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Animal Deliberation the Co-Evolution of Technology and Ethics on the Farm

AnimalDeliberation

TheCoͲevolutionofTechnologyandEthicsonFarm

ClemensDriessen                          Thesiscommittee  Promotor Prof.DrM.Korthals EmeritusProfessorofAppliedPhilosophy WageningenUniversity  CoͲpromotor DrV.Beekman Researcher,LEIWageningenUR WageningenUniversityandResearchCentre  Othermembers Prof.DrH.J.Buller,UniversityofExeter,UnitedKingdom Prof.DrC.Leeuwis,WageningenUniversity Prof.Dr.Mol,UniversityofAmsterdam Prof.DrTsj.Swierstra,MaastrichtUniversity   This research was conducted under the auspices of the Wageningen School of Social Sciences.

 AnimalDeliberation

TheCoͲevolutionofTechnologyandEthics

ontheFarm

ClemensDriessen

Thesis submittedinfulfilmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofdoctor atWageningenUniversity bytheauthorityoftheRectorMagnificus Prof.DrM.J.Kropff, inthepresenceofthe ThesisCommitteeappointedbytheAcademicBoard todefendedinpublic onWednesday5November2014 at4p.m.intheAula.   













                 ClemensDriessen AnimalDeliberation:TheCoͲevolutionofTechnologyandEthicsontheFarm, 360pages.  PhDthesis,WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,NL(2014) Withreferences,withsummariesinEnglishandDutch  ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6257Ͳ151Ͳ8

 Contents

Prologue

Aphilosopheronapigfarm...... 11

Chapter1

Introduction:ethicsonthefarm?...... 15

1.1Ethicsandfood?Theplaceofethics...... 15

1.2Animalfarming,amosaicofconcerns...... 16

1.3Visualizingthemoralmosaic,or,wheretosituatemoralagency?...... 19

1.4Appliedethicsasagenre,or,howtodoethicswhenethicsisalso ;ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůͿculture?...... 23

1.5Outline...... 37

Part

Ethicsonandbeyondthefarm...... 51

Chapter2

Farmersengagedindeliberativepractices–anethnography...... 53

2.1Introduction...... 53

2.2Threeapproachestothemosaicofconcerns...... 56

2.3Researchingethicsbydoingfieldwork...... 58

2.4Farmingasamatterofmixedmotives...... 60

2.5Regimesofjustificationasamodeltodrawoutthemoralcomplexityof ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐpractices͘...... 62   2.6Anexampleofethicaldecisionmakingaspracticalengagement:cowhorns...... 68

2.7Implicationsofthesketchoffarmerethicsfordeliberationsonsustainability....71

Chapter3

Pigtowersandinvitromeat:disclosingmoralworldsbydesign...... 75

3.1Introduction...... 75

3.2Redesigninganimalfarming:pigtowersandinvitromeat...... 78

3.3Thedynamicsgeneratedbypigtowersandinvitromeat...... 83

3.4Dewey,Heideggerandthedynamicsofmoralworlddisclosure...... 93



PartII

Milkingrobots...... 101

Chapter4

Cowsdesiringtobemilked?

MilkingrobotsandthecoͲevolutionofethicsandtechnology...... 103

4.1Introduction...... 103

4.2Conceptualbackground:coͲevolutiononthefarm...... 105

4.3Empiricalapproach...... 111

4.4Ambiguoustechnologyassessment...... 112

4.5CoͲevolutionofethicsandAMStechnology...... 117

4.6Conclusion:ethicalassessmentaspartofcoͲevolutionarydynamics...... 130

Chapter5

Animaldeliberation

takinganimalsseriouslyinpoliticalthoughtandmaterialpractice...... 135

5.1Introduction...... 135

5.2Catsanddoors:animalpoliticsbydesign...... 137

5.3Deliberatinginthefield:makingamobilemilkingrobot...... 139

5.4Politicalanimalsintheory...... 142

 5.5Deliberatingonapar...... 146

Intermezzo

Aphilosopherinthemobilerobotfarmers’network

–avisualintervention...... 153

PartIII

Playingwithpigs...... 161

Chapter6

Caringforboredpigs:gamedesignasmultispeciesphilosophy...... 163

6.1ModernhumanͲpigrelations...... 163

6.2Maintaininginterpretiveflexibility:makingaboundaryobjectfordeliberative ƉůĂLJ...... 170

6.3Designingwithpigsasdoingmultispeciesphilosophy...... 172

Chapter7

Fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs...... 181

7.1Subversiveencounters?...... 181

7.2AnimalnatureͲcultures?...... 185

7.3Testingandranking?...... 190

7.4Symmetryandreward?...... 193

7.5Voluntaryandopen?...... 203

Chapter8

Themoralityofmediatedinterspeciesplay:...... 211 ondesigningamoralsubject...... 211

8.1Genresandmorality...... 211

8.2Movingbeyondtheempathicsubjectanditsperspectivalmind...... 214

8.3Genres, ethics,subjects,experience,mindsandscience:acoͲĞǀŽůƵƚŝŽŶĂƌLJ ecology?...... 219

8.4Playingwithpigsforanewmultispeciescommunity...... 224 PartIV

Conclusion...... 231

Chapter9

Show,don’ttell?Theconclusionofthisthesisisnot(just)atext...... 233

Chapter10

Aconclusioninthemaking...... 247

10.1Ontheveryideaofageneralconclusioninsituatedethics...... 247

10.2Ongoingeffortstowardsplayingwithpigsasaconclusion...... 249

1–Openingupethicsasagenre...... 249

2–AhighͲtechmediatedfarmvisit...... 254

3–Disclosingmoralworldsbygamedesign...... 257

4–IntensifyingthecoͲevolutionofethicsandtechnology...... 263

5–Playfulanimaldeliberation...... 265

10.3Pitfallsandprospects...... 268

Epilogue

Backonthepigfarm...... 279

Bibliography...... 283

Summary...... 315

Samenvatting...... 329

Acknowledgments...... 343

Biography...... 359

  

 Prologue

Aphilosopheronapigfarm

‘‡–‹‡ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆʹͲͲͻǡ™‡™‡”‡•‹––‹‰ƒ–ƒ‹– Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•–Š‡‰—‡•–• ‘ˆƒ’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž›‹ƒ•ƒŽŽ”ƒ„ƒ–˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ‡Ȃ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”™Š‘™ƒ•Š‘•–‹‰ —•ǡƒƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡–‹•–ƒ†‡š’‡”–‹’‹‰„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǡƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ –™‘ ‘–Š‡” ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ ƒ† ›‘—”• –”—Ž›ǡ ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› Š •–—†‡–•–—†›‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•‹ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ȂŠƒ†„‡‡†‹• —••‹‰Ǯ‡–Š‹ •ǯ ˆ‘”‘˜‡”ƒŠ‘—”ǤŠ‡ƒ‹–Š‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘™ƒ••‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† ‡”‹ Š‡– ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǣ Ǯ–‘›•ǯ –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ „› –Š‡ ƒ†ƒ–‘”› ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘  ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ”‹ Š‡–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŠƒ•–‘„‡’”‘˜‹†‡†‹‡ƒ Š’‹‰’‡ȋ‘ˆ‡‹‰Š––‘–™‡Ž˜‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȍ ‹‘”†‡”–‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡„‘”‡†‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ ƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–ˆ”‡‡‹–Š‡‹” Š‘‹ ‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–›’‡‘ˆ ‘„Œ‡ –•ǡƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•‹–‹•‘”‡–Šƒƒ•‹’Ž‡‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‹Ǥ‘•–Ž›–Š‹•‡ƒ•–Š‡’‹‰• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ƒ Šƒ‹™‹–Šƒ•ƒŽŽ’Žƒ•–‹ „ƒŽŽƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘‹–ǡ•—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽǤ

ƒ”Ž‹‡” –Šƒ– †ƒ›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡–‹•–ǡ ƒ••‹•–‡† „› –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ǡ Šƒ† „‡‡ ‘„•‡”˜‹‰–Š‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‹‡–Š‡’‹‰•’Žƒ›‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’Žƒ•–‹ ’‘Ž‡•–Šƒ––Š‹• ˆƒ”‡”Šƒ†’‘•‹–‹‘‡†„‡–™‡‡‡˜‡”›–™‘’‡•ƒ•ƒ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ† ‘•–Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘ǤŠ‡’‹‰••‡‡‡†–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡•‡’‘Ž‡•‘”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–Š‡•‹’Ž‡„ƒŽŽ•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ• –Š‡› ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ˆ‘” ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’‹‰• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ†Œƒ ‡– ’‡ǡ ™‹–Š •‘‡’‹‰•‘‡‹–Š‡”•‹†‡ƒ†ƒƒ–Ž›’—•Š‹‰ƒ†’—ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡’‘Ž‡„ƒ ƒ†ˆ‘”–ŠǤ

—–‘™™‡™‡”‡‘Ž‘‰‡”‹–Š‡†—•–›„ƒ”ƒ‹†•––Š‡•“—‡ƒŽ‹‰ ’‹‰• ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ–‹‰ •‡ŽŽ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ—”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† „‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡ •Žƒ––‡† ‘ ”‡–‡ ˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ‡ Šƒ† •Š‘™‡”‡†ǡ ƒ† ™‡”‡ ƒŽ‘•– †‘‡ ™‹–Š †‹• —••‹‰ ™Šƒ– –›’‡ ‘ˆ‡”‹ Š‡– ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘”‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ’‹‰• ƒ† ™‘—Ž† ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ”‡†— ‡ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹‘ƒ††ƒƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‘ Ž‡ƒ”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡–‘ –Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ† ‘‡—’Ǥ–”ƒ™‹•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ǡƒ•‹– ‘•–•‘‡›ƒ†–‹‡ǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡• ƒ” ‡‹–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡•‹˜‡’‹‰ˆƒ”Ǥ –™ƒ•‹ 12prologue  –Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ‘‡–•‘ˆ†‹• —••‹‰–Š‡–‘’‹ ǡ™Š‡‹–™ƒ•„‡ ‘‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–™‡™‡”‡ ‘– ”‡ƒŽŽ› ‰‡––‹‰ ƒ›™Š‡”‡ǡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”ǡ ‹ ™Š‘•‡ ‹– Š‡ ™‡ •ƒ–ǡ •–ƒ”–‡† –Š‹‹‰‘”‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›ƒ†ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•‹†‡•’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ•ƒ‹†ǣDzŠ‘—Ž†™‡’ƒ‹–ƒˆ‘”‡•–‘ –Š‡ ™ƒŽŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡•ǡ –Š‡Ǣ ™‘—Ž† –Š‡› Ž‹‡ –Šƒ–ǫdz ‡ •–ƒ”‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‘Ž‘—” Šƒ‰‹‰‘–Š‡‹– Š‡™ƒŽŽǡƒ‹†›ŽŽ‹ ˜‹‡™‘ˆ’‹‰•Ž›‹‰‹ƒˆ‹‡Ž†‡š––‘ƒ’‘‘Ž‘ˆ —†ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”‹ ‘–”ƒ•–™‹–Š‘—”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ–Šƒ–‘”‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡Šƒ†’‘‹–‡† ‘—–‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǤŠ‡•Š‡•ƒ‹†ǣDz”‰‹˜‡–Š‡™Šƒ–‘—” Š‹Ž†”‡’Žƒ›™‹–ŠǢ–Š‡›Œ—•–‰‘– –Š‡‹”‹‹ǤdzŠ‡”‡™ƒ•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡–‘’‹ ™ƒ• Ž‘•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡†ƒ›Ǥ  Šƒ– ‘—Ž†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‹“—‹”› ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘‡–Š‹ •‘–Š‡ˆƒ”ǫ ‘•– ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡†‡ƒŽ–™‹–Š‹••—‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ˆƒ”‹‰Ȃ™‹–Šƒˆ‡™‡š ‡’–‹‘•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ƒ—Ž Š‘’•‘ ȋͳͻͻͷȌ ƒ† ‡”ƒ”† ‘ŽŽ‹ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ Ȃ Šƒ˜‡ ‘– „‡‡ ˜‡”› ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ ‹––‹‰ Š‡”‡ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‹•‰”‘—’‘ˆˆƒ”‡”• ™ƒ‹–‹‰–‘Š‡ƒ”›˜‹‡™•‘Ǯ™Šƒ–•‘ ‹‡–›™ƒ–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ǯǡ ˆ‡Ž–”ƒ–Š‡”ƒ–ƒŽ‘••Ǥ „—”‰‡‘‹‰ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ’”‘†— ‡† ‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ‡–Š‹ •ƒ† ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›•‹ ‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡–‡”‹‰‡”ǯ•AnimalLiberation‹ͳͻ͹ͷǤ ”‘™‹–Š‹‘•–‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡•ƒ†ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•‹–Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–‘—”‘Ž› •‡•‹„Ž‡”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡‹Œ—•–‹ ‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰’‹‰•ƒ†–”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒ•™‡†‘‹•”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‘”ǡ ‹ˆ ‘– ‘—–”‹‰Š– ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘ǡ ‘ˆ ȋ‹–‡•‹˜‡Ȍ ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ Š‹•‹•ƒ”‰—‡†ˆ‘”‹ –‡”•‘ˆ ƒŽŽ•–‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘ˆ•‡–‹‡–„‡‹‰•ȋ‹‰‡”ͳͻ͹ͷȌǡ‘—–‘ˆ”‡•’‡ – ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‹‰Š–• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ• •—„Œ‡ –• ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‹ˆ‡ ȋ‡‰ƒ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ’‹‰•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ƒˆŽ‘—”‹•Š‹‰Ž‹ˆ‡—†‡”–Š‡•‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ȋ—•–‡‹ƒ† —••„ƒ— ʹͲͲͶȌǡ ‘” Œ—•– „‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆȋ•‘‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆȌ ‘‘ •‡•‡ƒ„‘—– ™Šƒ– ‹– ‡ƒ• –‘ „‡ Š—ƒ ƒ† Š‘™ ™‡ •Š‘—Ž† ”‡Žƒ–‡ –‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ• •— Š ƒ• ’‹‰• ȋ‹ƒ‘† ͳͻ͹ͺǢ ‡ƒƒ†‹‰Š–ʹͲͲͶȌǤ—”‹‰‡ƒ Š˜‹•‹––‘ƒ’‹‰ˆƒ”ǡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†•‘‡ ‘”ƒŽ ƒŽŽ–‘†‘•‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ȃ–Š‡Š‘””‹ˆ‹ •‡ŽŽǢ–Š‡•ƒ†‡••‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘ˆ‹‡‡–Ǥ  Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ’‘••‹„Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‹•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡‰‘‹‰‘ ˆ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–͵ͷ›‡ƒ”•‘™ȋ‘”‡˜‡•‹ ‡–Š‡†ƒ›•‘ˆ›–Šƒ‰‘”ƒ•ǡ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‡–ŠƒȌ –Šƒ–Šƒ•‘–„‡‡•ƒ‹†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Ȃƒ†’”‘„ƒ„Ž›— Š‘”‡’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›ƒ†‡Ž‘“—‡–Ž›ǫ ‘–Š‡” ƒ•’‹”‹‰ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡” ƒ††‹‰ Š‡”Ǧ ‘” Š‹•‡Žˆ –‘ –Š‡ Š‘”—• ‘ˆ ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‹•–• ‘” ”‡ˆ‘”‹•–• †‘‡• ‘– •‡‡ ƒ ˜‡”› ™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘Ǥ ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ ƒ •ƒŽŽ ‘•–‹–—‡ › ‘ˆ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ”‹ƒ•ǡ ˜‡‰ƒ•ǡ ƒ† ‘”‰ƒ‹  ‡ƒ–‡ƒ–‡”•ǡ‘•–consumerǦcitizensƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ„—›‹‰Žƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ Š‡ƒ’ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘–‡‹ǡ•‡‡‹‰Ž›—‹’”‡••‡†„›–Š‡’”‘–‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‡ȂƒŽ„‡‹–’‡”Šƒ’• •‘‡™Šƒ– ‰”‘™‹‰Ȃƒ‹ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–ǤŽŽ–Š‘•‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ’’‡ƒ”—†‡–‡””‡†„›–Š‡™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ ƒ”‰—‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ‡–Š‹ ‹•–•Ǥ†„‡•‹†‡•ǡ™Š‡‘‡˜‹•‹–•†ƒ‹”›ƒ†’‹‰

 aphilosopheronapigfarm13  ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ–Š‡›•‡‡Š‘‡•–ǡŠƒ”†Ǧ™‘”‹‰ǡƒ†‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›™‡ŽŽǦ‹–‡–‹‘‡† ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ™Š‘ǡ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡‹” •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ† ‹ –Š‡‹” ™ƒ› ƒ ‡˜‡ „‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ• ‹ •‘‡ •‡•‡ ƒ”‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ƒ‹ƒŽ• ȋ ƒ”„‡”• ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ”ƒ•‡” ʹͲͲͳǢ ‡ ”‡‡ˆ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲ͸ǢŠ‘’•‘ʹͲͲͶǢ‘Š‡ǡ”‘ǡƒ†–ƒ••‡ʹͲͲͻȌǤ  ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’‹‰•Ž‘ ‡†—’‹‰”‘—’•‘ˆƒ„‘—––‡ǡ‹ ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ•‡˜‡–‘–‡•“—ƒ”‡ ‡–”‡•ǡ ™‘—Ž† ’‡”Šƒ’• ƒ– ˆ‹”•– „‡ ‰Žƒ† –‘ „‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡†ǡ „—– •‡†‹‰ ƒŽŽ ͳͷ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ —– Š ’‹‰• –‘ –Š‡ ™‘‘†• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ȋƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ȍ ‘– ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡ ™‹–Š‘—–‰”‘••Ž›‹–‡”ˆ‡”‹‰™‹–ŠŠ—ƒƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥͳ”‡–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡•–”—Ž› •‘ „ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ’‹‰• ™‘—Ž† ”ƒ–Š‡” „‡ †‡ƒ†ǫ • ‹– ‹ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”‡•– ˆ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘–‘ „‡ ’Šƒ•‡† ‘—–ǫ ‘™ — Š †‘ –Š‡›•—ˆˆ‡”ǡ Š‘™ „‘”‡† ƒ”‡–Š‡›ǡ ƒ† ™Š› ƒǯ––Š‡›•–‘’ƒ––ƒ ‹‰‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǫ ˆ‘Ž›™‡ ‘—Ž†ƒ•Ǥ—–Š‘™ ‘—Ž†™‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡ǫ

  1 This is especially so as the number of wild boar that are allowed to live in the  is just a few thousand,reducedbymorethanhalfeachyearthrough.  







Chapter1

Introduction:ethicsonthefarm?

  

1.1Ethicsandfood?Theplaceofethics  Šƒ–•ŠƒŽŽ™‡‡ƒ–ǫ‘––‘‘Ž‘‰ƒ‰‘–Š‹•†ƒ‹Ž›†‹Ž‡ƒ™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ •“—ƒ”‡Ž›‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •Ǥ–Š‹ • ‘‘Ž›‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ• ‘ ‡”‹‰ ƒ –•–Šƒ–‹˜‘Ž˜‡Šƒ”–‘‘–Š‡”•ȋ‹Ž‹„‡”ƒŽȀ—–‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •Ȍǡ–Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ’”‡• ”‹„‡† „› †—–‹‡• ȋ‹ †‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹‡•Ȍǡ ‘” ƒ• †‹•’‘•‹–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹˜‹”–—‡‡–Š‹ •ȌǤ–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰‹–Š‡Žƒ––‡” ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”›Šƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‘•–Ž›ƒ”‘—†“—‡•–‹‘•–Šƒ– ‘‡—’ ‹ ’Žƒ ‡• Ž‹‡ Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ• ȋ‘—Ž‹ ͳͻͺʹǢ ‡ƒ— Šƒ’ ƒ† Š‹Ž†”‡•• ʹͲͲͳȌǤ Ǯ–Š‹ ƒŽǯ ™‡”‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”†‡ ‹•‹‘•‘Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ††‡ƒ–ŠǤ ‘‡Ž›ƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǡ•— Šƒ•„—›‹‰„”‡ƒ†‘” –ƒ‹‰ ƒ •Š‘™‡”ǡ ™‡”‡ ‘– Œ—•– ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ǡ „—– “—‹–‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‘”ƒŽŽ› ‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ –•Ǥ –Š‡”™‹•‡™‡™‘—Ž†•’‡†ƒ‹‘”†‹ƒ–‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–‹‡–‘”‡ˆŽ‡ – ‘ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‹—–‹ƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ Šƒ„‹–—ƒŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ —– ƒ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ –Š‹• ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ „ƒ””‹‡”ǡ –Š‡ „ƒ‡”›ƒ†–Š‡„ƒ–Š”‘‘™‡”‡‘–™Š‡”‡‘”ƒŽ‹–›™ƒ•‹ƒ‰‹‡†–‘ –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡•‡•‹–‡•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”ƒŽŽ›‡—–”ƒŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†™‘”Ž†‹™Š‹ Š™‡•—•–ƒ‹ ‘—”‡˜‡”›†ƒ›’”‹˜ƒ–‡ƒˆˆƒ‹”•Ǣ™Š‡”‡ƒ•™‡‡ ‘—–‡”ƒ –—ƒŽ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‘Ž›ƒ– –”—Ž› †‡ˆ‹‹‰ ‘‡–• ‹ ‘—” Ž‹˜‡• ƒ† ™Š‡ ƒ‹‰ ȋ‘ˆ–‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ȍ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–™‡ƒ‰”‡‡–‘„‡‹’‘”–ƒ––Š‹‰•Ǥ  ‡”Šƒ’•‹–™ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›–‡ŽŽ‹‰–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ––Š‡„ƒ‡”ǯ•ǡ‡˜‡”–Š‡„—– Š‡”ǯ•ǡ ™Š‡”‡–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽŽ›‡—–”ƒŽ ‘•—’–‹‘™ƒ••‹–—ƒ–‡†‹–Š‹•‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ›™ƒ›ǡ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’ƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ™‹–‡••‡† –Š‡ „”‘ƒ† ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‘—” ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‘—”—•‡‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡••— Šƒ•ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ™Š‡ •Š‘™‡”‹‰Ȍƒ† Š‘‹ ‡•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰™‡”‡ƒ†Š‘™‘—”ˆ‘‘†‹•’”‘†— ‡† ȋ‘”–ŠƒŽ• 16chapterone  ʹͲͲͶȌǡ ƒ”‡ ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ƒ••—‡† –‘ „‡ ‡”‡Ž› —†ƒ‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ‘ˆ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡ„—–ƒ‘—––‘–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹‰•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‹••—‡•‘ˆ‘—”Ž‹ˆ‡–‹‡Ǥ‹ ‡ƒˆ‡™ ›‡ƒ”•™‡Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ–ƒ•—’‡”ƒ”‡–‹•ƒ‘”ƒŽ‹‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ™Š‡”‡„‡Š‹† ‡˜‡”› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ’”‘†— – Žƒ„‡Ž †‡ ‹•‹‘• Ž—” ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ‡•Žƒ˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘ ‘ƒ ™‘”‡”•ǡ –Š‡ †‡•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –”‘’‹ ƒŽ ”ƒ‹ˆ‘”‡•–•ǡ –Š‡ ‘„‡•‹–› ’ƒ†‡‹  ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ •’ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ›‹‰ Š‡•Ǥ ‘‡–‹‡•ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹ƒ •‹‰Ž‡‹–‡ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†ˆ‘‘† ‘•—’–‹‘Šƒ˜‡ǡ‹ –‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡” ‘Š‡™‡›ǡ•–‘’’‡†„‡‹‰‡”‡—”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ Šƒ„‹–—ƒŽ ƒ –•ǡ –‘ „‡ ‘‡ „”‘ƒ†Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• Ǯ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǯ ȋ‡™‡› ʹͲͲͺǢ‘•‘•‹ʹͲͳͲǡͳͲͲȌǤ 

1.2Animalfarming,amosaicofconcerns  Š‡Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ–ˆ‘‘†ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ˆƒ”‹‰‹•ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ƒ† ‘–‡•–‡†ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ‹–‡”Ž‘ ‹‰ ‘ ‡”•Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ ‡˜‡”‘”‡’”‘‹‡–ƒ†—”‰‡–”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡‹ˆ‘‘†’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ•‡‡ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡–‡‹ˆ‡Ž†‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ‘†‡•–ƒ––‡’–ƒ–ƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•ȋ‹ ‘’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‘”†‡”Ȍ™‘—Ž†‹ Ž—†‡ǣ  ͳǤ Š‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‡‹–Š‡””ƒ‹•‡†–‘„‡•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‡†‘”ˆ‘” ’”‘†— ‹‰‹Žǡ‡‰‰•ǡ‘”‘–Š‡”ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –•Ǥ ʹǤ Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǡ•‘‹Žǡƒ†ƒ‹”†—‡–‘ƒ—”‡•–‘”ƒ‰‡

ƒ† †‡’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‡‹••‹‘• ‘ˆ ʹǡ ‡–Šƒ‡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡‹†— ‹‰‰ƒ•‡•Ǥ ͵Ǥ Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š”‹••–‘‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒ†˜‹•‹–‘”•‘ˆƒ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ”ˆƒ”•ǡƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„› ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘„—–ƒŽ•‘„›œ‘‘‘–‹ †‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ ͶǤ Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ„ƒ –‡”‹ƒ–‘ƒ–‹„‹‘–‹ •†—‡–‘–Š‡”‘—–‹‡—•‡‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ƒ• ‰”‘™–Š ’”‘‘–‡”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ”‹•• ‘ˆ ‡†‹ ‹‡ ”‡•‹†—‡•‹‡ƒ–ƒ††ƒ‹”›’”‘†— –•Ǣ ͷǤ ‘ ƒŽƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ƒ–—”‡ƒ†„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›†—‡–‘–Š‡•’ƒ ‡ ”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽˆ‡‡†ƒ†‹–•‹’Ž‹‡††‡•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‹Ž†Šƒ„‹–ƒ–ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘–Š‡ —””‡–ƒ••‡š–‹ –‹‘‘ˆ•’‡ ‹‡•Ǥ ͸Ǥ Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘•–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡‡† ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ—–”‹‡–‹„ƒŽƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ—”‡•—”’Ž—•Ǥ

 introduction:ethicsonthefarm17  ͹Ǥ Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ ƒ”‹‡ ‡ ‘•›•–‡• †—‡ –‘ ƒ ‹†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡ™‹–Š”‹˜‡”•†‹• Šƒ”‰‹‰’‡•–‹ ‹†‡•ƒ†•—”’Ž—•ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”‹–‘–Š‡ •‡ƒ•Ǥʹ ͺǤ Š‡†‡’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ• ƒ” ‡”‡•‘—” ‡••— Šƒ•ˆ‘••‹Žˆ—‡Ž•ȋˆ‘”ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡” ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ†’Š‘•’Š‘”—•Ǥ ͻǤ Š‡—•‡‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡ƒ‘—–•‘ˆˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”ˆ‘”ˆ‡‡†’”‘†— –‹‘ǡƒŽ•‘‹’Žƒ ‡• ™Š‡”‡–Š‹•‹•ƒ• ƒ” ‡‰‘‘†Ǥ ͳͲǤ Š‡—•—”’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”ƒ„Ž‡Žƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽˆ‡‡†’”‘†— –‹‘–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ —•‡† –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ ˆ‘‘† ”‘’• †‹”‡ –Ž› ƒ† ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† ‘ ‡”•‘ˆŠ—‰‡”ǡ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŒ—•–‹ ‡ǡˆ‘‘†•‡ —”‹–›ƒ†ˆƒ‹”–”ƒ†‡Ǥ ͳͳǤ Š‡Š—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‡ƒ–‹‰ȋŽƒ”‰‡ƒ‘—–•‘ˆȌ‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž›’”‘†— ‡† ‡ƒ–Ǥ  ‡•‹†‡• –Š‡•‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘•– ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‹–‡”ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ† ‹–• ’”‘†— –•ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ™Š‹ Š ƒƒŽ•‘„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•’‘•‹–‹˜‡ǣ  ͳʹǤ Š‡•—’’Ž›‘ˆƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›ƒ†•ƒˆ‡ˆ‘‘†‘ˆ“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†–ƒ•–‡Ǣ ͳ͵Ǥ ƒ„‘—” ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†‹ ‘‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†ˆƒ”™‘”‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Šƒ– ‘ˆ•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”Š‘—•‡™‘”‡”•Ǣ ͳͶǤ —”ƒŽŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ƒ†–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›ǡƒŽ•‘ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ • ƒŽ‡‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ”—”ƒŽ†‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†Žƒ† ƒ„ƒ†‘‡–Ǥ ͳͷǤ ‡•–Š‡–‹ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡—†‡” ’”‡••—”‡„‘–Šˆ”‘‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Žƒ†—•‡Ǥ ͳ͸Ǥ  ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘” –”ƒ ‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ –‘ –Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ† ‘•—‡”•Ǥ  Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ”‘–‡† ™‹–Š Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‹••—‡•Ǥ‘–Œ—•–‹ –‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹†•‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ†‘–Š‡”•—„Œ‡ –•™‹–Šƒ•–ƒ‡‹–Š‡ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ† ’‘Ž‹ › –‡””ƒ‹• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ǣ ˆ‘‘† •ƒˆ‡–›ǡ

  2 This thesis does not deal with the aquaculture sector of animal production. Even though in terms of the amountofanimalsinvolveditislargerthanallothersectorscombined,theissuesencounteredthereseemto be significantly different in their internal dynamics and societal meanings to require a study of their own (Driessen 2013). Though it should be acknowledged that this common bracketing off is not innocent, .g. consideringtheneglectoffishwelfare(Braithwaite2010).   18chapterone  ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ›ǡ•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ’Žƒ‹‰ǡ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡ǡƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’—„Ž‹  Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡–• ‘ ‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•‹ Ž—†‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽǡˆƒ‹”–”ƒ†‡ǡ ‘•—‡””‹‰Š–•ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–—”‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡„ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹••—‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ƒ– •–ƒ‡ ‹• ‘ˆ–‡Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ––‡•–‡†„›–Š‡•Š‡‡””ƒ‰‡‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‡š’‡”–• ”‡“—‹”‡†–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ†‰‡–ƒ‰”‹’‘–Š‡•‡ǣ‡ ‘‘‹•–•ǡ„‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹ • ‹‡–‹•–•ǡˆ‘‘†• ‹‡–‹•–•ǡ”—”ƒŽ•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ’‡”Šƒ’• ‡˜‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•Ǥ Šƒ– ƒŽ•‘ •–ƒ†• ‘—– ‹• –Š‡ ƒŽŽ ‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰ • ƒŽ‡ ƒ† ’”‡••‹‰ ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ  Abolition —–•—”‡Ž›ǡ™Š‡™‡Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡Ž‘‰Ž‹•–‘ˆ ‘ ‡”•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘Š‡”‡–ǡ •›•–‡‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘„˜‹‘—•ǡ ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘–Šƒ–•–ƒ”‡•—•”‹‰Š–‹–Š‡ˆƒ ‡ǫŠ‡™Š‘Ž‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡† ”‹•‡•Ȃ ˆ”‘–Š‡‘„‡•‹–›‡’‹†‡‹ –‘‰Ž‘„ƒŽŠ—‰‡”ǡˆ”‘–Š‡†‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆ‘”‡•–•–‘ –Š‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘ˆ†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡˆ”‘”ƒ’ƒ–ƒ–‹„‹‘–‹ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ „Ž‘‘•‹”‹˜‡”•ƒ†‘ ‡ƒ•Ȃ™‘—Ž†„‡‰”‡ƒ–Ž›Š‡Ž’‡†ǡ‹ˆ‘– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›”‡•‘Ž˜‡†ǡ ™‹–Šƒ‡”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–‘ƒ†‹‡–‘ˆ’Žƒ–„ƒ•‡†’”‘–‡‹•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ —””‡–‹–‡•‹˜‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ”„‡––‡”›‡–ǡ‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡„‘ƒ”†Ǥ  ‡†‘‡•‘–‡‡†— Š‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰–‘ƒ””‹˜‡ƒ––Š‹• ‘ Ž—•‹‘Ǥ ‘”ƒ—„‡” ‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒŽ‘‡‹•‡‘—‰Š–‘–”›ƒ†Ž‹˜‡‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽǦ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ‘’Ž‡šǤ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡„”‘ƒ†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‡ –•ƒ†–Š‡’”‡••‹‰ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹••—‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ •‡‡• –‘ „‡ ‘ ‡‡† –‘ “—‹„„Ž‡ ‘˜‡” ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘••— Šƒ•–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‘”™Š‡–Š‡” †‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ —–‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ‘” ˜‹”–—‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹‡• ’”‘˜‹†‡ —•™‹–Š–Š‡„‡•– ƒ”‰—‡–•ˆ‘””‡ˆ‘”Ǥ–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–‘ƒ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›ƒ‹ƒŽǦˆ”‡‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ •›•–‡™‘—Ž†”‡“—‹”‡”‡–Š‹‹‰•‘‹Žˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘—–ƒ‹ƒŽƒ—”‡͵ǡ„—–ƒ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘•— Š–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‹–‹‡•–Š‡”‡•‡‡–‘„‡‘Ž›ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ˆŠ—ƒ‹–›‹•–‘•—”˜‹˜‡ ‹–• ‡š’‡ –‡† ‰”‘™–Š –‘ ‹‡ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –Š‹• ‡–—”› ‹ ƒ› †‡ ‡– ™ƒ›ǡ •‘‘‡” ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ Žƒ–‡” •‘‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– •Š‹ˆ–• ‹ ‘•—’–‹‘ ’ƒ––‡”• ƒ† ’”‘†— –‹‘ •›•–‡• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ † –Š‹• ‹• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› –Š‡ ƒ•‡ •‡‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ •Š‘”– –‡” ƒ† ƒ””‘™Ž› ƒ–Š”‘’‘ ‡–”‹  ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ •‘ ™‹–Š‘—– ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘–Š‡Žƒ•–”‡ƒ‹‹‰™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•Ǥ   3manureseemsanobvioussolution  introduction:ethicsonthefarm19  ‡˜‡”ƒŽ–Š‹‰• ‘—Ž†„‡•ƒ‹†‹†‡ˆ‡ ‡‘ˆ•‘‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ† ‘•—’–‹‘ǡ ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘ ‹†‡ƒ• ‘ ’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡ ‡••‹–› –‘ ‘—ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡŠ—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡•Ǥ—–‹–•‡‡• Šƒ”†–‘ƒ”‰—‡‹–Š‡•‡–‡”•ˆ‘”‡˜‡”‘”‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽˆ‘”•‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘–Šƒ–•‡‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› †‡˜‘‹† ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘” ˜‡”› Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹•™”‹––‡ˆ”‘ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘–Šƒ–„ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ ‡’–• Ȃ‘””ƒ–Š‡”ƒ••—‡•Ȃ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ƒ”ˆ—–—”‡ǤͶ ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡–Š‘—‰Šǡ–Š‡–Š‡•‹• ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ ‘–‹—ƒŽ•–”—‰‰Ž‡™‹–Š –Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‡••‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡ǤŠ‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‘”‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ‘†‡•‘ˆ”‡ˆ‘”‹‰‘—””‡Žƒ–‹‘•–‘ˆ‘‘†ǡƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡŽƒ†• ƒ’‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡– ™‹ŽŽ’‘’—’‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•Ǥ  ˆȋ‘”ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•Ȍ”‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†‹•‘–ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ–Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‡‡”‰‡• Š‘™–‘–Š‹–Š”‘—‰Šˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡›”‹ƒ†‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• Ž‹•–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ‘‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–ˆ‘”•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ„ƒ•‡†ˆ‘‘†’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ„‡ ‹ƒ‰‹‡†‹™Š‹ Š—’–‘ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ —””‡–’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘—Ž†„‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ› •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ȋ ƒ‹”Ž‹‡ ʹͲͳͲǢ ‘”–ŠƒŽ• ʹͲͳʹȌǤ Š‹• ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ”‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‹‰ ™‘—Ž† ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ ‡–ƒ‹Ž •Š‘”–‡” ’”‘†— –‹‘ Šƒ‹•ǡ ˆ‡‡†‹‰ ‘™• ™‹–Š ‰”ƒ•• ƒ† ’‹‰•™‹–Šˆ‘‘†™ƒ•–‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‰”ƒ‹•Ǥ   –Š‡ ‹ ”‡‡–ƒŽǡ ‡Ž‹‘”‹•– ‘—–Ž‘‘ ‘ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• –Šƒ– –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ‹• ‡ƒ––‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ǡ‡™“—‡•–‹‘•”‹•‡–‘’”‘‹‡ ‡ǣ ‘™–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‹‰•ǫ Šƒ– ‘—–•ƒ•‹’”‘˜‡‡–ǫǤ‰Ǥ™Šƒ–†‘‡•Š‹‰Š‡”™‡Žˆƒ”‡ˆ‘”ˆƒ” ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ‘—––‘‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǫŠƒ–ƒ‡•ˆ‘”ˆƒ”Žƒ„‘—”“—ƒŽ‹–›ǫŠƒ–‹•ƒƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡ ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡ǫ 

1.3Visualizingthemoralmosaic,or,wheretosituatemoralagency?  ‘™ †‹† ™‡ „‡ ‘‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡”• ‘˜‡” ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ †‡•–”— –‹‘ ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ǫ†Š‘™ƒ”‡™‡–‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –’—„Ž‹ Ž›‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǫ

