........................................................... 114 3.12 Filter Strips - Non CRP. NRCS Practice Code 393 ................................... 115 4.0 Load Reductions ................................................................................................. 115 4.1 Animal Waste Storage Facilities ..............................................................