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History Inventory Form MINNESOTA ARCHITECTURE - HISTORY INVENTORY FORM Project: Local Historic Bridge Study - Phase II Redwood Falls, Redwood County, Minnesota Identification SHPO Inventory Number RW-RFC-018 Historic Name Bridge 89859 / Ramsey Park Swayback Bridge Review and Compliance Number Current Name Bridge 89859 Form (New or Updated) Updated Field # Description Address N/A East Oak Street (CSAH 31) over Minnesota River Linear Feature? No City/Twp Redwood Falls HPC Status: Unknown County Redwood Resource Type Structure Architect/Engineer WPA Legal Desc. Twp 113 Range 36 Sec 36 QQ SWNE Style No Style USGS Quad REDWOOD FALLS Construction Date 1938 UTM Zone 15N Datum NAD83 Easting 331223 Northing 4935262 Original Use Transportation Property ID (PIN) Current Use Transportation Description Bridge 89859, also known as the Ramsey Park Swayback Bridge, is located in Alexander Ramsey Park in Redwood Falls, Redwood County, Minnesota. The bridge was constructed in 1938 and is owned by Redwood County. It has a southwest to northeast alignment and carries CSAH 31 (East Oak Street) over the Redwood River. Alexander Ramsey Park is a 219-acre municipal park located north of downtown Redwood Falls. The area northeast of the bridge is surrounded by wooded parkland, parking areas, and the Ramsey Park Zoo. The area southwest of the bridge is wooded parkland with trails and a parking area. The Redwood River follows a generally northwest to southeast alignment through the park, and has banks lined with trees, riprap, and soil. There are several islands in the river, including one upstream of the bridge and a smaller one immediately downstream. The Ramsey Park Swayback Bridge is a multi-span, Rustic Style, reinforced-concrete slab bridge that is faced with North Redwood granite. The structure has an overall length of 183 feet and an overall width of 24 feet. The substructure of the 14- span bridge consists of abutments, wingwalls that are parallel to the deck, and 13 piers. The superstructure consists of 14 reinforced-concrete slab spans, each 12 feet in length. The bridge has a swayback arch design with the low point in the middle of the bridge. The entire bridge, except for the deck and underside of the deck slabs, is faced with locally quarried North Redwood granite from the Hosken Granite Works quarry in Redwood Falls. The roughly square cut granite is laid in irregular coursing. The 10 middle spans are open and allow water to pass underneath, while granite spandrels cover two spans (including the piers) at each end of the bridge. The nine exposed piers under the open spans feature cutwaters both upstream and downstream. The deck width is 20 feet. Along both sides of the deck there is a low parapet railing, with a stone wheel guard lining the roadway. A bridge plate is located at the northeast end of the bridge, on the north railing. EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS Historical Context Reinforced Concrete Highway Bridges in MN, 1900-1945 Federal Relief Programs in Minnesota, 1933-1941 Historical Narrative Bridge 89859 is located within the Alexander Ramsey Park. Originally a state park, Alexander Ramsey Park was created in 1911, when State Representative Joseph Keefe and State Senator Frank Clague secured a State appropriation of $7,500 for the RW-RFC-018 MINNESOTA ARCHITECTURE - HISTORY INVENTORY FORM Project: Local Historic Bridge Study - Phase II Redwood Falls, Redwood County, Minnesota purchase of 80 acres of land to create the park (Johanneck 2010:39; Redwood County Board of Commissioners 1964). Additional tracks of land were later acquired to expand the park. In the 1930s, a zoo was established in the park under Superintendent Waldo Marsh (Redwood County Board of Commissioners 1964:504-505). In 1938, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) designed and constructed several improvements in Alexander Ramsey Park, including sanitation buildings, stone curbing, the Ramsey Park Swayback Bridge, and the lower shelter (Johanneck 2010:39; Anderson 1993:F-24). In 1957, the State of Minnesota transferred ownership of the park to the City of Redwood Falls. Today, the park offers many amenities and attractions, including campground facilities, shelter houses, paved hiking trails, a trout stream for fishing, scenic overlooks, and a zoo (Redwood Area Community Center 2013). Works Progress Administration Funded Bridges Built in 1938, Bridge 89859 was one of many bridges built by the WPA under Work Project Number 2781 and WPA project State Serial Number 4-1206 ) (Department of Highways to Mr. Victor Chirstgau, State Administrator Works Progress Administration, later changed to the Works Projects Administration, letter regarding WPA Project State Serial Number 4-1206, March 16, 1938). During the New Deal era, several federal programs were created, including the WPA, in the hopes of providing work for the unemployed. The WPA was established in 1935 with two main functions, “first, to operate a nation- wide program of small useful projects designed to provide employment for needy