  4 Interestingly, some of those debating animal welfare in current day practices express confidence in the continuationof(intensive)animalfarmingonlyforasurprisinglyshortperiod,e.g.‘thenextdecade’(PaulB. Thompson 2012). Nevertheless, proponents of intensive farming tend to point to the ever growing global demand for meat and dairy products with the rise of disposable income in developing countries (Delgado 2003).   20chapterone  Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ”‡’‘”–ƒ‰‡•ǡ‡™•’ƒ’‡”ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ†„‘‘•ƒ”‡‘™‹ˆ‘”‹‰—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹††‡ ™‘”Ž†• „‡Š‹† –Š‡ ’”‘†— – Žƒ„‡Ž•Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ’”‘‹‡– ’‘”–”ƒ›ƒŽ•‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ”‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ†‘ —‡–ƒ”‹‡••— Š ƒ•OurDailyBreadƒ†FeedtheWorldǤ  OurDailyBreadȋ ‡›”ŠƒŽ–‡”ʹͲͲͷȌ‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ†‹• ‘ ‡”–‹‰˜‹•—ƒŽ†‹•’Žƒ›‘ˆ‘†‡” ˆ‘‘†’”‘†— –‹‘•›•–‡•Ǥ‹–Šƒ–‹–Ž‡ ‘Œ—”‹‰—’”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘‘–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹–”‡˜‡ƒŽ• ‹•–‡ƒ† Š‘™ ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†ǡ ‡ Šƒ‹œ‡†ǡ ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘—” ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†— –‹‘ Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡Ǥ Ž‘‰ǡ•–‡ƒ†›•Š‘–•™‡ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ”‘–‡†™‹–Šƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‘‘–‘‘—• ƒ –•ǡ•— Šƒ••’”ƒ›‹‰’‡•–‹ ‹†‡•‹ƒ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡ǡ•‘”–‹‰„ƒ„› Š‹ •‘ƒ ‘˜‡›‘” „‡Ž–ƒ† —––‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š ƒ” ƒ••‡•™‹–Šƒ’—”’‘•‡ˆ—ŽŽ›†‡•‹‰‡† ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ •ƒ™Ǥ  –‹˜‹–‹‡• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒŽŽ Ž‹˜‹‰ ȋƒ† †‡ƒ†Ȍ „‡‹‰• •‡‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡–ƒ‡—’Ǥ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ•‘™‹‰ǡ Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰ǡ ƒ† •Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‹‰ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ ’”‡‘†‡” –‹‡• ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‡„‡††‡† ‹ •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ ”‹–—ƒŽ• ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ”‡ †‹•’Žƒ›‡† ƒ• •ƒ‹–‹œ‡†ǡ ‘’–‹‹œ‡†ƒ†—––‡”Ž›‡ƒ‹‰Ž‡••Ǥ‘‘‡•’‡ƒ•‹–Š‹•ˆ‹ŽǤ”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘–‹ƒ ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ›”‡Žƒ–‡•–‘™Šƒ–•‡‡•–‘„‡‰‘‹‰‘Ǥ‘•–Ž›™Šƒ–™‡Š‡ƒ”‹• –Š‡–Š”‘„„‹‰•‘—†‘ˆƒ Š‹‡”›–Šƒ–’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ‡†Ž‡••Ž›’‘—†‹‰”Š›–Š–‘ –Š‡”‡’‡–‹–‹˜‡‘˜‡‡–•‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ”•ǡƒ‹ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•ƒ†‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡•Ǥ  ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ™‡ •‡‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ –ƒ••ǡ Š—ƒ •—„Œ‡ –• †‘ ‘– ”‡ƒŽŽ›ˆ‹‰—”‡ǤŠ‡‹”‹†••‡‡‡’–›ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡‘‘–Š‡”™ƒ›–‘„‡Šƒ˜‡ –Šƒ –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ ’”‡• ”‹’–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ Š‹‡”›ǡ ‹–•‡Žˆ –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘„‹‡†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽƒ™•‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǤŠ‡‘”ƒŽ‹–›‹• ”‹„‡†‹ –Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡•‹•‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›†‹”‡ –‡†ƒ––Š‹•˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ–Š‡‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ƒ”‡–Ž‘‰‹ „ƒ•‡†‘ ‘•—‡”‹•–‡‡†•ƒ††‡•‹”‡•–Šƒ––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‰‘ —“—‡•–‹‘‡†Ǥ ‘•—‡”• •‡‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ‡’– Ȃƒ† ’‡”Šƒ’• ’”‡ˆ‡” –‘ ‡‡’ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ȃ ‹ –Š‡ †ƒ” ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ Ǥ ‘‘†’”‘†— –•ƒ”‡’ƒ ƒ‰‡†‹ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰™”ƒ’’‡”•–Šƒ– ‘‡™‹–Šƒ‘†–‘”—”ƒŽ ‹†‡ƒŽ•‘ˆˆ”—‰ƒŽ‹–›ƒ† ‘—‹–›Ǥ —ƒ•ƒ”‡’‘”–”ƒ›‡†ƒ•ƒ”–‹•ƒƒŽƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ• ‘–‡–Ǥ Š—•ǡ —ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ‘•–‘ˆ—• ‡–ƒŽŽ›‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ‹ŽǦ ƒ”–‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆƒͳ͹–Š ‡–—”›Žƒ†• ƒ’‡’ƒ‹–‹‰Ǥ   Our Daily Breadǡ –Š‡”‡ •‡‡• –‘ „‡ ‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ Š—ƒ•ǡ’Žƒ–•‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ–Š‹•‹•–Š‡˜‡”›’‘‹–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹Žǡ–‘’”‡•‡– ™‹–Š‘—– ‘‡–ƒ”›Š‘™ǡDzȏ’Ȑ‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ”‘’•ƒ†ƒ Š‹‡•’Žƒ›ƒ•—’’‘”–‹‰ ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡Ž‘‰‹•–‹ •‘ˆ–Š‹••›•–‡™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‹†‡•‘—”•‘ ‹‡–›ǯ••–ƒ†ƒ”†‘ˆŽ‹˜‹‰dz ȋ ‡›”ŠƒŽ–‡”ʹͲͲͷȌǤ –‹•Ž‡ˆ––‘–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”–‘„‡•–”— „›–Š‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡ˆŽƒ––‡‹‰‘ˆ

 introduction:ethicsonthefarm21  ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†— –‹‘ ™Š‹ Š Ž‡ƒ˜‡• Ž‹––Ž‡•’ƒ ‡ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹•ǡŠ—ƒ‘”‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŠ—ƒǦ ƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡ • ƒŽ‡ ‘ˆ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ• •— Š †‘ ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ƒ‹ƒŽ •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘” ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘Ǥ —” —‡ƒ•‡ ‘˜‡”–Š‡‡ ‘—–‡”‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‡ Šƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ȋ ˆǤ ‹‡†‹‘ʹͲͳ͵Ȍƒ› ‘‡‘– •‘— Šˆ”‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•‘˜‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –•–Šƒ– ƒ„‡‡ƒ•—”‡†ƒ†‹‹‹œ‡†Ǥ – ‘—Ž†‡˜‡–—”‘—––Šƒ–™‘””‹‡•‘˜‡”ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰Ž‡••‡••ƒ”‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‹’”‘˜‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ƒ† Ž‘™‡”‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‡‹••‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ • ƒŽ‡ ƒ† ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ  We Feed the World ȋƒ‰‡Š‘ˆ‡” ʹͲͲͷȌ •Š‘™• •‹‹Žƒ” ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†— –‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ•OurDailyBreadǤ‰ƒ‹™‡•‡‡ˆŽ—ˆˆ››‡ŽŽ‘™ Š‹ •„‡‹‰•‘”–‡†‘ˆƒ•– ’ƒ ‡† ‘˜‡›‡”„‡Ž–•ƒ† ”‘’•™Š‹”Ž‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š’”‘ ‡••‹‰’Žƒ–•Ǥ —– Š‡”‡ –Š‹• ˆ‘‘–ƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š‹ƒ‰‡”› ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽ • ƒŽ‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ –Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–Š‡„”‹‘ˆ‡š–‹ –‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ‘”‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ†‘ —‡–ƒ”›ǡ‹–Šƒ–ƒ —„‡”‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ˆ‘‘†’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ”‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† •‘‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•–ƒŽ‹‰Š‡ƒ†•Ǥ‡‹–Š‡”ˆ‹Ž‹•‹–Š‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽǮ— ”ƒ‹‰ǯ‰‡”‡Ǥ Š‡›†‘‘–— ‘˜‡”ƒ• ƒ†ƒŽ‹–Š‡•‡•‡‘ˆ‡š’‘•‹‰•‘‡‘‡†‘‹‰‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ –•Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ• Our Daily Bread ‘Ž› ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ Ž‘•• ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡ › ƒ† ‡˜‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‹ ‘—” ˆ‘‘† •›•–‡ǡ We Feed the World •‡‡• –‘ ‰‡•–—”‡ –‘™ƒ”†• •‘‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ȋ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽȌ Š—ƒ ƒ‰‡ › ƒ† ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—ƒ• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ƒ”‡ •Š‘™ –‘ Ž‘‘ „ƒ  ‹ Š‘””‘” ƒ† †‹•‰—•– ƒ––Š‡‹”–‡ Š‘Ǧ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–•ǣ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž› ƒ––—‡† ’Žƒ–•ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ƒ Š‹‡”›Ǥ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–‹•’‘”–”ƒ›‡†ƒ•’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ǡ„—–Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ‹•ƒ •‡•‡‘ˆƒ‰‡–•‹ƒ†Ǯ„‡Š‹†ǯ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ  ”‘„‘–Š–Š‡•‡ˆ‹Ž•™‡‰‡–ƒ•‡•‡–Šƒ–™Šƒ–™‡ ‘—Ž† ƒŽŽ‘”ƒŽ ƒ‰‡ ›‘ˆƒŽŽ –Š‘•‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹‘—”ˆ‘‘†•›•–‡‹••‡˜‡”‡Ž›”‡•–”‹ –‡††—‡–‘‹‰”ƒ‹‡†‡ ‘‘‹  Ž‘‰‹ •ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǮ• ”‹’–•ǯǤ ˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹“—‡•–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹• ‡‡”‰‡ǣŠ‡”‡ ƒ™‡•‹–—ƒ–‡‡–Š‹ •ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ”‡™‡–‘Ž‘‘ˆ‘”‡–Š‹ ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ǫ ‘™ ƒ™‡ ‘ ‡‹˜‡‘ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‰‡ ›‹‘—” ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Šˆ‘‘† •›•–‡ǫ†™Šƒ–‰‡”‡•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‹“—‹”›ƒ”‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ†Š‡Ž’ˆ—Žȋ‘”‹””‹–ƒ–‹‰Ȍ–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘ ‡”•Ž‹•–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǫ   

  22chapterone  Theethicsofconsumers? –‘™‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‘‘ƒ‘‰‰‘˜‡”‡–•ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‡”•–‘ •‹–—ƒ–‡ ‘”ƒŽ ȋƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽȌ †‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‘•—‡”•Ǥ  †”ƒ•–‹  –—” ‘ˆ ‡˜‡–• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡†ƒ›•™Š‡„—›‹‰ˆ‘‘†™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘Ž‹‡‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ •’Š‡”‡‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •Ǥ ƒŽ‹„‡”ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘•—‡”†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ ‘•—‡”•ˆ‹”•– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ˆ‘‘† ‡‡–• ‡”–ƒ‹ –Š”‡•Š‘Ž† Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ’”‘†— – •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ‘ ™Š‹ Š ƒ Ǯ‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰ ‘•‡•—•ǯ ‡š‹•–• ƒ• –‘ ™Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡ ‹‹ƒŽŽ›”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”‘”ƒŽ ‘•—’–‹‘ȋ‡‡ƒʹͲͲͺȌǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ˆ‘‘†–Šƒ–™‡ ƒ„—›•Š‘—Ž†ƒ ‘”†™‹–Š‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‘™Š‹ Š ™‡ ‹ ‘—” •‘ ‹‡–›–‡†–‘ƒ‰”‡‡Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǣ–Šƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡–”‡ƒ–‡†—‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ”—‡Žƒ†ƒ”‡‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ•ǮŠ—ƒ‡Ž›ǯƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ‡›‘†–Š‡•‡‹‹—•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‘ ™Š‹ Š™‡ ƒƒ‰”‡‡‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••–Šƒ–”‡•—Ž–•‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ ‘•—‡”• ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‹‰Š––‘ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡’”‘†— –‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘‘†•–—ˆˆ•ǡ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡› ƒ‡š‡” ‹•‡–Š‡‹”ƒ”‡– ƒ—–‘‘›ƒ†ƒ‡‹ˆ‘”‡† Š‘‹ ‡•„ƒ•‡†‘’‡”•‘ƒŽ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‹ –‹‘•Ǥ Š‹• ™‘—Ž† ƒŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ –Š‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡‹” ‘™ Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡ ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘ˆ‘‘†ȋ‡‡ƒʹͲͲ͸Ȍƒ†–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ –”—•– ‹ ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ „‡ –ƒ‡ •‡”‹‘—•Ž› ‹ ‹ˆ‘”‹‰ ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ –‘ †‡„ƒ–‡•‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹••—‡•ȋ”‘‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͸Ǣ‡”‘ƒ†‘ŽʹͲͳͲȌǤ  ‘”‘–Š‡”•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆǮ‡–Š‹ •‹ƒƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘•—‡”•ǯȋƒ—ƒʹͲͲͻȌ‹•‘–ƒ˜‡”› Š‘’‡ˆ—Ž ’”‘•’‡ –Ǥ ‘•—‡”• ‹ –Š‹• ˜‹‡™ ƒ”‡ ‘– ƒ—–‘‘‘—• „‡‹‰• ‡š’”‡••‹‰ –Š‡‹” ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™• ƒ† ”ƒˆ–‹‰ ƒ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡‹” ‘•—’–‹˜‡ Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡› ‘‡ƒ ”‘••ƒ•‹†Ž‡••Š‡†‘‹•–‹ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ‡”‡˜‡ –‘”• ‘ˆ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž ƒ”‡–‹‰ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǡ †”‹˜‡ „› „‘†‹Ž› ”ƒ˜‹‰• ƒ† —”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ †‡•‹”‡•ˆ‘” ‘•’‹ —‘—• ‘•—’–‹‘ȋƒ”„‡”ʹͲͲͺȌǤŠ‡ƒ”‡–ǡˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ ȋƒǦȌ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –•ǡ ‹• ‘– ™Š‡”‡ –”—‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ †‡„ƒ–‡ Šƒ’’‡•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘‡–‘‡š’”‡••–Š‡‹”‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ‡ˆ‹‹‰™Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ƒŽŽ‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹••—‡• Ȃ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‘•‡ –Šƒ– ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‡ ƒ† ™‹†‡ •’”‡ƒ† •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰Ȃ ƒ• ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘•—‡” ƒ –‹‘ǡ ’”‡ Ž—†‡• ‘”‡ ‘ ‡”–‡† ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ƒ‹‹‰ –‘ ‘”‡ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Šƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ȋƒ‹ƒ–‡• ʹͲͲͳȌǤ –‹ŽŽ ‘–Š‡”• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š –Šƒ– —Ž–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘• •’—””‡† ‘ „› ƒ –‹˜‹•–  • ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹‰ –‘ ȋŽƒ–‡–Ȍ ‘•—‡” †‡ƒ† ƒ „‡ ƒ ’”‘†— –‹˜‡ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‹’”‘˜‡‡– ƒ† ‡˜‡ ‘”ƒŽ’”‘‰”‡••ǤŠ‡”‡˜‡”–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•ƒ”‡–Š‘—‰Š–„‡•––‘„‡ƒ†‡‘–Š‡‡–Š‹ •‘ˆ ‘—” ˆ‘‘† Ȃ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–•ǡ ‹ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ –”ƒ†‡ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‹ •—’”ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‘†‹‡• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‘‹••‹‘ǡ ‹ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ „‘ƒ”† ”‘‘• ‘ˆ

 introduction:ethicsonthefarm23  —Ž–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•ǡ‹• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‘‹––‡‡•ǡ‘”„› ‘•—‡”•‹•—’‡”ƒ”‡–•Ȃ–Š‡”‡‹• ‘‡’Žƒ ‡™Š‹ Š‹•‘•–Ž›–ƒ‡ˆ‘”‰”ƒ–‡†ǣ–Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥ  Ethicalagencyonthefarm ‡”Šƒ’•™Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†’”‘†— –‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡ ƒ‹ǡ•‹–—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡–Š‹ •‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰‹–Š‡•—’‡”ƒ”‡–ƒ†–Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ ™‹–Š ‘•—‡”•ƒ† ‹–‹œ‡•ǡ’‡”Šƒ’• ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ •ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‡”•ǡ™‘—Ž† ƒ‡•‡•‡Ǥ—–™Š‡–Š‡‹••—‡‹•‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ ‹– ‹• ”ƒ–Š‡”•–”ƒ‰‡‹ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ˆ‹‰—”‡•Ǥ‘–Œ—•–ˆ‘”„‡‹‰ –Š‡‘‡•–‘‹’Ž‡‡––Š‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–Š‘—‰Š–—’„›• ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ†‡–Š‹ ‹•–•ǡ„—– ƒŽ•‘ƒ•ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––‘•‘‡‡š–‡–ǡŠƒ˜‹‰”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ™‹–Šƒ‹‰‘”ƒŽŒ—†‰‡–•Ǥ  ”‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–•ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ–Š‡‹”‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›‡‡”‰‡•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ Ǯ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ”‘‘ ˆ‘” ƒ‘‡—˜”‡ǯ ȋ‘”–ŠƒŽ• ʹͲͲͺǢ ‘’‡ ƒ† ‘”–ŠƒŽ• ʹͲͳͲȌǤ Š‹• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ›”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡‹” •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ •‘‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡–ǡ ‘” ’—„Ž‹ Ž› †‡„ƒ–‡ǡ ™Šƒ– –Š‡› ˆ‹† –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽŽ› ‘•– ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ  Š‹•–Š‡•‹•™‹ŽŽ‡š’Ž‘”‡™Šƒ–ˆ‘”•‡–Š‹ • ƒŠƒ˜‡‹ƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ƒ† ™Šƒ– –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –• ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ „‡ †‹• ‡”‡† ‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ –Š‹••–—†›ǡ‘–ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹†‘ˆƒ—–‘‘‘—• ‘”ƒŽƒ‰‡–‹•ƒ••—‡†ǡ‘”‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ‹– ‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆƒ––‡’–•‘ˆ ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰Š‘™ǡ‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› ƒ„‡•‡‡–‘ ‡‡”‰‡ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ —– Š‘™ –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† ™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•‹’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǫ 

1.4Appliedethicsasagenre,orhowtodoethicswhenethicsisalso(material) culture?  ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡƒ‰‡”‡‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ†ƒ•–›Ž‡‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ™”‹–‹‰ ‡‡”‰‡†–Šƒ–™ƒ•‘†‡ŽŽ‡†‘–Š‡”‹‰‘—”ǡ‘”†‡”ƒ† ‡”–ƒ‹–›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ • ȋ‘—Ž‹ ͳͻͺʹȌǤ ˆ —””‡–Ž› ™‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ – ‘ ‘”ƒŽ ‹••—‡•ǡ •–‹ŽŽ –Š‡ ‘‘ ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ‹†‡ƒŽ ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡•‡ƒ––‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡†‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†

  24chapterone  •‘„‡” •–›Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰Ǥͷ Š—• ‹– ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ ƒ••—‡†ǡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ƒ‘‰ –Š‘•‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŽ› ™‘”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡ –Šƒ– ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‹† ‘ˆ ™”‹–‹‰‹•‹–•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‰‡”‡ǣ‹‘”†‡”–‘ˆ‹†‘—–™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡”‹‰Š––Š‹‰–‘†‘ǡ ™Šƒ–™‡‡‡†‹•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ”‰—‡–•‹–‡”•‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ƒ† ‘•‹•–‡–Ž›†‡”‹˜‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•‘™Šƒ––Š‡•‡ ‘—Ž†‡–ƒ‹Žˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ’’Ž‹‡†‡–Š‹ •ƒ•ƒˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘”‡‘˜‡”–‡†•–‘„‡‰‡ƒ”‡†–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ –›’‡‘ˆ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•Ȃ’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ǡ’”‘–‘ ‘Ž•ǡ‡–Š‹ • ‘‹––‡‡•ǡ’‘Ž‹ › ƒ†˜‹ ‡Ȃ–Šƒ–‹’Ž›ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‹‡–Š‹ •ǣ–Š‡ •›•–‡ƒ–‹ ǡ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ† ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽŽ› Ž‡ƒ””‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘™Šƒ–‹•”‹‰Š–ƒ†™”‘‰ǤŽŽ –Š‹• ‹ ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ †‹• —••‹‘ ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ”‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘•‡•—•ǡ ‹ˆ‘–‘–Š‡”‹‰Š– ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡ ‘ ‡’–•—•‡† ‹ –Š‡•‡ †‹• —••‹‘•Ǥ Š‘—‰Š –Š‡•‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ƒ „‡ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‡˜‹”‘‡–• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡†‹ ‹‡‘”–Š‡†”ƒˆ–‹‰‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‡”‡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ‹ „”‹‰‹‰ˆ‘”™ƒ”†‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‘‡ƒ›–Š‹‘ˆƒ•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹†‡ ‹†‹‰™Šƒ––‘ †‘ȋ–‡‹ƒ’ƒ† ‘”†‹ŒʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ—––‘—•‡–Š‹•‘†‡Ž–‘†‹• —•••‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ǡ •— Š ƒ• –Š‘•‡ ƒ”‘—† ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ”‹•• •‡˜‡”‡Ž› Ž‹‹–‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡ ‘ˆ †‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘™Šƒ– ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹‰‹••—‡•‘ˆ‘—”–‹‡Ǥ  Š‡–Š‡‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”••‡– Š‡†ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”‹••‡‡ƒ•ƒ •‡–‘ˆ†‹Ž‡ƒ•–‘„‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡƒƒŽ›•‡†ƒ††‡ ‹†‡†—’‘‹–‡”•‘ˆ ‘‘ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡•ǡƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‘”‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•‹• Š‘•‡Ǥ Š‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ • ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ› ƒ‘—– –‘ ™‡‹‰Š‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆˆƒ•–‰”‘™‹‰„”‘‹Ž‡”•ȋ‘™ ƒŽŽ‡† plofkippen‹—– ŠȌƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹”•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘„‡‹‰„”‡†–‘‰”‘™ƒ„”‡ƒ•– –‘‘ Š‡ƒ˜› ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” Ž‡‰• –‘ ƒ””›Ǥ ”ǡ ‹ –Š‹• †‹Ž‡ƒ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǡ ™‡ ‘—Ž† ™‡‹‰Š –Š‡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–• ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡ ‰”ƒœ‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ”‡†— –‹‘ ‹ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‡‹••‹‘•–Šƒ– ƒ„‡ƒ––ƒ‹‡†„›‡‡’‹‰–Š‡‹†‘‘”•ȋ‘”–ŠƒŽ•ʹͲͳʹȌǤ—–‹ˆ™‡ Ž‹‹–‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•–‘–Š‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ™Šƒ–‡–Š‹ •‹•ǡ™‡™‘—Ž†‹••‘—–‘ƒ— Š „”‘ƒ†‡” ”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡ ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ ™‹–Š ‹••—‡•Ǥ  ”‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡•‡‹••—‡•–‘‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‡š’‡”–•ǡ ™‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ †‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œ‹‰ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹‡• ƒ† ‡˜‡ Ǯ•‹Ž‡ ‹‰ ‡–Š‹ •ǯȋ‘‘”–ǡ ‘Ž„‡”‰ǡƒ† †‡Žƒ†ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™‘—Ž†™‡”—–Š‡†ƒ‰‡”‘ˆ   5 We tend (in public at least) to no longer look for religious guidance in moral issues; the bible or other religiousbooksprovide(inapredominantlysecularcountrysuchastheNetherlands)onlyforsomeminorities prescriptionsonwhattoeatandhowtoproducethisfood.Whichinfactisnottosaythatreligiousbeliefs playnoroleintheethicsoffarmers,asasignificantportionofthemalsointheNetherlandsdoderivepractical normsandmotivationsfromreligion.  introduction:ethicsonthefarm25  ‹••‹‰‘—–‘™Šƒ–ƒ‡•‡–Š‹ •˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ›Ǣ™Šƒ–‘–‹˜ƒ–‡•„”‘ƒ†•™ƒ–Š• ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ƒ”‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‹‰•ǡ ƒ† Š‘™ –Š‡•‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘• ‹‰Š– ‹ˆ‘” ‘”‡ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ™Šƒ– ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ”‡ƒ‹ •–ƒ–‹  ƒ† ‘˜‡‹‡–Ž›†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡††‹Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ  AnimalLiberation Š‡‘•–’”‘‹‡–™‘”‹‘”ƒŽ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹• ‡–‡” ‹‰‡”ǯ•AnimalLiberationȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‹•‹•–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹‰„‘‘–Šƒ––—”‡†™Šƒ– ™‡‘™ ƒŽŽanimal ethics ‹–‘ ƒ ”‡•’‡ –ƒ„Ž‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ •—„Ǧ†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘•–Ž›ǡ AnimalLiberation‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡ƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›„‘‘ǡ‹™Š‹ Š‹‰‡”ƒ’’Ž‹‡•ƒ —–‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”›–‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–Š‘™‹–Šƒ•„‡‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‹–Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡–Šƒ– ‡‡”‰‡† ‹ ‹–• ™ƒ‡Ǥ –Š‹ ‹•–• ‡˜‡” •‹ ‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‡„ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ‹–”‹ ƒ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•™Š›™‡•Š‘—Ž†‰”ƒ–‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•–‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȃƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘‹‰‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ••‡–‹‡–„‡‹‰•Ǥ—–™Š‡™‡Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‹•ƒ ‡••‹„Ž› ™”‹––‡„‡•–•‡ŽŽ‹‰„‘‘ǡ‹– ‘–ƒ‹•— Š‘”‡–Šƒ™Šƒ–‹•‘”ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘ ‘’”‹•‡ƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–ȋ ˆǤ‘‡ ‡Ž„‡”‰ŠʹͲͳʹǡʹͻȌǤ  Ž”‡ƒ†› ‹ –Š‡ ȋ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽȌ ’”‡ˆƒ ‡ ‹– ™ƒ• •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ „‘‘ ‡ƒ– –‘ Dzƒ”‘—•‡ ‡‘–‹‘•‘ˆƒ‰‡”ƒ†‘—–”ƒ‰‡dzǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŒ—•– ‘˜‡›ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥȋˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ‹– ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–ƒŽ•‘ƒ—‡‘–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–†‡• ”‹„‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡ ‘—Ž†ƒ”‘—•‡‡‘–‹‘•ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡‘”‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤȌ‡•‹†‡•Ž‹•–‹‰ –Š‡—„‡”•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ†–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ”‡ƒ”‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ•‡š’Žƒ‹‡† „› „‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ • ‹‡–‹•–•ǡ –Š‡ „‘‘ ‘ˆˆ‡”• ˜‹˜‹† †‡• ”‹’–‹‘• ‘ˆ ™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•‘ˆƒ”•ǤŠ‡•‡™‡”‡„ƒ•‡†‘‹†—•–”›”‡’‘”–•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘˜‹•‹–•–‘ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ˆƒ”• –Šƒ– ‹‰‡” ƒ†‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹‰ –Š‡ „‘‘Ǥ ‡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ƒ‹‡† –‘ ‡š’‘•‡™Šƒ–Š‡ ƒŽŽ•–Š‡Ǯ ”—‡Ž–›ƒ†‹†Ž‡••‡••ǯ‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›• ‹™Š‹ Š ƒ‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ –”‡ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‡†‹–‹‘ ‡˜‡ ‘–ƒ‹‡† —‡”‘—• ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š• ™‹–Š ‰”—‡•‘‡ ‹ƒ‰‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ˆƒ”• ƒ† Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ‹– ‘ Ž—†‡† ™‹–Š ”‡ ‹’‡• ƒ† ‘–ƒ – ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ”‹ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘•– ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡„‘‘ǡŽ‹‡Ž›–Š‡‘•– ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰•‡‰‡–•ˆ‘”ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ”‡‹ƒ •–›Ž‡”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž›•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‡ ‡–„‡•–•‡ŽŽ‡”„›Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ—–Š‘”ƒˆ”ƒ ‘‡”ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ͸‹‡™‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡ‹‰‡”

  6FoerhimselfhasstudiedphilosophyatPrinceton(perhapseventakingclasseswithSinger?)andheexplains thatduringthattimehebecameavegetarianagain.Afterpreviouslyhavingbeenvegetarianaspartofcrafting   26chapterone  –Š—•™”‘–‡ƒ—††Ž‡‘ˆƒ„‘‘ǡ‹š‹‰‰‡”‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”•‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǡ ‘•–ƒ–Ž› ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‰ ”Š‡–‘”‹  ™‹–Š ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ ‡˜‘ ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘• ™‹–Š ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ͹—––Š‡”‡„›‹‘‡‘˜‡Š‡ƒƒ‰‡†–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–™‘”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡–Š‹‰•ǣ ˆ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ–‘Ž‡†–Š‡‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•‘ˆȋ‘”ƒŽȌ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›–‘–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ—•‡ „› ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ• ƒ ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ ‡”‡ ‹†‹‘•› ”ƒ–‹  ‘ ‡”• ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”Ž› •‡–‹‡–ƒŽ Š—ƒ• ȋƒ‡” ʹͲͲͲǡ ͳ͹͸Ǣ  ‡ƒ ƒ†‹‰Š–ʹͲͲͶǡ͵ͺȌǤŠ‹Ž‡ǡƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ‹–’”‘‘–‡†–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–‡–Š‹ •‹•‘– Œ—•–ƒ‹˜‘”›–‘™‡”’—”•—‹–ǡ„—– ‘—Ž†‡˜‡‹ ‹–‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹‘ƒ†‹•’‹”‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ  ‘”‡–Š‹ •–‘Šƒ˜‡„”‘ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‹’ƒ –ǡƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›‹–‹•„‡•– ‘„‹‡† ™‹–Šǡ ‘” ‡š’”‡••‡†‹ǡƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–›Ž‡‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰–Šƒ™Šƒ–‘”ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ’”‘†— ‡ ‘” Š‘™ –Š‡› ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ› ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ †‹• —••‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ‘‡ ‘—Ž†ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ ƒ†‡‹ †‡„ƒ–‡•‹ƒ‹ƒŽ‡–Š‹ •™Š‹ Š‡”—’–‡††—”‹‰ –Š‡•—„•‡“—‡–†‡ ƒ†‡•ƒˆ–‡”AnimalLiberation™‡”‡‘Ž›ƒ”‰‹ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘–Š‡ ”‡ˆ‘”•–Šƒ––Š‡„‘‘Š‡Ž’‡†–‘’—–‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡†ƒǤ—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡•‘ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ™‡”‡‘•–Ž›’”‘’‡ŽŽ‡†„›ƒ –‹˜‹•– •ǡ„‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡƒ†Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–•ǤŠ‹•‹•‘––‘•ƒ› –Šƒ–•‘’Š‹•–‹ ƒ–‡†ȋƒ†‡˜‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ‘”‡†Ȍ ”‹–‹“—‡•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Šƒ˜‡‘–ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡–‘’Žƒ›ǡ„—––Šƒ––Š‡‰‡”‡ƒ†•–›Ž‡‹™Š‹ Š ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘–Š‡–ƒ•ƒ”‡–‘‡š’”‡••–Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‹• ‘–•‡Žˆ‡˜‹†‡–Ž›–Šƒ–‘ˆ —””‡–•–”ƒ†•‘ˆƒ ƒ†‡‹ ‡–Š‹ •Ǥ   Thegenreofmoralchange ‡ ‘—Ž† ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‹• ’Žƒ›‹‰ ‘ ‡‘–‹‘• ‹• ƒŽŽ ˜‡”› ™‡ŽŽ –‘‡˜‘‡ƒ„”‘ƒ† ’—„Ž‹ ”‡•’‘•‡Ǥ—––‘ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ˆ‹†‘—–™Šƒ––Š‡‘—‰Š––‘„‡†‘‡ǡ‘‡•Š‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡„ƒ•‡†‘–‘Ž›‘•‘Ž‹†ˆƒ –•„—–ƒŽ•‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡†˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ† —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ  –Š‹• ‹†‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘”ƒŽ †‡„ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ Ž‡ƒ” †‹•–‹ –‹‘ ‹• ’”‡•—’’‘•‡† „‡–™‡‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡–• ƒ† ”Š‡–‘”‹ ǡ ™Š‡”‡„› –Š‡ ƒ‹ –ƒ• ƒ–

  anadolescentidentity,thistimeitwasbecause“Ithoughtthatlifecould,should,andmustconformtothe moldofreason.Youcanimaginehowannoyingthismademe”(Foer2010,8). 7 The more evocative parts of Animal Liberation are also comparable in style and tone to Ruth Harrison’s Animal Machines, which had influenced Singer in engaging with the issue of intensive farming, and Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (2002), which had rocked agricultural industries in the early 1960s by exposing the ecologicaleffectsofpesticidessuchasDDT.Thatbookcanbeconsideredgroundbreakingalsoforthewayit sought to mobilize what were previously deemed private feelings into new (counterͲ) cultural forms of politicalaction(Lockwood2012).  introduction:ethicsonthefarm27  Šƒ†‹•–‘•‘”–‘—––Š‡ˆ‘”‡”–‘’”‘’‡”Ž›‰—‹†‡‘—”ƒ –‹‘•ƒ††‘ƒ™ƒ›™‹–Š–Š‡ Žƒ––‡”ƒ•†‹•–‘”–‹‰‘—”–”—‡‘”ƒŽ†—–‹‡•ǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†„‡–ƒ‡–‘‡ƒ–Šƒ–™‡ ƒ •–‹ŽŽ–Š‹‘ˆ†‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰‘™Šƒ–‹•‘”ƒŽŽ›”‹‰Š–ƒ••‹–—ƒ–‡†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ––Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ”‹‰‘”‘—••›•–‡ƒ–‹ –Š‘—‰Š–™‹–Š—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹•–ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ†‡”‹˜‹‰ƒ –‹‘Ǧ ’”‡• ”‹„‹‰ ƒš‹• ˆ”‘ „ƒ•‹  ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ ‘” ’”‘’‡”Ž› ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ—–‘‘‘—• ‘”ƒŽƒ‰‡–•–Š‹••Š‘—Ž†„‡‡‘—‰Š–‘–Š‡ƒ –ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ –‹•‘Ž›™Š‡™‡‡‡† –‘‘–‹˜ƒ–‡–Š‡‘”‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‡–Š‹ ƒŽŽƒ›’‡”•‘•–‘†‘–Š‡”‹‰Š––Š‹‰ ȋƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‹ ‹•–•Ȍ–Šƒ–™‡ƒ›ˆ‘ —•‘™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ† Š‘™–‘ˆ‘” ‡ǡ—†‰‡‘”’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡—•‡‡˜‡”›–”‹ ˆ”‘–Š‡„‘‘‘ˆ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘Ǥ  —–‹•–Š‹•ƒƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‘–‘Ž›Š‘™•‘ ‹‡–‹‡• „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‘‡ –‘ „‡ ‘˜‹ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ƒ† —”‰‡ › ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘ ‡”•ǫ• ǤǤ‘‡–œ‡‡”‡ƒ”‡†ǣ  Dz‡ȏǤǤǤȐƒ”‡™Š‡”‡™‡ƒ”‡–‘†ƒ›‘–„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ ‡—’‘ƒ–‹‡™‡”‡ƒ†ƒ „‘‘–Šƒ– ‘˜‹ ‡†—•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒˆŽƒ™‹–Š‡–Š‹‹‰—†‡”Ž›‹‰–Š‡ ™ƒ›–Šƒ–™‡ǡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–”‡ƒ–‘ǦŠ—ƒƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ„—–„‡ ƒ—•‡‹‡ƒ Š‘ˆ —• –Š‡”‡ –‘‘ ’Žƒ ‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ Ž‹‡ ƒ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ ™Š‹ Šǡ „‡‹‰ ‡†— ƒ–‡†’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘’Žƒ ‡ƒ’”‡‹—‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ǡ™‡–Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†‡†–‘ •‡‡„ƒ ‹‰ˆ‘”‹–Š‡™”‹–‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‹‡”•ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•Ǥdz ȋ‘‡–œ‡‡ ʹͲͲͻǡͺͻȌ  ‘ǡ ƒ– •‘‡ •–ƒ‰‡ǡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ™”‹–‹‰• ƒ „‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ ‹Š‡Ž’‹‰‘”‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹ Ž‹‡† ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –• –‘ ˆƒ•Š‹‘ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘”ƒŽ•‡ŽˆǤ—––Š‹• ˆ— –‹‘•ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ™‹†‡”•‡–‘ˆȋƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘‡–œ‡‡’”‡ ‡†‹‰Ȍ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•ǡ–Šƒ– ‹ Ž—†‡•ƒŽ•‘„”‘ƒ†‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Ǥͺ  ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ •‡‡‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ȋƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ȍ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‰‡”‡• ƒ• †‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‰ƒ–›’‡‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠŽ› ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ ƒ ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ–Š‹•ˆ‘”‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • ‘—Ž† ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ ‹–• •Šƒ”‡†ǡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ǡ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ –Š‹ ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ††‡„ƒ–‡†‘‘–‘ —”‹ƒ˜ƒ ——Ǥ‡•‹†‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰’‘™‡”•–”—‰‰Ž‡•   8 One of the best known examples in environmental ethics of such a conversion experienceͲand the subsequentcommunicationofitasanevocativeargumentinfavourofanewformofrelatingtonatureand theland–isthatofAldoLeopold.InhisposthumousbestsellerASandCountyAlmanacherecallsto‘watcha greenfiredie’intheeyesofawolfhehadjustshot(Leopold2001).Anexperiencehehadturnedintoan ethicalargumentmorethanthirtyyearsaftertheevent,contemplatingitinthelightoftheemergentscience ofecologyandinfluencedbywiderculturalshifts.   28chapterone

„‡–™‡‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ”‡ƒ•‘‡† ‡š Šƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”‰—‡–•ǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‡˜‡–•ǡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘‹–‡–•Ǥ ‹–Š ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ƒ”‰‘ ”ƒ’’‡„—”‰ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ™‡ ‘—Ž† •–”‡••Š‘™–Š‡•‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰• ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡• ‹ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ †‡„ƒ–‡• ƒŽŽƒ›Šƒ˜‡•‘‡ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‘”›’‘™‡”Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‡”ǡƒevolutionary’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š †‘‡• ‘– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –Š‡•‡ ‹ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ™‹†‡” •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǡ Š‡Ž’• –‘ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ „”‘ƒ†‡” ‘–‡š–• ‘ˆ †‡„ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘–‡š–• ƒ› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’ƒ–Š †‡’‡†‡ ‹‡• ƒ† Š‹††‡ ’ƒ––‡”• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ ‘Ž› ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ‹ Š‹†•‹‰Š–Ǥ  ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ƒ–Š‡„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘–‡š–‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘ ”‘—–‡•ƒ†’ƒ––‡”•–Šƒ–’”‘‘–‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ”ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ

ThecoǦevolutionofthisandthat? ‘™–‘ ‘ ‡‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡‡–Š‹ •ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ǫ‘–Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹‹•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡Ǯ‡—–”ƒŽ–‘‘Žǯ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›‘Ž‘‰‡” ƒ””›— Šƒ’’‡ƒŽǤͻ—”Ž‹˜‡•ǡ ‘—” ‡ ‘‘‹  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ Ž‡– ƒŽ‘‡ ‘—” –Š‹‹‰ǡ ƒ”‡ ‘– Œ—•– –Š‡ ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‘‰”‡•••‡‡ƒ•ƒ•‹‰—Žƒ”ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ›†‡–‡”‹‡†ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ†ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ ‹– ‹• „”‘ƒ†Ž› ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Šƒ– –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– Œ—•– ‡—–”ƒŽ ‡ƒ• ƒ– ‘—” †‹•’‘•ƒŽǡ ‡”‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž –‘‘Ž• –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ƒ‹• ™‡ †‡ ‹†‡† —’‘ ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›ǤŠ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡•†‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•™‡Šƒ˜‡ǡƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•–Š‹•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‰‘‡•‡˜‡ˆ—”–Š‡”Ǥ —––Š‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”‘‡Ǧ™ƒ› ƒ—•ƒŽ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡Šƒ•‘•–Ž›„‡‡†‹•„ƒ†‡†Ǥ

– ƒ› „‡ –‡’–‹‰ –‘ ‹ƒ‰‹‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‡–‹–‹‡• Ȃ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –• ƒ† •‘‡–Š‹‰™‡ ƒŽŽ‡–Š‹ •Ȃƒ††”ƒ™ƒ””‘™•‘ˆ ƒ—•ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ǥ—– ™Šƒ–•‡‡•–‘„‡‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›ǡƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›‘”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ǡ‹•–Šƒ–™‡ ‘—Ž†’‘•‹– ƒ ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡š ‹–‡”–™‹‡‡–ǡ ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ Ž‡•• Ž‡ƒ”Ǧ —– ‘„Œ‡ –• ƒ† •—„Œ‡ –•ǤͳͲŠ‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡coǦevolution ‡–ƒ’Š‘” –‘ †‡• ”‹„‡ –Š‡ Dz ‘Ǧ

