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Responses to China's Inward Migration in Guiyang's City Center

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Responses to China's Inward Migration in Guiyang's City Center ctbuh.org/papers Title: Macro-Policy to Micro-Implementation: Responses to China’s Inward Migration in Guiyang’s City Center Authors: Thomas Balsley, Principal Designer, Thomas Balsley Associates Daniel O’Shaughnessy, Senior Designer, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Colin Koop, Associate Director, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Yuping Luo, Chairman, Zhongtian Urban Development Group Co., Ltd Subjects: Sustainability/Green/Energy Urban Design Urban Infrastructure/Transport Keywords: Public Space Urban Design Urban Planning Urbanization Publication Date: 2015 Original Publication: Asia & Australasia: A Selection of Written Works on the World's Tall Building Forefront Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter 2. Journal paper 3. Conference proceeding 4. Unpublished conference paper 5. Magazine article 6. Unpublished © Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Thomas Balsley; Daniel O’Shaughnessy; Colin Koop; Yuping Luo Macro-Policy to Micro-Implementation: Responses to China’s Inward Migration in Guiyang’s City Center Thomas Balsley, Principal Designer, Thomas Balsley Associates; Daniel O’Shaughnessy, Senior Designer & Colin Koop, Associate Director, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; Yuping Luo, Chairman, Zhongtian Urban Development Group Co., Ltd Investment in China’s interior has shifted as a The result has been a concentration of people in “a tightened constraint between result of the 12th Five-Year Plan’s imperative and social capital with little relationship to the economic growth on the one hand and towards medium-size western cities and vast natural resources of the country’s interior. resources and environment on the other,” away from the major coastal mega-cities, as well as “a gap between rural and urban which marks a change in migration patterns To understand the scale of this disparity, development” (National People’s Congress, it is worth considering the Chinese 2011), the Five-Year Plan proposes a strategy typical of the past three decades of growth. demographer Hu Huanyong, whose 1934 of large-scale development to “vigorously Focusing on employs a set of six strategies that work “Distribution of China’s Population” accelerate the rise of the central region.” To translate national policy into on-the-group proposed the theoretical Heihe-Tengchong do so, it relies on infrastructure construction, city development. As the gateway to Western Line, which split the country into two resource extraction, industrial expansion, China, Guiyang represents an opportunity roughly equal geographic parts. Today, nearly and tourism, concentrated primarily in and to shape a new paradigm of urban growth 96% of China’s population lives to the east of around a web of cities where on-the-ground for this dynamic region focused on nature, this line, representing a population density of implementation of these ideas takes place, culture, quality of life, and sustainability in nearly 260 people per square kilometer. West from Xi’an to Kunming, and centered on historic city centers. of the line, the remaining 4% of the country’s Chongqing and Guiyang. population lives at a density of just 11 people per square kilometer (Naughton, 2007). This The government forecasts that another 100 The Greatest Migration in Human History misalignment of people and resources has million rural residents could move to cities economic and environmental consequences, by 2020 (Chongqing and Jintang, 2012). The Over the past 40 years, China has experienced requiring massive infrastructure projects 12th Five-Year Plan changes the focus of what some have called the greatest migration to deliver goods and even basic services this migration towards the country’s interior in human history. Since 1978, more than 160 across the vast countryside. and, interestingly, favors big and medium million people have moved from rural areas cities over mega-cities like Shanghai and to cities (Chongqing and Jintang, 2012), A New Direction for Growth Hong Kong. However, little proscription is partly in response to government economic given at the national level to the nature of policy and partly to seek better income and a China’s 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) growth in these cities. How will they actually higher quality of life. But this growth has been began to change the emphasis of national accommodate so many people? Where – dramatically one-dimensional, in that it has growth back towards the interior hinterlands. and how – will this growth occur? A deeper focused on China’s coastal mega-cities like Recognizing that, among other problems, dive into the scale of cities is required. Shanghai, Beijing, Hong Kong, and Shenzhen. rapid economic development has resulted Right: The Heihe-Tengchong Line. Source: The World Bank Opposite Top: A renewed focus for development in Western China. Source: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Opposite Bottom: Historic map of Guiyang’s historic city center. Source: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill 34 Case Study: Guiyang Guiyang CBD: A Unique Opportunity As the “western gateway” to China, the This development case study – the Nanming city of Guiyang, which is the provincial Riverfront Cultural CBD – encompasses 800 capital of Guizhou, is currently the focus of hectares at the center of the city. It focuses unprecedented development. A city of just on Zhongtian Urban Development Group’s over four million people today, Guiyang is investment in the historic city center to projected to double in size in the next 15 bring life back to the urban core, establish years, to nearly the scale of its mega-city precedent for reversing the trend of incessant cousins on the coast. This profound change urban sprawl, and maintain a legacy of is already evident in every corner of the city, development around the Nanming River. where hundreds of construction cranes dot a sprawling skyline. More than 10 million square The site today includes an incredible diversity meters of new development is already in the of existing uses, from modern high-rise office pipeline for the next five years – a built-up area buildings to historic temples, but a large larger than Center City, Philadelphia. majority of land is dominated by low-slung housing. The Nanming River weaves its way Due to this remarkable growth, the city has through the heart of the district, providing expanded significantly outside its original a unique urban asset where its boundaries Yuan Dynasty walls along the Nanming River. have been respected and protected for Despite encompassing the entire extent of public use. The vision for the future of the the city for centuries, the wall is now a relic Nanming Riverfront Cultural CBD calls for that has been engulfed by the broader city, an extensive transformation of this place which has sprawled from its original few dozen in support of four main goals, which were hectares to cover an urbanized region of crafted through a collaborative process with over 8,000 square kilometers. It is recognized, the development team and city leaders. however, that this type of continued peripheral These goals are aspirational and do not expansion is not sustainable and cannot suggest particular design solutions. They accommodate the projected need. Thus, a new aim instead to create a place that celebrates approach is required. cultural assets, increases the value of 35 surrounding areas, and strengthens the city through the revitalization of its most valuable CBD as an important catalyst of economic and the river, making for a great place to asset. It must become an expression of urban growth and success for the region. Moreover, live, learn, work, and play. identity unique to Guiyang. it will establish Guiyang as a new paradigm for redevelopment in other middle- and Celebrate Guiyang’s Past and Future Culture Support Healthy Living large-scale Chinese cities. The urban design Guiyang is renowned for its rich, western The organization, connectivity, and strategies employed in this project, when Chinese cultural legacy, the origins of sustainable principles of a community are adapted to other contexts, can become which are rooted in its ethnic diversity. The directly linked to the health and wellbeing a template for the future development of Nanming Riverfront CBD must continue this of its inhabitants. By thoughtfully creating sustainable cities in China. legacy by incorporating additional spaces a healthy dynamic between the riverfront for cultural and performance activities within area and the people moving through it, the This template focuses on six key design the proposed parks and riverfront areas. project will foster a better environment and a themes, which together form the basis for better quality of life for residents. long-term, sustainable growth. Each of these Connect the Nanming River to the City themes is transferable to other comparable By integrating proposed city parks with the Each of these project goals ultimately serves cities, even if their exact on-the-ground Nanming River, the plan must re-establish a broader idea: pulling the city back to its implementation varies with the local context. both a physical and symbolic relationship historic center. By leveraging existing assets between the community and its origins. It and integrating the city more holistically with 1. Focus growth inward, not outward is a renewed commitment to the historic its environment, the project seeks to reorient 2. Upgrade urban networks as a riverfront identity, as experienced through a the city’s development focus towards its framework for growth contemporary urban vision. existing core area and reduce the pressures 3. Plan for dramatic increases in of rapid horizontal urbanization on the density Create a Unique Identity for the City and region’s natural resources. People of Nanming 4. Use nature and open spaces to A renewed focus and commitment to the Urban Design Strategies to Accommodate shape city form riverfront is not only a step towards the Growth 5. Bring history and culture to the forefront future, but also a glance into the past. This Successfully strengthening the city’s center project presents an opportunity to embrace through compact, sustainable urban growth 6.
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