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Konflik Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat Pasca Wafatnya Paku Buwono XII

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Konflik Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat Pasca Wafatnya Paku Buwono XII KERATON DAN POLITIK (Konflik Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat Pasca Wafatnya Paku Buwono XII) Skripsi Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos) Disusun oleh Muhammad Agus Salim Muharrom NIM: 109033200020 PROGRAM STUDI ILMU POLITIK FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2014 ABSTRAK Masih adakah drama perebutan kekuasaan antar para bangsawan? Jawabannya masih, tidak hanya bisa disaksikan melalui tutur cerita orang tua atau kitab-kitab kuno saja. Meskipun dalam sekup yang berbeda, telah terjadi konflik berkepanjangan yang tak kunjung usai di Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat, salah satu kerajaan dari dinasti Mataram Islam. Skripsi ini ingin menganalisa asal muasal konflik perebutan kekuasaan di Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa sajakah yang melatarbelakangi terjadinya konflik. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui studi pustaka dan melalui wawancara kepada sentana dalem Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan motivasi salah satu putra Paku Buwono XIII untuk naik sebagai raja tidak semata ingin mempertahankan tradisi, tapi juga ingin meraih kekuasaan sebagai raja yang sah di Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat yang pada akhirnya bisa memiliki otoritas politik dan ekonomi terhadap semua yang berhubungan dengan keraton baik internal maupun eksternal. Argumen ini dirumuskan melalui susunan peristiwa demi peristiwa yang melanda keraton sejak Paku Buwono XII wafat hingga beberapa tahun lamanya yang selanjutnya dianalisa oleh penulis melalui beberapa kerangka teori, yaitu: teori monarki, teori kekuasaan, dan teori konflik. Dalam pemerintahan monarki, mutlak hukumnya pengganti raja adalah anak kandung dari raja itu sendiri. Angger-angger atau aturan tak tertulis di Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat mengharuskan yang berhak menjadi raja adalah anak lelaki tertua, namun ada perbedaan persepsi bahwa pergantian kekuasaan tidak harus berpacu pada angger-angger. Perbedaan persepsi ini menimbulkan konflik perebutan kekuasaan antara satu putra dengan putra lainnya, yang selanjutnya akan dianalisa melalui teori kekuasaan dan teori konflik. Keywords: keraton, konflik, suksesi, surakarta iv KATA PENGANTAR ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ Alhamdulillahirabbil’ Alamin, segala puji dan syukur pada Allah SWT yang telah memberikan nikmat tak terhingga, sehingga dengan izin-Nya lah penulis dapat menyelesaikan penelitian dan penulisan skripsi ini dengan baik sesuai waktu yang diharapkan. Shalawat dan salam penulis haturkan kepada Baginda Nabi Muhammad SAW, yang telah menginspirasi seluruh umat muslim di muka bumi ini. Ucapan terima kasih penulis haturkan kepada berbagai pihak yang telah memberikan bantuannya saat proses penyusunan skripsi. Baik berupa bantuan moril dan materil. Terima kasih kepada: 1. Bapak Prof. Bahtiar Effendy selaku dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Bapak Dr. Ali Munhanif selaku Ketua Program Studi Ilmu Politik UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Bapak Drs. Armein Daulay, M.Si selaku dosen pembimbing bagi penulis, ketegasan dan kesabarannya telah memberi dorongan semangat kepada penulis untuk dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini dengan baik. 4. Bapak Idris Thaha, M.Si selaku dosen penasehat akademik, berkat arahan beliau penulis dapat memulai skripsi ini. 5. Bapak Dr. Ali Munhanif dan Ibu Suryani, M.Si selaku dosen penguji. v 6. Para dosen tercinta selama penulis belajar di ruang kelas, Pak Zaki Mubarak, Pak Bakir Ihsan, Ibu Haniah Hanafie, Pak Agus Nugraha, dan bapak/ibu dosen lainnya yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu per satu. 7. Mama tercinta, Hj. Fauzah, dan almarhum bapa H. Leman Sulaeman, do’a, dukungan, dan perjuanganmu tak pernah surut untuk keberlangsungan studi anakmu ini. Semoga skripsi ini menjadi kado terindah untuk mama dan almarhum bapa. 8. Ka Lia, Anopi, Ayubi, Mbak Eha, Bi Jaem, dan seluruh keluargaku yang telah memberikan motivasi yang cukup besar kepada penulis untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 9. Pihak sentana dalem Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat, KGPH PA Tedjowulan, KGPH Puger, dan GPH Dipokusumo, pemerhati Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat, Bapak Eko Ismadi, yang telah berkenan menjadi narasumber bagi penulis. 10. Redaktur Senior Solopos, Mulyanto Utomo, beserta jajarannya yang telah berkenan menjadi narasumber serta memberikan data-data terkait penulisan skripsi ini. 11. Pihak-pihak yang telah membantu operasional dan memberi tempat tinggal selama penulis mengadakan penelitian ini, Ibu Encus, Bapak Taufik, Bapak Titus Yanto Martono, biar Allah yang membalas jasa-jasa kalian semua. 