9 Apart from the critical documentaries described earlier that seemed to profess forms of technological determinism. 10 As Verbeek has argued on technological mediation, incorporating Latourian ideas within ‘postͲ phenomenology’,  themselves are transformed by the process of technological mediation. “Mediation,”hesays,“doesnottakeplacebetweenasubjectandanobject,butrathercoshapessubjectivity andobjectivity”(Verbeek2005,130).Indeed,asHarawayhasputforward,alsoinresponsetotheworkof introduction:ethicsonthefarm29  •Šƒ’‹‰‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›dzƒ†Dz•‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽdzȋ‹Œ‡”ƒ†ƒ™ͳͻͻʹȌ‘” Dz–‡ Š‘Ǧ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡dzȋ™‹‡”•–”ƒǡ–‡‡”†‹‰ǡƒ†‘‡‹ʹͲͲͻȌ‹•–Šƒ–‹– ƒ„‡ –ƒ‡–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–Š‘™ƒŽ•‘™Šƒ–‹•‡ƒ–„›‡–Š‹ •ƒ†„›–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•†›ƒ‹ ǡ Œ—•– ƒ• –Š‡ †‹•–‹ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‹• ‘– Ž‡ƒ”Ǧ —–Ǥ —–Š‘™–Š‡–‘•–—†›–Š‹•”‡Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—–—ƒŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‹•ƒ†–Šƒ–ǡ™Š‡ –Š‹•ƒ†–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡–‹–‹‡•ǫ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡‡š–‡––Šƒ–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰–Š—• ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡‹ˆŽ—šǡ‹–„‡ ‘‡• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–ƒŽ•‘–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†–Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ™Šƒ–™‡–Š‹ƒ•‡–Š‹ •ƒ†™Šƒ–ƒ•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ”‡–Š‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ˜‡”›’”‘ ‡••‡•™Š‹ Š–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ˆ‘ —•‡•‘Ǥ–Š‹ •‹•–Š‡ƒŽ•‘ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆboundary workǡ‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ†•–”—‰‰Ž‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǡ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ† ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ †‡ƒ” ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ†‘ƒ‹•ǤͳͳŠ‹•„‘—†ƒ”›™‘”‹•„‘–Šƒ’”‘ ‡•• –‘†‡• ”‹„‡ƒ†–‘‹–‡”˜‡‡‹ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡„›’”‘’‘•‹‰ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ•Šƒ”’Ž›†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡† ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘•ȋ‡—Žƒ”–œʹͲͲͻȌǤ ‘™ –‘ ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ƒ† •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ•‘‡† ƒ”‰—‡– ‹ –Š‹• †›ƒ‹  ‘Ǧ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›’”‘ ‡••ǫ  Empiricalandnormativeethics? ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– Š‘™ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› „‡Šƒ˜‡ ‘” Š‘™ –Š‡› ‹ˆƒ – ‘‡–‘ Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡‹” ‹† ‹•ǡ ‘” •Š‘—Ž† „‡ǡ ‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ –Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡• ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡–‘ƒ‡Ǥ ‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •‹–‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘‘’Žƒ ‡–‘•–ƒ”–ƒƒŽ›•‹•„› †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ˆƒ –•ˆ”‘˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ˆ”‘’”‡• ”‹’–‹‘ǡ‹•ˆ”‘‘—‰Š–ǤŠ‹• ‹†‘ˆ•–”‹ –Ž›†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‹‰ƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ™‘”‹‡–Š‹ • ƒ„‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘•Š‘™Š‘™ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ƒ„‡•›•–‡ƒ–‹œ‡†ƒ†ƒ”‰—‡–• ƒ„‡ƒƒŽ›•‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–•Ǥ†‹–ƒ›Š‡Ž’–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡Š‘’‹‰–‘ Œ—•–‹ˆ›ǡ–Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡•‘‡ƒ‡•Ǥ—–‹ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ•ƒ‰‡”‡‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•–‘ƒ‡ƒ› •‡•‡–‘–Š‘•‡Ǯ‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǯǡ‹–•‡‡•”ƒ–Š‡”‘„˜‹‘—•–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‘•‡™Š‘™‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘‹’Ž‡‡––Š‡‘—– ‘‡•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ Šƒ––Š‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ‡•ˆ‘”ƒDz–—”dzȋ‘””›ǡ Š‘–•ƒ•ǡƒ†‹‡”‹ šʹͲͲͷȌ”ƒ‹•‡• ™‘””‹‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡—™‘”Ž†Ž‹‡••‘ˆ— Šƒ ƒ†‡‹ ‡–Š‹ •Ǥ    Ihde: “Human bodies and technologies cohabit each other in relation to particular projects or lifeworlds” (Haraway2008,262). 11ThenotionofboundaryworkwascoinedbyThomasGieryn(1983)todescribetheprocessesofdemarcation betweenwhatisscienceandwhatisnonͲscientific.Ithassubsequentlybecomeapopularterminphilosophy andsocialsciencestodirectattentiontovariousotherprocessesofinstitutionaldelineation.Inthisthesisthe notionisnotprominent,buttheunderlyingideaofboundariesthatarenottobeassumedasgivenbutas boththesiteandmeansofcontestationisoneofthestartingpointsoftheresearch.   30chapterone  ”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•ǡƒ•–”ƒ†‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹“—‹”›‡‡”‰‡†–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†empirical ethicsȋ‘””›ƒ† Š‘–•ƒ•ʹͲͲͶǢ—ƒ† ˜‡•ʹͲͲͻǢ—•• Š‡‰ƒʹͲͲͷȌǡ™Š‹ Š ‹–‡†•–‘„‡„‘–Š†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ƒ†‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ –†‘‡••‘ǡˆ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ„›‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰ ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡ ‘–‡š–•‡•‹–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥ‡‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‹‰• –Š—• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ„›•–—†‹‡•‹‡†‹ ƒŽƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹•–Šƒ–‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•–‡†–‘ „‡–Š‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†‘‰‘‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‘‡–ƒ”› Š‘‹ ‡• ƒ†‡„›‹•‘Žƒ–‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ȋ—•• Š‡‰ƒʹͲͲͷȌǤ‘‘–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–‹‘• ‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘†‘‡–Š‹ •ƒ›†‹•‹••–Š‹•ƒ•ƒŽŽ–Š‡‘”‡”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘” ˆ‘”ƒŽ –”ƒ‹‹‰‹‡–Š‹ •ˆ‘”’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”•ǡ‘”–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–Žƒ”‰‡Ǥ‹Œ•‹‰Š ƒ† ò™‡ŽŽ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ Šƒ˜‡ †‹• —••‡† ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ™ƒ›• –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”› •‘ ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡ ‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š –‘ ‡–Š‹ •Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘–Š‡ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ — ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡–• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› „”‹‰ ˆ‘”™ƒ”†‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡–Š‹ ‹•––‘DzŠƒ˜‡ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘dzȋ‹Œ•‹‰Šƒ†ò™‡ŽŽʹͲͲͻǡͺ͹ȌǤŠ‡–”‘—„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‹• ‘ ‡’–‹‘‹• –Šƒ–‹–•‡‡•‡–Š‹ •ƒ•ƒƒ –‹˜‹–›’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›‡–Š‹ ‹•–•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ƒ”‰—‡•ǡ‹– ‹•Ǯ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ǯ–Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡Ǯƒ ‡••ǯ–‘–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ†ȋ‹ƒ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‡–Š‹ • Ž‡ƒ”Ž›Ȍ–Šƒ–ƒ ‡••‹•Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ Ž‹˜‡† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ƒ† ’”‘Ž‘‰‡† ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– Šƒ†Ǣ •‘‡–Š‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡†ƒ–ƒ‘‘’‹‹‘•ǡ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡƒ––‹–—†‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡Ž‹‡Ǥͳʹ –‹•‘–—’–‘–Š‡‡–Š‹ ‹•––‘†‡–‡”‹‡™Š‡–Š‡”–‘‹ Ž—†‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ‘ˆ–Š‡™‹†‡”’—„Ž‹ ƒ•‹’—––‘–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰’”‘ ‡••Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ ™‘—Ž† ƒ”‰—‡ǡ‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰ƒ”‡‘Ž›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒƒ‰‡–‘•‘‡Š‘™ „‡„”‘ƒ†Ž› ‘˜‹ ‹‰‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Š‡Ž’ˆ—Žȋ‘”†‹• ‘ ‡”–‹‰Ȍ–‘‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Šƒ– ™‹†‡”’—„Ž‹ Ǥ  Š‡‡–Š‹ •‹•ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹‰”‡ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ȋ‘ˆ–‡ ‘—ƒŽŽ›‡„‡††‡†Ȍ Š‘‹ ‡•ƒ•’ƒ”– ‘ˆŽ‹˜‡†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ‘–†‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰„ƒ•‡†‘ˆƒ –•ƒ†’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡ— Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ƒ –‹‘ ‹• ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘ ‡‹˜‹‰‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡”‘Ž‡•‹‹–ǤŠ‡–Š‡”‹–‹•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•‘”•‘‡ ‘–Š‡” ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‹–‡”’”‡–‹˜‡ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ„‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ• ”‘—•‹‰ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‹–‘ ”‡–Š‹‹‰ ™Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ••—‡† ƒ• —’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  ƒ† ’”‘’‘•‹‰‡™™ƒ›•–‘”‡Žƒ–‡–‘‘”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•‹• ƒ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š ‹– ‹• ‘– •‘ ‘„˜‹‘—• –Šƒ– –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹ˆ‘”‡† ‘”ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›–‡š–•ƒ”‡–Š‡‘•–ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‰‡”‡Ǥ

  12Moreover,itisimportanttonotehowthistypeof(quantitative)socialscienceresearchproducesitsown particularmoralandpoliticalsubject;seeforinstanceLaw(2009).  introduction:ethicsonthefarm31  Bringingethicaltheoriestothefarm? •–Š‡’”‘˜‡”„‹ƒŽǮƒ™‹–Š–Š‡Šƒ‡”–‘™Š‘‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰Ž‘‘•Ž‹‡ƒƒ‹Žǯǡ‹–‹• ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Šƒ––Š‡„ƒ‰‰ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•–ƒ†ƒ”†Ǧ‹••—‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡•™Š‹ Šƒ‡–Š‹ ‹•– „”‹‰•ƒŽ‘‰Ž‡ƒ†•‘‡–‘Ž‘‘ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–›’‡•‘ˆ ƒ•‡•Ǥƒ•‡•‘™Š‹ Š•ƒ›–Š‡ —–‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹ƒƒ††‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ƒ’™‡ŽŽǤŠ‡–ƒ•–Š‹•‡–Š‹ ‹•––ƒ‡•‘‹• –Š‡ –‘ ”‡ˆ”ƒ‡ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘—†”—• ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ‹–‘ ƒ„•–”ƒ –Ž›•›•–‡ƒ–‹œƒ„Ž‡†‹Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡƒˆ–‡”‰‘‹‰–‘ˆƒ”•ǡ–ƒŽ‹‰–‘ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ ƒ† ‘– „‡‹‰ Š‡Ž’‡† — Š „› ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹‡• –‘ ”‡†‡• ”‹„‡ –Š‡‹” ‘ ‡”• ‹ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰™ƒ›•ǡ  Š‘•‡‘––‘„Žƒ‡–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ‘”›Ž‹‹–‡†‰”ƒ•’‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ –Š‡‘”‹‡•ǤŠ‡ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹•‘”’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹• ˆ‹†›•‡Žˆƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰Š‡”‡‹•‹’ƒ”– ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†„›ƒ’”‘ ‡†—”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”ǡ–Šƒ–™Š‡‘‡ Žƒ‹•–‘†‘‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š–Šƒ– ‹•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘–Š‡‹••—‡–Šƒ–‹••–—†‹‡†ǡ‘‡•Š‘—Ž†ƒ‹‘–Œ—•––‘‹ˆ‘”ȋƒ† ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ǨȌ’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧ‘”‘–Š‡”†‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‡”•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•„‡‹‰ƒ†‡Ǥ ˆ‡–Š‹ •‹•‘––‘„‡ƒ‹˜‘”› –‘™‡” –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹†–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡‘–Š‡‰”‘—†‘Ž›‡‡†–‘‘™–Š‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ ƒ†‘–Š‘™–Š‹•‘—– ‘‡™ƒ•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†ǡ–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ’—„Ž‹ Ž›ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡‹„‘–Š–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†–Š‡‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ•‡•‡Ǥ  ˆ–Š‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ‹•ƒ”‘Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‹•™Šƒ–  Žƒ‹‘–Œ—•––Š‡•ƒ‡ ƒ•‹ƒreflectiveequilibrium™Š‡”‡‘‡”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡•„‡–™‡‡ƒ‹–—‹–‹˜‡•‡•‡‘ˆ™Šƒ– ‹•–Š‡”‹‰Š––Š‹‰–‘†‘‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ™Šƒ––Š‹•™‘—Ž†‡ƒ™Š‡Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†‘”‡—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ›ǫŠƒ–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•‹†‡‡†ƒ ™ƒ›–‘ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‹–—‹–‹‘•‹‘”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǣƒ†‹– ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘ ‡š’Ž‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ•ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ǤŠ‹•’”‘ ‡••ƒ› ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ‹ ƒ––‡’–• –‘ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡ ‘”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘”ƒŽ ‹†‡ƒŽ• ƒ† ‘‹–‡–•–Šƒ––”ƒ• ‡†–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ–Šƒ†Ǥ—––Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‡†• –‘‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•›•–‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›‘”†‡”‡†ˆ‘”‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘Ǣ ƒ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹ˆ‘”‡† ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘†— ‹‰ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ› ˜ƒŽ‹† ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”‘‡ǯ•ƒ –‹‘•ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡•‡–‘„‡ ”‹–‹“—‡†Ǣƒ† ƒ› Š‡Ž’ —• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹†‡ƒ•‘™Šƒ–™‡–Š‹‹•”‹‰Š–ƒ†™”‘‰‹ƒ•Šƒ”‡†’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ —– ‹ˆ Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘– †‡‡‡† –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘• ƒ›™ƒ›ǡƒ†ƒ›‡˜‡ ‹ Ž—†‡ ‘”‡ –Šƒ •–”‹ –Ž› ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ ƒ — Š ™‹†‡” ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”•ǡ ‹–—‹–‹‘•ǡƒ†•‡•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒ„‡„”‘—‰Š––‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ  ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ”‹‰Š–ƒ™ƒ›ƒ‹–‘•‘”–‘—––Š‡”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”‰—‡–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‹ Ž‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†•‹–—ƒ–‡†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹•™”‹––‡‹–Š‡˜‡‹‘ˆ romanticpragmatismǤŠ‹•poetic•–”ƒ†‹’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡   32chapterone  ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† world disclosive Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–ǡ„‡•‹†‡•–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡprosaicǡ ’”‘„Ž‡ •‘Ž˜‹‰ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹• ‹• ‘™ ˆ‘” ȋ‡—Žƒ”–œ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ Š‡”‡„›ǡ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –•–ƒ”–•ˆ”‘ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡constructednessƒ†enacted Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‡Ž‡‡–‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—ǣ‘”ƒŽ‹–—‹–‹‘•ǡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ˆƒ –•ǡƒ†‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡‘––‘„‡–ƒ‡ƒ–ˆƒ ‡˜ƒŽ—‡ǤŠ‡ ƒ‹‹•–‘ƒŽ•‘—•‡––Ž‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‘Ž›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‘”ƒŽ‹†‡ƒŽ•ǡƒ†–‘‘’‡—’–Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ˆƒ –•ƒ†‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‹–—‹–‹‘•Ǥ  Šƒ––Š‹•–Š‡•‹•’”‘’‘•‡•–‘†‘‹•„‘–ŠŽ‡••ƒ†‘”‡–Šƒ ‘‘ Žƒ‹• ‹ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡–Š‹ •Ǥ ‡••ǡ ƒ• ‹– †‘‡• ‘– ƒ† ƒ‘– Žƒ‹ –‘ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› Ǯ•‘Ž˜‡ǯ ‘”ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ–‘’”‘†— ‡–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ”‰—‡–‘™Šƒ––‘†‘Ǥ†‘”‡ǡƒ•‹– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•“—‡•–‹‘‹‰ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡˜‡”›‰‡”‡‘ˆŠ‘™ –‘ †‹• —•• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‘”ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ   ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –‘ ‡–Š‹ •ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘ ”‡–‡ ’”‘„Ž‡•ˆ‘” ‡• —•–‘ ”‡–Š‹ Šƒ„‹–•Ǥ‘•‹•–‡ › ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡• ‹• ‘––Š‡‘Ž›‘†‡–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‹•ƒ‹–‘ ˆ‘”•‘ˆvirtueethicsͳ͵ǡƒ›‡–Š‹ ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘• ƒ„‡•‡‡–‘ ‘‡†‘™–‘™Šƒ– ‹†‘ˆ’‡”•‘ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ™Šƒ–‹†‘ˆˆƒ”‡”–‘„‡ǡ‘”™Šƒ–‹†‘ˆ ‘—‹–›™‡™ƒ– –‘Ž‹˜‡‹Ǣƒ†™Šƒ–†‘™‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹•ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡™ƒ›‘ˆ—•‹‰Žƒ†ƒ†‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǫ †‡–‹–› ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‘ ”‡–‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ™‡ ‘‡ –‘ –Š‹ ‘ˆ ƒ• the good life,‹–Š‹•˜‹‡™ƒ”‡ ‡–”ƒŽ–‘‡–Š‹ •ǤŠ‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ”ƒˆ–‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š Š—ƒ ƒ† ‘ǦŠ—ƒ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹  ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ƒ†–Š‡•–”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘” ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡‹†‡ƒŽ•ǤŠ‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘†‡‘ˆ „‡ ‘‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽǡ‘ˆ”‡–Š‹‹‰‘—”Šƒ„‹–•ǡ‘ˆ–‡Šƒ’’‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‘–Š‡”‡†‹ƒǡ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– —Ž–—”ƒŽ‰‡”‡•–Šƒ‘”ƒŽ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥ•‡™‡›Šƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†ǣ  ǮŠ‡•—–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆƒŽŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡–”‡ƒ–‹•‡•‘‘”ƒŽ• ‹• ‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘™‹–Š–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡ‘˜‡Žǡ†”ƒƒǡ ‘Ž‹ˆ‡ǯȋ‡™‡›ʹͲͲͷǡ͵ͷͻȌǤ 

  13Anextensivediscussionwithvirtueethicsislackinginthisthesis.Modernvirtueethicssuchastheversionof MacIntyre(2013)islessessentialistregardingthenatureofhumanmoralitythanitsAristotelianinspiration, anditoffersawaytoappreciatetheculturalandchangingcharacterofmoralnorms.Andespeciallymore recentformsofenvironmentalvirtueethics(SandlerandCafaro2005;Coeckelbergh2012)thatacknowledge theprecariousandembeddednatureofmoralsubjectformationmayconstituteafruitfulresourcetofurther explorationsofethicsonthefarm.  introduction:ethicsonthefarm33  —–™Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‹–‡ƒǡ‹ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–•‘–Œ—•–Šƒ˜‡‘”‡Ǯ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ǯ‘—•ǡ„—–™Š‡™‡ ƒƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”–Š‹•ƒ•”‹‰Š–ˆ—ŽŽ›•‘ǡˆ‘”„‡‹‰ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ƒ††‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǫ††‘‡•–Š‹•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘‡††‹• —••‹‘•‘ˆ‘—”‘”ƒŽ†—–‹‡•ƒ”‡ •‘‡Š‘™†‡–”ƒ –‹‰ˆ”‘™Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘”‡–”—Ž›realƒ†direct‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡• ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǫ‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ǡ•‘‹–•‡‡•ǤŠ‡•‡‹–—‹–‹˜‡ƒ†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽŽ› Žƒ†‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹’ƒ”–ǡ–Š‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š™‡ˆƒ•Š‹‘‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ǡƒ†ƒ”‡„‡‹‰ˆƒ•Š‹‘‡†ǡ–‘„‡ ‘‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽǤ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡› —–Šƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡†‹†‡–ƒ‹ŽŠ‘™–Š‡†‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ† ‡–Š—•‹ƒ•ˆ‘”—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŠ—ƒ”‹‰Š–• ‘‹ ‹†‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡”‡‘ˆ –Š‡‘˜‡ŽǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒ‡™Ǯ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯˆ‘”•‡–‹‡–ƒŽ‹†—Ž‰‡ ‡ǡ„›™Š‹ Š’‡‘’Ž‡ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”›‘–Š‡”•ǤŠ‡‰‡”‡Š‡Ž’‡†’”‘†— ‡ƒ‡™‡’ƒ–Š‹ ‘˜‡Ž”‡ƒ†‹‰‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –ǤŠ‡”‡„›Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–•ǡDzƒ”‡‘–Œ—•–ƒ†‘ –”‹‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ‹ †‘ —‡–•Ǣ –Š‡›”‡•–‘ƒ†‹•’‘•‹–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•‘–Š‡”’‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ•‡–‘ˆ ‘˜‹ –‹‘•ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡Ž‹‡ƒ†Š‘™–Š‡›‘™”‹‰Š–ƒ†™”‘‰‹–Š‡•‡ —Žƒ” ™‘”Ž†dz ȋ —– ʹͲͲͺǡʹ͹ȌǤ  Š—•ǡ–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ’”‘‘–‹‰’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ‡”‡Ž› ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ† ’ƒ”–Ž› ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ–‹ƒ• ƒ† —–‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹ƒ• –”›–‘ƒ‡—•‹–‘ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‰‡–•Ǥ ȋŠ‘—‰Š– –‘ „‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ› ’”‡ ‡†‡†„›–Š‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘•‡–‘ˆˆ„›–Š‡‘˜‡Ž‹•–•ǤȌŠ‡•‡–‘‘ƒ”‡‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ Šƒ‰‡™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘„‡ƒ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –ǡ–Š‘—‰Š„› Žƒ‹‹‰–Š‹•‹•™Šƒ–™‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ”‡ǡ‘”•Š‘—Ž†„‡ǡƒ•”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‡‹‰•ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰• ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • †‘ ‘– ‡”‡Ž› ‘’Ž‡‡– ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”ǡ „—– ƒƒŽ•‘„‡ –Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡•‘‡™Šƒ–—–—ƒŽŽ›‡š Ž—•‹˜‡ǡ‘”‡˜‡—†‡” —–‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ•ƒ”–‹ ”‡–Š‡ Žƒ‹‡†ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ”‰—‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒ Ǯ’Žƒ ‡ „ƒ•‡†ǯ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ • ™Š‡ †‹• —••‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‡™ƒ–—”‡‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǣ  Dz‘†‡”‹•– ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ • †‡ƒ†• –Šƒ– Š—ƒ• †‹•–ƒ ‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•— Šƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”‘™’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‹–›‹‘”†‡” –‘ –”ƒ• ‡†–Š‡‹”Ǯ•’‡ ‹‡•‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ǯƒ†ǮŠ—ƒ Šƒ—˜‹‹•ǯǢ–Š‡›•Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‘‡ Ǯƒ„•–”ƒ –ǯǡ •‘ –‘ •’‡ƒǡ ƒ† ƒ†‘’– ƒ Ǯ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǯ ‘—–Ž‘‘ ‘ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‘†‡” ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ • ‹’Ž‹‡• ƒ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ –Šƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‘”• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹–‘ †‹•’Žƒ ‡†ǡ ƒ„•–”ƒ –ǡ †‹•‡„‘†‹‡† ’‡”•‘•dz ȋ”‡–Š‡ʹͲͲͻǡʹͲ͸ȌǤ 

  34chapterone  Š—•ǡ–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ȋ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ„•–”ƒ –ǡ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ȍ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ ––Šƒ– ‘‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘‘Ž› ’”‘‘–‡†‰‡”‡ ‘ˆ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‡–Š‹ • ‹•‡ƒ– –‘†‹•ƒ–Ž‡ –Š‡‘”‡‡ —„‡”‡†ǡ‡„‘†‹‡†ƒ†‡„‡††‡†•‡Ž˜‡•‘ˆ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹•–‘”’”ƒ –‹ ‡ „ƒ•‡†‡–Š‹ •Ǥƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘‘”ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰‹ƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ ‘ ”‡–‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‹•‹ƒ›‹•–ƒ ‡•‘–Œ—•–Ǯ‘‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘‘ƒ›ǯǡƒ•‡”ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• ƒ”‰—‡†‹–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”–‘•ƒ˜‡‡‹–Š‡”›‘—”†”‘™‹‰™‹ˆ‡ ‘” ƒ †”‘™‹‰ •–”ƒ‰‡”ȋ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ͳͻͺͳǡͳͺȌǤ—–‹–ƒ›‡˜‡„‡†‡–”‹‡–ƒŽ–‘•‡Žˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› •‡‡‹‰ ‘—– ƒ† —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‰ ‘”‡ †‹”‡ –Ž› ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‘”ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ǥ  Š‹•‹•‘––‘•ƒ›–Š‡”‡‹•‘’Žƒ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ––‡’–•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ƒ„‹–‘”‡‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‹–›ǡ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‹‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•Ǥˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡ ‘—–‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘– –Š‡ ‘Ž› ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ –ƒ ‹–Ž› ƒ ‡’–‡† †ƒ‹Ž› ”‘—–‹‡•Ǥ —”‹‰ –‘ ‘ ”‡–‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘‡• —’ –‘ ™Šƒ– ‡š–‡– ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ˆƒ”‡”••–‹ŽŽƒ”‡ ‘‡ –‡†–‘’Žƒ ‡Ǣƒ†‹•–Š‡‹”‡–Š‹ •‰—‹†‡† „›†‹”‡ –‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ‘”ȋƒŽ•‘Ȍ‘”‡ƒ„•–”ƒ – ‘‹–‡–•–‘Ǯˆ‡‡†‹‰–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯǫ ƒ–Š‡› Žƒ‹Ǯ’”‡‘†‡”ǯ‘†‡•‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”Žƒ†ǡƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‡– Ǥǡƒ•‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ „› ‘Š ‡”‰‡” ȋͳͻͺͲȌǫ † ‹ˆ •‘ǡ ‘—Ž† –Š‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ •‘‡ ”‘Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ –‹˜‡‘”ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‹–Š‹• ‘’‡–‹‰Ǯ’”‡Ǧ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽǯ‘†‡‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ǫ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ –Š‹• †›ƒ‹  ’”‘ ‡•• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‡‡”‰‡–ǡ ‘‡ ƒ›‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‘ƒ–‹ •–”ƒ†‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•ǡDz•‡‡ƒ‰‡ ›ƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ™Šƒ–™‡Ž‡–‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•„‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‡† „›ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ‡š‡” ‹•‹‰ ‘–”‘Ž ‘˜‡” ™Šƒ– ™‡ ‡ ‘—–‡”dz ȋ‘’”‹†‹• ʹͲͲ͸ǡ ͷȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡” ‹” —Žƒ” ‘” „‘‘–•–”ƒ’’‹‰ –Š‹• ƒ› •‘—†ǡ ‹– †‘‡• ‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ™ƒ›–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‘”ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡‡†–‘ˆ‹†•‘‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ ” Š‹‡†‡ƒ ’‘‹– ˆ”‘ ™Š‹ Š –‘ †‡ ‹†‡ ™Šƒ– ‹† ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡ – –‘ „‡ ‘‡Ǥ Š‹• ’‘‹–•–‘ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ•ƒ‘‰‘‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǡƒ†ƒ”‘Ž‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‹ ‹•–• ȋƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ȍ–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘„‡‹‡™ ™ƒ›•ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›–Š‹‰•ƒ†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  Š‡„‘‘•ƒ†ˆ‹Ž•†‹• —••‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ‡š’”‡••‹‘ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡‡• •— Š ƒ• ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ †‡•–”— –‹‘ǤŠ‡‡”‡Ž‹•–‹‰‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰ǡƒ• ’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ‹•‘–Ž‹‡Ž›–‘Šƒ˜‡–—”‡†–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”Ȃ ›‡•ǡ›‘—Ȃ‹–‘ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘”ƒŽ’‡”•‘›‡–Ǥ‘‡–Š‹‰‘”‡™‘—Ž†„‡‡‡†‡†ǡƒ† ƒ• –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ™‹ŽŽ Žƒ‹ǣ –Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘– Œ—•– ˆ‘” ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‰ „”‘ƒ† ‰”‘—’• –‘ Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡‹” ™ƒ›•ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ –‘ ˆ‹† ‘—– ™Šƒ– ‹• „‡•– –‘ „‡ †‘‡ƒ†Š‘™–‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ–‹•ƒ–•–ƒ‡Ǥ 

 introduction:ethicsonthefarm35  Pragmatistethicsbeyondfactsandvalues Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒƒ––‡’–ƒ–’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–‡–Š‹ •ǡ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ †‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ƒ†‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‹ •‹•Ž‡•• Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†‘ˆŽ‡••‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ Š‡ †‹•–‹ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ƒ†‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”‰—‡–†‹••‘Ž˜‡•‹’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•– —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ǡ•‹ ‡”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘ ƒ•‹‘•ƒ”‡ ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡Ǧ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ǡ™‹–Š‘—– Žƒ‹‹‰ –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ƒ•‹––”—Ž›‹•ǤŠ—•ǡƒ•ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹• Žƒ‹•–‘†‘‘–Š‹‰‘”‡–Šƒƒ††ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ‘‰‘‹‰ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰•––Š‘•‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‘”‹–‡”‡•–‡†Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡ƒ‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡™‹–Š‘–Š‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•‹•–Š‡ Š‘™–‘‰‘ƒ„‘—–ǡ™Š‡”‡–‘•–ƒ”–Ǥ‹–Š‹–Š‡ȋ”‘ƒ–‹ Ȍ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•ƒ• –‘‘‹–—’ǡ –Š‹•‡ƒ–•’‡†‹‰–‹‡™‹–Šˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–ƒ‹‰ƒ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”ǯ• ‘—”•‡‹†ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•–—†›‹‰–Š‡’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•– Žƒ••‹ •ƒ††‹•–‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‘Š‡™‡›ǯ•‘” ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ƒ‡•ǯ•˜‹‡™•‘ˆƒ”‹‰ȋ ˆǤ ‡ƒƒ†‹‰Š–ʹͲͲͶȌǤ  ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‡–Š‹ •†‹”‡ –•—•–‘’ƒ›ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹†‘ˆ ™‘”–Šƒ–‘”‡ƒ„•–”ƒ –ǡ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›†‘ǡ‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǤŠ‡ǡ –Š‡‹†‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡†‹‡–Š‹ •„‡ ‘‡•‹ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›Š‹‰ŠŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ‘– Œ—•–ˆ‘”„‡‹‰—‹˜‘ ƒŽƒ†—ƒ„‹‰—‘—•ǡŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘Š‡”‡–ƒ†”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ•–Š‘•‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‹‰–Š‡‘”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •™‘—Ž†•–”‹˜‡ˆ‘”ǤŽ•‘–Š‡ „”‘ƒ†‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•–›Ž‡•‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰ƒ”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ǤŠ‡˜‹‡™‡†‹–Š‹• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ™ƒ›ǡ –Š‡ ‘‘ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ„•–”ƒ – ƒ† ’”‡ ‹•‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– ‹• ”ƒ–Š‡” ‹ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ Žƒ› ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› •ƒ›• ‡–Š‹ • ‹• ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ‡š’‡”–‹•‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡƒ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–•— Šƒ•‡™‡›‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†Š‘™‡–Š‹ •‹•ƒ ƒ––‡”‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†‘”ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡„›•–ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ƒ‡• ƒ ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –Ǥ –‡˜‡ ‡•‹”‡ Šƒ•ǡ ™‹–Š ‡™‡›ǡ ƒ”‰—‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡•’Ž‹–„‡–™‡‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡•ǡ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡–Š‹ •Ǥ‹ ‡‹–‹•‹ ‘—”‘”ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘™Š‡”‡ƒ†Š‘™‡–Š‹ •Šƒ’’‡•Ǣ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘̶ ‘™ †‘ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ƒ‡ •‡•‡‘ˆ –Š‡‹”‘”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǫdzȋ ‡•‹”‡ ͳͻͻͻǡ ͷʹ͹ȌŠƒ•„‡‡‹‰‘”‡†„›‘•–’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹‘”ƒ–‹˜‡–Š‡‘”‹‡•Ǥ  ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹‹–•”‘ƒ–‹ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǡ•–”‡••‡•–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‹ƒ‰‹‹‰ˆ—–—”‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆǮ–Š‹ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘•ǯ–‘–”›ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ™‘”Ž†• ȋ‡—Žƒ”–œ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ Š‹• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• †‹•„ƒ†‹‰ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹•––‡†‡ ‹‡•‹Œ—•–‹ˆ›‹‰•—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡‘”ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ‹ Šƒ”†‘”–›Šƒ• ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–™Š‡’‘‡–”›–‘‘‘˜‡”–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•†‘‰ƒǡ–Š‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ•Š‹ˆ– ˆ”‘‘‘–Š‡‹•–‘ƒ‹Š‡”‡–Ž›’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•–—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ǣDz™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡”‡   36chapterone  ƒ„‡ƒ›‰”‡ƒ–’‘‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡ ƒ„‡‘Ž›‘‡–”—‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘Ž›‘‡–”—‡ ‘†Ǥ‘‡–”› ƒ‘–„‡ƒ•—„•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”ƒ‘‘–Š‡‹•–‹ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ„—–‹– ƒ•‡”˜‡–Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆƒ•‡ —Žƒ”˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž›–Š‡‹•dzȋ‘”–›ͳͻͻͺǡʹʹȌǤ –Š‹•–Š‡•‹• ™‹ŽŽ ‘•‹†‡”Š‘™–‘†ƒ›‘–Š‡”‰‡”‡•„‡•‹†‡•’‘‡–”› ƒ„‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆ–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‘†‡• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ǡ ”ƒˆ–‹‰ǡ —•‡––Ž‹‰ ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ‘—” ™‘”Ž†Ǥ  Symmetricalstudyofethicsandpolitics Š‡ ™‡ ƒ”‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ™ƒ›• ƒ† ˆ‘”• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘–ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ǡ ™‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡––‡” ‘–ƒ– –Š‡ ‘—–•‡– ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‡ˆ‹‡™Šƒ–‹•‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†™Šƒ–‘–Ǥ•‹– ‹• –Š‹• ˜‡”› †‹•–‹ –‹‘ǡ„‡–™‡‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ†”Š‡–‘”‹ ƒŽ–”‹ ‡”›ǡ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†™Š‹•‹ ƒŽ‘”‹†Ž‡••Šƒ„‹–—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǡ‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹• ƒ–•–ƒ‡ǤŠ‹•‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆsymmetryˆ‘”•–—†›‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ†‡–Š‹ • ‹•ƒ‹–‘Š‘™‹actorǦnetwork theoryȋȌ–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ˆƒ –•‘” •— ‡••ˆ—Ž–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹•–‘„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ•›‡–”›ǡ‘‡ ƒ‘–‡š’Žƒ‹™Šƒ– ‘‡•–‘„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•ƒ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ˆƒ –‘”ƒ•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ —†‡”Ž›‹‰ given ”‡ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ˆƒ –• ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ȋƒ–‘—” ͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ  ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ Žƒ••‹  ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ Ǧ‹•’‹”‡† ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ –Š‹•†‘‡•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‡ƒ™‡•Š‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ƒ„‘—–‘”‡˜‡‹‰‘”‡–Š‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ Žƒ‹•–Šƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•’‡‘’Ž‡’—–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‡•‹™Š‹ Š –Š‡›‡ƒ ––Š‡‹”™‘”Ž†•ǡ–‘‘Ž›†‹• ‡”ƒ –‘”•ƒ––‡’–‹‰–‘ƒŽ‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ ‘–Š‡”•™‹–Š–Š‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǤŠ‡ƒŽ•‘–Š‡•‡ƒ –‘”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”‹–‡”‡•–•ƒ”‡‹ ˆŽ—š ƒ† ‘– ‡ƒ•‹Ž› †‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ‘ǦŠ—ƒ •—””‘—†‹‰•ǡ ‹ Ǯˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ǯ™‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†–‘•‡‡–Š‡†‹••‘Ž˜‡‘””‡ƒ••‡„Ž‡‹•—”’”‹•‹‰™ƒ›•Ǥ Š‡”‡„›–Š‡•‡‡‹‰Ž›‡ƒ•›†‹•‹••ƒŽ•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘•‹–‡”•‘ˆǮ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ‹••—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǯ‘”Ǯ’‡‘’Ž‡Œ—•–•–”‹˜‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹”‘™‹–‡”‡•–•ǯ–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› Žƒ‹‹‰ƒŽ‘–ǣ–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡Žˆ‡˜‹†‡–•—„Œ‡ –•‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Šƒ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜ƒŽ˜‹‡™ ƒ†™‡ŽŽ†‡ˆ‹‡†‘—–Ž‘‘•Ǥ  –ƒ›„‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰–‘ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜‡”•‹‘•‘ˆ™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•‹–‡ Š‘Ǧ ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ ƒ• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Ǯ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ǯ ‘ ™Šƒ– ‹• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ •’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š‹ science and technology studies ȋȌ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ”‡ ‡–Ž› „› ‘‘Ž‰ƒ” ƒ† ‡œƒ— ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ ‹– Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– –Š‹• ™‘—Ž† ‹’Ž› –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘†‡•‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Šƒ–™‘”Ž†‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›— Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ™‹–Š‹–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ•‡Žˆ’”‘ Žƒ‹‡†ontological•–”ƒ†‘ˆǡ–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹• —Ž–‹’Ž‡ǡ ƒ† ‘•–ƒ–Ž› ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ȋ‘Ž ͳͻͻͻȌǤ Š‹• ƒŽ•‘ —†‡” —–• ƒ ‡ƒ•› ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ value pluralism ƒ• Œ—•– ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ Šƒ”–‹‰ ƒ† ‘’ƒ”‹‰ ƒ––‹–—†‡•ǡ  introduction:ethicsonthefarm37  ‹–‡”‡•–•ǡ‘’‹‹‘•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡” Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •–Šƒ– ‘•‹†‡”•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ••—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ† ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ „‡‹‰•Ǥ Šƒ– ™‡ ˆ‹† ‹•–‡ƒ† ƒ „‡ ƒŽŽ‡† ontological politicsǡDzƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ •–Šƒ–Šƒ•–‘†‘™‹–Š–Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹ Š’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ”‡–”ƒ‹‡†ǡ„‘†‹‡• ƒ”‡•Šƒ’‡†ǡƒ†Ž‹˜‡•ƒ”‡’—•Š‡†ƒ†’—ŽŽ‡†‹–‘‘‡•Šƒ’‡‘”ƒ‘–Š‡”dzȋ‘ŽʹͲͲʹǡ ˜‹‹‹ȌǤ ” ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” cosmopolitics –Šƒ– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ Dz’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› –Šƒ– ƒ‰‡ ›ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǡ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ–Š‘•‡–Š‹‰•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘”ƒŽŽ›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š Š—ƒ‹†•‹‰Š–™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡‘”‡–‘–Š‡–ŠƒǮŠ‘‡ƒŽ‘‡̵‹†•ǯdzȋ ‹ ŠŽ‹ˆˆ‡‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͷǡ ͸ͶͶȌǤ Š—• ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‹†‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡ ›ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–› ƒ† ‘”ƒŽ‹–› ƒ• ’Š‡‘‡ƒ–‘„‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†‹ȋƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‡†‘˜‡”Ȍ’ƒ”–Ž›‡„‘†‹‡†ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ› ‡„‡††‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ˜‡”•‹‘• ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹  ‘–‡•–ƒ–‹‘‹’Ž›‹• –Šƒ–™Šƒ–™‡™‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘†‘‹••–—†›ȋƒ†–Š—•–”›–‘‹–‡”˜‡‡ ‹ǨȌ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†• ‡˜‘‡† ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ‹ †‹• ‘—”•‡• ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –‘‘ “—‹ Ž› †‡ˆ‹‹‰ ƒ† †‹• ‡”‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –•Ǥ Š‹• –Š‡ ‹•‘–Œ—•–ƒ ‹””‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡†‹Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘”‡”•–‘‡‘ˆ ƒ› ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”›ǡ „—– ƒ ƒ––‡’– –‘ •–—†› ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • –Šƒ– ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Š‡‹” ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ 

1.5Outline  What,whereandhowtothinkoffarmingwithanimals? ‘ˆƒ” Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž†„‡‰‘‘†–‘‘˜‡–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ‘—”ƒ––‡–‹‘‹ ‡–Š‹ • •‘‡™Šƒ–ǣ ˆ”‘ Ǯ™Šƒ– –‘ †‡ ‹†‡ǯ –‘ Ǯ™Š‡”‡ –‘ †‡ ‹†‡ǯǤ ‘™ ƒ ™‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘‹‘”‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒ† ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ™ƒ›•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒŽ•‘ ”‡–Š‹‹‰™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†™Šƒ––‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ”‰—‡–•ǫ ˆ–‡”ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰–Š‡‘•ƒ‹ ƒ††›ƒ‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ǡŠ‘™ƒ”‡ ™‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‹• ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •™‹–Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ǡƒ†Š‘™–‘ –Š‹‘ˆ†‘‹‰‡–Š‹ •ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ •‹•— Šƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹‘Ǧƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆŽ—šǫ”ǡ‘”‡ ‘ ”‡–‡Ž›ǣ ‘™ ƒ™‡‰‘ƒ„‘—––‘Ž‘‘ˆ‘”‡–Š‹ •‘–Š‡ˆƒ”ǫŠ‹•–Š‡•‹•”‡’‘”–• ‘ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•‹–‡•ƒ†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•™Š‹ Š –”‹‡†–‘•‘‡Š‘™†‡• ”‹„‡ƒ†‹–‡”˜‡‡ ‹Ǥ Š‹• ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ– –‹‡• ‹• †‘‡ ‹ ƒ ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ •–›Ž‡‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘” ‹• •‘‡™Šƒ– ’”‡•‡–Ǥ – ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ ‘ ™‘”†• —•‡† „› ƒ –‘”•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒŽ‘‘ƒ–‡„‘†‹‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡” ™ƒ›• –‘ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– –Š‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› ƒ† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š†‹†‘–•–ƒ”–ˆ”‘‹†‡ƒ•‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ”Ǧ —–‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ†ˆ”‘ ƒ••—’–‹‘•‘™Šƒ–ƒ‡ˆ‘””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡ƒ‹‹• –‘ –”ƒ ‡ Š‘™ –Š‡•‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ƒ††‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•‡‡”‰‡Ǥ

