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Analysis of the Flow Variation of the Big Sioux River South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1970 Analysis of the Flow Variation of the Big Sioux River Kerwin Luther Rakness Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Rakness, Kerwin Luther, "Analysis of the Flow Variation of the Big Sioux River" (1970). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3830. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/3830 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANALYSIS OF THE FLOW VARIATION OF THE BIG SIOUX RIVER BY KERWIN LUTHER RAKNESS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science, Major in Civil Engineering, South Dakota State University 1970 OT TE UNIVE SITY [IB'RA� ANALYSIS OF THE FLOW VARIATION OF THE BIG SIOUX RIVER This thesis is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the degree, Master of Science, and is acceptable as meeting the thesis requirements for this degree, but without implying that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. Thesis Adviser Date Head, Civil kngine�ing Date DeparVment ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express sincere gratitude to Dr. James N. Dornbush and Dr. John R. Andersen, Professors of Civil Engineering, for their suggestions, guidance, and assistance throughout the investi- gation. Appreciation is extended to Dr. Paul L. Koepsell, Professor and Director, Research and Data Processing, for his counsel and aid during the computer analysis. The suggestions and assistance of Arthur J. Matson, Professor of Economics, and Vern W. Butler, Manager-Engineer, East Dakota Con­ servancy Sub-District, are acknowledged and appreciated. Funds for this study were provided in part by the United States Department of Interior and the East Dakota Conservancy Sub-District through the South Dakota State University Water Resources Institute as authorized under Public I.aw 88-379. This study was also supported in part by a National Science Foundation Training Grant Number NSFGZ-958. TABLE OF CONTENTS page INTRODUCTION . 1 INFORMATION ON -THE BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN 5 Location 5 Basin Geology ... 7 Sources of Data . 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLOW OF THE BIG SIOUX RIVER . 10 MEASUREMENT OF FLOW VARIATION USING FLOW-DURAT ION ANALYSIS 14 Construction 15 Time Period . 17 BIG SIOUX RIVER FLOW-DURAT ION ANALYSIS .. 18 ADEQUACY OF LENGTH OF FLOW RECORDS FOR THE BIG SIOUX RIVER 28 BIG SIOUX RIVER FLOW AND IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT 34 BIG SIOUX RIVER FLOW AND THE INTERM ITTENT STREAM USE CATEGORY. 41 FUTURE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND BIG SIOUX RIVER FLOW AT SIOUX FALLS ....... 50 FUTURE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND THE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS . 63 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 67 RECOMMENDAT IONS 70 LITERATURE CITED 71 APPENDIX A. 74 ' APPENDIX B . 89 LI ST OF TABLES Table page 1. Description of the Big Sioux River Stream- gaging Stations .. .... ........ 9 2. Mean Flow (cfs) in the Big Sioux. River for Indicated Periods of Time at Specified Stations 11 3. Flow Duration of the Big Sioux River for Indicated Periods of the Year .. 4. Number and Acres of Irrigation Water Rights Approved Annually, and the Cumulative Totals by Calendar Year through 1968. Big Sioux River Basin above the Sioux Falls Flow-Gaging Station 52 5. Estimated Decrease in the Big Sioux River Flow at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Attributed to Increased Irrigation Development above Sioux Falls and Increased Water Supply Needs for Sioux Falls for 8 the Year 2010 ..•.. ........ .. 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1. Location Map of the B�g Sioux Basin (6) 6 2. Flow-Duration Curves for the Big Sioux River at Dell Rapids Gaging Station, Dell Rapids, South Dakota, for January 1-10, May 1-10, and Annual Periods 19 3. Seasonal Flow-Duration Relationship for the Big Sioux River at Dell Rapids, South Dakota 25 4. Flow-Duration Curves for the First Ten Days in January for Different Periods of Record. Big Sioux River at the Akron Flow-Gaging Station .. .... .... 29 5. Flow-Duration Curves for the First Ten Days in June for Different Periods of Record, Big Sioux River at the Akron Flow-Gaging Station . 30 6. Percent of Time During the Irrigation Period that the Flow Was Equal to or Less than 20 cfs and 35 cfs for the Big Sioux River at the Dell Rapids Flow-Gaging Station 38 7. Percent of Time Big Sioux River Downstream from Sioux Falls Was in the Intermittent Stream Use Category Using Present Wastewater Flows and River Flow Records from both the Sioux Falls (1943-1960) and Brandon (1959-1965) Flow­ Gaging Stations 43 8. Percent of Time that the Big Sioux River Downstream from Sioux Falls will be in the Intermittent Stream Use Category Conside�ing Present and 2010 Wastewater Flows and Using the Sioux Falls Gaging Station Flow Records 0943-1960). 