12. Sahabat-sahabat terdekat sekaligus inspirator bagi penulis, Zakiya Rahmi Lubis, S.Pd, Kevin Filsafat, Lina Sumaya S.Sos, Rizky Dwi Amy, Eko vi Indrayadi S.Sos, Masrukhin, dan Ipul Cak. Sampai jumpa di puncak kesuksesan. 13. Rekan-rekan di Penerbit Dolphin yang telah menjadi bagian dari hidup penulis, Mas Salahuddin Gh, Abang Sihar, Mbak Noni Rafael, dan Mas Eko Waluyo. Berkat bantuan kalian juga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 14. Teman-teman kelas Ilmu Politik 2009 yang telah menjadi sahabat seperjuangan bagi penulis, Mudhori, Filly, Mamet, Amizar, Rizqi, Rizky Noor, Meutia, Ayu, Arep, Ghofur, Odit, Fikri, Algi, Elva, Zula, Agil, Fadhil, Amin, Ali, Abdi, Ilham, Riben, Hasan, Ridwan, dan kawan-kawan lainnya yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu per-satu. Perjuangan kita masih panjang. Akhirnya penulis berdoa, semoga segala bantuan dan perhatian yang diberikan semua pihak mendapat balasan yang berlipat dari Yang Maha Kuasa. Juga apa yang disampaikan penulis dari keseluruhan skripsi ini bermanfaat bagi pembaca. Penulis telah berusaha semaksimal mungkin agar informasi dan data yang disampaikan terhindar dari kekeliruan. Sehingga dengan sepenuh hati penulis memohon maaf atas segala kekurangan dan khilaf dalam penulisan. Saran dan kritik dibutuhkan bagi penulis demi membuat tulisan ini menjadi lebih baik lagi. Jakarta, 11 April 2014 Muhammad Agus Salim Muharrom vii DAFTAR ISI Hal PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME....................................................... i LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ............................................................................... ii LEMBAR PENGESAHAN UJIAN ................................................................... iii ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... iv KATA PENGANTAR......................................................................................... v DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................viii DAFTAR ISTILAH ........................................................................................... xi BAB I PENDAHULUAN................................................................................ 1 A. Pernyataan Masalah.............................................................................. 1 B. Pertanyaan Penelitian ........................................................................... 5 C. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian............................................................. 5 D. Tinjauan Pustaka .................................................................................. 6 E. Metode Penelitian................................................................................. 8 F. Sistematika Penulisan........................................................................... 8 BAB II KERANGKA TEORETIS................................................................. 10 A. Teori Kekuasaan................................................................................... 10 B. Teori Konflik ........................................................................................ 16 BAB III PROFIL KERATON SURAKARTA HADININGRAT.................. 21 viii A. Lingkungan Geografis .......................................................................... 21 B. Lingkungan Fisik Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat................................ 24 1. Lingkaran I: Kedhaton.................................................................... 24 2. Lingkaran II: Kompleks Bangunan di Baluwarti ........................... 27 3. Lingkaran III: Paseban.................................................................... 28 4. Lingkaran IV: Alun-alun ................................................................ 28 C. Stratifikasi Sosial Masyarakat .............................................................. 29 1. Raja dan Keluarga Raja (sentana dalem) ....................................... 29 2. Pegawai dan Pejabat Kerajaan (abdi dalem) ................................. 34 3. Rakyat Biasa (wong cilik, kawula dalem) ...................................... 35 D. Silsilah Penguasa Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat ............................... 35 E. Islam di Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat............................................... 40 F. Kegiatan-Kegiatan Spiritual di Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat .......... 43 BAB IV KONFLIK YANG TERJADI DI KERATON SURAKARTA HADININGRAT PASCA WAFATNYA PAKU BUWONO XII... 45 A. Wasiat Ibunda Paku Buwono XII dan Suksesi Keraton....................... 45 B. Isu-isu Pasca Wafatnya Paku Buwono XII........................................... 50 C. Kasus Konflik Perebutan Kekuasaan di Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat........................................................................................... 57 D. Implikasi Konflik Terhadap Kehidupan Keraton ................................. 70 1. Perpecahan Sentana Dalem Keraton
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