  38chapterone  Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹•‘–ƒ•ƒ†™‹ Š‘ˆ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽƒ†‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–•Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”• „‡Ž‘™ †‡• ”‹„‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ƒ•‡• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” •‡–• ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† –Š‡‘”‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– •‘ — Š Ǯƒ’’Ž‹‡†ǯ–‘ ƒ•‡•‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” ‘”‡ Ž‘‘•‡Ž› ‹ˆ‘” ™ƒ›• –‘ †‡Ž˜‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡Ǥ ƒ Š Šƒ’–‡”‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ‘–Œ—•–‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹– ‹• ‹ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Šǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ ‰ƒ–Š‡” ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ ”‘ƒ†Ž›•’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ‘‡ ‘—Ž†•ƒ›–Š‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡ Šƒ’–‡”•‘˜‡–‘™ƒ”†•‡˜‡” Ž‘•‡” ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–™‹–Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǣ–Š‡”‡„›ƒŽ•‘‘˜‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ––‡’–• ƒ–„‡‹‰ƒǮ‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡ǯ‘„•‡”˜‡”‹’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ†‘ˆƒ”•ǡ–‘ƒ‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡ ƒ –‹˜‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ‹–‡”˜‡‹‰‹–Š‡•‡†‡„ƒ–‡•Ǥ  PartI Š‡–Š‡•‹• ‘‡•‹ˆ‘—”’ƒ”–•Ǥƒ”– •‡–•‘ˆˆ–‘•–—†›™ƒ›•‘ˆ ‘ ‡‹˜‹‰‡–Š‹ •ȋƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ȍ‘ǡƒ†–Š‡„‡›‘†ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥ  Chapter2:howtointerpretethicsonafarm? ™‘–Š‹‰•ƒ”‡”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡‹’—„Ž‹ –Š‘—‰Š–ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‹‰‘ˆƒ”‹‰‹••—‡•Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›–Š‡”ƒ–Š‡”•–”‹‹‰ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•‹’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡‡•–Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‡ – –Š‡ƒ†‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›’Žƒ› ‡–”ƒŽ”‘Ž‡•‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǣˆ”‘ˆ‘‘† •ƒˆ‡–›ǡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ƒ† ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ‹ƒŽ ȋ™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ȍ ‹••—‡•Ǥ † •‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ ƒ Ž‹‰‡”‹‰•‡•‡–Šƒ–ȋ•‘‡Ȍˆƒ”‡”••–‹ŽŽ†‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‘”ƒŽ‘—–Ž‘‘‹ˆ‘”‡† „›‘”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•–Šƒ–—”„ƒ‹–‡•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‡••–‘ƒ›‘”‡ǣ ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ Š‘‡•–™‘”–‘’”‘†— ‡‘—”ˆ‘‘†ǡ‹•‘‡™ƒ›••–‹ŽŽ ‘‡ –‡†–‘ –Š‡‹” Žƒ† ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹‰—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”„”‹‰•ƒƒ—”ƒ‘ˆ•‹ ‡”‹–›ƒ†–”—–Šˆ—Ž‡••–Šƒ–‹• —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†ƒ†”‘ƒ–‹ ‹œ‡†‹•Š‘™•ƒ•™‹†‡”ƒ‰‹‰ƒ•TheSimpleLife‹–Š‡ ȋ‡†ƒŽʹͲͳ͵Ȍ‘”FarmerSeeksWife‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǤŠ‡—’ ‘‹‰ Šƒ’–‡” ‡‰ƒ‰‡• ™‹–Š –Š‹• ’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǡ ƒ† ˆ”‘ ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ‡ ‘—–‡”•™‹–Šˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ††‹• ‘—”•‡•ǡƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‹• ’”‘’‘•‡† ˆ”‘ ™Š‹ Š –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† ƒ† ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡‰ƒ–‡† ‹†• ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ‡š’‡”–‹•‡–Š‡›ƒ›„”‹‰–‘•— Šƒ†‹• —••‹‘Ǥ‘‹ˆ‘”–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” Šƒ˜‡•‘—‰Š– ˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡š —•‡•–‘•’‡†–‹‡‘ˆƒ”•Ȃ„›‰‘‹‰‘ˆƒ”˜‹•‹–•™‹–Š˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–—†‡–•ǡŽ‡ƒ”‹‰–‘‹Ž ‘™•‹ƒ™‡‡Ž‘‰ ‘—”•‡ˆ‘”›‘—‰†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ† Š‡Ž’‹‰ ‘—– ƒ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡–‹•–• ‹ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ’‹‰ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ”‘ –Š‡•‡ ‡ ‘—–‡”• –”‹‡†–‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•‹–‡”•‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ƒ† ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „› ‘Ž–ƒ•‹ƒ†Š‡˜‡‘–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ‡†‡†ƒ†‡š–‡†‡†‹–‘ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”‘”ƒŽ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š›Ǥ 

 introduction:ethicsonthefarm39  Chapter3:canwedoawaywithfarmers? Š‡ •—„•‡“—‡– Šƒ’–‡” †‡• ”‹„‡• –™‘ Š‹‰ŠŽ› –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡ –• –Šƒ– „‘–Š ’”‘’‘•‡–‘†‘ƒ™ƒ›™‹–ŠƒŽŽ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ Š‘‹ ‡•ƒ††‹Ž‡ƒ•ƒ†•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡ ‡–‹”‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘—†”—‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˜‹•‹‘ǤǮagroproductionpark’Šƒ•„‡‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡†–‘Š‘—•‡–‡•‘ˆ–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ ’‹‰•‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•—„•–ƒ ‡ › Ž‡•‹ƒǮ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ‡ ‘Ž‘‰›ǯǤŠ‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ƒ‡–‘„‡’—„Ž‹ Ž›ƒ‡†Ǯvarkensflat’ǡƒ†‹•–ƒ–Ž›†”‡™ƒ •–‘” ‘ˆ ”‹–‹“—‡Ǥ Šƒ– ‡ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ„ƒ†‘‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒ† ‡˜‡ –Š‡ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ–‘•‡”‹‘—•Ž›†‡„ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‹•‹†‡ƒǤ —‹–‡ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‡Šƒ’’‡‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǯinvitromeat’Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š•‘‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ”‡’‘”– ƒ ȋ‹‹–‹ƒŽȌ ”‡’—Ž•‹˜‡ „‘†‹Ž› ”‡•’‘•‡ǡ ‘•– ’—„Ž‹ ”‡ƒ –‹‘•‹–Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†• ƒ† ƒ„”‘ƒ† ™‡Ž ‘‡ –Š‹• „‹‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” †‘‡• ‘– ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ••‡••‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹†‡ƒ•ǡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡‹” ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹’ƒ –• ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘•›•–‡•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‹•‘™Šƒ– –Š‡•‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›†‹†–‘–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ”‘—† —””‡–Ž›‡š‹•–‹‰ˆƒ”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ †‡• ”‹„‡Š‘™–Š‡•‡†‡•‹‰•ˆ— –‹‘‡†ƒ•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‡ƒ”‹‘•–Šƒ–†”‡™ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ –‘”• ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‡™ ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ Š‡”‡„› –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ƒ”‰—‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ ‘‘‹†‡ƒ‹–Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”›–Šƒ– –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹• ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ ˆ‘” †‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ Š‡•‡ •’‡ –ƒ —Žƒ” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ‘ ƒ•‹‘• ˆ‘” †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ Ǯ‹ –Š‡ ™‹Ž†ǯǡ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ ™‹†‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ƒ† ˆ‹† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• †‹• —••‹‰†‡ƒ†Ž‘ ‡†‹••—‡•‹‡™ƒ†‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ›•ǤŠ‹•’”‘ ‡•• –”ƒ ‡†‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š†‘ —‡–•ƒ†˜‹•—ƒŽ†‡•‹‰•ǡ„›•–—†›‹‰”‡•’‘•‡•–‘–Š‡•‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•‹ ’—„Ž‹  ‡†‹ƒ ƒ† „› ™‹–‡••‹‰ ’—„Ž‹  ‡˜‡–• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡•‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ™‡”‡ †‹• —••‡†Ǥ ‡•‹†‡• ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ‹  ƒ† ™‘” ‹ Ǯ„‹‘ƒ”–ǯǡ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”†”ƒ™•‘‡™‡›ƒ† ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”–‘ Šƒ”––Š‡‹†•‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰–Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡ ƒ”‘—†–Š‡•‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰•Ǥ  PartII ˆ–‡”–Š‹•†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–™‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•’”‘’‘•‹‰–‘†‘ƒ™ƒ›™‹–Šȋ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ȍ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ‹’ƒ”– ™‡‘˜‡„ƒ ‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ȋƒ†–Š‡„ƒ”Ȍ–‘ƒ•Š‘™ ‘Ǧ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ǧ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ ‘ —”• ‘– Œ—•– ‹ ’—„Ž‹  †‡„ƒ–‡• ƒ”‘—† •’‡ –ƒ —Žƒ” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡•‹‰•ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‹ ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ”Ǥ Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› –Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‘ —• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’ƒ”– ‹• –Š‡ Ǯ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–ǯǡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š „‘–Š–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•†‡• ”‹„‡†Ǥ    40chapterone  Chapter4:howdoesethicscoǦevolvewithtechnologyonadairyfarm? Šƒ’–‡”Ͷ•–ƒ”–•ˆ”‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ǣŠ‘™ ƒ™‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‹–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ••‡••‡– ƒ† ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ †‡„ƒ–‡ ‹ ƒ †›ƒ‹  ™‘”Ž†ǫ  –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡— Š‘”‡ ’”‘‹‡– ‘”ƒŽ ƒ –‘”• ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ Š‹• ƒ› •‡‡ •–”ƒ‰‡ǡ •‹ ‡ –Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† ‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘––Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”‹•‡ƒ––‘Ǯ”‡’Žƒ ‡ǯ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǡƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‹Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ‘™•Ǥ Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‘„‘– ƒ• ƒ ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•†‡• ”‹„‡†‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆ„‘–Šˆƒ”‡”•ƒ† ‘™•ǡ ƒ‘—–‹‰ –‘ ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ —Ž–‹•’‡ ‹‡• ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š› ‹ˆ‘”‡† „› ƒ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡‹ –‘”‡–™‘”Š‡‘”›ƒ†™‘”‹ ‘”‡„”‘ƒ†Ž›Ǥ ‡”‡–Š‡”‡ —””‹‰“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™™‡ ƒ•–‹ŽŽ†‘‡–Š‹ •‹ƒ™‘”Ž† ˆ—ŽŽ‘ˆŠ›„”‹†„‡‹‰•Ȃ‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘™Ǧ”‘„‘–Ǧˆƒ”‡” ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•Ȃ ‹• –ƒ‡—’‹ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š”‡ ‡–™‘”‹”—”ƒŽ•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›‘–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆǮ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ǯƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǤŠ‹• Šƒ’–‡”‹•„ƒ•‡†‘’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ”‹‰ ‡†‹ƒǡ ‹†—•–”› ”‡’‘”–•ǡ ˆƒ” ˜‹•‹–•ǡ †‹• —••‹‘•  ™‹–‡••‡† ƒ‘‰•– ˆƒ”‡”•ǡƒ†‘›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‹–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰ ‘—”•‡–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒ†ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‡”ǡ‹™Š‹ Š„‘–Š ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽƒ†”‘„‘–‹ ‹Ž‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‡”‡–ƒ—‰Š–Ǥ  Chapter5:cantinkeringwithtechnologybedeliberatingwithanimals? ƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǫŠ‡‡š– Šƒ’–‡”ǡͷǡ‰‘‡•‘–‘ƒ•Š‘™™‡ ƒ–ƒ‡‘–Œ—•–ˆƒ”‡”•„—– ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•‘”‡•‡”‹‘—•Ž›ƒ•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ǧ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  ‘–‹—‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–ǡ „—– ˆ‘ —• ‘”‡ Ž‘•‡Ž› ‘ ƒ ƒ––‡’–‘ˆƒ•ƒŽŽ‰”‘—’‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ȋƒ† ‘™•Ȍ–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‘„‹Ž‡ǡ ˆ‹‡Ž†„ƒ•‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ‹–ǤŽ‘•‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‹•‰”‘—’‡ƒ„Ž‡† ƒ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† †‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡”›†ƒ› ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›‡†‹ƒ–‡†Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‹•‹–—”ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”ƒ˜‹‡™‘ˆŠ—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ †—”‹‰–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘ ‡••ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ›„‡‰”ƒ–‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”„‡ ‘‡•ƒƒ––‡’––‘•‡‡Š‘™ˆƒ”‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰• ‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽȂƒ†‡˜‡™Šƒ–‹•†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ȃ ƒ„‡•–”‡– Š‡† –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒ ™‹†‡” •‡–‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† ˆ‘”•‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡„› ‡š–‡†‹‰–Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  •’Š‡”‡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –‘†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ ‘ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•–‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ‘– Œ—•–ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‹•ƒ”‰—‡–†”ƒ™•‘”‡ ‡–™‘”‹ƒ†Ǯ‘”‡Ǧ–ŠƒǦŠ—ƒǯ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š› †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡ ‹ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”›‘†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ƒ†”‡ ‡–’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘—””‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‡–Š‹ ƒŽǤ 

 introduction:ethicsonthefarm41  Intermezzo: what else can a philosopher contribute to animal deliberation on the farm? ‰ƒ‹ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ˆ‹†•Š‹•‡Žˆ‹ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ǡ–Š‹•–‹‡ƒ–ƒ †ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡–™‘”–Šƒ–™ƒ• ‘˜‡‡†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‘„‹Ž‡ ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–Ǥ ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ† –”›‹‰ –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”•‹–‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‘–‹‘•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡†‘‹‰ǡ ‡†‡† —’‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰™‹–Šƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǡ‘”‡‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†˜‹•—ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ ƒŽˆ™ƒ› –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ –Š‡•‹•ǡ –Š‹• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ •‡‡• Ž‹‡ ƒ †‡ˆ‹‹‰ •–‡’ ‹–Š‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘” ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‰‡”‡•‘ˆ‹–‡”˜‡‹‰‹‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘•‘–Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥ  PartIII ƒ”– „”‹‰•–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•ˆ‹†‹‰•–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ†–ƒ‡•–Š‡ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ•–‡’ˆ—”–Š‡”Ǥ Š‡ ‡–Š‹ • ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž˜‡• ™‹–Š ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ƒ† †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ • ™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ•‘ —”•‹ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ǡ™Š›•–‹ –‘‡”‡Ž›†‡• ”‹„‹‰–Š‡•‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ǫ ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹“—‹”› ƒ–Š‡ƒŽ•‘„‡†‘‡„›ƒ ƒ –—ƒŽ †‡•‹‰ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘–Šƒ–‹•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽŽ›™‡ŽŽ–Š‘—‰Š––Š”‘—‰ŠǤŠƒ’–‡”•͸ǡ͹ƒ†ͺ”‡’‘”– ‘ƒ†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ – Šƒ˜‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†‹ Ž‘•‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‡”• –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣƒ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡•˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡Ǥ  Chapter6:whynotsetupadesignprojecttodeliberatewithboredpigs? Šƒ’–‡” ͸ •–ƒ”–• „› †‡• ”‹„‹‰ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž› ˆƒ”‡† ’‹‰•ǡ ™Š‘•‡ „‘”‡†‘Šƒ•„‡‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†„›–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘’”‡• ”‹„‹‰ˆƒ”‡”• –‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡™‹–Š•‘‡–Š‹‰–‘’Žƒ›™‹–ŠǤ ––Š‡‰‘‡•‘–‘‘—–Ž‹‡–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡„ƒ ‰”‘—†‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ ––‘”‡Žƒ–‡ ‘•—‡”•‹‡™ ™ƒ›•™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡‘–Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥ›ˆ”ƒ‹‰–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹–‡”•‘ˆ ‘Š‡”‰‡”ǯ•™‘” ‘‘†‡”‹–›ƒ†–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰‹”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘ˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ȂǮ‘Ž›’‡–•ƒ† ƒ” ƒ••‡• ”‡ƒ‹ǯȂ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ”‡–—”• –‘ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ Šƒ’–‡”ʹǣŠ‘™–‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†‘†‡”ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”Ǯ‹š‡†‘–‹˜‡•ǯǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ ––‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ PigChase‹•‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ƒ‹‡†–‘ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•ƒǮ„‘—†ƒ”›‘„Œ‡ –ǯǡ ‘‡ –‹‰–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡ ™‘”Ž†•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ǡ’‹‰•ƒ†™‹†‡”’—„Ž‹ •‹‡™™ƒ›•Ǥ  Chapter7:howbesttoplaywithpigs?  Šƒ’–‡” ͹ǡ –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ† • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  †‡„ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‹ˆ‘”‡† –Š‹• †‡•‹‰ ’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ”‡†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ‘—”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•™‹–Šˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†’‹‰•†—”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‡‡–‹‰• ™‹–Š ˆƒ”‡”• –‘ †‹• —•• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ †‡•‹‰•ǡ ƒ† †‡•‹‰ •‡••‹‘• ƒ† ’”‘–‘–›’‡ –‡•–‹‰ ‘ ƒ ’‹‰ ˆƒ”ǡ ƒ† ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ƒŽ•‘ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ’”‘‘–‹‰ ƒ† ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ –Š‹• ’”‘Œ‡ – ‹ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ƒ†   42chapterone  ’—„Ž‹  ‡†‹ƒǤ Š‹• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ™ƒ• ‹ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰ –”ƒ•Ǧ†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”› ˆ‹‡Ž† –Šƒ– ‹• ‘™ ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯƒ‹ƒŽ •–—†‹‡•ǯǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‹ ƒ •‡Žˆ‡˜‹†‡–™ƒ›Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽƒ†‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ™‘”‹• ‘„‹‡†™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡•‘Š‘™–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”–Š‹•™‘”ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‘–ƒ‹‰‡ǯ•ˆƒ‘—•Ž›’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž ƒ–ǡ‹•„”‘—‰Š–‹–‘ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ †‹• —••‹‘• ‘ˆ ’Žƒ› •— Š ƒ• ‘Šƒ —‹œ‹‰ƒǯ• Ǯ ‘‘ —†‡•ǯƒ†”‡ ‡–†‡„ƒ–‡•‘‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰Ǥ  Š‡‰ƒ‡’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ‹•–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘™Šƒ–‹•”‡ ‡–Ž› ‘‹‡†Ǯ—Ž–‹ •’‡ ‹‡• ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǯ ȋ‹”•‡› ƒ† ‡Ž”‡‹ Š ʹͲͳͲȌ ƒ† Ǯ‡–Š‘Ǧ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‡–Š‘Ǧ ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯ ȋ‡•–‡Žǡ ”—‘‹•ǡ ƒ† ƒ—‡– ʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ• ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡† ȋ‘”‡Ȍ •›‡–”‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‡‰ƒ‰‡• ’‹‰• ‹ ƒ —–—ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹ˆ‘”‡† „› ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ƒ† –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ †‡„ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡„› ‹– ƒŽŽ‘™• –Š‡ ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ‘—Ž† „‡ ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯ—Ž–‹•’‡ ‹‡•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǯǢˆ‘”‘ˆ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›™Š‹ Š™‹†‡”’—„Ž‹ • ƒ„‡‡–‹ ‡† –‘Œ‘‹‹ǡƒ•„‡ ‘‡• Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ‘›‘—•”‡•’‘•‡•‘–Š‡™‡„–‘ –Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ  Chapter8:canwedesignamoralsubjectthatplayswithpigs? ’‡ —Žƒ–‹‰‘–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ –—ƒŽŽ›’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š ’‹‰• ‹ –Š‡ ™ƒ›• ’”‘’‘•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ Šƒ’–‡” ͺ „”‹‰• –‘‰‡–Š‡” Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‰‡”‡••— Šƒ•–Š‡‘˜‡Žƒ†ˆ‹Ž‘‘”ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ† •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ › ˆ—”–Š‡”‘”‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ ™‹–Š ”‡ ‡– ™‘” ‹ –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ‹†ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”†‡Ž˜‡•‹–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‘–Š‡ˆƒ”˜‹ƒƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‘—–‡Ǣ”‡˜‹•‹–‹‰‹ƒ‡™™ƒ›‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”“—‡•–‹‘•‘ ‡„‘†‹‡–ǡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ˆ‹‰—”‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”•ǤŽ–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘Š‡”‡ ‘‡•†‘™–‘ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†™‹–Šƒ –‹˜‡Ž›†‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –ǤŠ‡ Šƒ’–‡”‡†• ™‹–Š–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—Ž–‹•’‡ ‹‡•‘”ƒŽ ‘—‹–› –Šƒ– ƒ› ‘Ǧ ‡˜‘Ž˜‡™‹–Š–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†‰ƒ‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ǡƒ†‹–•‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹’‘”–Ǥ  PartIV ƒ”– ‹•™Š‡”‡‘”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•ƒ”‡ȋƒ––‡’–‡†–‘„‡Ȍ†”ƒ™ǡŽ‘‘‹‰ „ƒ ƒ––Š‡–Š”‡‡’”‡ ‡†‹‰’ƒ”–•Ǥ –•–ƒ”–•™‹–Šƒ Šƒ’–‡”–Šƒ–“—‡•–‹‘•–Š‡‡–‹”‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǡŽ‡–ƒŽ‘‡ ‘ Ž—†‹‰‹–Ǥ  

 introduction:ethicsonthefarm43  Chapter9:whywritingethics? Šƒ–†‘‡•ƒŽŽ–Š‹•‡ƒˆ‘”’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ†‡–Š‹ •‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰ǫ‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ƒ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǡ –Š‹• ’‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ’–‡” ƒ‰ƒ‹ –ƒ‡• —’ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡”‡‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ •ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‹’Ž‹ ‹–‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰„‘‘•‘‡–Š‹ •ǡƒ•ƒ ’‡ —Ž‹ƒ”Ž›†‹•‡„‘†‹‡†ƒ†‹ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǫ •–Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ•–—†› ‹–‘ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ƒ ™”‹––‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–ǫˆ–‡”ƒ †‹• —••‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™–‘ ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ–Š‡•‹•‹’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›–Šƒ–™ƒ–•–‘„”‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ ˜‡”›‰‡”‡‹–‡‡”‰‡•ˆ”‘ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”ƒ••™Š‡–Š‡”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ›–Š‡ ‘–Œ—•–ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”‹–‡”‡•–‹‰’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ„—–‹–•‡Žˆ ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ‹‰’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ†‡–Š‹ •ǫ  Chapter10:howthentoconclude? –Š‡ ‘ Ž—†‹‰ Šƒ’–‡”ǡͳͲǡ–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•„—‹Ž†—’‘ ‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”‹•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„›•Š‘™‹‰Š‘™‡ƒ Š‹ˆ‘”•–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –†‡• ”‹„‡† ‹ ’ƒ”– Ǥ Š—• –Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ –”ƒ ‡• –Š‡ •–‡’• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”• ƒ• —Ž‹ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡’‹‰˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ„‡‹‰ƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”‘ˆƒ –‹˜‡Ž› •–—†›‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰‘–Š‹• ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•ƒ†’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•„—–ƒŽ•‘–Š‡†‘™•‹†‡•ƒ†’‹–ˆƒŽŽ• ‘ˆ‹–Š‹•™ƒ›‡„”ƒ ‹‰–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ”‡ †‹• —••‡†Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡’‹Ž‘‰—‡ǡ ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ ”‡–—” –‘ –Š‡ ’‹‰ ˆƒ” ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ –Š‡•‹• •–ƒ”–‡†ǡ ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•‹–Š‡‡ƒ–‹‡ Šƒ‰‡†„‡›‘†”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘Ǥ  Casestudiesandethics ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡•˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‘”•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡™‘”ǡ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆȋ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–Ȍ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ†‡” •Š‘—Ž†˜ƒŽ—‡‹–•†‡• ”‹’–‹‘•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‹•‘ˆƒ”ƒ•Š‡‘”•Š‡ˆ‹†•–Š‡•‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ†Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž‘†‡•‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰ƒ†ƒ –‹‰ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ƒ†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ•‹– ƒ„‡ˆ‘—† –‘ ‘ —” ‘ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡—– Šˆƒ”•ǤŠ‹•‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•–Š‹•†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘‹•‘–‰‘‹‰–‘‘ˆˆ‡” –Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ™‘”†‘–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•‹ˆƒ”‹‰™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‘–Œ—•–„‡ ƒ—•‡ –‘ Žƒ‹‹– ‘—Ž†™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ„‹œƒ””‡‘˜‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ›ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ—––Š‹• †‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘†‘‡•‘–‡˜‡ƒ•’‹”‡–‘†‘•‘Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‹–ƒ‹•–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‘ Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‡‡™‡†Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡—Ž–‹ˆƒ”‹‘—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›‘”ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤŠ‹•‡š’Žƒ‹•™Š›ȋƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘„‹–•‘ˆ–Š‹•‹–”‘†— –‹‘Ȍ‹–‹•‘–‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ƒ† ™”‹––‡ ‹ ƒ •–›Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘ †‹”‡ –‡† ƒ– Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ Œ—†‰‡–ƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡ„—–‹•–‡ƒ†Š‘’‡•–‘‡˜‘‡ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆˆƒ• ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‡ ‘—–‡”‡†Ǥ   44chapterone  ‘– •–ƒ”–‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ„‹–‹‘ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹˜‡ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ” ƒŽ•‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Š‡ ȋ•‡‡‹‰Ž›Ȍ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ –Š‡ƒ–‹  ‹–‡”‡•–•ǣ ƒ ‡ŽŽ‡†’‹‰–‘™‡”•ǡ”‡‘–‡Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡‹˜‹–”‘’”‘†— ‡†‡ƒ–ǡ–Š‡ —””‡–Ž›•–ƒŽŽ‡† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ‘„‹Ž‡‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–ǡƒ†—ˆ‹‹•Š‡†˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡•‘™•–— ‹ƒ ‡••› ’”‘–‘–›’‡ –‡•–‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡ ƒ‹‡†–‘†‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š’”‡••‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•‡ƒ›–‹‡•‘‘Ǥ ˆ–Š‹•‡ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ•‡•–—†‹‡•ƒ”‡‘–•‡Ž‡ –‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ„‡‹‰‹Š‡”‡–Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡƒ’ƒ”– ’‡”Šƒ’•ˆ‘”–Š‘•‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ™Š›–Š‡†‹†  Š‘‘•‡–Š‡•‡ǫ”‡–Š‡•‡ ƒ•‡•ƒ†–Š‡’ƒ––‡”•‘‡ƒ›ˆ‹†‹–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡„› •ƒ›‹‰ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽǫŠ‹•‹•Šƒ”†–‘•ƒ›ǡƒ†‹ˆƒ –‘–†‹”‡ –Ž›–Š‡ƒ‹ Žƒ‹ Š‡”‡Ǥ Šƒ– –Š‡ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ•‡• †‘‡• Š‘’‡ –‘ †‘ ‹•ǡ ‹ ƒ —Š‹ƒ •‡•‡ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǮ‡š‡’Žƒ”•ǯȋ Ž›˜„Œ‡”‰ʹͲͲ͸Ȍ‘ˆŠ‘™–‘–Š‹ƒ„‘—–ȋƒ†’”‘ ‡‡† ™‹–ŠȌ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ• ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ™‹–Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Š—• –Š‡•‡ ƒ•‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ”‰—‡† –‘ „‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ–‹ ǡ ƒ‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘Š‡”‡– ‘—–Ž‘‘ ‘ ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‰ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘‰”ƒ–‘•–—†›ƒ†‹–‡”˜‡‡‹ ‹••—‡•Ǥ  ‡ ‘—Ž†ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ––Š‹• ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ•‹ ‡‹–”‡ˆ”ƒ‹•ˆ”‘ Šƒ‡ŽŽ‹‰ ’‘••‹„Ž‡‘”ƒŽ‘—–”ƒ‰‡–‘•‡”‹‘—•‹••—‡••— Šƒ•–Š‡‘”‡ƒ –‹˜‹•–‰‡”‡•†‘ǡƒ –—ƒŽŽ› †‡ˆŽ‡ –•‘—”‘”ƒŽ‡‡”‰‹‡•–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‹†‹‘•› ”ƒ–‹ ˆƒ• ‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ǧ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ǤŠ‹•‹•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ™Š‡–Š‡‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘ ‹• ™Š‡”‡ –‘ †‹”‡ – ‘—” • ƒ” ‡ ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘Ǥ Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ•‡••–—†‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ƒ›‘•–Ž› ‘ ‡””ƒ–Š‡”ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• Š‘™‡˜‡” Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽŽ „‡‡ “—‹–‡ ’”‘‹‡– ‹ ‰‹˜‹‰ ”‹•‡ –‘ „”‘ƒ†‡” †‡„ƒ–‡• ƒ† ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ˜‹ƒ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ –‹‡”‹‰ǡ ‡‹–Š‡” ‹ ’—„Ž‹  ‘” ƒ‘‰•–ˆƒ”‡”•ǣ‘ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ǡŽƒ„‘—”“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‡– Ǥ  –Š‡•‡ †‹• —••‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘”‡ ‡˜‹†‡–Ž› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ƒ”‘—† ˆƒ”‹‰™‡”‡„”‘—‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ǡ‘ˆ–‡‹‡™ƒ†•—”’”‹•‹‰™ƒ›•Ǥ ‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ•‡•‹†‹”‡ –Ž›‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ”‘—–‡‹–‘•–—†›‹‰ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •‘–Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥ ƒ‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ •–—†‹‡• ƒ‹ –‘ •Š‘™ ƒ•‡ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ –Š‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆƒ†‹–‡”˜‡‹‰‹‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡•Ǥ  ”‘–Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ’”‡••‹‰‹••—‡•‹–Š‡‘•ƒ‹ ‘—–Ž‹‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ–Š‹••–—†›Šƒ•‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ „‡ ‘‡”ƒ–Š‡”ˆ‘ —•‡†‘–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǤŠ‹• ƒ„‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ™‘”‹ˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡–Š‡•‹•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†’”‘‹‡ ‡ ‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ‹ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡•Ǥ‡•‹†‡•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›„‡‹‰ ‰—‹†‡† „› ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‹ƒŽ‹••—‡•‹’—„Ž‹ ‡†‹ƒǡ‹–™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘’”‘‘–‡†„›–Š‡•—”‰‡

 introduction:ethicsonthefarm45  ‘ˆ‡š ‹–‹‰™‘”‹–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰™‹†‡”ƒ‰‹‰ ”‘••Ǧ†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›Ǯˆ‹‡Ž†ǯ‘ˆȋŠ—ƒǦȌ ƒ‹ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•‘ˆ ‘—”•‡‘––‘•ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡š’Ž‘”‡† ‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹•‘Ž›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘ƒ‹ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǣ–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ǡ’Š‡‘‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ† Š‡”‡‡—–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡˆ‘ —•‹‰‘Ǯ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›ǯ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ƒ† ‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ǡ ƒ˜‡”›™‡ŽŽƒŽ•‘„‡†‘‡–‘•–—†›‹••—‡•‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ • ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‡‹•‡ ʹͲͲͺȌ ‡‡”‰› —•‡ ȋƒ””‡• ʹͲͳʹȌƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ ȋ—•‘ˆˆ ƒ† ƒ„”›• ʹͲͳͳȌǡ ƒ• ‹– ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‹• ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž› ™‡ŽŽ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ‡†‹ ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ • ȋ‘Ž ʹͲͲͻǢ ‘‡ ‡Ž„‡”‰Š ƒ† ‡•ƒ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ƒ† ’•› Š‹ƒ–”› ȋ‹††‡”•Š‘˜‡ǡ ‘Ž‡™‹Œǡ ƒ† „ƒ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ † ‹ ˆƒ – ‘–Š‡” ‹••—‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆˆƒ”™‘”ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ–’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ‹••—‡•‘ˆŽƒ†• ƒ’‡ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ •ǡ‡– ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡–‘— Š‡†—’‘‹˜ƒ”‹‘—• „‹–• ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  Š‡ ƒ•‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ‹”› ‘™•ƒ†’‹‰•ǡ‘–Žƒ›‹‰Š‡•ǡ„”‘‹Ž‡”•ǡ˜‡ƒŽ ƒŽ˜‡•ǡ‘”‰‘ƒ–•Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ — Š ‘”‡ Š‹ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ –Š‡ –™‘ •‡ –‘”• ‡–”ƒŽ‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡ǡ™‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž›–™‘‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‘™•ƒ†ͳͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‹‰•‹ –Š‡ ‘—–”›ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•‘”–Š‡‹”’”‘†— –•ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ”‰‡’ƒ”–ƒ”‡‡š’‘”–‡†ǡƒ‹‰ –Š‹• •–—†› ƒŽ•‘ Ǯ†‹”‡ –Ž›ǯ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ„”‘ƒ†Ǥ Š‡•‡ –™‘ •‡ –‘”• ‘”‡‘˜‡” ƒ”‡ •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǣ Š‡ †ƒ‹”› ƒ† ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‡”• •‡‡ –‘ „‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ •–ƒ–—• ƒ† ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Ž•‘ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ’”‘†— – ‹• ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǡ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹• — Š Ž‡•• ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽǤ ƒ› ‘ˆ–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ”‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•˜‡‰‡–ƒ”‹ƒ•ǡ†‘ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ †ƒ‹”›Ǥ † ‹ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†• –Š‹• •‡ –‘” ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ ƒ—–Š‡–‹  ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ǣ ‘™•„‡Ž‘‰Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•„‡‹‰‹’Žƒ ‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡ ‰”ƒœ‹‰‘—–†‘‘”•‹•—‡”Ǥ  Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•–‘‘’Žƒ ‡‹ƒ†Šƒ•‹–•ˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǣƒ ‘†‡•–•‹œ‡†„—–Š‹‰ŠŽ›ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ ‘—–”›™‹–Šƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•‡ –‘”–Šƒ– Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ‰”‘Ƭˆ‘‘†‡š’‘”–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǤͳͶŽ•‘‹–‹•ƒ ‘—–”›™Š‡”‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’‹‘‡‡”‡†ǣˆ”‘„”‡‡†‹‰ Š‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰†ƒ‹”› ‘™•–‘–Š‡‹–‡•‹˜‡”‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆ˜‡ƒŽ ƒŽ˜‡•ǡƒ†ˆ”‘’”‡ ‹•‹‘ ˆƒ”‹‰–‘”‘„‘–‹ ‹Ž‹‰ǤŠ‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ƒŽ•‘•–‹ŽŽŠƒ•ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡—„‡”‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Ž’•’—”Ǧ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’ƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡ ƒŽ•‘ˆ‡ƒ–—”‹‰ —‡”‘—• ’”‘Œ‡ –•–‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘”•‘ˆ   14 Though this often used statistic is skewed as the Netherlands is a logistics hub for various agricultural products(vanderPoel2014).   46chapterone  ˆƒ”‹‰‹’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆǮ•›•–‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǯȋŽœ‡‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳʹǢ‘•ƒ† ”‹ʹͲͲͺǢ ‘•ǡ ”‘‘–‘‡”ƒ’ǡƒ† ”‘‡‡•–‡‹ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ•‹‘–Š‡” ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡•–Š‡‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ˆƒ”‹‰•‡ –‘”Šƒ• ‘‡—†‡”’—„Ž‹ • ”—–‹›ǡŠ‡”‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ†ˆ—”–Š‡”‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–™‘‡„‡”•‘ˆ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‘ˆ –Š‡Ǯƒ”–›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹ƒŽ•ǯǤ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›ƒ†™‹†‡”’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡•‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹••—‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Š‡ƒ–‡†ǡ—– Š’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Šƒ•Ž‘‰„‡‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „›’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•ǡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–‘’‡‡••–‘‡™ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–• ƒ†™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘‡š’‡”‹‡–Ǥ‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šƒ–Š”‹˜‹‰ƒ”–•ƒ††‡•‹‰•‡ –‘”–Šƒ– ‹”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•Šƒ•„”‘ƒ†‡‡†–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ™ƒ›•™‹–Š ˆ‘‘† ƒ† ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ–Š‹•ƒ†‡ˆ‘”ƒ˜‡”›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ǡ„—–’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ƒŽ•‘”ƒ–Š‡”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •‡––‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘Œ‡ – ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” Š‘™ –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† ‹–• ˆ‹†‹‰•Ǣ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ƒ• ”‹„‡†‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•–‘ —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•‹‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰–Š‡‡–Š‹ •‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ  BetweenandnonǦhumananimals:anoteonthechoiceofwords †‹˜‹†‹‰ƒ”‹™”‹–‹‰•‘ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ —•‡ ‹• –Š‡ –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›–‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡Ǯ‘ǦŠ—ƒƒ‹ƒŽ•ǯ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ‘•–™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†–Šƒ– ‹•Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†Ǯ ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‹ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•ǯ—•‡–Š‹•–‘‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Šƒ–™‡ȂŠ—ƒ”‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ –‡š–•‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȃƒ”‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘‘Ǥ –Š‹•–Š‡•‹• Šƒ˜‡ Š‘•‡–‘‘•–Ž›–ƒŽƒ„‘—– ƒ‹ƒŽ• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘ǦŠ—ƒ ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘– Œ—•– ˆ‘” –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ‘ ‹•‡‡•• ƒ† ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ•‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‹‰‡”ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘•‹ ‡ ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ –ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ• –Šƒ– ˆƒ”‡”• †‘Ǥ † ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹–™‹ŽŽ ‘‡—’ǡ–Š‡ ‘•‹•–‡–—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ǯ‘ǦŠ—ƒƒ‹ƒŽǯ ‘ ‡’– ƒ ‹ › ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ „‡ ‘‡ •‘‡™Šƒ– ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ–”ƒ –Šƒ– ƒˆ–‡” ƒ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ‡˜‘‡•–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–™‡Š—ƒ•ƒ”‡Œ—•–ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ‹ƒŽǡ„—–ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•ƒ Žƒ  ‘ˆ Š—ƒ‹–› ƒ• –Š‡ †‡ˆ‹‹‰ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š‘•‡ ‘–Š‡” ”‡ƒ–—”‡• ‰”‘—’‡†—†‡”–Š‹•Žƒ„‡ŽǤ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ‹–†‹†ˆ‡‡Ž‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡–‘—•‡ ǮŠ‡ǯ ‘” ȋ‹ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ ‘•–Ž›Ȍ Ǯ•Š‡ǯ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ› ’”‡• ”‹„‡† Ǯ‹–ǯ –‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ  — Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰› –‘ †‹• —•• ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹• Ž‹‡™‹•‡ Žƒ†‡ ™‹–Š ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‡ƒ‹‰•ƒ†‹’Ž‹ ‹–’‘•‹–‹‘•‘‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•ǤǮ‹˜‡•–‘ ǯ•‡‡• –‘ ‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ• Ž‹˜‹‰ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǡ ƒ• ƒ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘’‡”–› ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ •‡– ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ‰‡–•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‘‘ –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰› ‹ –Š‡ •‡ –‘”ǡ „‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ǯƒ‹ƒŽ Š—•„ƒ†”›ǯ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•ƒ•‘‡™Šƒ–‘Ž†ˆƒ•Š‹‘‡†’ƒ–”‹ƒ” ŠƒŽ”‹‰–‘‹––Šƒ–ƒ›„‡ ˆ‡Ž– –‘ ‘–”ƒ•– ™‹–Š ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ •›•–‡•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•‹–‹•‘”‡‘˜‡”•–‹ŽŽ ‘‘–‘•ƒ›Ǯˆƒ”‡”•ǯȋveehoudersǡboerenȌ”ƒ–Š‡”  introduction:ethicsonthefarm47  –Šƒ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‹ ƒ–‡†‡ ›–‘•’‡ƒ‘ˆǮ’”‘†— ‡”•ǯǤ –Š‹••‡•‡–Š‡—– Š ˆƒ”‡”•ǯŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –•”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘„‡Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒǮ‹†—•–”›ǯǡ™Š‹ Š‹–Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†• ȋbioindustrieȌ Šƒ• –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ Žƒ”‰‡ • ƒŽ‡ Ǯˆƒ –‘”›ˆƒ”‹‰ǯǤ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•ǡ‘”–Š‡”‹ ƒ”‡ƒ†‡”•–Š—• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ‘– –‘‘ “—‹ Ž› ƒ••—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹š–—”‡• ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ‘”†‡”• †‡• ”‹„‡†‹ Šƒ’–‡”ʹ™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‹‡•‡Ǯ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†‹ƒŽ ‡‡†‹‰’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǯȋ •Ȍƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‡ƒ›‘’‡ƒ‹”Ǯƒ—”‡Žƒ‰‘‘•ǯǤ  ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ„‡‹‰ ‘•‹•–‡–‹ƒ Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–‡”•–Šƒ–‘‡ƒ›Š‘’‡–‘ „‡‘•–‡—–”ƒŽ‘””‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•ƒ‹•–‘”‡ˆŽ‡ ––Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ™ƒ›•‘ˆ –ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡—•‡‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‘™Š‹Ž‡•–ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ „‡‹‰‹–Š‡ˆƒ”‹‰•‡ –‘”ǡƒˆ–‡” Šƒ’–‡”ʹ–Š‡–‡”Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ‹•–”ƒ†‡†‹ˆ‘”‘–Š‡” ™ƒ›•–‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ‘•–Ž›•‡––Ž‹‰ˆ‘”Ǯƒ‹ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰ǯȋ‹ˆ‘Ž›ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”™‡ŽŽ‹ƒ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘• –Š‹• ƒ› ‘Œ—”‡ —’ȌǤ  ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‡˜‡ Ǯˆƒ”‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǯ •‡‡‡† ƒ ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡ ’Š”ƒ•‡ –‘ ‰‡•–—”‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‘”‡ ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ ƒ† —–—ƒŽ‹•–‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡Ǥ  Ž•‘–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡†–‘–ƒŽƒ„‘—–‡–Š‹ •‹†‹ ƒ–‡•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡•Ǥ‘‘Ž›ǡǮ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǯ‹•—•‡†ƒ•ƒ†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡–‡””‡ˆ‡””‹‰–‘ –Š‡ ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› Š‘‹ ‡•ƒ†‘”ƒŽ• ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ Ǯ‡–Š‹ •ǯ ‹• –Š‡–Š‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹ˆ‘”‡† •›•–‡ƒ–‹  ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ –Š‡•‡ ‘”ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š –Š‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹‡ƒ‹‰ˆ‹‰—”‡•–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǡ—’Š‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ •Šƒ”’ †‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡™‘—Ž†’Žƒ ‡–Š‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ‘”‡†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘‘—” ‘”ƒŽŽ‹˜‡•‹ƒ‘˜‡”Ž›‡š–‡”ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡ Žƒ‹‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹•‹•–‡ƒ† –Šƒ––Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹ Š™‡ƒƒŽ›•‡ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘‘”ƒŽ‹–›‹•‹–•‡Žˆ’ƒ”–‘ˆ’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ†™Š‡”‡ƒ•‹–‹• ‘‘–‘ƒƒŽ›•‡‡–Š‹ •‹–‡”•‘ˆ Ǯ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǯƒ†Ǯ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǯǡ–Š‡•‡–‡”•†‘‘–ˆ‹‰—”‡’”‘‹‡–Ž›‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǡƒ‹Ž› ˆ‘”„‡‹‰“—‹–‡ƒ„•‡–ˆ”‘’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ‡—’Ǯ‡–Š‹ •‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǯǤ Š‹•–Š‡•‹•†‘‡•‘–ƒ‹–‘’”‘†— ‡ƒ”‰—‡–•ˆ”‘™Šƒ–‘‡ƒ›’”‘ Žƒ‹–‘„‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•Ȃƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ•–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡Ž‹––Ž‡‡ ‘—–‡”‡†‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ȋƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–  Šƒ˜‡ǯ– •‡‡ –Š‡ȌǤ † ‘”‡‘˜‡” –Š‹• –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰› •‡‡• ‹ŽŽ ‡“—‹’’‡† –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† ‘”ƒŽ ȋ‘” ”ƒ–Š‡” ‡–Š‹ ƒŽǨȌ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ‹– ‹• ‘– ‡”‡Ž› Ǯƒ––‹–—†‡•ǯ‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡„‡‹‰ Šƒ”–‡†ȋŠ‘˜‡ʹͲͳͲȌ‘”•‘‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡‹”Ǯ‹–‡”‡•–•ǯ„‡‹‰•’‡ŽŽ‡†‘—–Ǥ‘”†‘ ‘Ž›™ƒ––‘†‡• ”‹„‡•–”— –—”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡• ‘ƒŽ‡˜‡Žƒ–™Š‹ ŠŠ—ƒ„‡‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡‹”†‹• ‘—”•‡•ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– ƒ ‘—–‡†ˆ‘”Ǥ‘ǡ™‡ƒ”‡Ž‘‘‹‰ˆ‘”Ǯ‡–Š‹ •ǯǤ 