48 9. Estimated Trends in Irrigational Development above the Sioux Falls Flow-Gaging Station 54 10 . Seasonal Flow-Duration Relationship with Estimated 2010 Decrease in River Flow for the Big Sioux River at Sioux Falls, South Dakota 59 11 . Percent. of Time that the Big Sioux River Downstream from Sioux Falls will be in the Intermittent Stream Use Category Considering Both Increased Wastewater Flows and Decreased River Flow and Using the Sioux Falls Gaging Station Flow Records (1943-1960) . 64 INTRODUCTION The 89th Congress passed, with overwhelming majorities, the Water Quality Act of 1965, and it �as signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 2, 1965 (1). This Act required all states to prepare water quality standards for interstate streams within their boundaries, and after holding public hearings, adopt such standards before June 30, 1967 (2-1). After holding the required public hearings, the South Dakota Com­ mittee on Water Pollution adopted, on February 16, 1967, Water Quality Standards for the Surface Waters of South Dakota (2-ii). These standards were sent to the Federal Water Pollutioh Control Adminis- tration (FWPCA) for review and approval. FWPCA reviewed these stan­ dards and suggested some modifications. On August 4, 1967, the State Committee sent to FWPCA a letter of concurrence with respect to the changes in the standards. This letter was attached to the original water quality standards as an addendum. On August 7, 1967, the Sec­ retary of the Interior, Stewart Udall, informed Governor Nils Boe that the South Dakota Water Quality Standards were officially approved. The pending adoption of these water quality standards, in par­ ticular the proposed standards· for the Big Sioux River below Sioux Falls, served as the prime factor for initiating a project to determine the impact of imposing water quality standards on this reach of the 2 river. The project was composed of four phases. The first two phases have been completed, this study reports on the third phase, and the · fourth phase is �n progress . The first phase of the project compared the past water quality of the Big Sioux River downstream from Sioux Falls, South Dakota, with the quality requirements prescribed in the water quality standards . This phase was conducted by John M. Herried (3). He showed that the Big Sioux River at Brandon had met the originally proposed state water quality standards except for the coliform limits . He emphasized that the major reason that these standards were met was because the city of Sioux Falls provided excellent wastewater treatment. Herried also showed that the Big Sioux River below Sioux Falls would be in the intermittent stream use category for a significant por- tion of the time. The river is placed into this category when the daily average wastewater flow or the daily average return flow from irrigation comprises fifty percent or more of the flow in the river . He further showed that because of the projected increase in wastewater flow for the city of Sioux Falls, the frequency of occurrence of the Big Sioux River entering the intermittent stream use category would increase in the future unless additional dilution water could be pro- vided (3-23) . Herried's analysis was ·completed before the addendum was appended to the state standard�. The addendum, in effect, proposed a change 3 in the minimum dissolved oxygen requirement for this reach of the river from 2. 0 to 4. 0 milligrams per liter (mg/1). Thus, Herried's con­ clusions with respect to the Big Sioux River below Sioux Falls meeting the dissolved oxygen parameter may have been premature. The effect of the proposed change in standards was discussed by Daniel J. Naughton in the second phase of the project (4). He showed that the dissolved oxygen concentration in the Big Sioux River down­ stream from Sioux Falls was frequently less than 4. 0 mg/1. Thus, this reach of the river did not meet the minimum acceptable dissolved oxygen concentration that the FWPCA requested, and during these times it would be in violation of the proposed water quality standards. Naughton also sought to determine the relationship between dis­ solved oxygen (00) and various river conditions . Using the statistical technique of multiple linear regression,. he derived a mathematical ex­ pression equating the minimum dissolved oxygen in the Big Sioux River below Sioux Falls with its flow, temperature, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). With the equation it was possible to estimate, for a given BOD and temperature, the flow required to maintain a minimum DO concentration of 4.
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