employable workers, and secondly, it was responsible for coordinating the various activities of the ‘Works Program’ as a whole” (Anderson 1990:E-48). The WPA sponsored a wide range of work projects, including bridge construction (Anderson 1990:E-48). The WPA funded 1,400 bridge construction or improvement projects in Minnesota alone. While the primary purpose of New Deal programs, were to put people back to work, programs such as the WPA were also influential in Minnesota bridge design and construction as they funded new construction that otherwise would not have occurred. The WPA did not necessarily create new engineering, but it did influence the architectural treatment of funded bridges, requiring that they incorporate Rustic, Classical Revival or Art Deco style elements (Frame 1988:F-6).WPA bridges were commonly built of stone, wood, or concrete. These materials were selected in order to make construction more labor intensive and, therefore, provide more jobs (Frame 1988:E-15). Many bridges were built within parks. Park bridges were commonly built in the Rustic style to be compatible with the park setting (Frame 1988:E-15). Park Bridges The rise of urban parks and park bridges “coincided with urban expansion, the growth of city and state road systems, and the introduction of reinforced-concrete” (Frame 1988:E-14). According to the ideas of Frederick Law Olmsted, urban parks were meant to be a refuge from the commercial and industrial centers and immigrant-crowded neighborhoods (Frame 1988:E-14). Within this context, a bridge located in a park setting “was not meant to be merely an expected necessity,” but an opportunity for the park commission and landscape architect to “request a special bridge design, in harmony with the grand park scheme” (Frame 1988:E-14). In 1901, bridge engineer Henry Gratten Tyrrell quipped that bridges that were particularly appropriate to parks would be based on the arch or suspension bridge, with rustic treatment being desirable (Frame 1988:E-15). Park bridges also provided “an ideal opportunity to explore the possibilities of the new concrete” (Frame 1988:E-15). The Ramsey Park Swayback Bridge Bridge 89859 is an example of a WPA park bridge that is designed in the Rustic style. Constructed of concrete and faced with locally quarried granite, its unique and elegant design enabled it to become a landmark feature of Alexander Ramsey Park (Gimmestad 1978a; FEMA 2010). The unique swayback design was an innovative solution for an ongoing problem. The bridge is located within the Redwood River floodplain and prior to its construction, several bridges had been built in this location and all had washed away during floods (FEMA 2010). The swayback design is an ideal solution for locations prone to flooding as the design consists of a reversed arch where the lowest section of the bridge is in the middle, so it allows flood waters to flow over the top of bridge deck without causing damage to the structure (Gimmestad 1978a; FEMA 2010). Few bridges are known to have ever been built using a swayback design. A query of the national website Bridgehunter.com, revealed that apart from one in Alabama, Bridge 89859 is the only other known bridge to have been constructed using the swayback design (Bridgehunter.com 2014). Among all bridges constructed in Minnesota, as well as within the body of bridges completed by the WPA nationally, Bridge 89859, “is the only known bridge so constructed utilizing the functional swayback design” (Gimmestad 1978b). RW-RFC-018 MINNESOTA ARCHITECTURE - HISTORY INVENTORY FORM Project: Local Historic Bridge Study - Phase II Redwood Falls, Redwood County, Minnesota There is little documentation regarding any changes to the bridge over time; however, it appears to have changed little over time. The bridge was listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1978 (Gimmestad 1978b). According to the NRHP nomination, remodeling and replacement were being considered at the time (Gimmestad 1978b). However, no work appears to have been done at that time, although at some point prior to 2010, a three-inch bituminous wearing surface was placed on the deck (Widseth Smith Nolting & Associates 2012). In 2010, Bridge 89859 was damaged by severe weather and flooding. While the Redwood County Highway Department was pursuing funds to repair the bridge, it was further damaged by flooding in the spring of 2011. In 2011, portions of the bituminous wearing surface were scoured away by the flood waters, exposing considerable damage to the concrete deck, including large areas of spalling and deterioration, and exposed reinforcing steel. The bridge was then inspected by the firm Widseth Smith Nolting & Associates, who recommended closing the bridge and removing the remaining bituminous surface so the entire deck could be inspected (Widseth Smith Nolting & Associates 2012). After this more thorough inspection was completed, the bridge was reopened to pedestrian and limited vehicular traffic. However, due to its poor condition, it was recommended for rehabilitation.
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