  48chapterone  Whattolookforelsewhere Š‹• ‹• ‘– –‘ •ƒ› –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š Šƒ”–‹‰ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ƒ† ’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›Š‡Ž†˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ‘”–Š‡‘”‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡†ƒ†‡˜‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–ƒ––‡’–•ƒ– ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ”‡ ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ †‡„ƒ–‡• ‘ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ Š‹‰•  †‹†‘–†‘–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡” ƒˆ‹†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡’ƒ•–†‡ ƒ†‡•ƒ™ƒ—’•—”‰‡‘ˆ ™”‹–‹‰‘‡–Š‹ •‹ˆƒ”‹‰ǡƒŽ•‘‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ‘‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ ™‘” ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡ ‡• ƒ† ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘”‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ‡–Š‹ • Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”•™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Ž’‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•†‡‡’‡ ‘—” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ† ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ • ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹ Ž—†‡ ™‘”• ‘ —– Šˆƒ”‹‰•— Šƒ•„›‘Š‡ǡ”‘ǡƒ†–ƒ••‡ȋʹͲͲͻȌǢ ”‡™‡”‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲͷȌǢ ‘‘‰ƒƒ”† ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͳͲȌǢ ‡Ž†‡ǡ ƒ”–•ǡ ƒ† ‘‡”— ȋʹͲͲʹȌǢ ‘  ƒ† ƒ —‹ ȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǢ‡”œ‡ƒ†‘ ȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǢ‡ ”‡‡ˆ‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ—–™Šƒ––Š‹•–Š‡•‹•Š‘’‡• –‘•Š‘™ ‹•–Šƒ– ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›–‘–Š‡•‡ Ȃƒ†ǡ ƒŽŽ ”‹‰Š–ǡ •‘‡–‹‡• ‹ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ™‹–Šȋ•‘‡‘ˆȌ–Š‡•‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ȃ‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ‡š‹•––Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†„‡–ƒ‡•‡”‹‘—•Ž›‹†‡„ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆˆ‘‘†’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡Ǥ  › ƒ‹ Žƒ‹ ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ – –‘ –Š‡ ‘”‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›‹ Ž‹‡†‡–Š‹ •‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†„‡Ȃƒ†Ž— ‹Ž›‘•–Ž›ƒ”‡‡ƒ––‘ „‡Ȃ–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ• ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘™Šƒ–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ’—„Ž‹ ǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ† Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›•‹–—ƒ–‡††‡„ƒ–‡Ǥƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‹ƒ‰‹‹‰Ǯ”‡ƒŽǯ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘•–‘–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ ‹•‘‡‹†‡ƒŽŽ›”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•’ƒ ‡‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ǤŠ‹ Š‘ˆ ‘—”•‡–Š‡‡”‡Ž›‹•–Š‡—†ƒ‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‹ ‹•–•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ ƒ†‡‹ Œ‘—”ƒŽ•ǡ•ƒˆ‡Ž›Š‹††‡ƒ™ƒ› „‡Š‹†•‘Ž‹†’—„Ž‹•Š‡”ǯ•’ƒ›™ƒŽŽ•Ǥ  † ‹†‡‡†ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ™Šƒ–  Š‘’‡ –‘ †‘ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‹• ‘–Š‡” ‘†‡‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ǣǮ•Š‘™ǡ †‘ǯ––‡ŽŽǯǡƒ•–Š‡ ‘‘ƒ†ƒ‰‡‹•‹’”‹–‡†‘ƒ•’‹”‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ—–Š‘”•ǡ„—–™Š‹ Š ƒƒŽ•‘„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ‰‘‘†ƒš‹ˆ‘”‘”ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– Ǯ‘–Œ—•––‡ŽŽ„—–ƒŽ•‘•Š‘™ǯǤŠ‹•‡š–‡•‹˜‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘Šƒ••‘ ˆƒ” ‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ †‹• —••‹‘• ‘ ™Š› ‰‘‹‰ ‘—– –‘ ˆƒ”• ƒ† •’‡ƒ‹‰ –‘ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ† ‘„•‡”˜‹‰–Š‡‹”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”Žƒ†ǡ–Š‡‹”ƒ Š‹‡”›ǡ–Š‡‹”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ”‘’• ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ † ƒ– –Š‹• •–ƒ‰‡  ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ‘”‡ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž› ’‘•‹–‹‘‡†–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ‹†•–ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰ǡ•— Šƒ• –Š‡‰”ƒ†‘Ž†ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ—ŽŠ‘’•‘ȋͳͻͻͷǢʹͲͲͶǢʹͲͲͺǢʹͲͲͺȌƒ†‘”‡ ”‡ ‡–Ž› ‡”™‹‰ ”‹ȋʹͲͳͲȌǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ™‘”‹™Šƒ–ƒ”‡‹ˆƒ – ƒ†Œƒ ‡– ƒ† ‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰ ˆ‹‡Ž†• •— Š ƒ• ”—”ƒŽ •‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ȋ‘”‡Ǧ–ŠƒǦŠ—ƒȌ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡ•— Šƒ•ǣ—ŽŽ‡”ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǢ‘‡ǡ—ŽŽ‡”ǡƒ†—ŽŽȋʹͲͳͳȌǢ‹‡Ž‡ǡ—”†‘ Šǡƒ† ‘‡ȋʹͲͲͷȌǤ—–ˆ‹”•–ǡŽ‡–ǯ•‘™ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›Œ—•–‰‡–‘—––Š‡”‡ƒ†•‡‡Ǥ†–”›–‘‹–‡”’”‡–  introduction:ethicsonthefarm49  ‘–Š‡‰‘™Šƒ–™‡ƒ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Š‡”‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–”›‹‰‘—–˜ƒ”‹‘—• ™ƒ›• –‘ ƒ‡ •‡•‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–™‡ˆ‹†Ǥ‘—””‡–—”™‡ ƒƒŽ™ƒ›•–Š‹™Šƒ––Š‹•†‡–‘—”–Š”‘—‰Š „ƒ”•ǡ‡ƒ†‘™•ƒ†ˆ‡‡†Ž‘–• ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘‘—”˜‹‡™•‘–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘—†”—•‘ˆ ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ 

  

  





PartI

Ethicsonandbeyondthefarm    Š‹•’ƒ”–•‡–•‘—––‘•–—†›‡–Š‹ •‘–Š‡ˆƒ”ǡ•–ƒ”–‹‰‹ Šƒ’–‡”ʹ™‹–Šƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š ˆƒ”‡”• ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‘•ƒ‹  ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ‹• ‹ˆ‘”‡† „› ˆƒ” „ƒ•‡† ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǡ ‡–™‘” ‡‡–‹‰• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ ˆƒ” ˜‹•‹–•–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•–—†‡–•ǡƒ†‹‡”•‹‘ ‹ˆƒ”Ž‹ˆ‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ•Š‘”–„—–‹–‡•‹˜‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ‘—”•‡Ǥ  Š‡‡š– Šƒ’–‡”ǡ͵ǡƒƒŽ›•‡•Š‘™–Š‡‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”• Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡†‹ƒ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽŽ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›ǡ„› –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’”‘Œ‡ –• –Šƒ– ƒ‹ –‘ ƒ‡ ˆƒ”‡”• •—’‡”ˆŽ—‘—•Ǥ ™‘ ƒ•‡•ǡ Š‹‰ŠǦ”‹•‡ ’‹‰ˆƒ”•ƒ†‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ǡƒ”‡†‹• —••‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡•–Š‡›‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†ǤŠƒ– Šƒ’–‡”‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ ‡†‹ƒ ”‡’‘”–• ƒ† ’—„Ž‹  ‡‡–‹‰• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ –™‘ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•™‡”‡†‡„ƒ–‡†Ǥ 



  

   



Chapter2

Farmersengagedindeliberativepractices–anethnography   

2.1Introduction15  Talking‘ethics’withfarmers?  ƒ•—ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡–™‘†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”•‹‰Š–‘˜‡Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‘–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”ˆ‘”‡ ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ”ƒ‹•‹ ‡–Š‡Ǯˆ‹”•– —–ǯ‘ˆ‰”ƒ••ǡƒ†–Š‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™•ǡ –‘ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǣƒ†ˆ”‘‹–‡”‡•–”ƒ–‡•ǡŽ‡†‹‰’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ„ƒ•ǡ†‡•‹‰•ˆ‘”‡™Š‘—•‹‰Ǧ •›•–‡•ǡ–‘‹Ž’”‹ ‡•ǡ‹ ”‘„‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡ŽŽǦ ‘—–•ǡƒ†„”‡‡†‹‰ Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ ƒ”‡”• –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› †‘ ‘– †‹• —•• ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ‹ –Š‡ ™ƒ› ’‘Ž‹ › ƒ‡”• ‘” ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ ‹•–• –‡† –‘ †‘Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ Ǯƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǯ ‹• ‘– ƒ •—„Œ‡ – Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ „‡ †‹• —••‡† ƒ• •— Šǡ ‘” –Šƒ– ‘‡ ƒ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› •–ƒ”– ƒ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‹ –Š‡•‡ –‡”•Ǥ Dz‡–ǯ•‘–Ž‘•‡•‹‰Š–‘ˆˆƒ”‡”™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ•ŠƒŽŽ™‡dz‹•‡ƒ•‹Ž›”‡–‘”–‡†Ǥ‘‡•–Š‹• ‡ƒ–Šƒ–ˆƒ”‡”•†‘‘– ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‘”‘Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‹– ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•‹–‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’”‘†— –‹˜‡ ‘ ‡”•ǫ‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ǡƒ• ™‹ŽŽƒ”‰—‡‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ —–‹™Šƒ–™ƒ›†‘‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‹ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ† –Š‡ †‹• ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•ǫ ‘™ ƒ ™‡ „‡•– —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ Ǯ‡–Š‹ • ‘–Š‡ˆƒ”ǯǡ–Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”‡–Š‹ ƒŽ Š‘‹ ‡•ǫ†‹™Šƒ––‡”• ‘—Ž†™‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Šˆƒ”‡”•‘•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‘ ‡”••‹–—ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ”•ǫ      15 A slightly abbreviated version of this chapter has been published as: Driessen, Clemens (2012). Farmers Engaged in Deliberative Practices; An Ethnographic Exploration of the Mosaic of Concerns in Livestock Agriculture,JournalofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthics25(2):163Ͳ179. 54chaptertwo  Amosaicofconcerns ‹˜‡•–‘ ˆƒ”•Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡–Š‡•‹–‡•‘ˆ—‡”‘—•‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‰ƒ‹‡† ’”‘‹‡ ‡‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–†‡ ƒ†‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ—‡ŽͳͻͺͶǢ ”ƒ•‡”ʹͲͲͳǢ‡‡ƒʹͲͲͺȌǤ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‹•‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”•Šƒ•„‡‡•‡– Š‡†‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ •‡ –‹‘ͳǤʹǡ„—––‘„”‹‡ˆŽ›”‡‹†—•Š‡”‡ǣ  - –Š‡•—’’Ž›‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›ƒ†•ƒˆ‡ˆ‘‘†‘ˆ“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†–ƒ•–‡Ǣ - Žƒ„‘—” ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†‹ ‘‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†ˆƒ”™‘”‡”•Ǣ - ”—”ƒŽŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ƒ†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›Ǣ - –Š‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǣ - ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǡ•‘‹Žǡƒ†ƒ‹”ǡ - ‹ Ž—†‹‰‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡‹••‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡‹”‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǣ - –Š‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‘ˆ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ‡‹••‹‘• ƒ† œ‘‘‘–‹  †‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǣ - ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ƒ–—”‡ƒ†„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǣ - –Š‡†‡’Ž‡–‹‘ƒ†‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–—•‡‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǣ - –Š‡ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆŽƒ†• ƒ’‡•Ǣ - ‘ ‡”•‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŒ—•–‹ ‡ǡˆ‘‘†•‡ —”‹–›ƒ†ˆƒ‹”–”ƒ†‡Ǣ - ƒ†–Š‡ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘”–”ƒ ‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ  ‡ •ƒŽ‹‡– ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• Ž‹•– ‹• –Š‡ •Š‡‡” †‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡˆ‘”‡ƒ Š’‡”‹‘†‹–‹‡ǡˆ‘”‡ƒ Š ‘—–”›‘”‡˜‡”‡‰‹‘ǡƒ† ˆ‘”‡ƒ Šƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•—„Ǧ•‡ –‘”ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡”•™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ȋ ˆǤ ‡•‡ƒ†‘”‡•‡ͳͻͻͻȌǤŠ‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ• •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ ƒ”‡– ‡š–‡”ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ ‘” ƒ”‡ –ƒ‡ —’ ƒ• –Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡ƒ‹•‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘–Š‡‹”‡ƒ‹‰•ƒ”‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†‹†‹•–‹ –ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ Šƒ–‹•ˆƒ‹”Ž›—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹•–Šƒ–‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•ƒ”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ •’Š‡”‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡”†‹• ”‡–‹‘–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ†ƒ”‡– Š‘‹ ‡ ȋ ˆǤ ‘ŽŽ‹ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ‡‹Œ„‘‘ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡”•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǡ Šƒ˜‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹–‘ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ’‘Ž‹ › ˆ‹‡Ž†• ƒ† ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•Ǥ–Š‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡•‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†•Šƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆǮ•‘—” ‡•ǯ‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡƒ†ƒ”‰—‡–• ‘–Š‡–›’‡•ƒ†•‡˜‡”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘•–Š‡•‡‡–ƒ‹ŽǤ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡–Š‘—‰Šǡ –Š‡•‡‹••—‡• ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡‹ƒ›™ƒ›•‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡†ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‘”–ŠƒŽ•ʹͲͲͳǢ  Ž‘‡ʹͲͲͳǢ’’Ž‡„›ʹͲͲͷǢ‘•–ƒ ‡ʹͲͲͻȌǢŠ‹ Šƒ‡•‘”‡‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘ˆ†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‘•ƒ‹ ™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡Ǥ    farmersengagedindeliberativepractices55  Farmerethics Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ˆ”‘Ǯ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǯǡ‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡŠƒ•”‡ƒ‹‡†”ƒ–Š‡”—–‡‹ ’—„Ž‹ †‹• —••‹‘•Ǥ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽˆ‹‡” ‡‘—– ”‹‡•ƒ†ˆ‘” ‡ˆ—Ž Ž‘„„›‹‰ –‘ ˆ—”–Š‡”–Š‡‹”’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‹–‡”‡•–•ǡŽ‹––Ž‡†‡„ƒ–‡Šƒ•‡‡”‰‡†‘–Š‡˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‘ ‡”• •‹–—ƒ–‡† ‘ –Š‡‹” ˆ‹‡Ž†• ƒ† ‹ –Š‡‹” „ƒ”•Ǥ ‘” ƒ”‡ –Š‡›‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒȋ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ȍ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‹ •ȋ‡‹Œ„‘‘ʹͲͲͻȌǤ ‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•‘ˆȋ–›’‡•‘ˆȌˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ˜‡›‹‡Ž†‡†ƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‘Š‡”‡–ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ› ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ”‹‰ •–›Ž‡• ȋƒ †‡” Ž‘‡‰ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ Š‹• –›’‘Ž‘‰› ƒ „‡ ‡š–‡†‡†ƒ†Ž‹‡†™‹–Š ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘•‹–‡”•‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘” ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ȋ‘Š‡ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ  –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” –Š‹• ‹† ‘ˆ •›•–‡ƒ–‹  ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–›’‡•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”‡–Š‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ ‡•‹•‘––Š‡ƒ‹Ǥ ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡Žƒ„‡Ž•ƒ›„‡ˆ‘—†–‘‡š’Žƒ‹’‘•‹–‹‘•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡›ƒŽ•‘ƒ›ˆ— –‹‘ƒ••Š‘”– —–•–‘ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‹‰–‘•’‡ƒƒ† Ž‹•–‡ –‘ –Š‡Ǥ ƒ–Š‡” –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ Š‡”‡ ‹• –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”• –Šƒ– ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• –ƒ‡ ‹ ˆƒ”‡” †‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† †‹• ‘—”•‡•Ǥ › ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‰ ‘ ‡’–• –‘ ‹–‡”’”‡– –Š‡ „”‡ƒ†–Š ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ȋ—– ŠȌ Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹‹•–‘‡Ž‹˜‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ ƒ† –‘ ƒ‡–Š‡‹” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” ”‹–‹ ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ †‹• —••‹‘‹–‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž–‘–Š‡Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›ˆƒ”‡”•‡ ‘—–‡” ‘ ‡”• †‡’ƒ”–ˆ”‘ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘ˆ†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•ǤŠ‹•ƒ‡• –Šƒ––Š‡‡–Š‹ •’”‘ˆ‡••‡†„›ˆƒ”‡”•‹•ƒ–‘††•™‹–Š–Š‡‘†‡”‘”ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ˆƒ”Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ‘‰’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‡”•ƒ† –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ’—„Ž‹ ǡ ”‘‘ ‘—Ž† „‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ˆƒ”‡”• –‘ ‘”‡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ƒ† •‘’Š‹•–‹ ƒ–‡†Ž› Œ‘‹ †‡„ƒ–‡• ‘ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ǡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡƒ†ȋ‡˜‡Ȍ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹’ƒ –•‘ˆŽ‹˜‡•–‘ ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ ‹–Š ƒ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ’—„Ž‹ Ž› †‡„ƒ–‡† Ǯ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ”‘‘ ˆ‘” ƒ‘‡—˜”‡ǯ ȋ ˆǤ ‘”–ŠƒŽ• ʹͲͲͺȌ™‡ ‘—Ž†‘˜‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹ƒŽƒ†‡–”‡ Š‡†‘’’‘•‹–‹‘•–Šƒ– ‘ˆ–‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡–Š‡•‡†‹• —••‹‘•ȋ ”ƒ•‡”ʹͲͲͳȌǡ‹ˆ–Š‡›–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ  Outline –Š‡‡š–•‡ –‹‘ǡ–Š”‡‡™ƒ›•‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ƒ”‡ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†ǣ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‹•– ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹‡•ǡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ƒ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–ƒ†‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‡–Š‹ •Ǥ •‡ –‹‘–Š”‡‡ǡ•‘‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—†•–‘–Š‹•Žƒ•–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‹ŽŽ„‡‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡™ƒ›•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡ •‘—‰Š– –‘ •–—†› ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ †‹• ‘—”•‡ ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†Ǥ‡ –‹‘ˆ‘—”†‡• ”‹„‡•–Š‡’‡ —Ž‹ƒ”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹•   56chaptertwo  ‘‘‘†‡•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰Ǥ‘•›•–‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› Šƒ”––Š‡‹š–—”‡‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘–‹˜‡•‹–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ǡ‹•‡ –‹‘ˆ‹˜‡ƒ•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘†‡Ž†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‘”›”‡‰‹‡•‹•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǡƒ†—•‡†–‘‹–‡”’”‡––Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘”Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‹•ǡ‹ •‡ –‹‘•‹šǡ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘ ‘ ”‡–‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡† „› ƒ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ˆ”‘ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ǣ †‡Š‘”‹‰ ‘™•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ •‘‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‹• —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ ‡–Š‹ • –‘ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ƒ† ’—„Ž‹  †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡†‹• —••‡†Ǥ 

2.2Threeapproachestothemosaicofconcerns  Š‡”‡‹•ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•‹Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ˆƒ”‹‰ ‘—Ž†„‡ —†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ††‡ƒŽ–™‹–ŠǤ ‡”‡ǡ–Š”‡‡‹†•‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹••—‡•ƒ”‡ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†Ǥ  Principlistethics ‘•– Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘†‹• —••ƒ‹ƒŽ ˆƒ”‹‰ ƒ”‡ ƒ––‡’–•–‘”‡†— ‡‹••—‡•–‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡‘”ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ǡ—•—ƒŽŽ›‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡ƒ† •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ ȋŠ—ƒ ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽȌ •‡–‹‡– „‡‹‰•ǡ ‹ —–‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹•ǡ ‘” ”‡•’‡ – ˆ‘” Ž‹˜‹‰•—„Œ‡ –•ǡ‹”‹‰Š–•–Š‡‘”‹‡•ǤŽ—”ƒŽ‹•–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘†‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡ ‘•– ‘‘Ž›ǣ „‡‡ˆ‹ ‡ ‡ǡ ‘ǦƒŽ‡ˆ‹ ‡ ‡ǡ ƒ—–‘‘›ǡ ƒ† Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†‹‡†‹ ƒŽ‡–Š‹ •ȋ‡ƒ— Šƒ’ƒ†Š‹Ž†”‡••ͳͻͻͶȌǡŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ‹••—‡• ‹ ƒ‹ƒŽ Š—•„ƒ†”› ȋ‡’Šƒ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ †˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ”‘‘ –‘ •›•–‡ƒ–‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”• ƒ† ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡Ǯ†‹Ž‡ƒ•ǯ‹†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡•‡ǤŠ‡‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”• ƒ –Š‡ „‡ –ƒ‡–‘„‡–Š‡•‹–‡‘ˆ–”ƒ‰‹  Š‘‹ ‡•ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡ ‘•—‡”ƒ—–‘‘›ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ǡ‘”ƒ•–”ƒ†‡Ǧ‘ˆˆ•„‡–™‡‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒˆ‡–›ƒ†–Š‡‹–”‹•‹ ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‹‰ ‘ ‡”• ‹ –Š‹• ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ„‡ Šƒ”–‡†‹ –‡”•‘ˆ‘Ǧ”‡†— ‹„Ž‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•„›–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘†‡ˆ‹‹–‡™ƒ›–‘†‡ ‹†‡‘–Š‡Ǥͳ͸ ˆƒ’’Ž›‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡•‹‹–•‡Žˆ–Š‡‹•‘– ‡‘—‰Š –‘ Ǯ•‘Ž˜‡ ’”‘„Ž‡•ǯǡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ƒ”‹•‡• ™Š‡–Š‡” ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘

  16Eventhoughethicalanalysisintermsofprinciplescanbeinstrumentalinbroadeningtheunderstandingsof ethicalconcernsinsocietaldebates.Especiallywhenappendingprincipledethicaltheorieswithparticipatory approaches, these can provide ways to guide decision making on societal issues (e.g. Kaiser and Forsberg 2001).  farmersengagedindeliberativepractices57  –Š‡‘”‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡„‡•–ǡƒ†‘Ž›ǡ•‡ƒ” ŠŽ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ƒ––Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡƒˆ‘ —•‘‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‹Ž‡ƒ• ‘—Ž†”—–Š‡†ƒ‰‡”‘ˆ–—”‹‰ †›ƒ‹  ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‹–‘ •–ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‘”ƒŽ ƒ’’”ƒ‹•ƒŽǢ –Š—• ”‡‹ˆ›‹‰ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‘’‡‹‰ —’’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ˆ‘” ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰™‹Ǧ™‹•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  Technologicaloptimization  •‡ ‘† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š †‘‡• ‘– ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ‘•ƒ‹  ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”• –‘ „‡ ƒ –‡””ƒ‹ ˆ‘” ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ †‡„ƒ–‡ǡ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” ˆ‘” • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ȋ ˆǤ ‘ŽŽ‹ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ”ƒ•‡” ͳͻͻͻȌǤ Š‡ ‘•ƒ‹  Š‡”‡ ‹• –ƒ‡ ƒ• ƒ Ž‹•– ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• –‘ „‡ ‘’–‹‹œ‡†‹ ‘’Ž‡š•›•–‡•Ǥ‡š–”‡‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ• –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† Ǯƒ‰”‘Ǧ’”‘†— –‹‘ ’ƒ”•ǯ ‹ ™Š‹ Šǡ™‹–Š‹ƒ Ž‘•‡† Ǯ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡ ‘Ž‘‰›ǯǡŽƒ”‰‡• ƒŽ‡’‹‰„”‡‡†‹‰ƒ†ˆƒ––‡‹‰ ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š „‹‘‰ƒ•’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†ˆ‹•Š„”‡‡†‹‰ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‡‹Ž–‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͲȌǤŠ‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –‡†Š—‰‡• ƒŽ‡‘ˆ–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›ǡ’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž›•‹–—ƒ–‡†‹ƒ•‡ƒ’‘”–ǡ™‘—Ž† „‡—–‹Ž‹œ‡†–‘”‡†— ‡‡‹••‹‘•ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ•’ƒ ‡’‡”ƒ‹ƒŽǤ†ƒ •Žƒ—‰Š–‡”Š‘—•‡ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–› ™‘—Ž† ’”‡ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” –”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰ Ž‹˜‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘’‘•ƒŽǡ –Š‘—‰Š ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ƒ •‘Ž—–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’”‡••‹‰ ‹••—‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‡‹••‹‘•ǡ †‹† ‘˜‡”Ž‘‘ ‘ ‡”•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡—’‹–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡†‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ǣˆ‘”‘‡–Š‹‰ –Š‡’ƒ”•ƒ›‡ƒƒ•–ƒ”†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆǮˆƒ”‡”ƒ—–‘‘›ǯȋ ˆǤ”‹‡••‡ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŠ‹• –›’‡‘ˆ• Š‡‡•ȋ‹’—„Ž‹ ‡†‹ƒ‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†Ǯ’‹‰–‘™‡”•ǯȌǡ–Šƒ–ˆ‘ —• ‘Žƒ”‰‡• ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•ǡŠƒ˜‡•Š‘™–‘‰‹˜‡ ”‹•‡–‘•‡˜‡”‡’—„Ž‹ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ†Žƒ ‘ˆ–”—•–ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‘‡•‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͺȌǤ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ –ƒ‹‰–Š‡‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”•ƒ•ƒ‹Ž›ƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘”’”‘†— ‹‰ ™‹Ǧ™‹•‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ„‡‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ†•Š‘”–•‹‰Š–‡†ǡƒ•‡–Š‹ ƒŽ Š‘‹ ‡• ‘ ’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹†‡ƒŽ•™‘—Ž†•–‹ŽŽ„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ  Ethicsbyengagementinpractice Š‡ –™‘ ‘†‡• ‘ˆ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘•ƒ‹  ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”• •‡– Š‡† •‘ ˆƒ” Šƒ˜‡ ‹ ‘‘–Šƒ––Š‡‹••—‡•ƒ”‡ƒ††”‡••‡†ƒ•‹ˆ–Š‡›”‡“—‹”‡ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ •‹‰Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡’‘‹–ǤŠ‡–Š‡”‹–‹•„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ† ’—„Ž‹  †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘” • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ ƒ† †‡•‹‰ǡ –Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘ȋǦ ƒ‹‰’”‘ ‡••Ȍ‹•‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ• ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†‰‡‡”‹ Ǥ˜‡–Š‡ǡ–Š‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ǡ™Š‘‹–Š‡‹”†ƒ‹Ž›’”ƒ –‹ ‡••‘‡Š‘™–”›–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ȋ‘” ‹” —˜‡–Ȍ –Š‡ ‘•ƒ‹  ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ †‡ƒ†•ǡ ƒ „‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ǣ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ „›

  58chaptertwo  ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ ‹•‹‰Š– ‹–‘ –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ˆ‡ƒ•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘• ȋ‹”„ƒ Š‡”ͳͻͻͻȌǤ  ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•‹•‘‡‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹• ‘–‡”‡Ž›’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ‡ˆˆ‘”––‘•‘Ž˜‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ’—œœŽ‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡„ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘ „‡–Š‘•‡‘ˆƒƒŽ–”—‹•–‹ ƒ†ƒŽŽǦ‘™‹‰ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ‰‡–ǤŠƒ–ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡™‘—Ž†„‡ ƒ ‘ ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰–Šƒ– ‘•‹†‡”•–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ•’‘’—Žƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ –‘”•Ǥͳ͹Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘Š‡Ž’‘–‹˜ƒ–‡ˆƒ”‡”•–‘„‡ Ǯ‡–Š‹ ƒŽǯǡ„›‰”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡‹” ‘™ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ •–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ˆ‘” ‹‰ ƒ Š‘‹ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ •‘Ž˜‹‰ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡† †‹Ž‡ƒ• ‘” •‡ƒ” Š‹‰ ˆ‘” –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ™‹Ǧ™‹ •‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘ —• ‘ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‡ƒ• ’—„Ž‹ Ž› ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ ‹ ƒ ‘–‹—ƒŽ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–”ƒ†‡Ǧ‘ˆˆƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥͳͺ  ‘–ƒŽŽ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ƒ”‡„‡•–†‡ƒŽ–™‹–Š„›‡”‡Ž›‰”ƒ–‹‰ƒ‡–Š‹ ƒŽǮŽ‹ ‡•‡ǯ–‘ –Š‡ˆƒ”‡”–‘†‘ƒ•Š‡‘”•Š‡’Ž‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ‘‡–‹‡••–”‹ –‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•‘” ƒ”‡– •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ƒ”‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ Š‡Ž’ ˆƒ”‡”• –‘ ”‡ƒ‹ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹’”‘˜‹‰–Š‡‹”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ‘”–‘ƒ‡–Š‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰”ƒ‹‡†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡—†‡”• ”—–‹›Ǥ—–ˆƒ”‡”• ƒƒ‰”‡‡‘–Š‹•ǡƒ††‹• —••‹‰–Š‡‹”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹ –‡”•‘ˆƒ‡–Š‹ •–Šƒ–‹••‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ•›•–‡•ƒ†‘”• ™‘—Ž† ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‹–›‘–Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥ 

2.3Researchingethicsbydoingfieldwork  EthicsandEthnography ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘’”—†‡–‹ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•–‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡–Š‘•‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‹‡–Š‹ ƒŽ †‡„ƒ–‡•ǡ Ž‹•–‡‹‰–‘ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ•ƒƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‡–Š‹ • ƒ„‡ƒ”‰—‡†ˆ‘”„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹•

  17 This does not mean a mere focus on the autonomy side of the pluralist ethical approach. In farmers’ decisionsandinpublicdeliberationsthefullspectrumofethicalprinciplesinsomeformcancometothefore. 18Therehavebeennumerousresearchprojectstodesignsustainablefarmingsystemsthatactivelyinvolve farmers (e.g. Bos 2008). And agricultural research, especially within the organic sector, has a tradition of studyingissuesincollaborationwithfarmersandtoincludetheirviewpointsandexperiences(e.g.Waiblinger etal2000).AlsofarmersthemselveshavesetͲuplocalinitiativesfortechnologicalandinstitutionalwaysof dealing with a variety of concerns (e.g. Eshuis and Stuiver 2005). But these are mostly not explicitly understoodasinvolvingethicalchoicesandtradeͲoffs.Thethirdapproachhereisnotmeantinoppositionto theseefforts,buttohighlightwaysofactivelydealingwithethicalconcernswithinthem.Whilethegeneral thrustofpublicdebateandpolicymakingwithregardtotheseissuesisaimedtowardsgenericregulationsand topͲdowndecisionmaking.  farmersengagedindeliberativepractices59  ‹’‘”–ƒ––‘”‡–ƒ‹ ‘ ‡’–•ƒ†•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”ƒ”‰—‡–•–Šƒ–†‘‘–•–”ƒ›–‘‘ˆƒ”ˆ”‘ ƒ –—ƒŽ‘”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ†‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘’”‡˜‡–—•ˆ”‘ ǮŽ‘•‹‰‘—” ‘ ‡’–•ǯȋ‹ƒ‘†ͳͻͺͺȌǡ–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •‹•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’ ”‹ Šƒ ‘—–•‘ˆ‘—”‘”ƒŽ—‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ†”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰–Šƒ–‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡‡ˆ‹–ˆ”‘‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ„‡ ˆ‘—†™‹–Š‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•ǤŠ‡”‡ǡ„‘–Š‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡƒ† ƒ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ ‡‹‹–ǡƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘ƒ –‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ•‹ ‡’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‡„‡††‡† ‹ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‡˜‹”‘‡– ȋ‹‰Š– ƒ† ƒ–œ ͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ –Š‹ • –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹•–‘„‡ˆ‘—†‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‘––‘„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•ƒǮƒ††Ǧ‘ǯ–‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǡ„—–ƒ• ‘•–‹–—–‹˜‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡•›„‘Ž‹ ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ȋ ‡‡”–œʹͲͲͲȌǤ‹–Š’‡”•‘ƒŽȋ‘” ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ȍ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ† –Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ ‘–‡š–ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹“—‹”›ǡƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†™‘”‹• ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ•–—†›‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •Ǥ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒŠ‡Ž’–‘„”‹‰•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ǯ‡••›Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‹–›‘ˆ„‡‹‰‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ ‹–‘ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ †‹• —••‹‘• ȋŠƒ–‘”‡ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ ‡–”ƒŽ †‹•–‹ –‹‘• ‹ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š–ǡ •— Šƒ•„‡–™‡‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ ƒ –Š‡ „‡ ‡š’Ž‘”‡†ƒ••Š‹ˆ–‹‰‰”‘—†ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Š‡ƒ••—‡†–‘„‡•–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ† —’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  ‘”•–‘ƒ••‡••ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹‘—”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ǡŠƒ˜‹‰ƒ ‡›‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ† ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡•–ƒ ‡•‹• ‡–”ƒŽ–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ȋ‡—Žƒ”–œ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘” ‹• –Š‡ –‘ ›‹‡Ž† ƒ ˆ‘ —• ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘– •‘Ž‡Ž› ‘ ‡”‡† ™‹–Š ˜ƒŽ—‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‡š’”‡••‡† †‹• —”•‹˜‡Ž›ǡ „—–ƒŽ•‘™‹–Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†‡„‘†‹‡†™ƒ›•‘ˆ†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ‘ˆƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ †•–—†›‹‰ ™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡• ‹ –Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž† ™‘—Ž†‰”ƒ–ƒ˜‹‡™‘–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡‘”ƒŽƒ‰‡ ›‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•‡‡”‰‡•ˆ”‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–• ƒ† –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ȋ ˆǤ ‹‰‰‹• ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ Š‡ǡ „‡•‹†‡• ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ‰‡‡”‹  ‘”ƒŽ ’ƒ–‹‡–•ǡ „—– –Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ›’Žƒ›ƒƒ –‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹‡–Š‹ ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥͳͻ  

  19Theseincludenotonlythefarmedanimals,butalsowildanimalslivingonfarms,suchasmeadowbirdsand theirpredators:Manyfarmsparticipateinschemestoprotectnestingmeadowbirdsofendangeredvarieties. Volunteersmarkthenestsofofthesebirdssofarmerscanmowaroundthem.However,predatorstendto findoutaboutthemeaningsoftheflagsinthefield,andusethesetofindtheirprey.Farmersandvolunteers havebeensearchingfornewwaysofindicatingnestsinordertopreventthis.   60chaptertwo  Howtostudyethicsinthefield ‘™‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–™‡‡‡†‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒ ‘—–•‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• ‘—”•‡ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡŠ‘™–‘‰‘ƒ„‘—–•–—†›‹‰–Š‡•‡ǫŠ‡”‡ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”†—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• •‡– Š‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǫ –‡”˜‹‡™‹‰ ˆƒ”‡”• ‘ –Š‡‹” Ǯ‡–Š‹ •ǯ’”‘˜‡†–‘„‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ•ˆƒ”‡”•–‡†‘––‘•‡‡–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ †‹• —••‹‰ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹‡• ȋ”‹‡••‡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ •–‡ƒ†ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”Šƒ••‘—‰Š–ƒ†ƒ””ƒ‰‡†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‹™Š‹ Šˆƒ”‡”•‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Š‡‹”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡‹” Š‘‹ ‡•™‹–Š‹ˆƒ”‹‰’‡‡”‰”‘—’•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•†‘‡ „›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ™‡‡Ž‘‰’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰ ‘—”•‡ˆ‘”›‘—‰ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ—‹˜‡”•‹–›•–—†‡–•Ǣ„›ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡ ‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•‘ˆƒ”˜‹•‹–•Ǣ„›Œ‘‹‹‰‹‡‡–‹‰•‘ˆ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰‡–™‘”• ƒ‹‡†ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•Ǣƒ†„›ƒ””ƒ‰‹‰‡š —”•‹‘•–‘‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ™‹–Š ‹š‡† ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ ˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ ƒ†‡‹  •–—†‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǤʹͲ Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘”™ƒ••‡–—’ƒ•‘˜‹‰ˆ”‘’ƒ••‹˜‡ǡ‘Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹˜‡ǡ•–—†›‹‰‘ˆˆƒ”‡” †‹• ‘—”•‡•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ–‘‘”‡ƒ –‹˜‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ’”‡•‡ ‡ƒ†“—‡•–‹‘‹‰Ǥ––Š‡•‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘ ƒ•‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†ȋˆƒ”‹‰Ȍ•–—†‡–• ™‡”‡‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡƒ†’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•†‹• —••‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ǡ ƒ•‹‰ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ƒ†Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”˜‹‡™•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹‰Ǯ–Š‡‹”‡–Š‹ •ǯǤ 

2.4Farmingasamatterofmixedmotives  ™Šƒ–™ƒ›†‘–Š‡‘”ƒŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•†‹˜‡”‰‡ˆ”‘‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰ǡ ƒ† ™Šƒ– –‘ Ž‘‘ ˆ‘” ‹ –Š‡ Ǯ‡–Š‹ • ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•ǯǫ Š‡”‡ ‘•– ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹‡• †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š •‡ŽˆǦ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡”Ǧ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‘ ‡”•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡   20Allinall,thenumberoffarmersthatwerevisited,orsomehowinteractedwith,wasaboutfifty,invarious degreesofindividualencountersanddepthoftalks.Aboutthesamenumberofvocationalstudents(inthree weeklongexcursions)ofdifferenteducationallevelswasspokento,mostofwhomhadafarmingbackground, workedonafarm,andplannedtotakeovertheparentalfarm.ThestudyisconfinedtoDutchfarmers,mostly dairy and pig farmers, with a few poultry (laying hen or broiler) farmers. The farmers were predominantly male,thoughmanyofthefarmswereofthe‘maatschap’(partnership)legalformatandincludedanactive roleforwomen;aboutsixofthefarmersandaboutthirteenoftheparticipatingstudentswerefemale.An effortwasmadetointeractwithavarietyoftypesoffarmers,thoughanemphasiswasonmore‘innovative’ ones who experiment with new practices and techniques; Organic (and perhaps somewhat ‘eccentric’) farmersarelikelytohavebeenoverrepresented.Thischapter,northerestofthethesis,notsomuchaimsto be‘representative’offarmersingeneral,butrathertoproposewaysofdiscussingfarmpracticesthatconnect to the experiences and outlooks of farmers who are explicitly reflective and willing to engage in forms of publicdeliberation.  farmersengagedindeliberativepractices61  †‡ƒ” ƒ–‹‰ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ• ‘ ‡”‡† ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› ™‹–Š –Š‡ Žƒ––‡”ǡ –Š‹• •‡‡• ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹ŽŽǦ‡“—‹’’‡†‘†‡‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—–ˆƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‘—‰Š‹•‘‡‹•–ƒ ‡• ’‘‹–‹‰ƒ–’—”‡Ž›•‡ŽˆǦ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‘–‹˜‡•Šƒ• ”‹–‹ ƒŽˆ‘” ‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ™Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† ’—”‡Ž› ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›Ȍǡ ƒ ‘”‡ ƒ„‹‰—‘—• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‹‹‰‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ ‘‡ ––‘–Š‡‹–”‹ ƒ–‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ǯ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘–Š‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‡‡–•‘ˆ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‘•ƒ‹ –Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘– †‹”‡ –Ž›‘ˆˆ•‡–„›Ž‘••‡•‹‹ ‘‡Ǥ  Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‘•–ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‘– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‰—‹†‡†„› ‘ ‡”•‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ƒ†’”‘ˆ‹–ǡ‘–‡˜‡–Š‘•‡‹Š‹‰ŠŽ›‹–‡•‹˜‡•‡ –‘”••— Šƒ•Žƒ›‹‰Š‡ƒ†’‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ ˆƒ”˜‹•‹–•ǡ–Š‡•‡Ǯ‹š‡†‘–‹˜‡•ǯ ƒ„‡‡ ‘—–‡”‡†ƒ–ƒ›’‘‹–•ǡˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡‹–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•–‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡‘”ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘–‹˜‡•‹•‘•–•ƒŽ‹‡–ƒ– ‘‡–•™Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•†‹˜‡”‰‡ˆ”‘™Šƒ–‹•‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡“—‹”‡†ǤŠ‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ Ž‡ƒ” ‹•–ƒ ‡• ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ™Š‡ ‘™• ƒ”‡ ‰‹˜‡ ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ –”‡ƒ–‡–•‡˜‡‹ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘•–ƒ†ƒ”†•™‘—Ž†”‡“—‹”‡–Š‡–‘„‡ —ŽŽ‡†ǡ‘”ƒ•‘™ ‹•‡’–‘‡‘”‡”‘—†‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š•Š‡‹•‡š’‡ –‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡‘–’”‘†— –‹˜‡ ‡‘—‰Šƒ›‘”‡Ǥ ‡”‡theethicalƒ’’‡ƒ”•ƒ•–Š‡‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–•–ƒ†‘—–ˆ”‘ƒ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ’—”‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ † ˆƒ”‡”• –ƒŽ ‘ˆ ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰• ‘ˆ •ƒ†‡•• ™Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•†‹‡ǣDz‘—•‘‡–‹‡•†‘‰‡–ƒ„‘†™‹–Šƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ ‘™ǡƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆŽ‘••ǡ‡˜‡‘—”‹‰ǡ™Š‡•Š‡†‹‡•Ǥ ‡˜‡‘™‘ˆƒˆƒ”‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž›–Šƒ– Šƒ•ƒ’‹ –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆƒ˜‘—”‹–‡ ‘™ˆ”ƒ‡†‹–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‹‰”‘‘Ǥ—––Šƒ–‰‘‡•ƒ„‹– ˆƒ” ǯ†•ƒ›Ǥdz”ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ›‡šŠ‹„‹–ˆ‘”•‘ˆ ‘’‹‰„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǡƒ•”‡Žƒ–‡†„›ƒ•‘™ ˆƒ”‡”ǣ Dz‘‡–‹‡• ƒ •‘™ †‹‡• ƒ ˆ‡™ †ƒ›• „‡ˆ‘”‡ •Š‡ ‹• †—‡ –‘ †‡Ž‹˜‡”Ǥ – ‹• ‘– ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›•‡•‹„Ž‡–‘’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ƒ‡•ƒ”‡ƒ‘ƒ•‘™ǡ‘•–˜‡–•Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”‡˜‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‘‡Ǥ—–‡š––‹‡ƒ•‘™†‹‡• ǯŽŽ‰‘ƒ†–ƒ‡ƒ™ƒŽǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•–ƒ›ƒ† ™ƒ– Š–Š‡—„‘”’‹‰Ž‡–••—ˆˆ‘ ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡‹”†›‹‰‘–Š‡”ǤdzŽ‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ Š‡–‹•‘”‡’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–Ž‹˜‡Ž‘‰‡”ƒ†ƒ”‡‡’–‹•ƒŽŽ‡” —„‡”•Ȃ‘”‡™‹–Š†ƒ‹”› ‘™•–Šƒˆƒ––‡‹‰’‹‰•‘”„”‘‹Ž‡”•ƒ†Š‡•Ǥ—–•–‹ŽŽǡ ‹‘•–ˆƒ”‡”••‘‡‘ˆ–Š‹••‡•‹–‹˜‹–›•‡‡•–‘‡š‹•–Ǥˆ–‡–Š‹• ‹• ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ”‡ ‹’”‘ ‹–›ǡ ‘ˆ Œ—•–‹ ‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ‹ƒŽ• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘†— ‡†ƒŽ‘–ǡ‘”‘ˆƒ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ‹ƒŽ –Šƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‡† ‰‘‘† ƒ–—”‡† –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”Ǥ —– ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ› ƒŽ•‘ Œ—•– ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ Ǯˆ—ǯǣ Dz‘‡–‹‡•ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡™ Žƒ›‹‰ Š‡ Š‘—•‹‰ǡ Œ—•–‰‘ƒ†•‹–‘–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”ǡƒ†–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ ‘‡ƒ† Ž‹„ƒ†•‹–‘–‘’‘ˆ ‡Ǥdz  Š‡Ž‘‘‹‰ˆ‘”‡–Š‹ •‹ˆƒ”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘ —•–Š—•‡ƒ•‹Ž›‰‘‡•–‘‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‡–• ƒ–™Š‹ Šˆƒ”‡”•†‘•‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹”’”‘†— –‹˜‡‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ Š‡•‡

  62chaptertwo  ‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ‹‡• ƒ„‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ‘”ˆƒ”‡”•–‘‰ƒ‹•‘‡•›’ƒ–Š›ǡ‘” ‡˜‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›ǡ‹–Š‡‡›‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ǡƒ• ƒ”‹‰‘–Œ—•–ˆ‘”‘‡›ǡ„—– ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ—–•‹–—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡–Š‹ ••‘Ž‡Ž›‹–Š‡•‡ ‡š ‡’–‹‘•–‘–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ’‘”–”ƒ›ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰ƒ• „ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ›—‡–Š‹ ƒŽǤ‘‰”ƒ–ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ•‡”‹‘—•‡–Š‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ ‡”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‡–”ƒŽƒ‹ǣ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆˆ‘‘†ȋŠ‘’•‘ͳͻͻͷȌǤ Š‡ǡ™Šƒ–‹–Š‡‡›‡•‘ˆ‘—–•‹†‡”•ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ƒ•ƒdoubleattitude–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ–—”‡ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡˆ‘”ˆƒ”‡”•‹•ƒ ‘Š‡”‡–’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ˜‡‹–Š‡‹”„‘†‹Ž›™ƒ›‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‹•Š›„”‹†”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡•‡‡ƒ–™‘”Ǥ‘™•ƒ”‡•–”‘‡†ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ ‹ƒ ƒ”‡••‹‰ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‹‰™ƒ›ǤŠ‡–‘— Š‡•–‹ƒ–‹‰•–‘ƒ Š‘˜‡‡–‘”„‘‡ •–”— –—”‡ ƒ‘”’Š‹–‘ƒ’ƒ–‘Š‡”„ƒ Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›–Š‡‡–Š‹ • ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• ‹• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‹–Š‡‹”„‘†‹Ž›Ž‘ ‘‘–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ Šƒ†Ž‹‰ƒ Š‹ ‡ǡ‘ˆ’‹ ‹‰‹–—’ƒ†–— ‹‰‹–‰‡–Ž›—†‡” ‘‡ǯ• ƒ”ǡ ƒ „‡ ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡† „› ƒ‘–Š‡” •™‹ˆ– ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ Š‘Ž†‹‰ ‹– „› ‹–• ˆ‡‡–ǡ ƒ† ’”‘—†Ž›ǡ ‹ˆ •‘‡™Šƒ– ”‡Ž— –ƒ–Ž›ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ™ƒ› ‘‡ ‘—Ž† ’—ŽŽ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ†‘ˆˆ‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ ‘˜‡‡–ǤŠ‹•ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡–™ƒ›‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹‰Š– ‘‡ ƒ ”‘•• ƒ• ‹ ‘•‹•–‡–ǡ‘”‡˜‡†‹•–—”„‡†ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–‘•‘‡‘‡—ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‘ˆˆƒ”Ž‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‹•Š›„”‹†‹–›ȋ‘”’‡”Šƒ’•Ǯ‘•–”‘—•‡••ǯȌ‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• –‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹•‘•– Ž‡ƒ”‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ –‘‘Š‘Ž†ǡ–Š‡‘”ƒŽ—‹˜‡”•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”™ƒ•Ȃ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š ‘’”‹•‡† ‘ˆ ƒ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† •‡– ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ȃ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ƒ• •‡ŽˆǦ‡˜‹†‡–Ž› ‘Š‡”‡– ȋ ƒ”„‡”• ʹͲͲʹȌǤ—–ƒŽ•‘ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ˆƒ”‡”•‘•–Ž›†‘‘–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–‡•‹‘•„‡–™‡‡ •ƒ›Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Šƒ Š‹‡”›ƒ†‹†‡ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ǡ•— Šƒ•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–•Ǥ  

2.5Regimesofjustificationasamodeltodrawoutthemoralcomplexityof farmingpractices  Ordersofworth  ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”• ƒ† ‰ƒ‹ ƒ •›•–‡ƒ–‹  —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š›„”‹† ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡” ‡–Š‹ •ǡ –Š‡ ‹š‡† ‘–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ„‡’‘”–”ƒ›‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Ǯ‘”†‡”•‘ˆ™‘”–Šǯ‹–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘ˆ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆŒ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›‘Ž–ƒ•‹ƒ†Š‡˜‡‘–ȋͳͻͻͳȌǤŠ‡›‘ˆˆ‡” ƒ‘†‡Ž–‘•–—†›–Š‡‹†•‘ˆŒ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•’‡‘’Ž‡’”‘†— ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹‘•ǡ†”ƒ™‹‰

 farmersengagedindeliberativepractices63  ‘ „‘–Š ˆ‹‡Ž†™‘” ȋ‘•–Ž› ‘ Žƒ„‘—” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‹ Žƒ”‰‡ ”‡ Š ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ȍ ƒ† Žƒ••‹  ™‘”• ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥʹͳ Š‡› †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š •‹š –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‘‘ Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‘”› ‰”ƒƒ”• ‘” ”‡‰‹‡•ǣ Š‡ ™‘”–Š ‘ˆ inspirationǡ‹™Š‹ Š˜ƒŽ—‡‹• †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǡ Š‘Ž‹‡••ǡ ‡‘–‹‘ ƒ† ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹•‹•Š‘™–Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆƒ”–‹•—†‡”•–‘‘†ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹•Ž‹˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Šǡƒ†˜‹•‹‘• ƒ”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹•’‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘’‹‹‘•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ –Š‡domestic‘”†‡”ƒ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ‹• ‘‘ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –”—•–ǡ ‹•Š‹’ǡ ˆƒ ‡ –‘ ˆƒ ‡ ‡ ‘—–‡”•ǡ •‡Žˆ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡†ǡ ƒ† ™Š‡”‡ ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ ‡ ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ–ǤŠ‡”‡‰‹‡‘ˆrenown ‹• ƒŽŽ ƒ„‘—– Š‘‘—”ǡ ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡”•ǡƒ†’—„Ž‹ †‹•’Žƒ›‘ˆ•— ‡••ǤŠ‡civic‘”†‡” ‘’”‹•‡•ƒ–›’‡‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–• –Šƒ–”‡Žƒ–‡–‘ȋ•‘‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆȌƒ ‘‘‰‘‘†ǡ•— Šƒ•‹–‡”•‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–•ǡ ‘” •‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›Ǥ Š‡ market ”‡‰‹‡ ‹• ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† „› ‘–”ƒ –• „‡–™‡‡ ‘•—‡”•ƒ†’”‘†— ‡”•ǡƒ†‹•ˆ‘ —•‡†‘‡†‹ƒ–‹‰• ƒ” ‡‰‘‘†•Ǥ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡† ƒ”‡ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”• –Šƒ– •‡‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ”‡–Ǥ  –Š‡ industrial™‘”Ž†ǡ™‘”–Š‹•„ƒ•‡†‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‹–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‰‘‘†•Ǥ ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”–• ƒ”‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡†ǡ –Š‡‹” ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹‰ ƒ† ‹˜‡•–‹‰–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›Ǥ  ŽŽ –Š‡•‡ †‘ƒ‹• ƒ „‡ ƒ ”‡•‘—” ‡ ˆ‘” ƒ –‘”• –‘ ƒ‡ ȋ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰Ȍ Žƒ‹•ǡ –‘ †‡„ƒ–‡’—„Ž‹ ‹••—‡•ǡƒ†–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’‡”•‘•‘”‘„Œ‡ –•ǡ„›‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ –Š‡‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ•’‡ –•Ǥʹʹ‹•’—–‡•‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒƒ”‹•‡‘˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ–‘ Œ—†‰‡ƒƒ –‹‘‘”ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•Š—ƒ•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ ƒ”‰—‡–•’”‘†— ‡†„›‘–Š‡”•‹ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥʹ͵   21Withthismodelforempiricalresearch,conventiontheoryoffersawaytotakeseriouslytheagencyand justifications of actors, while also allowing for the existence of (performed) forms of universality. Thereby creating a middle ground of conceiving agency, between technological or structural determinism and ideal autonomousethicalagents. 22Asanexampleofhowargumentsonanissuecanbedrawnfromthesevariousorders,onecouldfocuson ourethicalconcernsoveranimals:Farmerscouldbeconvincedtoimprovethetreatmentoftheiranimalsin ordertoraisetheirproductivityandlowercosts(industrial),ortheycouldbemotivatedtodosoasabusiness opportunity,bygainingahigherpriceforwelfarelabelledproducts(market).Wemaybeinclinedtowantto treatanimalshumanelybasedonexperiencesofcaringforourpetsandhavingpersonalrelationswithanimals (domestic),orduetocelebritiesthatcampaignfortheethicaltreatmentofanimals(renown).Wemayaswell beconvincedbyactivistgroupsarguingfortheinstitutionalizationofanimalrights(civic),orwemayhavehad a life changing experience after encountering in the wild a whale, dolphin, elephant or another ‘honorary ’,orholdareligiousconvictionthatrequiresreverenceordutiestowardsanimals(inspired). 23Notalwaysdopeopleengageinjustificatoryexplanationsforwhattheydo;somesocietalprocessesare contingent,sometimespeoplemakeprivatearrangementsoutsideoftheseorders,orvariousformsofpower areexercisedwithoutjustification.   64chaptertwo  Š‡•‡•‹š‘†‡•‘ˆ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‘––‘„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡ Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‘”›Ž‘‰‹ •Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ƒǮ‰”‡‡ǯ‘”†‡”‘ˆ™‘”–Š™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”ƒ††‡†ǡ†‡• ”‹„‹‰ –Š‡ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”‰—‡–• ˆ‘—† ‹ †‹• —••‹‘• ‘˜‡” ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ † —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•ƒ›‡š‹•–‹–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ‘”†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ȋ‘Ž–ƒ•‹ƒ†Š‡˜‡‘–ͳͻͻͻǢƒ‘–ƒ†Š‡˜‡‘–ʹͲͲͲȌǤʹͶ   —„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ—–Š‘”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –Š‡ ‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ ™‘”–Š –‘ •–—†› •–”—‰‰Ž‡• ƒ† †‡„ƒ–‡•™‹–Š‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥƒ”•†‡‡–ƒŽͳͻͻ͸Ǣ—• ŠǡʹͲͲͲȌǤŠ‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘ †‡• ”‹„‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ƒ† •–”‡‰–Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘•ǣ „‡–™‡‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹  ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽǢ„‡–™‡‡Š‹‰Š–‡ Šƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽǢ„‡–™‡‡„—Ž’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ† “—ƒŽ‹–›Ǣƒ†„‡–™‡‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ†‹†‡ƒŽ‹•–‘”‰ƒ‹ ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ‘•‹ƒ†ƒ’„‡ŽŽ ȋʹͲͲͻǡ ͶͲȌ ’‘‹– ƒ– –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”› Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ† ‘„‹‡†‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ –Š‡‘”†‡”•ƒ”‡—•‡†‘––‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ„—––‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡‹–”‹ ƒ–‡™ƒ›• –Šƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘”•‘’‡”ƒ–‡‹ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ  Farminginmultipleordersofworth ˆ ‘—”•‡’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰ǡ‘ˆ–‡˜ƒŽ—‡†ˆ‘”‹–•‡Žˆ ȋ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽȌǡ ‘” ‹ ‘‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ’”‘†— ‹‰ ƒ„—†ƒ– ƒ† ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘‘† ˆ‘” Š—ƒ‹–›ȋ ‹˜‹ ȌǤ ƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ••— Šƒ• ‘™•ƒ†’‹‰•ƒ”‡˜ƒŽ—‡†ˆ‘”„‡‹‰‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ǡ ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽˆƒ” Š‘‹ ‡•ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•Ǯƒƒ‰‡‡–ǯ„›ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ† ‘–Š‡”•‹–Š‡•‡ –‘”ǤŠ‡”‡„›ˆƒ”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹‘‡†•“—ƒ”‡Ž›‹–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ‘”†‡”Ǥ—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒƒŽ•‘„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†’ƒ”–Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š‹•‘”†‡”ǡƒ•–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆˆ‘‘†Ǥ  Š‡ƒ”‡–‘”†‡”‹•ƒŽ•‘ ‡–”ƒŽ–‘–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‰‡––‹‰ƒ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡’”‹ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘†— ‡‹•ƒ’”‡”‡“—‹•‹–‡–‘ ‘–‹—‡ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ ƒ”‡–• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†— –• ƒ”‡ ‘–‘”‹‘—• ˆ‘” ‘– „‡‹‰ Ǯ–”—‡ƒ”‡–•ǯǡˆ‘” „‡‹‰ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†ǡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ǡ ‘‘’‘Ž‹œ‡†ǡ ƒ† •—„•‹†‹œ‡†ǤDz‘‡›‹•ƒ   24Theorderscanbeunderstoodinavarietyofways.Whentakenasamodelforstudyingcontroversies,the ordersforma‘moralgeography’inwhichthetypesofargumentscanbechartedthatplayaroleinpractices andconflictresolution.Alternatively,itcanbeusedasaframeworkfordevelopingcriticalargumentsinternal or external to an order. When the types of justifications are taken to be incommensurable normative paradigms, the model can even function as an approach to resolve issues, through determining the appropriateorderforeachsituation.Usedinthatwayitwouldresemblethetheoryofspheresofjusticeof Michael Walzer (1984). There the different domains correspond with institutions, such as political, market, loveandreligiousinstitutions,whichareeachorganizedaccordingasinglesocietalprinciple(cf.Lamontand Thevenot2000,6).  farmersengagedindeliberativepractices65  ‡ ‡••ƒ”›‡˜‹ŽǢ‹ˆ›‘—™ƒ––‘„‡ ‘‡”‹ Š›‘—•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡ ‘‡ƒˆƒ”‡”ǢƒŽŽ–Š‡ ‘‡›™‡ƒ‡™‡—•‡–‘‹˜‡•–ǡ‘”–‘’ƒ›‘ˆˆ„ƒŽ‘ƒ•Ǥdz ƒ”‡”•‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡•• ƒ›‘’‡”ƒ–‡ƒ•‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•ǡƒŽ•‘‹•‡‡‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‡–˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ –Š‡‘•ƒ‹ ǡ•— Šƒ•Ǯ‰”‡‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǯˆ‘”ƒ–—”‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ”‡’ƒ‹†ˆ‘”„›–Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ  ƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘•‹–—ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡†‘‡•–‹ ”‡ƒŽǤ –‹• ‘‘ƒ‘‰‡Ǥ‰Ǥ †ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”•–‘ƒ•DzŠ‘™ƒ› ‘™•†‘›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒ–Š‘‡ǫdz™Š‡†‹• —••‹‰ •‘‡‘‡ǯ•ˆƒ”ǡƒ•–Š‡›’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›•–‹ŽŽŽ‹˜‡‡š––‘–Š‡‹”’”‘†— –‹‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ †‹–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡƒŽ•‘‘ˆ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒŽŽ•ǡƒ‡ˆˆ‘”–‹•ƒ†‡–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ‡•‡„Ž‡–Šƒ– ‘˜‡›•ƒ”—”ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‡ƒ† ‘‡ –•–‘”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ƒ†‹• —••‹‘–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”Šƒ†™‹–Šˆƒ”‹‰•–—†‡–•ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘–‡•–‡†–Š‡ —•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ȋ‹–Š‡‹”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†‡”‘‰ƒ–‘”›Ȍ–‡”Ǯ‹†—•–”›ǯǡ‡˜‡ˆ‘” ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Žƒ”‰‡ • ƒŽ‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǣ DzŠƒ– †‘‡• ‹– ƒ––‡” ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ ˆƒ”‡” Šƒ• ƒ Š—†”‡†‘”͵ͲͲ ‘™•ǡ‹–‹••–‹ŽŽƒˆƒ”ǤdzDz—–™Šƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”‘Ž‘‰‡”Ž‹˜‡•‡š– –‘–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›ǫdzDz‡ŽŽǥǡ›‡ƒŠǡƒ›„‡–Š‡‹–™‘—Ž†„‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǤdzŠ‡ ‹–”‘†— ‹‰ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” Ǯ„—•‹‡••ǯ ȏǮ„‡†”‹ŒˆǯȐǡ –Š‡› –›’‹ ƒŽŽ›•–ƒ”–™‹–Šƒ ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǤŽ•‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ”‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ† ’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆˆ‘‘†ǡƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡‹”’”ƒ –‹ ‡–‘„‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†‘–‘Ž›‹–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ„—– ƒŽ•‘–Š‡†‘‡•–‹ ‘”†‡”ǤŠ‹•„‡ ‘‡•‘•– Ž‡ƒ”™Š‡–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆƒ›ˆƒ”‡”•‹• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†ǣ –‘ ‘–‹—‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ ƒ† Šƒ†‹‰ †‘™ ƒ ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ ˆƒ” –‘–Š‡‡š– ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  –‡”‡•–‹‰‹š–—”‡•‘ˆŒ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‘”›™‘”Ž†• ‘‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǤŠ‡ˆƒ”‡”• ‘™–Š‡‹”ˆ‹‡Ž†•ƒ›™‹ŽŽ–”›–‘ƒ˜‘‹†Š‹––‹‰„‹”†•‡•–•Ǥ‘–‘Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‡‹— –Š‡›‹‰Š–‰‡–ȋƒ”‡–Ȍǡ„—–ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•ƒŽ•‘‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† „› ƒ ‘ ‡” ˆ‘” ”ƒ”‡ •’‡ ‹‡• ȋ ‹˜‹ Ȍǡ ƒ† –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† –Š‡ ”—‡Ž ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ”—•Š‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ȋ’‡”Šƒ’•‹•’‹”‡†‘”†‘‡•–‹ ȌǤ ƒ”‡”•‘–‹ ‡–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ‹–› ‘ˆ‘”†‡”•–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›ȋ’—„Ž‹ ‘”’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ’‹‰ˆƒ”‡” ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǣDz‹–Š‘—”‡™•‘™Ǧ•–ƒŽŽ™‹–Š‰”‘—’Š‘—•‹‰ǡ–Š‡ Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ”‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘ ‡–‡”–Š‡„ƒ”ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ™Š‹ Š–Š‡›”‡ˆ—•‡†™Š‡™‡Šƒ†–Š‡ ‘ˆ‹‡†•›•–‡ǤdzŠ‹• ƒ†‡–Š‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘ ”‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹Ž†”‡–‘„‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘–ƒ‡‘˜‡”–Š‡ˆƒ”‹†—‡–‹‡Ǥ ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡‡Ž‡‡–•ˆ”‘–Š‡†‘‡•–‹ ”‡ƒŽǡ–Š‡˜‹‡™‘ˆȋ›‘—‰Ȍ Š‹Ž†”‡‹• –ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡‰‹‡ȋ‘Ž–ƒ•‹ ƒ† Š‡˜‡‘– ͳͻͻͻǡ͵͹ͲȌǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ”‡‡™‡†•‡•‡‘ˆŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹–Šƒ– ”‡•’‡ –Ǥ

  66chaptertwo  ‹‰ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ ‡‡ –‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‘”‹‰‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡‡†•–—ˆˆ –Š‡› ƒƒ‰‡ –‘ ‰ƒ–Š‡”ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰ ƒ• ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ƒ† •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ Šƒ• „‡ ‘‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ Š›‰‹‡‡ ƒ† ˆ‘‘† „‘”‡ †‹•‡ƒ•‡•ȋ ˆǤƒ™ƒ†‘ŽʹͲͲͺȌǤDz ‡‡†‹‰™‡–ƒ•Šˆ‡‡†‹•ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ‹–‡”•‘ˆ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ”‰‹• ƒ† ˆ‘” ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‡‡†ǡ ‡‡’‹‰ –Š‡ ’‹‰• Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ǡ ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡–ƒ•–‡ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡‡†Ǥ‡‘ˆ–‡—•‡•‹†‡Ǧ’”‘†— –•ˆ”‘–Š‡ Š—ƒˆ‘‘†•‡ –‘”Ǣ‹–‹•‘–™ƒ•–‡†‹•’‘•ƒŽǡ„—–‹–•‡”˜‡•–‘•‘Ž˜‡ƒ’”‘„Ž‡Ǣƒ•– ›‡ƒ”ǡ™‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ʹͷͲͲ–‘•‘ˆ„”‡ƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡—Š”ƒ”‡ƒǡ‹„ƒ– Š‡•‘ˆͷͲ–‘•ˆ”‡•Š ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•†ƒ›Ǥ›™‹ˆ‡ƒ† ǡ•–ƒ†‹‰‹–Š‡‹– Š‡ǡƒ––‹‡•ˆ‘—†–Š‹• ‘—–ƒ‹‘ˆ„”‡ƒ†‹–Š‡ ‘—”–›ƒ”†ƒ–”‘—„Ž‡•‘‡•‹‰Š–ǤŠ‹Ž‡‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡•–ƒ”˜‹‰ǡŠ‡”‡™‡–Š”‘™ƒ™ƒ›„”‡ƒ†–Šƒ–‹••–‹ŽŽ ‰‘‘† –‘ ‡ƒ–Ǥdz – ‹‰Š–˜‡”›™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•Šƒ”‡†˜‹‡™ˆ”‘–Š‡‹– Š‡ –Šƒ–„”‹‰•–Š‹•‘”ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Š‘‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ȋ ‹˜‹ ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š†‘‡•–‹ ȌǤŠ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ™ƒ•–‡ǦˆŽ‘™•‹ƒ‘”‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•‡––‹‰‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ˆƒ” ‘”‡ Ǯ‘”ƒŽǯǡ ™Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ „”‡ƒ† –Šƒ– ‹• Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ‘—– ‘ˆ ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” „ƒ ›ƒ”†Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”‹•’”‘—†‘ˆǡ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– ‘–‡–™‹–ŠǡŠ‘™Š‡ ƒƒ‰‡•–‘‡‡’ˆ‡‡† ‘•–•Ž‘™ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡††‹‡––‘Š‹•’‹‰•ǡƒ†™‘”•–‘”‡ › Ž‡ ™ƒ•–‡ˆŽ‘™•ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‘‘†‹†—•–”›ƒ†–Š‡”‡„›ƒ††•˜ƒŽ—‡ȋ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ”‡–ȌǤ  ‡ ‘—Ž†ƒ•™Š›™‡•Š‘—Ž†„‘–Š‡”–Šƒ–ˆƒ”‡”•ƒŽ•‘ ƒ•‘‡™Šƒ– Ž‘˜‡ –Š‡‹” ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ† ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”Žƒ†ǢŠ‘™‹–ƒ––‡”•–Šƒ–ˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ˜‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ•‡•‹–‹˜‹–‹‡• „‡›‘†–Š‡‹”‹‡†‹ƒ–‡–ƒ••Ǥ—––Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ–—”‡‘ˆˆƒ”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ‡•–Š‡‹” ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ˜‹‡™•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘ Šƒ‰‡•‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡‘”‡‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ‡šŠ‹„‹–ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ‰‡ ›„› ”‡ƒ–‹‰‡™™ƒ›•‘ˆ†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ‡‡šƒ’Ž‡™‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡‹˜‡•–‡–‹ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘†‡•‘ˆ ‡‡”‰›’”‘†— –‹‘„›‡”‡ –‹‰™‹†‹ŽŽ•‘”„‹‘ƒ••‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡•‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ”‡™ƒ›•‘ˆ‡š’”‡••‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘‹–‡–•–Šƒ– ƒ„‡•‹–—ƒ–‡† „‘–Š ‹ ƒ”‡– ȋ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽȌǡ ‹˜‹ ȋ ‘‘‰‘‘†Ȍǡƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽȋ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ȍ‘”†‡”•Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ –Š‡•‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ –ƒ‡ ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ™‹†‡” •—„•‹†› • Š‡‡• ƒ† ƒ”‡– ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•Ǥ—–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‰ƒŽŽ‹’‘”–ƒ–‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‘–Š‡ ’‘Ž‹ › Ž‡˜‡Žǡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ‰‡ › ‘—Ž† ˜‡”› ™‡ŽŽ „‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ–ˆƒ”Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ȋ ˆǤ‘‡’‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ  —„‡”‘ˆ„‘–Š‘”‰ƒ‹ ƒ†‘Ǧ‘”‰ƒ‹ ȋ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽǡ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ ’”‘ Žƒ‹‡† Ǯ‹ „‡–™‡‡ǯ ‘” ‡˜‡ Ǯ„‡›‘† ‘”‰ƒ‹ ǯȌ ˆƒ”‡”• •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ‘”‰ƒ‹  ‹• DzƒŽ•‘ ‡”‡Ž› ƒ‘–Š‡” •‡– ‘ˆ ”—Ž‡•Ǥdz › –Š—• ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹ •–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ–Š‡› ”‡ƒ–‡†Ǯ”‘‘ǯˆ‘”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ—–‘‘›ǡƒ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„Ž‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ˆ”‘™Š‹ Š–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Šƒ–‹•”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡‹” ‡›‡•

 farmersengagedindeliberativepractices67  ™‹–Š‘—–•Žƒ˜‹•ŠŽ›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ȋ‡š–‡”ƒŽȌ”—Ž‡•–Šƒ–‹•‘‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ„‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ• ‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‘˜‡”Ž›ǡ‘”–‘‘Ž‹––Ž‡ǡ•–”‹‰‡–ǤŠ—•–Š‡•‡ˆƒ”‡”• ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ƒˆˆ‹”‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‘”‡ Ǯ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǯ ȋ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽȌ ‘—–Ž‘‘ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ‘”‡ Ž‹˜‡†Ǧ–Š”‘—‰Š ˆƒ”‹‰ ‡–Š‹  –Š‡› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „› –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ ‘‡ –‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹•’‹”‡† ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ‹–›ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›Ǥ  Themorallandscapeoffarmingvscompartmentalizedethics ƒ”‡”•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Š‡‹”‹š‡†‘–‹˜‡•ƒ†–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘”†‡”•‘•–Ž›‘– ƒ•ƒŠ›„”‹†Ǣ–Š‡‹”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ••— Š‘Ž›™‹–Š‹ƒ†™Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽŽ›•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†‘”ƒŽŽ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡†‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‹–Š‡–Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ‘Ž–ƒ•‹ƒ†Š‡˜‡‘––Š‡‘”†‡”•‘ˆŒ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† „ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹ ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ǡ ˆƒ”‹‰ ƒ’’‡ƒ”• ƒ• ƒ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‹••—‡ ˆ‘” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹• –Š‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ‘”†‡”• ƒ „‡ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǯ‹š‡†ǯ‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‡”‡Ž› ‘Šƒ„‹– ‹ —‡ƒ•› ‘’”‘‹•‡Ǥ   ‘—” ‘†‡”‹œ‡† ƒ† ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽŽ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡† •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‘”†‡”• –‡† –‘ „‡ ‘‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ƒ†”‘Ž‡•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘••’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†’—”‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥʹͷ • Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡‘”ƒŽ‘”†‡”•ƒ”‡‡˜‡•’ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›’Žƒ‡†ǡ–Š‡”‡„›‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ‘•–”— –‹‰ƒœ‘‹‰‘ˆ–›’‡•‘ˆƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”‰—‡–• ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒ•ƒ†„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥʹ͸”‡ƒ• ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ȋ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽȌ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡˆ‘”ȋ‹•’‹”‹‰Ȍƒ–—”‡ƒ†”‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘” ˆ‘” ȋ†‘‡•–‹ Ȍ Šƒ„‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‹‹‰ –Šƒ– ”‡•‹•–• ƒ„‹‰—‹–› ‹• ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰–‘™‡”ƒ†”‡•’‘•‡•–‘‹–ǣƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘–Š‡ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ—™‹––‹‰Ž›ƒ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘‡‡”‰‡†‘ˆ–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–ˆ‡Ž––Šƒ–Dz’‹‰••Š‘—Ž†„‡‘ƒ

  25 Of course there are a variety of other institutions where a mixture of orders of worth are necessary to understandtheirmeaningandpractices;thinkonlyofthe(idealofthe)university,whichcomprisesindustrial (producing knowledge workers), market (adding value, spin offs of research), inspired (creativity, self actualization),domestic(campus,modellingteacherstudentrelationsonpatriarchal,ormatriarchal,ideals), and civic (producing autonomous and responsible citizens, doing research for the betterment of mankind) ordersofworth.Buthereaswellitcanbearguedthatindustrial(outputmeasurements)andmarketnorms (increasing numbers of students and tuition fees, and meeting the market demands for workers) are increasinglydominant. 26Regardingtheordersofworthandourdealingwithanimalsitisclearthatourmotivesandjustificationsfor certaintreatmentsofanimalsarevaried,butalsothatinmodernsocietythereisatendencytoseparatethese understandingsofanimalsoverdifferenthumananimalrelationsandsocietaldomains.Animalpracticesand theattendingrelationsandmeaningscanthenlegitimatelyonlybeofonekind,andfarmingisnolongerone ofthese‘singular’practices(cf.Korthals2004;Harbers2004).   68chaptertwo  ˆƒ”dz ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• –Šƒ– Žƒ‹‡† Dz’‹‰• †‘ǯ– „‡Ž‘‰ ‹ ƒ ˆƒ –‘”›dzǤ ‘ ”‡–‡ ’Žƒ• ˆ‘” Žƒ”‰‡ • ƒŽ‡ ’‹‰ ˆƒ”• ‘”‡ ”‡ ‡–Ž› –Š‘—‰Š ‡– ˆ‹‡” ‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ǡ•–ƒ–‹‰Dz–Š‹•„‡Ž‘‰•‹ƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽœ‘‡dzǤ‹–Š–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡ ‘‡•†‘™–‘•‘”–‹‰‘—–™Š‡”‡ƒƒ –‹˜‹–›„‡Ž‘‰•‹ ‘—”†‹• ”‡–‡Ž›œ‘‡†‘”ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ  Š‡ƒ••‡••‡†ˆ”‘‡ƒ Š•‹‰Ž‡‘”ƒŽ‘”†‡”ǡ —””‡–’”ƒ –‹ ‡••‡‡†‡ˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ† •—„‘’–‹ƒŽǤ‘•–ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•ǡ‘”ƒ”‡–Š‡› –Š‡ „‡•– ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ–—”‡ƒƒ‰‡”•Ǥ— Š‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ˆƒ”‹‰‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†••–‹ŽŽ ‹•ƒ’‡ —Ž‹ƒ”ƒƒŽ‰ƒ‘ˆ‘†‡”‹–›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ–Š‘‡ǡ‘ˆ Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Š ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ”‡ ȋ ˆǤ ‡‹Œ„‘‘ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ ‹–Š ˆƒ”‹‰ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ† ƒ””ƒ‰‡† ƒ• ƒ focal practice ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡•‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ –• ƒ”‡ ‘„‹‡†ǡ’”‘†— –‹˜‡™‘” ƒ„‡ƒƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡responsetoplaceȋŠ‘’•‘ʹͲͲͲȌǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ NIMBY ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‹ •‡ƒ” Š ‘ˆ ƒ ™ƒ•–‡Žƒ†Ǥ ‘” –Š‹• ƒ ‹–”‹ ƒ–‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‡• ‘ˆ ”‹–‹“—‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ˆƒ”‹‰ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ  

2.6Anexampleofethicaldecisionmakingaspracticalengagement:cowhorns  Š‘—Ž† ‘™•Šƒ˜‡Š‘”•ǡ‘”‹•‹–’‡”‹••‹„Ž‡–‘†‡Š‘”–Š‡ǫŠƒ– ‹• –Š‡ –›’‡ ‘ˆ “—‡•–‹‘ ƒ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ ‹•– ‹‰Š– –”› –‘ ƒ•™‡”ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡’”‘‡–‘ „‡ ‘‡•—„Œ‡ –‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥʹ͹Šƒ–™‘—Ž†–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ‘—––‘ǫ Hornsanddehorninginthefield ƒˆƒ”˜‹•‹–™‹–Šƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•–—†‡–•ǡƒˆƒ”‡”‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǣ  Dz‘™•™‹–ŠŠ‘”•‘ˆˆ‡”Ž‹––Ž‡–”‘—„Ž‡ǡƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•–Š‡Š‘—•‹‰‹•‹‘”†‡”Ǥ‹–Š ‘—”Žƒ”‰‡”‘—†ƒ†‘’‡Š‘—•‹‰ǡ–Š‡™‡ƒ‡•–ƒ‹ƒŽ‹–Š‡Š‡”† ƒˆŽ‡‡Ǣ ‹ Ž‘‘•‡ ȋ„‘šȌ Š‘—•‹‰ ›‘— •‘‡–‹‡• •‡‡ –Šƒ– ƒ ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ „‡ –‘–ƒŽŽ› buttedtopiecesȏŠ‡Ž‡ƒƒŽƒ’‘–‰‡•–‘–‡ȐǤŠ‡›‘—ǯŽŽ•‡‡„Ž‘‘†‹–Š‡‹Ž ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰Ǣ–Š‹•™‡•‡‡‘Ž›ƒˆ‡™–‹‡•ƒ›‡ƒ”Ǥdz    27Anditisagoodexampleofacomplex,multiͲfactorialissuethatisbeststudiedbyinvolvingtheviewsand experiencesoffarmers,astherehavebeensomeeffortsinthepast(Waiblingeretal.2000;BaarsandBuitink 1995).  farmersengagedindeliberativepractices69  Š‡”‡‹••‘‡grumbling–ƒŽƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ––‡†‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰•–—†‡–•Ǥ  DzŠ›†‘›‘—™ƒ––‘Šƒ˜‡Š‘”•ǫdzDz‡†‘‘–„‡Ž‹‡˜‡Š‘”•ƒ”‡Ǯƒ–‡ƒ• –‘–Š‡ ‘•‘•ǯ‘”ƒ›–Š‹‰Ž‹‡–Šƒ–Ǥ—–™‡†‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–Š‘”•’Žƒ›ƒ”‘Ž‡ ‹–Š‡‹”†‹‰‡•–‹‘•›•–‡ǡ–Šƒ–‹–‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡‹”Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤȏǥȐ‡ ƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ ‘˜‡”–‹‰–‘ƒŠ‡”†–Šƒ–”‡–ƒ‹•–Š‡Š‘”•ǤŠ‡›‘—‰ ‘™• „‡ ƒ‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ƒ†–‘‘ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡”†Ǥ ‘”‹Ž‹‰ ™‡‘™’—–ƒŽŽ ‘™•™‹–ŠŠ‘”•‹–Š‡™ƒ‹–‹‰ƒ”‡ƒǡƒ† Ž‘•‡–Š‡‰ƒ–‡ǡ•‘ –Š‡ ‘™•™‹–Š‘—–Š‘”• ƒ‡ƒ–ƒ––Š‡ˆ‡‡†‹‰ˆ‡ ‡ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‡•–ƒ”–‡† –‘‰‹˜‡•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›Ž‡••‹Žǡ„‡‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–Ž›’—•Š‡†ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‡‡†Ǥ Š‹•™‘”•˜‡”›™‡ŽŽǤȏǥȐ†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†‡” ‘™•Šƒ•ƒƒ‰‡†–‘”‡‰ƒ‹ ’‘™‡”ǡ‘™™‡Šƒ˜‡•‘‡‘”‡’‡ƒ ‡‹–Š‡Š‡”†ƒ‰ƒ‹ǤȏǥȐ‡•‰—›•ǡ–ƒ‡ ƒ‰‘‘†Ž‘‘ǡ™‡ˆ‹†‹–„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—ŽǤ‡Šƒ˜‡‰‘––‡—•‡†–‘•‡‡‹‰Š‘”•‘ –Š‡‹”Š‡ƒ†ǡ™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‘™Ž‘‘•˜‡”›•–”ƒ‰‡Ǥdz  Š‡–Š‡–‘—”‘˜‡•‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ–Š‡ ‘™• ‘‡™ƒŽ‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ˜‹•‹–‘”•ƒ†‹‰Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡Ǥ  Dz‘— •‡‡ –Š‡•‡ ‘™• ƒ”‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ‘– ƒˆ”ƒ‹†ǡ „—– —”‹‘—•Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡› •‡‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡–Š‡› ‘‡ƒ†–ƒ‡ƒŽ‘‘Ǥdz  Š‡•–—†‡–••–ƒ”–‰‘‘ˆ‹‰ƒ”‘—†™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘™•ǡ–”›‹‰–‘ ƒ– Š –Š‡‹” Š‘”•ǡ ƒ† ’”‘Ž‘‰‡† ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‡•—‡• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ –ƒŽ „‡–™‡‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ† ‘™•Ǥ —–‘•– ‘•‹†‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‘™ˆƒ”•”‡–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡Š‘”•–‘„‡–‘‘†ƒ‰‡”‘—•ǡ–‘ –Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ƒ†–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡” ‘™•Ǥ‘–Š‡”†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”Šƒ•„‘–ŠƒŽ‘‘•‡Š‘—•‹‰ ƒ†ƒ•ƒŽŽ–‹‡Ǧ•–ƒŽŽǤ ‡—•‡•–Š‡Žƒ––‡”ˆ‘”›‘—‰ ‘™•–Šƒ–’‘•‡’”‘„Ž‡•ǣ  DzŠ‹•–‹‡•–ƒŽŽ‹•ˆ‘”™Š‡–Š‡ ‘™•ƒ –†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ȏ‡‡„‡‡–Œ‡‘‡‹Ž‹Œ†‘‡ȐǤ Š‡ Š‡‹ˆ‡”• ƒ”‡ ‹ Š‡”‡ ˆ‘” ƒ ™‹–‡” –Š‡› ƒ”‡ –ƒ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ›™ƒ›ǡ –Š‹–Š‹••–ƒŽŽ‹•‘”‡ ‘œ›ȋgezellig)ǡ‘”‡‹–‹ƒ–‡ǡ‘”‡ Š‘‡Ž›ȋhuiselijker)ǤŠ‹•‹•™Š‡”‡ ‰‘–‘‹–Š‡‡˜‡‹‰ǡ™Š‡–Š‡™‘”‹• †‘‡ǡƒ†™‹–Šƒ•ƒŽŽŽ‹‰Š–•‹–™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘™•ǤdzȏǥȐDz•Ž‘‰ƒ•–Š‡ ‘™†‘‡• ‘–—•‡–Š‡ƒ•™‡ƒ’‘•ǡ•Š‡ƒ›‡‡’Š‡”Š‘”•Ǥ—–ƒ–‘‡‘‡––Š‡› ƒ›ˆ‹†‘—–ǣǮ ‡›ǡ ƒ•–”‘‰Ǩǯdz  

  70chaptertwo  Argumentsconcerninghornsanddehorning Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ†‡Š‘”‹‰ ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡’—”‡Ž›ƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǣ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡–Š‘† ˆ‘” ’ƒ‹Ž‡••Ž› †‡Š‘”‹‰ǡ ‘ˆ †‡•‹‰‹‰ Š‘—•‹‰ –Šƒ–‹••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” Š‘”‡†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‘”‘ˆ„”‡‡†‹‰ ‘™•™‹–Š‘—–Š‘”•ǤŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ‘‡ ‘—Ž†ƒ”‰—‡ †‡Š‘”‹‰–‘„‡ƒ ƒ•‡–‘„‡†‡ ‹†‡†‹–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–‡”•‘ˆǮ„‘†‹Ž›‹–‡‰”‹–›ǯ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™ǡ†‹•‹••‹‰–Š‹•—–‹Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ„ƒ•‡†‘Š‡”ȋ ‹˜‹ Ȍ”‹‰Š–ǡ‘”’‡”Šƒ’• ȋ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽȌ‡••‡ ‡Ǥ—–™Š‡–ƒ‡—’•‘Ž‡Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ƒ‰Ž‡•ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ•’‡ –• ™‘—Ž†‘–„‡†‹• —••‡†ǤŠ‡–Š‡”–Š‡Š‘—•‹‰‹•ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡–‘’”‡˜‡–Š‘”‡† ‘™• Š—”–‹‰‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”†‡’‡†•ƒŽ•‘‘–Š‡•‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǡƒ•™‹–Š–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•–Šƒ– ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†–Š‡‹Ž‹‰’”‘ ‡••†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ǡ‘”Ǯ–ƒ‡†ǯ ‘™•‹ƒ–‹‡•–ƒŽŽǤ†–‘•‘‡ ‡š–‡–ǡ ƒ• „‡ ƒ‡ Ž‡ƒ” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‹•‹••‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ •–—†‡–• ‘ Ǯ„Ž‘‘†‹–Š‡‹Žǯǡ–Š‡‹••—‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆƒ ‡’–‹‰•‘‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ —–—ƒŽ †ƒƒ‰‹‰‘ˆ ‘™•ȋ ˆǤ‹‘˜‡‡ʹͲͲͺǢƒƒ”•ƒ†—‹–‹ͳͻͻͷȌǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‹–‡”•‘ˆ Ž‘•• ‘ˆ ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–› ȋ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽȌ ‘” ƒ• ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘™•ȋ†‘‡•–‹ ȌǤ–‘’‘ˆ–Šƒ–ǡ†‡ ‹•‹‘•‘†‡Š‘”‹‰™‡”‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ —‡”‘—• Š‘‹ ‡•ǣ ˆ‘” ƒ –›’‡ ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ƒ† Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™•ƒ†ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹‹†‘ˆŠ‡”†ǡƒ–›’‡‘ˆŠ—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ǡƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹• –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”ǡ ƒ ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹  ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡† Š‘‹ ‡• ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ„‘—†•™‹–Šƒ”‡‘–‡ƒ•‹Ž›†‡ ‹†‡†‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‹ ™Š‹ Šˆƒ”‡”•ˆ‹†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘”†‡”•ˆ”‘™Š‹ Š–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡƒ•–Š‡›—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‘‡†‘™–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹†‘ˆˆƒ”‡”–‘„‡Ǥ †‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ†‡Š‘”‹‰™‹–Š‘—––ƒ‹‰–Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡”•‹–‘ƒ ‘—– ™‘—Ž†‘–„‡†‡‡‡†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǡŽ‡–ƒŽ‘‡ ‘˜‹ ‹‰ǡ–‘‘•–ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ  ‹–Š‹–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‘”†‡”ǡˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹†‡ƒ•‘–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆŠ‘”•ˆ‘” ’”‘†— –‹‘‘”‘–Š‡†ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡›†‘–‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ –Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆ”‡‘™–Š‡›ƒ› ™ƒ––‘ƒ ‘”†–‘–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘™•™‹–Šȋ ‡”–ƒ‹–›’‡•‘ˆȌ ‘•—‡”•ǡ‘”Š‡•‹–ƒ–‡–‘ „‡‘™ƒ‘‰ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ•–Š‡ƒ–›’‹ ƒŽ‘‡™‹–ŠŠ‘”•ǤŠ‡› ƒ› „‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† –‘ ‡‡’ –Š‡ Š‘”• –‘ ‘’Ž› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹  ȋ„‹‘†›ƒ‹ Ȍ „”ƒ†Ǣ ‘—– ‘ˆ ƒ”‡–‹‰ ‘ ‡”•ǡ ‘” ‹•’‹”‡† „› –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›„‡Š‹†–Š‡„”ƒ†ǤŽ•‘–Š‡’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž‡••–Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡†„‡–™‡‡•–—†‡–• ƒ† ‘™•‹•ƒ–›’‡‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹•’‹”‡†‘”†‡”ǡ‹ƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜ƒ‹–Šƒ –Š‡Ǯƒ–‡ƒ•–‘–Š‡ ‘•‘•ǯ–Šƒ–™‡”‡ƒŽŽ—†‡†–‘Ǥ†–Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡„‡–™‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ”ƒ‡† ƒ• ‘‡ „‡–™‡‡ †‘‡•–‹  –›’‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ–”‹ƒ” ŠƒŽ†‘‹‹‘ƒ†‹•’‹”‡†”‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡–ƒ‹ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”•Ǥ  ‹••—‡•— Šƒ•†‡Š‘”‹‰–Š—•‹•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†™‹–Š‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ ™‘”–Šǡ ™‹–Š‘—–„‡‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”™Š‹ Š–›’‡•‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ”‡–‘„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡Ǥ –‹•  farmersengagedindeliberativepractices71  ’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›‡š’‡”‹‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‡•• ‘ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹ ‘”†‡”• ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡‹••—‡ǤŠ‡‘”†‡”•Š‡Ž’–‘•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”ƒ†”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”•ƒ†ƒ‡‹–Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–‘–ƒ•‹‰Ž‡—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ’”‡• ”‹’–‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡„‡•–Ǥ ˜‡ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•–Š‡‹••—‡™‘—Ž†‘–„‡”‡•‘Ž˜‡†ƒ•ƒ•‹‰—Žƒ”Ǯ†‡ ‹•‹‘ǯ „ƒ•‡†‘†‹• —”•‹˜‡ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥƒ–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡‹••—‡‹•–Š‡•—„Œ‡ – ‘ˆ ƒ ‘‰‘‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• ˆ”‘ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ‘”†‡”• ’Žƒ› ƒ ”‘Ž‡ǡ ‘” ƒ”‡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›†‹•‹••‡†ǡƒ†‹™Š‹ Š‡„‘†‹‡†ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ•‹ŽŽ•ǡ•‡Žˆ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †›ƒ‹ Ǥʹͺ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ †‡Š‘”‹‰ ™ƒ• •‡‡–‘ ‘–ƒ‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘•ƒ‹ ǣ„‡•‹†‡•–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ•’‡ – ‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆˆƒ”™‘”‡”•ƒˆ‡–›ǡ–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆŠ‘—•‹‰ǡƒ†‡˜‡Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ Ǥ  

2.7 Implications of the sketch of farmer ethics for deliberations on sustainability  Publicdebateinfusedbyfarmerexperiences Šƒ–†‘–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Šˆƒ”‡”•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ†‡š’”‡••–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‡ƒ ˆ‘” †‡„ƒ–‡• ‘ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǫ Š‡ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”‘–‹˜‡•‹–‡”•‘ˆ‘”†‡”•‘ˆ™‘”–Š”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†‹’Ž‹ ‹–’‘•‹–‹‘•‘–Š‡–›’‡• ‘ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•–Šƒ– ƒ‘”•Š‘—Ž†„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ˜‹‡™• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž› ‹ Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡•‡ †‡„ƒ–‡•ǡ ‘” ‹ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•–‘–ƒ‡’ƒ”–‹‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡•‹•“—‡•–‹‘‡†ǡƒ Š‘‹ ‡‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ†‡‘ ™Š‘•‡–‡”•–Š‡•‡†‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡–‘„‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ†‘™Šƒ– ‘•–‹–—–‡•Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ ƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ†ƒ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž†‡„ƒ–‡Ǥ‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ —Ž‹ƒ”Ž›‡–ƒ‰Ž‡†ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‹ •‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘—Ž† ‘—–‡”–Š‡–‡†‡ ›‹ ’‘Ž‹ › ƒ‹‰ǡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ ‘’ƒ”–‡–ƒŽ‹œ‡‘—”‘”ƒŽ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ•–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•ƒ‹  ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ ™‹†‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ™‘—Ž† ˆ‘•–‡” ’—„Ž‹  ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹š‡†‘–‹˜‡•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•Ǥƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–”›ƒ†ˆ‹––Š‡‹–‘–Š‡ ‘—Ž†‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”›–Šƒ–’—”‹ˆ‹‡••‡ŽˆǦ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”Ǧ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‘–‹˜‡• ƒ†•‹–—ƒ–‡•ƒŽŽ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•‹–Š‡Žƒ––‡”Ǥ    28Theissuecanbefoundtocontaindifferentviewsonthecharacterandbehaviourofcows:asinprinciple benevolent(inspired),orasinneedofguidanceandcontrol(domestic).   72chaptertwo  ‹–Š–Š‡Ǯ•‡Ž˜‡•ǯ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ Ž‘ ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ †‡„ƒ–‡• ™‘—Ž† ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ† ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹ Ž—†‡‡„‘†‹‡†™ƒ›•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡˆ‘‘†ǡƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǤŠ‡‹– ‹• Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”•”‡“—‹”‡•‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•ˆ”‘ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘”†‡”•‘ˆ™‘”–Šǡƒ† –Šƒ––Š‡‹š‡†‘–‹˜‡•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‘—–Ž‘‘‘–Š‹•‘•ƒ‹ Ǥ  Ethicsasreflexivityinpractice Š‡ ‡˜‹•‹‘‡† ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘• †‘‡• ‘– ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ ‰‡‡”‹  ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǡ ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘ ‘ ™Šƒ– ‹• the”‹‰Š–™ƒ›–‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‹ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• ƒ† •‹ŽŽ• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ „‡ –ƒ‡ ƒ• Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‹‰ƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ›•–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• –Š‡› ‰”ƒ’’Ž‡™‹–Šȋ ˆǤ—’’‡”ƒ†‡‘ —‹‰ʹͲͳͲȌǤŠ‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–ŠŠ‘”• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡†‡ˆ‹‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‹•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›„‡•– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ”‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǡ„ƒ•‡†•‘Ž‡Ž›‘• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‡š’‡”–‹•‡ ƒ†ƒ„•–”ƒ –”‡†— –‹‘‹•–‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ ƒ”‡”•‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ‘–‹˜‡•ƒ† ‘ ‡”•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‡Ž›Ž‡ƒ”–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ•›•–‡‹ ™Š‹ Š‹••—‡•ƒ”‡†‡ƒŽ–™‹–ŠǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒƒ”‰—‡– ‹ ˆƒ˜‘—” ‘ˆ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ”‡ˆ‘” •‘ ƒ• –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ‘”‡ Ǯ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ”‘‘ ˆ‘” ƒ‘‡—˜”‡ǯȋ‘”–ŠƒŽ•ʹͲͲͺȌǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰‹ ‡–‹˜‡•ˆ‘”ˆƒ”‡”•–‘’—”•—‡ƒ††‹• —•• –Š‡‹”‘™•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ ƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” Š‘‹ ‡•ƒ† ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•ǡƒ†„›‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹’—„Ž‹ †‹• —••‹‘•ˆ‹†‘ ƒ•‹‘–‘ˆ—”–Š‡””‡ˆŽ‡ – ‘–Š‡•‡ǤŠ‡–ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ™‘—Ž†–Š‡„‡–‘ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡‹”‡†‡ƒ˜‘—”•Ǣ ™‹–Š’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‹ ‹•–•‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–•–‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‹‰Š– ‡ƒ –Šƒ– –Š‹‰• ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‘’–‹‹œ‡†ƒ†”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›™‡‹‰Š‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•„› ’‘Ž‹ › ƒ‡”• ƒ† ‡–Š‹ • ‘‹––‡‡•Ǥ —– ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ •’ƒ ‡ ˆ‘” ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ• ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –•ǡ ƒ –‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ‘™ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ƒ† •‹ŽŽ• ‹ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ’”‘†— –•ǡ –Š‡‹” Žƒ† ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ™‹ŽŽ ƒ‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘”‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰Ǥ ƒ”‡”•‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡™‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘•Š‘™–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ™Š›‹–•Š‘—Ž†™ƒ– –‘ ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡‹” †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ƒ• ȋ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ȍ ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –•ǡ ‰ƒ‹ ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ‘’‡ —’–Š‡‹”Ž‘ ƒŽƒ† ‘–‡š–—ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  

   

   

   



Chapter3

Pigtowersandinvitromeat:disclosingmoralworldsbydesign    ǯ •ŠƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Š—„Ž›’”‘’‘•‡›‘™–Š‘—‰Š–•ǡ™Š‹ Š Š‘’‡™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡ Ž‡ƒ•– ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘Ǥ ȏǤǤǤȐ ȏȐ ›‘—‰ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› Š‹Ž† ™‡ŽŽ —”•‡† ‹• ƒ–ƒ›‡ƒ”‘Ž†ƒ‘•–†‡Ž‹ ‹‘—•ǡ ‘—”‹•Š‹‰ǡƒ†™Š‘Ž‡•‘‡ˆ‘‘†ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”•–‡™‡†ǡ”‘ƒ•–‡†ǡ„ƒ‡†ǡ‘”„‘‹Ž‡†Ǣƒ† ƒ‡‘ †‘—„––Šƒ–‹–™‹ŽŽ‡“—ƒŽŽ›•‡”˜‡‹ƒˆ”‹ ƒ••‡‡‘”ƒ”ƒ‰‘—–Ǥǯ   ‘ƒ–Šƒ™‹ˆ–ǡAModestProposalforPreventingtheChildrenofPoorPeopleFromBeinga BurthentoTheirParentsorCountry,andforMakingThemBeneficialtothePublick,ͳ͹ʹͻ  

3.1Introduction29  ‹ƒŽ ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ™‘”Ž† ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†ƒ„‘—–‹–•˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽȋ•‹†‡Ȍ‡ˆˆ‡ –•ǡƒ• ™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹ƒŽ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽȋ‹ǦȌŒ—•–‹ ‡‘ˆŽƒ†—•‡ˆ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽˆ‡‡† ’”‘†— –‹‘ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ Š—‰‡” ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” †‡• ”‹„‡•–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ –™‘ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡•‹‰• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡ –‘ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡”•ǣ ’‹‰ –‘™‡”• ȋvarkensflats‹—– ŠȌǡŽƒ”‰‡• ƒŽ‡Š‹‰ŠǦ”‹•‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ •›•–‡• †‡•‹‰‡† –‘ ”ƒ‹•‡ —’ –‘ ƒ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‹‰• ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† Ǯ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡ ‘Ž‘‰›ǯǤ†invitromeatǣ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –•–Šƒ–•‡‡–‘’”‘†— ‡ ‡ƒ–—•‹‰—• Ž‡•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”Ž‹˜‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ Ǯƒ••‡••‹‰ǯ–Š‡•‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ’”‘•ƒ† ‘•ǡ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‡šƒ‹‡•–Š‡ †›ƒ‹  ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• –Š‡•‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡•‹‰• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ™Š‡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ƒ†‡ ’—„Ž‹ Ǥ  ƒƒŽ›œ‡ ™Šƒ–  ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†Ǧ†‹• Ž‘•‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ   29 This chapter has been published as: Driessen, Clemens, Michiel Korthals. (2012) Pig towers and InͲvitro meat:disclosingmoralworldsbydesign.SocialStudiesofScience,42(6):799Ͳ822. 76chapterthree  ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† †‡•‹‰ ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ‘‰‘‹‰ †‡„ƒ–‡• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ†‡–Š‹ •‹ƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ȋ‡—Žƒ”–œ‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲʹȌǤ  Technologybeyondthedichotomyofthreatorsolution ƒ› ‡ƒ”Ž› ʹͲ–Š ‡–—”› ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”• ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ™ƒ”‡† ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹–”—•‹‘ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ǮŽ‹ˆ‡Ǧ™‘”Ž†ǯǡ –—”‹‰ Š—ƒ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹–‘ ƒ „Ž‡ƒ ƒ† ‡ƒ‹‰Ž‡•• ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ȋ ƒ„‡”ƒ•ͳͻ͸ͻǢ‹‡”ͳͻͺͺȌ. ƒ‡”ƒ–Šƒ–•ƒ™–Š‡ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆ— Ž‡ƒ” ™‡ƒ’‘•ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–‹ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–™ƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ†–Š‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–ǡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž†•–‡ƒ†‹Ž›‡ ‘’ƒ••–Š‡‡˜‡”›†ƒ›™‘”Ž†ƒ†Š—ƒ‹†ǯ•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ –™ƒ• ‘‘Ž›Š‡Ž†–Šƒ––‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ž‡ˆ–Ž‹––Ž‡‘”‘”‘‘ˆ‘”‹ƒ‰‹‹‰‘” ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‘–Š‡”ǡ‘”‡‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Žˆ‘”•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ•—„•—‹‰‡˜‡”›†ƒ›’”ƒ –‹ ‡•—†‡” –Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ‡˜‡” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ ™‹–Š ’‘Ž‹–‹ • „‡ ‘‹‰ ‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹–‘ƒ„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–‹ –‡ Š‘ ”ƒ ›ȋ ‡‡„‡”‰ͳͻͻͻȌǤ  ‘†ƒ›ǡ‘—”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽˆ—–—”‡‹•‘•–Ž›†‡‡‡†–‘„‡ˆƒ”Ž‡•• ‰Ž‘‘›Ǥ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘•ƒ”–Ǧ’Š‘‡•–‘Š›„”‹† ƒ”•ǡƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›Ž‘‘‡†—’‘ ƒ• ‘˜‡‹‡–ƒ†Ǯ†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡†ǯ™ƒ›•–‘‹’”‘˜‡‘—”Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ‘•–‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ”‡ ˜‹‡™‡† ƒ• †‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ ‘•—‡” ‰‘‘†• ‘” ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† •‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘ ’”‡••‹‰ ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•‘˜‡””‡•‘—” ‡†‡’Ž‡–‹‘ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ƒ”‡‡š’‡ –‡†ǡ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–Š‘’‡†ǡ–‘„‡†‡ƒŽ–™‹–Šǡ‘–‘Ž›„›”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ „› –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡ƒ•Ǥ – ‘•–ǡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ›ƒ””‹˜‡–‘‘Žƒ–‡ǡ‘”„”‹‰—‡š’‡ –‡†•‹†‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹–—”™‘—Ž† ƒŽŽˆ‘” ‘”‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‡˜‡”‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽȋ‘”ƒŽȌŠƒœƒ”†•ǡ•— Šƒ• •‘”ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡‡™†‡˜‹ ‡• ‘” –‡ Š‹“—‡• ƒ”‡ • ”—–‹‹œ‡† ‹ †‡–ƒ‹Ž ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‹’ƒ –• ƒ† ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ”‹••Ǥ ‘”‡ ƒ† ‘”‡ǡ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ • ”—–‹‹œ‹‰ ‹• ‹–•‡Žˆ –—”‡† ‹–‘ ƒ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡Ǥ–Š‹ • ‘‹––‡‡•ǡ‘”•‘‡–‹‡•‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡Žƒ›’ƒ‡Ž•ǡƒ”‡‡ƒ––‘†‹”‡ – –Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ‹‹‰–‘’”‡ Ž—†‡–Š‡‡”—’–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡† •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‘–”‘˜‡”•›Ǥ  Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ”‹••ƒ†•‹†‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒŽŽ–Š‡‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ ƒ• –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡• ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ †‹•’Žƒ ‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ’‘Ž‹–‹ • ȋ‹‡” ͳͻͺͺǢƒŠ—‹•ƒ†ƒ‡–‡ʹͲͲͺȌǤ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡‹ƒ›™ƒ›•‹•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ „—– Žƒ • ‹ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ȋ ƒ•ƒ‘ˆˆ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹• †‡‡’Ž› ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ ƒ• ‹‡” Šƒ• ƒ”‰—‡†ǡ ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –• †‘ Šƒ˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ ”–‡ˆƒ –• „”‹‰ ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǣ–Š‡› ‘–ƒ‹‹’Ž‹ ‹– Š‘‹ ‡•‘™Š‘•–ƒ†•–‘Ž‘•‡ ƒ†™Š‘–‘‰ƒ‹ˆ”‘‡™•‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‘”†‡”•Ǣƒ†–Š‡›ƒ••—‡ ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡  pigtowersandinvitromeat77  •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‘ ‡’–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘‘†Ž‹ˆ‡ȋ™‹‡”•–”ƒƒ†ƒ‡Ž„‡”•ʹͲͳͲȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• –‡† –‘ „‡ ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‘ ‡‹˜‡† ƒ• ‡š–‡”ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–•–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡‘”ƒŽŽ›‡—–”ƒŽ‘”—’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ”‡ƒ•‘• –‘ „”‹‰ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› —†‡” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž ƒ† –‘ „”‹‰ –Š‡•‡ •‹–‡• ‘ˆ †‹•’Žƒ ‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ • —†‡” –Š‡ ”‘‘ˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ‘”–‘•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”‡™‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”•‘ˆ†‹”‡ –†‡‘ ”ƒ › ȋ”›œ‡ ʹͲͲͲǢ ‘”–ŠƒŽ• ʹͲͲͺȌǡ –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ –Š‡ ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š †‡•‹‰‡”• •Š‘—Ž† –ƒ‡ –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‹–‘ ƒ ‘—– ȋ‡”„‡‡ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ ‘” –‘ †”ƒ™ ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ ƒ† ƒŽŽˆ‘”‡™subǦpoliticalˆ‘”•‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‹™Š‹ Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ ‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›• ”—–‹‹œ‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ȋ‡ ǡͳͻͻʹȌǤ  –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ ƒ‹–‘ ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒƒŽ›•‡•–Šƒ–ˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡†ƒ‰‡”‘—•ȋ•‹†‡Ȍ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ „› †‡• ”‹„‹‰ ‹ †‡–ƒ‹Ž –Š‡ ™‹†‡” ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘‡ –‡†™‹–Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ •ŠƒŽŽ ‘•‹†‡”‘˜‡Ž–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•–‘„‡’”‹‡‘ ƒ•‹‘•ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ȋƒ–‘—”ʹͲͲͷȌǡ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ‘Ž›ƒ•–Š”‡ƒ–•–‘†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ ™‹ŽŽ‡š’Ž‘”‡‹†‡–ƒ‹Ž–Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡•–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ„‡ˆ‘—† –‘ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž˜‡ȋ‡—Žƒ”–œ‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲʹȌǤ ƒŽ•‘™‹ŽŽ†‹• —••–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ›‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘‡™—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘„‡ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ – ȋ‡ ”‹‡• ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ  ‘—” ˜‹‡™ǡ ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡•‹‰• disclose moral worldsǤ Š‡› ƒ› ‡˜‡ ’”‘˜‘‡ ‘˜‡Ž ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‡š–‡† ™‡ŽŽ „‡›‘† –Š‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ”‡ –‘ „‡ †‡’Ž‘›‡†Ǥ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ”‡ •—”‡Ž› ‘– –‘ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘”ƒŽŽ› ‡—–”ƒŽǡ „—–‡‹–Š‡”‹•–Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•“—‘‘”ƒŽŽ›‡—–”ƒŽǤŠ‡†‡ˆƒ—Ž–’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ•‹–”—†‹‰ ‹–‘ ‘—” ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› ™‘”Ž†ǡ „”‘—‰Š– ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ•‡‡•–‘Šƒ˜‡’”‡˜‡–‡†ƒ„”‘ƒ†‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••Ǥ͵Ͳ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ ‡šƒ‹‡–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‡•„›™Š‹ Š‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡ȋ’”‹‡Ȍ•‹–‡‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡–Š‹ ƒŽȋ”‡ǦȌ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† ’”‘’‘•‡–‘ Šƒ‡Ž•‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ †‹•–”—•– ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† „› ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡•‹‰•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡‹–”—•‹˜‡‡™‡Ž‡‡–•ǡ–‘ˆ‘ —•‘ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡’”‘’‘•‡†–‘„‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†Ǥ  

  30 The ‘precautionary principle’ is mainly invoked to argue against accepting new technologies, rather than againstputtingupwiththerisksofcontinuingwiththestatusquo(VandenBelt2003;Latour2011).   78chapterthree  3.2Redesigninganimalfarming:pigtowersandinvitromeat  –Š‹••‡ –‹‘ †‡• ”‹„‡–™‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‘–ȋ‘”Ǯ‘–›‡–ǯȌ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ•ˆ—ŽŽ›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǮ„Žƒ „‘š‡†ǯ†‡˜‹ ‡•‘”’”‘†— –•Ǥ˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡–Š‡•‡–‡ Š‘Ǧ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ’”‘Œ‡ –•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•‰—‹•‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”•Šƒ˜‡ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ ‹”•– ™‹ŽŽ†‹• —•• –Š‡‹”‹‹–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ƒ†ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†’—„Ž‹ ”‡•’‘•‡•ǡƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ Š ™‹ŽŽ–”ƒ ‡‹ †‡–ƒ‹ŽŠ‘™–Š‡›ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•‘”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†Ǧ†‹• Ž‘•‹‰†‡•‹‰•Ǥ  Pigtowers Š‡‘•–™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒ† ‘•‹•–‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘•‡‡• –‘ „‡ ‹–• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ • ƒŽ‡Ǥ ‘” •‘‡ †‡ ƒ†‡• ȋˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ȍ –Š‡ —„‡”‘ˆ’‹‰ˆƒ”•Šƒ•ŠƒŽ˜‡†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‹‰•’‡”ˆƒ”Šƒ•†‘—„Ž‡†Ǥ͵ͳ Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘‹•– Ž‘‰‹  ‹ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ Ž‘™‡”‹‰ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ ‘•–• ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Žƒ„‘—”‘—–’—–ƒ†‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Šƒ•„‡‡’‘‹–‹‰ˆ‘”•‘‡–‹‡‘™‹–Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡˜‡”ǦŽƒ”‰‡” ˆƒ”•Ǥ – –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ǡ ‘†‡” ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ Šƒ• ‡ ‘—–‡”‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ Ž‹‹–•ǣ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ • ƒ” ‡ •’ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”•ǡ –Š‡ —•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ ”‘’•ˆ‘”ˆ‡‡†ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡‹••‹‘•ƒ†—‹•ƒ ‡ –‘Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ƒ†‡•‡Ž›’‘’—Žƒ–‡† ‘—–”›•— Šƒ•–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͻͲ••‘‡—– Š”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•–‘‘–Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘‹–•Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ƒ††‡•‹‰‡†™Šƒ–„‡ ƒ‡‘™ƒ•–Š‡Ǯ’‹‰–‘™‡”ǯȋ‘”varkensflat‹ —– ŠȌǤŠƒ–™ƒ•‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ‡†Deltapark™ƒ•ƒ’Žƒˆ‘”ƒ͸Ǧ•–‘”‡›„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡƒ ‹Ž‘‡–”‡ ‹ Ž‡‰–ŠǤ – ™ƒ• ‡ƒ– –‘ ‘–ƒ‹ ͵ͲͲǡͲͲͲ ’‹‰•ǡ ͳǤʹ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ Š‹ ‡•ǡ ƒ •Žƒ—‰Š–‡”Š‘—•‡ƒ†ƒ•ƒŽ‘—”•‡”›ȋ‡‹Ž–‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͲȌǤŠ‡‹†‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž† „‡•‘‡™Š‡”‡‹ƒŽƒ”‰‡•‡ƒ’‘”–•— Šƒ•‘––‡”†ƒǡ‡ƒ”–Š‡•—’’Ž›‘ˆ Š‡ƒ’‰”ƒ‹• ƒ†—•ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ•–‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‘‘†‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›™ƒ•’”‘Œ‡ –‡†–‘„‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž› •‡ŽˆǦ•—’’‘”–‹˜‡ ƒ† –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ ‘ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ› †ƒƒ‰‹‰ ‡‹••‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ—”‡™‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡„‹‘‡‡”‰›ǡˆ‘”Š‡ƒ–‹‰‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡•‘–Š‡”‘‘ˆ ƒ†ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‹‰—•Š”‘‘•‹–Š‡„ƒ•‡‡–Ǥ‹‰ˆ‡‡†‹ƒ––Š‡‡–”ƒ ‡ǡ ’‘” ‘—– –Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡š‹–ǡƒ†™‹†‹ŽŽ•‘–‘’Ǥ˜‡–Š‡’‹‰•™‘—Ž†„‡„‡––‡”‘ˆˆ–Š‹•™ƒ›ǣ –Š‡›™‘—Ž†‘–„‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†ƒŽ‹˜‡ƒ†™‘—Ž†Ž‹˜‡‹•–ƒ„Ž‡‰”‘—’•ǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ™Š‹ Š ”‡†— ‡•ƒ‰‰”‡••‹‘ǡƒ†™‘—Ž†„‡’”‘˜‹†‡†™‹–Š‘”‡•’ƒ ‡–Šƒ‹–Š‡‹” —””‡–

  31 Around 2010, Dutch pig farms contained on average about 3000 pigs, which is more than double the number of pigs per farm in 1995. Also, in other sectors of livestock husbandry, the average farm grows continually,withsimilartrendsinothercountries.  pigtowersandinvitromeat79  Š‘—•‹‰Ǣ‹‘‡˜‡”•‹‘ǡ–Š‡’‹‰•™‘—Ž†‡˜‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ„ƒŽ ‘›–‘‰‘‘—–•‹†‡ƒ†‡Œ‘› –Š‡ˆ”‡•Šƒ‹”Ǥ  –Š‹•˜‹•‹‘ƒ”›ǡ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡††‡•‹‰‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ‹–‡•‹˜‡’‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰™‡”‡ Žƒ‹‡†–‘„‡•‘Ž˜‡†„›–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ƒ•ǣǮ–Š‡‹†‘ˆˆƒ”•–Šƒ– ƒƒ”‹•‡‹ˆ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ ›‡• ‡˜‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ ƒ”‡ ’—”‡Ž› •‘Ž˜‡† „› –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯ͵ʹ ȋŠ‹–ƒ ʹͲͲͲǡ ͵͵Ǧ͵ͶȌǤ Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ƒŽ•‘™ƒ•ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ†Ǧ—•‡’Žƒ‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆŠ‘™–‘ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž› •‹–—ƒ–‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹†‡Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ‘‡ ‘‡–ƒ–‘”• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡†Ǯ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡ ‘Ž‘‰›ǯ™ƒ• ƒ Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹  ˆƒ” ƒ† ‹–• ȋ‹ –Š‹• †‡•‹‰ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›Ȍ Ž‘•‡†•—„•–ƒ ‡ › Ž‡•Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ‹–™ƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†–‘„‡–Š‡‘Ž›™ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ ’‹‰•”ƒ‹•‡†‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†• ‘—Ž†‡˜‡”„‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ•’ƒ ‡”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘” ‘”‰ƒ‹ ˆƒ”‹‰™‹–Š‘—–•‡˜‡”‡Ž›‡ ”‘ƒ Š‹‰—’‘Š—ƒŽ‹˜‹‰•’ƒ ‡ȋ‡‹Ž–‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͲǡ ͷǢ  ʹͲͲͳȌ. Š‡ agroparks™‘—Ž†”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ˆ”‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •‡ –‘”• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•ȋ‡‡–•ʹͲͳͲȌǤ‡•‹†‡•„‡‹‰ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ˆ‘”‘ˆ Žƒ† —•‡ǡ ‹– ™‘—Ž† ‘’–‹‹œ‡ ƒ‰”‘ǦŽ‘‰‹•–‹ • „› ”‡†— ‹‰ –”ƒ•’‘”– †‹•–ƒ ‡• ƒ† ‘„‹‹‰ ˆŽ‘™• ‘ˆ •—„•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ † –Š‡ ’Žƒ‡† †‡•‹‰ǡ ‹ˆ‘”‡† „› Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ › Ž‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ȋ‡‹Ž–‡–ƒŽʹͲͲͲǡͳͺȌǡ™‘—Ž†ƒš‹‹œ‡–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡ƒ†‡‡”‰›‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‘ˆ’‹‰’”‘†— –‹‘ȋ‡‡–•ʹͲͳͲȌǤŽ•‘ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†‹‹‹œ‡–Š‡”‹•‘ˆ ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š˜‹”ƒŽƒ†„ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•‹ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› Ž‘•‡†•›•–‡–Šƒ–†‘‡•‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡ –”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰ Ž‹˜‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‡‹•‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‰”‘’ƒ” ‘ ‡’– ™ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡™ –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”› ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰ Ǯ•›•–‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǯ ȋ‡ ‹Ž– ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͲǢ ”‹ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ –‘ „‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† „› •‡‹Ǧ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ Ǯ–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǯ ȋ ‘˜ƒ–‹‡‡–™‡”ʹͲͲͶȌǤ  Š‡’Žƒ™ƒ•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–‘–Š‡’”‡••„›–Š‡—– Š‹‹•–‡”‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‘Ͷ –‘„‡” ʹͲͲͲ ȄǮ‘”Ž† ‹ƒŽ ƒ›ǯȄ ‘ ƒ „‘ƒ– –”‹’ ™‹–Š Šƒ”„‘—” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ‘•–‡•‹„Ž› •‡ƒ” Š‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡•‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ‹•–ƒ–Ž› ”ƒ‹•‡† ƒ •–‘”‘ˆ’”‘–‡•–‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǤŠ‡ƒ–‡††‡„ƒ–‡‡•—‡†‹™Š‹ ŠƒŽŽ‹†•‘ˆ ƒ –‘”• ƒ‡–‘–Š‡ˆ”‘–Ǥ ƒ”‡”•ǡ”—”ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ’—„Ž‹ ˆ‹‰—”‡•ǡƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ   32 Already in 1997, a Master’s student at the faculty of Architecture of Delft University of Technology had comeupwithasimilardesign,alsoincludingaanddeducingitsrationalefromspatialplanning anditsdimensionsfromtheinternallogicofintensivepigfarming(BerghauserPont,1997).   80chapterthree  ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒŽŽ†‡‘— ‡†–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‘–Š‡‹”‘™–‡”•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ‹‰ ƒŽŽ—•‹‘•„‘–Š–‘ˆƒ• ‹•ƒ†–ƒŽ‹‹•ȋ ‘˜ƒ–‹‡‡–™‡”ǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ͵͵ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–›‡ƒ”ǡ –Š‡• Š‡‡™ƒ•–—”‡†‹–‘ƒƒ”–‹•–‹ †‡•‹‰ǡǮ‹‰‹–›ǯǡ„›–Š‡—– Šƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ ˆ‹”Ǥ ‘’—–‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†–Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ”‡†‡”‹‰‘ˆͶͶ–‘™‡”•ǡ‡ƒ Š ”‹•‹‰ƒ‹ ”‡†‹„Ž‡͸ʹʹ‡–‡”•Š‹‰Šǡ‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽŽ›†‡’‹ –‡†‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ’‹‰•‹–Š‡‹” ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡ ‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡ƒ ŠˆŽ‘‘”‹ Ž—†‹‰–”‡‡•ƒ†ƒ„ƒŽ ‘›‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡ ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–• ‘—Ž†•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”–”—ˆˆŽ‡•ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤŠ‡•‡ͶͶ–‘™‡”•™‘—Ž† ‘–ƒ‹ –Š‡‡–‹”‡’‹‰’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•‡ƒ–ˆ‘”‡š’‘”–Ǥ‘–Š‡”͵ʹ–‘™‡”• ™‘—Ž† „‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ‘—–”› ‡ƒ” —”„ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ ‘” ƒ› ”‹–‹ •ǡ –Š‹• †‡’‹ –‹‘ ˜‹•—ƒŽŽ› ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† –Š‡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ ‡†’‘‹– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‹  ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ– ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ –Š”‡‡ †‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ’‹ –‘”‹ƒŽ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’‹‰ ’”‘†— –‹‘•–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ǡ ”‡•‡„Ž‹‰–Š‡‹•‘–›’‡•––‘‡—”ƒ–Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹–Š‡ͳͻ͵Ͳ•ȋ‡—”ƒ–Š‡–ƒŽǤͳͻ͹͵Ǣ ƒ––‡‡—™ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ  ʹͲͲ͸ǡ–Š‡’Žƒ™ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹’”‘’‘•‡†ǡ„—––Š‹•–‹‡–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ ‘ ”‡–‡’”‘Œ‡ ––‘ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›„—‹Ž†ƒǮƒ‰”‘’”‘†— –‹‘’ƒ”ǯ‹–Š‡Šƒ”„‘—”‘ˆƒƒ•–ƒ†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒˆ–‡” ˜‡Š‡‡–†‹• —••‹‘•ǡ–Š‡–‘™ ‘— ‹Ž†‹†‘–ƒ’’”‘˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒǡ‹’ƒ”–„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡–‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›Ǥ› ʹͲͲ͹ǡ –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ –Š‡ varkensflat‘ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹‰ƒ‹‡†’”‘‹‡ ‡‹–Š‡—– Š ’‘’—Žƒ”‡†‹ƒǡ„—–‘™ƒ•ƒ–‡”–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡„—–‘”‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ’‹‰ ˆƒ”•ǡ ™‹–Š —’ –‘ ͵ͲǡͲͲͲ ’‹‰•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ „‡‹‰ ’Žƒ‡† ‹ ”—”ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ȋ‘–Š‹‰ŠǦ”‹•‡•ǡ„—–™‹–Šƒ–‘•––™‘ˆŽ‘‘”•Ȍ™‡”‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›—‹–‡†‡† ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ œ‘‹‰ ’‘Ž‹ › ‡ƒ•—”‡• –‘ ‘˜‡ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘ ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ–—”‡”‡•‡”˜‡•ǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡• ƒŽ‡Ǯ‡‰ƒǦ„ƒ”•ǯ†‹†‘–‘ˆˆ‡”–Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–• ƒ• –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ’‹‰–‘™‡”†‡•‹‰•ǡ –Š‘—‰Š •‘‡ ‹’”‘˜‡‡– ™ƒ• ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† „› Ǯ‡† ‘ˆ ’‹’‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘•ǯ•— Šƒ•ƒ‹” ˆ‹Ž–‡”‹‰•›•–‡•Ǥ –Š‡‡ƒ–‹‡ǡƒˆ‡™Ǯƒ‰”‘’”‘†— –‹‘’ƒ”•ǯǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡‘”‡ –”—‡–‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’‹‰–‘™‡”‹†‡ƒǡŠƒ†”‡ƒ Š‡†–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰•–ƒ‰‡ǡ„—––Š‡›™‡”‡ ‡– ™‹–Š ˆ‹‡” ‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹•–• ƒ† Ž‘ ƒŽ

  33 This public reception had been foreseen in the original report: ‘The husbandry system described above requiresconsiderablechangesin(social)views:provincesandmunicipalitiesshouldbepreparedtoallowpig flats in agriͲindustrial areas; the public opinion should consider such a system of production and housing animalfriendly;thepublicandagrariansectorshouldacceptthechangeoffamilyfarmstoreallyindustrial productionofpigmeat.Currentlytheseconditionsarenotmet’(Thinktank2000,34).Inanalysesofthepublic response,itwasthoughttohave‘animageproblemwithconsumers’(Wiltetal.2000,18)or,inhindsight, amatterof‘communicationnotadequatelydealtwith’(InnovatieNetwerk2004).  pigtowersandinvitromeat81  ”‡•‹†‡–• ȋ ‘‡• ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• ƒ† †‡•‹‰‡”• ™Š‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ • ‡ƒ”‹‘ ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ –—”‡† ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ƒ‰”‘Ǧ’ƒ”•Ǥ  ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š Ž‘ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‡”•ǡ –Š‡› „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹•‡––‹‰—’ Ǯ ”‡‡’‘”– Šƒ‰Šƒ‹ǯǡ ƒ •Š‘™ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‹‡†Ž›ǡ Žƒ”‰‡ • ƒŽ‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ •‹–—ƒ–‡† ‘ ʹ͹ •“—ƒ”‡ ‹Ž‘‡–”‡• ‘ˆ ”‡ Žƒ‹‡† Žƒ†ǡƒ†‹‘‡• ‡ƒ”‹‘‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ƒ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‹‰•ȋ‡‡–•‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ  Invitromeat ‘–Š‡” ‡–”ƒŽ –”‡† ‹ Ž‹˜‡•–‘  ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ „‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ • ƒŽ‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘†— –‹‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡŠƒ•„‡‡–Š‡„”‡‡†‹‰‘ˆ‡˜‡”‘”‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡ ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ƒ‹ƒŽ•ȋ‘›†ǡʹͲͲͳȌǤ•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›’‹‰•ƒ†„”‘‹Ž‡” Š‹ ‡•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Š ‡˜‡” ‹’”‘˜‡† ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ˆƒ –‘”• ˆ‘” ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž› –—”‹‰ ˆ‡‡† ‹–‘ ‡ƒ–ǡ ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ †‡•‹‰‡† –‘ ‹˜‡•– Ž‡•• ‡‡”‰› ‹ •—’‡”ˆŽ—‘—• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”• ƒ† „‘†‹Ž› ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ –Š‹•–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›ǡƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›–Šƒ––ƒ‡•–Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘–‘‹–•Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘ Ž—•‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ–’”‘†— –‹‘™‹–Š‘—–ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‹• ‹• —””‡–Ž›–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘Œ‡ –•‘Ǯ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ǯǤ Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –• ‹• –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ —• Ž‡ –‹••—‡ ˆ”‘ •–‡ ‡ŽŽ•ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– ”‡“—‹”‹‰ –Š‡ Ǯ ƒ””‹‡” ‘”‰ƒ‹•ǯ –‘ ‰”‘™ ‹– ‘Ǥ Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‘‡ ‘—Ž† ‰”‘™ •’ƒ”‡”‹„•ƒ† Š‹ ‡™‹‰•ƒ• ‡ŽŽ —Ž–—”‡•‹ƒŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ǡ–Š‘—‰Šƒ––Š‡‘‡– ‡˜‡ƒ•ƒŽŽˆ‹Ž‡–‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡†‡ƒ–‹•ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ  ƒ”‹‘—•–‡ Š‹“—‡•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰•–—†‹‡†ˆ‘”ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ––ƒ‹–Š‡•‡‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘• ƒˆˆ‘Ž†‹‰—• Ž‡ ‡ŽŽ —Ž–—”‡•–‘–‡ Š‹“—‡•‘ˆǮ‘”‰ƒ’”‹–‹‰ǯȋ ‘’‹•ƒ† ƒ ‡›ʹͲͲͺȌǤ‘ˆƒ”ǡ‘Ž›ƒ•ƒŽŽƒ‘—–‘ˆŽƒ„‰”‘™‡ƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡’”‘†— ‡†ǡƒ• –Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ǧ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ Š—”†Ž‡•–‘•—”‘—–„‡ˆ‘”‡–‹••—‡ —Ž–—”‡• ™‹–Š –ƒ•–‡ ƒ† •–”— –—”‡ ”‡•‡„Ž‹‰ ƒ –—ƒŽ ‡ƒ– ƒ „‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ› ’”‘†— ‡†Ǥ͵Ͷ ‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‹• Š‘™ –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡ •–‡ ‡ŽŽ• ‰”‘™ ‹ ƒ ‡†‹— –‘ˆ‘”—• Ž‡ •–”— –—”‡ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒ––‡’–‡†„›’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰–Š‡ ‡ŽŽ•‘ƒ• ƒˆˆ‘Ž†‹‰•–”— –—”‡ǡƒ† „›•–‹—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡—• Ž‡–‹••—‡™‹–Šƒ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ’—Ž•‡‘”‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ‹– ™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‹†— ‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ—• Ž‡•–‡ ‡ŽŽ• ™‹–Š‘—– •–‹—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ „› —•‹‰ ‘”†‹ƒ”› ‡Ž ”‘ ƒ• ƒ • ƒˆˆ‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ȋƒ‰‡Žƒƒ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ ‘–Š‡” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ˆ‘” • ƒŽ‹‰ —’ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ˆ‘” ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ   34Forthemostpart,thechallengeisnotconsideredamatterofproducingtherighttaste.Themeatindustry hasdevelopedwaysofinfusingtastefulnessintomeatproductsofallkinds.Onewayofusingthistechniquein meatproductionisnotmarketingitassuch,butmixingitwithnormalmeatinproductssuchassausages, therebycreatinganobjectwithanevenmoreambivalentmoralcharacter.   82chapterthree  ’”‘†— –‹‘‹•–‘’”‘†— ‡Ž‡••‡š’‡•‹˜‡—–”‹‡–’Žƒ•ƒǤ—””‡–Ž›–Š‹•’Žƒ•ƒ‹•ƒ ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –ȋ ƒŽˆ•‡”—Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†‡‡†–‘„‡‘ˆ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘”‹‰‹ ȋˆ”‘ ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡Ȍ‹‘”†‡”–‘ ƒ–‡”–‘˜‡‰‡–ƒ”‹ƒ•™Š‘‹‰Š–„‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘‡ƒ––Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ–ǡ ƒ† –‘ ƒ‡ ‰‘‘† ‘ –Š‡ ’”‘‹•‡ ‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› †‘‹‰ ƒ™ƒ› ™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š Ž‹˜‡•–‘  ˆƒ”‹‰ ȋ —‰Š ʹͲͳͲȌǤ ‘‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ †‡ ‹†‡† –‘ ‘˜‡ ˆ”‘ —†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡† ȋ‡„”›‘‹ Ȍ•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•–‘—• Ž‡•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰‡ƒ–ǡƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘‘ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ ™‹–Š ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘•—‡”•Ǥ ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ„ƒ””‹‡”•ǡ–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆŠƒ˜‹‰•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•‰”‘™ˆ‘”‡ƒ– ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǯ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡ǯ ȋƒ†‡” ‡‡Ž‡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ Š‹• Šƒ• Ž‡† ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ •–‘™‡Ž ‘‡–Š‡’”‘‹•‡‘ˆ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ǡƒ†’”‘‘–‡–Š‡ ˆ—†‹‰‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ǥ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‹ ƒƒ‹ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ȋ‡‘’Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ‹ƒŽ•ȌŠƒ•‡„”ƒ ‡†–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ǡ„›‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ’”‹œ‡‘ˆƒ‹ŽŽ‹‘†‘ŽŽƒ”•ˆ‘” ƒ›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘–Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ›˜‹ƒ„Ž‡’”‘†— –ƒ†„”‹‰•‹––‘ƒ”‡– „› —‡ ͵Ͳǡ ʹͲͳʹ ȋ ʹͲͲͺƒȌǤ͵ͷ › ”‡ƒ–‹‰ –Š‹• ’”‹œ‡ǡ  •‡– –Š‡ –‡”• ˆ‘” ™Šƒ–‹– ‘•‹†‡”•ƒ„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡ƒ–’”‘†— –ǣ‘–‘Ž›•Š‘—Ž†‹–„‡ǯ‹†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‘”‡ƒŽ Š‹ ‡ˆŽ‡•Šǯǡ‡‹–Š‡”’”‘†— –‘”‹–•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Š‘—Ž†‹˜‘Ž˜‡ƒ‹ƒŽ –‡•–‹‰ ‘” Ǯ ‘–ƒ‹ ‘” ȏ„‡Ȑ ’”‘†— ‡† —•‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽǦ†‡”‹˜‡† ’”‘†— –•ǡ ‡š ‡’– ˆ‘” •–ƒ”–‡” ‡ŽŽ•‘„–ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•–ƒ‰‡•ǯȋʹͲͲͺƒȌǤ  –Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–Šƒ•ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†‹–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ”‡™•‡†‹ƒ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‹–Š‡• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›•‡ –‹‘•Ǥ’‘’—Žƒ”Ǧ• ‹‡ ‡’”‘‰”ƒ ‹ ʹͲͲ͸ ‹••—‡†ƒ’”‹œ‡ˆ‘” ‘‹‰—’™‹–Šƒ‰‘‘†ƒ‡ǡ–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡–Š‡—– Š ƒ‡ ‘ˆ kunstvlees ȋǮƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ‡ƒ–ǯȌ ‘” –Š‡ ‘‘Ž› —•‡† kweekvlees ȋǮ —Ž–—”‡†Ǧ‡ƒ–ǯȌǤ ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’‘’—Žƒ” • ‹‡ ‡ ‡†‹ƒ ‰‡”‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡’‘”–• ˆ‘ —•ƒ‹Ž›‘–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ǧ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‹ ”‘„‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ˆ‘” „‡‹‰ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ ‡ƒ– ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ȋ‘‘”†‡”Ž‹ Š– ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ —–ǡ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒ”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –•‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒ–—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ƒ†ˆ—†‡† „›‰‘˜‡”‡–•ȋ‹’ƒ”–‹†‹”‡ –Ž›ǡƒ••‹†‡’”‘Œ‡ –•–‘–‹••—‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘””‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡†‹ ‹‡ȌǤ •‘‡ ‘—–”‹‡•ȋ•— Šƒ•—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒƒ† ”ƒ ‡Ȍ‹–Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ǡ ‘” ‡˜‡ ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ǡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡† ƒ• ƒ ƒ”– ’”‘Œ‡ –ǣ ƒ ˆ‡™ Ǯ„‹‘ƒ”–‹•–•ǯ ™‘”‹‰ ‘ Ǯ†‹•‡„‘†‹‡† —‹•‹‡ǯ Šƒ˜‡ ‡˜‡ ‘‡ –‘ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ‡š’‡”–•‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž† ȋƒ‰‡Žƒƒ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ Š‡•‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒ”‡ •‹–—ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–™‘”Ž†ǡ‹—•‡—• ƒ†ƒ”–‰ƒŽŽ‡”‹‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡‹‘‡’”‘Œ‡ –ƒŽ‹˜‹‰ˆ”‘‰™ƒ•†‹•’Žƒ›‡†™Š‹Ž‡‹–Š‡•ƒ‡   35ThedeadlinewasextendedfromtheinitialdateofJune2010.  pigtowersandinvitromeat83  ”‘‘’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‰”‘™–‹••—‡ȋƒŽŽ‡‰‡†Ž›Ȍ‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡˜‡”›•ƒ‡ˆ”‘‰–Š”‘—‰Š „‹‘’•›™ƒ•„‡‹‰’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”ƒ’—„Ž‹ ‡ƒŽȋƒ––•ƒ†—””ʹͲͲʹȌǤ—Ž–—”‡†‡ƒ–ƒ– –Š‹•’‘‹–‹••–‹ŽŽ‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ†‹– ƒ‘–„‡–ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ Ž‡ƒ”Ǧ —– ˆ—–—”‡ ‘„Œ‡ – ™‹–Š ƒ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘” •‡ŽˆǦ‡˜‹†‡– “—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǣ ‹–• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹• „‘—†–‘‡ ‘—–‡”†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•™‹–Š‹‹ ‹‰Ǯ‘”ƒŽǯ‡ƒ–ǡƒ† ‹ ‘–‡†‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  †‡ƒ†• ƒ† ǮŠ‡•‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǯ ‘ˆ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘•—‡”•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• —‡š’‡ –‡†Š‹‰Š ‘•–•ǡ”‡•‘—” ‡—•‡ǡƒ†”‹••Ǥ  ‘–Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ȃ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ƒ†’‹‰–‘™‡”•ȂŠƒ˜‡‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘‡†‹ƒƒ––‡–‹‘ ƒ†’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡•Ǥ”‘•ƒ† ‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡„”‘—‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ǡ –Š‡‹”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹’ƒ –•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ••‡••‡†–Š”‘—‰ŠƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡••— Šƒ• Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ › Ž‡ ƒƒŽ›•‡• ȋ—‘‹•–‘ ƒ† ‡‹š‡‹”ƒ †‡ ƒ––‘• ʹͲͳͳȌ ƒ† ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ‡–Š‹ • ȋ ‘’‹• ƒ† ƒ ‡› ʹͲͲͺȌǤ —– –Š‡ †›ƒ‹  ’”‘ ‡•• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡•‡ †‡•‹‰• ƒ† –Š‡‹” •—„•‡“—‡– †‹• —••‹‘ ‹• ‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡š ƒ† ˆƒ” ”‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ• „‡ ‘‡ Ž‡ƒ”ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ˆ”‘–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ”‡ƒ –‹‘•  Šƒ˜‡ Œ—•– ”‡˜‹‡™‡†Ǥ ‘”‡ ‹• ƒ– •–ƒ‡ ‹ –Š‡•‡ •–”—‰‰Ž‡• ƒ† †‡„ƒ–‡• –Šƒ –Š‡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•Ǥ  

3.3Thedynamicsgeneratedbypigtowersandinvitromeat  ‘–Š‡™’”‘’‘•ƒŽ••‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›‹’Ž›ƒȋ ”‹–‹ ƒŽȌ†‡’‹ –‹‘‘ˆ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ’”‘†— –‹‘’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ›”‡†‡•‹‰‹‰–Š‘•‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ǤŠ‡‹–”‹ ƒ–‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹• ‘˜‡”›ƒ†‹˜‡–‹‘‡„‘†‹‡†‹–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•‹ Ž—†‡•Š‹ˆ–•‹ „‘–Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†•›„‘Ž‹ ™ƒ›•‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ •ŠƒŽŽ†‡• ”‹„‡•— Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰•ƒ•Ǯ™‘”Ž††‹• Ž‘•‹‰ǯǣȋͳȌ‘–‘Ž›†‘–Š‡›‘ ƒ•‹‘’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•ǡ „—– –Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ȋʹȌ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ ‡™ ‹••—‡ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘• ƒ† ȋ͵Ȍ ‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘‡™‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•–Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡•ƒ††‡„ƒ–‡•Ǥ  Politicalprocess:Howthingsgenerateissues,debatesandpublics • ‘–‡†ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ’‹‰–‘™‡”•‘ ƒ•‹‘‡†Š‡ƒ–‡††‡„ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡‹••—‡–Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ • ”‡•’‘†‡† –‘ ȋƒ† ƒŽŽ‡† ‹–‘ „‡‹‰Ȍ ‹• –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆƒ••‡••‹‰–Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ ™Šƒ– –‘ –Š‹ ‘ˆ ’—––‹‰ ŠƒŽˆ ƒ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‹‰• ‹ ƒ Š‹‰ŠǦ”‹•‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›ǫ Š‹• ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ “—‡•–‹‘ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ’—– ‘ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ƒ‰‡†ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰• ‡ƒ”‹‘Ǥ—––Š‡‹’ƒ –™‡–„‡›‘†‡”‡ƒ‰‡†ƒ

  84chapterthree  •‡––‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†’”‡•—‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•’‘’—Žƒ–‡†„›ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘ˆ‹‰—”‡†ƒ –‘”•ƒ†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ  ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǡƒ†‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡Žƒ”‰‡”ǡ•‡–‘ˆ ‘ ‡”‡†ƒ –‘”• ‘ƒŽ‡• ‡†‹ ”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ–Šƒ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡Šƒ†–Š‡—•—ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘” ˆƒ” ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ †‡„ƒ–‡• ‘˜‡‡† –‘ †‹• —•• —””‡– ˆƒ”‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ƒ••‡„Ž‡† ƒ ’—„Ž‹  –Šƒ– ‡š–‡†‡† ™‡ŽŽ „‡›‘†–Š‘•‡‰”‘—’•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹”‡ –Ž›Ǯƒˆˆ‡ –‡†ǯ„›ƒ†‡ ‹•‹‘–‘„—‹Ž† •— Šƒˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›ǡ•— Šƒ•’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰‡ƒ”–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡†Ǯ‡‰ƒǦ„ƒ”•ǯǡ™Š‘™‡”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†ƒ„‘—–Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ–”ƒˆˆ‹ •ƒˆ‡–›ǡƒ†–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘’‡Žƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ—– –Š‡‡š–”‡‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰–‘™‡”†‡•‹‰ǡƒ†–Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽǮ•‘ˆ–•’‘–ǯ ‹– ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž› ƒƒ‰‡† –‘ –‘— Šǡ ƒ†‡ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡” ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  –Š‹ ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‡•‹‰ ƒ† ”‡•’‘†–‘‹–Ǥ— Šƒ”‡ƒ –‹‘‘ —””‡†‡˜‡™‹–Š–Š‡’‹‰–‘™‡” ’”‘’‘•‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ǯ‘Ǧ•’ƒ ‡ǯ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘––‡”†ƒ Šƒ”„‘—”ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™‘—Ž† †‹”‡ –Ž› ƒˆˆ‡ – ‘ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•Ǥ –‡”‡•–‹‰ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘• ‡‡”‰‡† ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡•‡ ”‡•’‘•‡•ǡ ’”‘†— ‹‰ ‡™ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‡‡‡–ǡ ƒ• „‘–Š ˆƒ”‡” ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ •’‘‡•’‡”•‘• ’”‘–‡•–‡† •–”‘‰Ž› ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽǤ  –Š‡‹” ’”‘–‡•–•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ‹Ž›•–”‡••‡†–Š‡Ǯ–ƒŽ‹‹•–ǯ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ –Š‡•‡Ǯ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‹œ‡†ˆƒ”•ǯȋ‡Ž‡‰”ƒƒˆʹͲͲͲȌǡ–Š‡‘”‡—”„ƒǮ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‹–‡ǯƒ‹ƒŽ •’‘‡•’‡”•‘• –‡†‡† –‘ †”ƒ™ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘• ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‘Ž‘ ƒ—•– ȋˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‡ ‘‰‡ ʹͲͲͲǢ ‘˜ƒ–‹‡‡–™‡” ʹͲͲͶȌǤ  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ȋ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ‹ƒŽȌ  • ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† ƒ ‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡š ”‡ƒ –‹‘ǣ Ǯ‹– ‘—Ž† ‹†‡‡† ‹’”‘˜‡ ‡‹••‹‘•ǯƒ†Ǯƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹– ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ™ƒ›–‘„”‡ƒ–Š‡Ž‘„„›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ǯǡ•‘–Šƒ–‹– ™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‡–‹”‡‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”‹‰‹†—•–”›Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰™‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡–‘„”‡ƒ–Š‡ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ƒ ”—”ƒŽ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ™‹–Š ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ ƒ† ”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‡•‡‘ˆ •Šƒ”‡†‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ’‹‰–‘™‡”†‡•‹‰”‡ƒ‹‡†ǡ™Š‹ ŠƒŽ•‘”ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡—– Š’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡ –”—Ǥ‘–Š–Š‡‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ƒ”–›ȋǮŠƒ•–Š‡‹‹•–‡”‰‘‡ƒ†ǫǯȌƒ†–Š‡‹„‡”ƒŽƒ”–›ȋȌ ȋǮ  ™‘†‡” ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‹‹•–‡”‹•Ž‡˜‡ŽŠ‡ƒ†‡†ǯȌ”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ  ʹͲͲ͹ǡ‹–Š‡•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡƒ• Š‡‡ˆ‘”ƒǮƒ‰”‘Ǧ’”‘†— –‹‘’ƒ”ǯ ‰ƒ˜‡”‹•‡–‘Ž‘ ƒŽ’”‘–‡•–•Ǥ’Žƒˆ‘”ƒˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ ”—„„‡˜‘”•–™ƒ• ’”‡•‡–‡†ǡ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž† ‘„‹‡’‘—Ž–”›ƒ†’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰™‹–Š‡‡”‰›’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ† ƒ •Žƒ—‰Š–‡”Š‘—•‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡ ™ƒ• ƒ‡† Ǯ‡™ ‹š‡† ƒ”’ȋNieuw GemengdBedrijfȌǡ‡˜‘‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰–Šƒ–•–‹ŽŽ’”‘˜‹†‡†‹–•‘™ ‹’—–• ƒ† —•‡† ‹–• ‘™ ‘—–’—–• ȋ ‘‡• ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ ‘ ‡”• ˜‘‹ ‡† „› Ž‘ ƒŽ

 pigtowersandinvitromeat85  ”‡•‹†‡–• ƒ„‘—– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ‹ –”ƒˆˆ‹  ƒ† œ‘‘‘–‹  †‹•‡ƒ•‡• ™‡”‡ †‹•‹••‡† ƒ• „‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘–Š‡ ȋǮ‘–‹›„ƒ ›ƒ”†ǯȌ”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡‹™Šƒ–™ƒ•‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ’Žƒ‹‰‹••—‡Ǥ—––‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ Milieudefensieȋ–Š‡ —– ŠǮ ”‹‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǯȌǡ™Š‹ Š•ƒ™‹–•„ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ –‹˜‹•–•™‹†‡ˆ”‘ƒ‘•–Ž› —”„ƒǡ Ž‡ˆ– ™‹‰ǡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‡†— ƒ–‡† ‘•–‹–—‡ › –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒ „”‘ƒ†‡” ”—”ƒŽ ‘•–‹–—‡ ›ǡ–Š‡ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—–Žƒ”‰‡• ƒŽ‡‹–‡•‹˜‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ™‡”‡ ˜‘‹ ‡† ‹ ‘”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ –‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‘ ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰ –Š‡”‡„› •Š‹ˆ–‡†Ǥ  ƒ ”—”ƒŽ •‡––‹‰ǡ –Š‡ –‡” varkensflatƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†–‘‹†Ž‡„”‘ƒ† ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘•—’‡”•‹œ‡†‡‰ƒǦ„ƒ”•ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ†ƒ‰‡”–Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ –‘”•‘–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡‹••—‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†™‘—Ž†ˆƒŽŽƒ’ƒ”–ƒ‰ƒ‹ǤŠ‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–• Žƒ‹‡†ǣǮŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›„‡Ž‘‰•‹ƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽœ‘‡ǯȋ”‘—™ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ–Š‡™‹†‡”‹••—‡‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ™‘””‹‡•‘˜‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†–”ƒˆˆ‹  ™‡”‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ȋ‡”‡‡”‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳͳȌǤ  ‹–Š–Š‡‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–’”‘’‘•ƒŽǡ‡™ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘•ƒŽ•‘™‡”‡ˆ‘”‰‡†ǡƒ†‡™•‹–‡• ‡‡”‰‡† ˆ‘” ‡š Šƒ‰‹‰ ƒ”‰—‡–• ƒ† ˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ  ‡„”—ƒ”› ʹͲͳͲǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ”‡‘™‡†ƒ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹•–•ƒ†–Š‡—– Š• ‹‡ ‡—•‡—•–ƒ‰‡†ƒ’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡‘ ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ǡ—†‡”–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‹‰Ǯ—”‡‡ƒ–ǯǡƒ––”ƒ –‹‰ƒ ”‘™†‘ˆ‘˜‡”ƒŠ—†”‡† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹•–  • ˆ‘—† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• •‹––‹‰ „‡•‹†‡ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” „‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ƒ† Š‘Ž†‹‰ †‹• —••‹‘• ™‹–Š ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ• ƒ† ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ • ‹‡ ‡ —•‡— ‡‡–‹‰ ™ƒ• –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ †‡„ƒ–‡ ƒ‘‰ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ –‘”• ‘ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” —Ž–—”‡† ‡ƒ–ǡ ƒ† —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› –‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‘‹–‡– –‘ –Šƒ– ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Š‡ ‡‡–‹‰ —Ž‹ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ƒ –‘”• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† •‹‰‹‰ ƒ ’‡–‹–‹‘ –‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡––‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‘”‡”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ  –Š‹• ‘ ƒ•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ †‡„ƒ–‡ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž› –—”‡† –‘ –Š‡ —””‡– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ– ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ† ‹–• —•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ‹•™Š‘™ƒ•not ’”‡•‡–ƒ––Š‡‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ǣƒ‡Ž›ǡˆƒ”‡”•ǤŠ‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›–Š‡‹” •‡ŽˆǦ’”‘ Žƒ‹‡†•’‘‡•’‡”•‘•ǣƒ‹ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ •ȋVarkensin Noodƒ†DierenbeschermingȌǤƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡˜‡”›„‘†›‡Ž•‡™‹–Šƒ•–ƒ‡‹–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‹••—‡•ƒ”‘—†Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ˆƒ”‹‰™ƒ•–Š‡”‡ǡ‘”•‘‡Š‘™”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‘„‘†› ’—„Ž‹ Ž›‡–‹‘‡†–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒˆƒ”‡”‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”Ž‘„„›Ǥ ’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡• ‘˜‡”–Š‡’‹‰–‘™‡”ǡ™Š‹ Š‘˜‡”–Ž›ƒ‹‡†–‘†‘ƒ™ƒ›™‹–Š‹†‡’‡†‡–ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ–Š‡› ™‡”‡ •–‹ŽŽ ’”‡•‡– ƒ† Šƒ† –Š‡‹” •ƒ›Ǥ  –Š‡ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– ƒ••‡„Ž›ǡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ‘•‹†‡”‡†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ǥ‘–Š‡”‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ƒ”‘—†‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–‘ —””‡†ƒ›‡ƒ” ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ ƒ– ƒ •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡” ‡‡–‹‰ •‡– —’ „› ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ • ‹‡–‹•–•ǡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”• ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡–‹•–• •–—†›‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ –• ƒ†‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‹

  86chapterthree  ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ–Ǥ – –Š‹• ‘ ƒ•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ‹” ‘ˆ –Š‡ —– Š ‡‰‡–ƒ”‹ƒ ‘ ‹‡–› ȋBond voor VegetariersȌ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹ƒ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆˆ‘‘†ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Šƒ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡” ˆ”‘ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ‡ƒ– ’ƒ ‹‰ †‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹Ž‡˜‡”ǡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‹•–”›‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†ˆ‘‘††‡•‹‰‡”•Ǥ  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–‘–‘Ž›’”‘‘–‡†‡™ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘•ǡ„—–‹–ƒŽ•‘ ”‡ƒ–‡†”‹ˆ–• ™‹–Š‹‡š‹•–‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘‡–—”‘‹Ž™ƒ•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–™Š‹Ž‡‹– ™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ‹‹–•‡ƒ”Ž›’Šƒ•‡•‘ˆƬǤŠ‡ǡƒ•‡–‹‘‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‹ ƒ ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘†‡ ‹†‡†–‘’—–—’ƒ’”‹œ‡‘ˆƒ‹ŽŽ‹‘†‘ŽŽƒ”• ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•– ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–’”‘†— –ǡ–Š‹•†‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ—•‡†Ǯƒ‡ƒ” ‹˜‹Ž™ƒ”ǯ ™‹–Š‹‹–•„‘ƒ”†ǡƒ••‘‡‡„‡”•ˆ‡Ž––Šƒ––Š‹•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›™‘—Ž†‘Ž›•–”‡‰–Š‡ –Š‡‹‘”ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽˆŽ‡•Š‹•–‘„‡‡ƒ–‡„›Š—ƒ•ȋ Š™ƒ”–œʹͲͲͺȌǤ‘ ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ„”‹‰‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹–‡”‡•–•ƒ†˜‹‡™•–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹‘‡ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘ǡƒ•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› Šƒ’’‡‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘’’‘‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹‰ –‘™‡”ǡ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– †‹˜‹†‡† ”‹–‹ •‘ˆ —””‡–’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹ƒ‹ƒŽŠ—•„ƒ†”›Ǥ  Shiftingissueunderstandings Š‡ †‡„ƒ–‡• ‘ ’”‘Œ‡ –‡† ’‹‰ –‘™‡”• ƒ† ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž› ƒŽ•‘ ‘˜‡† –‘™ƒ”†•• ”—–‹‹œ‹‰ —””‡–’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ‘’ƒ”‹•‘•™‡”‡‘ˆ–‡ ƒ†‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡š‹•–‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ƒ••‡••‡–• ƒ† ’‘Ž‹ › ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ • Š‡‡• ȋƒ‰‡Žƒƒ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ Š‡ ’‹‰ –‘™‡”†‡•‹‰ ƒ„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•ƒ”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ••‹ ™‹‡ ‡˜‡”ƒ† ‘‘– ƒ† ‘—–Š ‹•‡ƒ•‡ ”‹•‡• ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ† ”‡ ‡–Ž› ”ƒ‹•‡† ’—„Ž‹  †‹•ƒ› ƒ„‘—–ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹””‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ ™Šƒ–™ƒ•’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ•ƒ™ƒ›–‘ ”‡†— ‡–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ†ƒ‡‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘ ‘–”‘Žǡ –Š‡ Š‹‰ŠǦ”‹•‡ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•™‘—Ž†‘”†‡”–Š‡Ǯ Šƒ‘–‹ ǯ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ —–”ƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‡‘˜‡‡–•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•ȋ‘•ʹͲͲͶȌǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰™‘—Ž†’”‡ Ž—†‡ˆƒ”‡”• ˆ”‘ ‹‰‘”‹‰ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –”ƒ•‹––‹‰ †‹•‡ƒ•‡• –Š”‘—‰Š ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š™‹Ž†ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥš‹•–‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•™‡”‡–Š—•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†ƒ• Šƒ‘–‹  ƒ† —”—Ž›Ǥ ‹–Š –Š‡ ’‹‰ –‘™‡”ǡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘ˆ —””‡– Ž‹˜‡•–‘ 

’”‘†— –‹‘™‡”‡’”‘’‘•‡†–‘„‡†‡ƒŽ–™‹–Š‹‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ›•ǣʹƒ†‡–Šƒ‡ ‡‹••‹‘•ǡ–Š‡‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰Ž‹˜‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆŽƒ†ƒ†• ƒ” ‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡‡‡”‰›‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹˜‡•–‘  ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† –Š‡ ”‹• ‘ˆ †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ‘—–„”‡ƒ• ”‡ƒ‹‡† ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽǡ ‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰”‘Ǧ’”‘†— –‹‘ ’ƒ”™‹–Š —””‡– ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡™†‡•‹‰‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒ ‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ƒŽ‘•–‡˜‡”›‡–Š‹ ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ȋŠ‹–ƒʹͲͲͲȌǤ‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ–Š‡Šƒ” –‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•™‘—Ž†„‡”‡†— ‡†ǡƒ•–Š‡›™‘—Ž†‘–„‡‘˜‡†ƒ”‘—†‹–”— •ǡƒ†  pigtowersandinvitromeat87  ‡ƒ Šƒ‹ƒŽ™‘—Ž†„‡’”‘˜‹†‡†™‹–Š‘”‡•’ƒ ‡–Šƒ‹ —””‡– ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ”•Ǥ Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ‘–‘Ž›‘ˆŽ‹˜‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•„—–ƒŽ•‘‘ˆˆ‡‡†ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡ —””‡–•›•–‡‘ˆŽ‹˜‡•–‘ ˆƒ”‹‰‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†„›„‘–Š’‹‰–‘™‡”’Žƒ•ƒ†–Š‡‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– ’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ ƒ• „‘–Š ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‘•–• ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‡‹••‹‘• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š•— Š–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ•–Š‡‡™ƒ‰”‘Ǧ’ƒ”†‡•‹‰™ƒ••‡–Ǧ‘ˆˆƒ‰ƒ‹•– —””‡–’‹‰’”‘†— –‹‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ–Š‘•‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•™‡”‡‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡•‡ –‡”•Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ™ƒ•ƒŽ‘•–—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ›†‡”‹†‡†ƒ††‹•‹••‡†ǡ–Š‡ —””‡–’”‘„Ž‡•‹–Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†™‡”‡‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•‡–Š‹ ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–„› ƒŽŽƒ –‘”•‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘‘”ƒŽŽ›™‘—Ž† ‘– •’‡ƒ ‘—– ‘” ‡˜‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‘–Š‡•‡‹••—‡••–”‡••‡†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘•–•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆŽ‹˜‡’‹‰–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ ƒƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘‹••‹‘‡† „› –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ’‹‰ –‘™‡” ’”‘’‘•ƒŽǡ ƒ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡†‡•‹‰‘–‡†’”‘„Ž‡• ™‹–Š —””‡– ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǣ ǮŠ‡ Žƒ”‰‡ • ƒŽ‡ǡ –Š‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡƒ†–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆƒ—–‘‘‘—•ˆƒ‹Ž›ˆƒ”•‹–Š‡”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǡƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘ Šƒ˜‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†–Š‡‘•–”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǤǯŠ‡”‡’‘”–‡–‹‘‡† ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒǡ•— Šƒ•ǮŽ‡••–‘™‹‰ƒ”‘—†™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‹’ƒ –• ‘ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ƒ† Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ǡ ƒ† ”‡†— ‡† ”‹•• ‘ˆ Ž‹˜‡•–‘  †‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǯ ȋ ‘˜ƒ–‹‡‡–™‡” ʹͲͲͶȌǤ  ƒ› •—„•‡“—‡– †‹• —••‹‘• ‘ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹˜‡’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ‡˜‡™Š‡‘–‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ”‘—† –Š‹•’”‘’‘•ƒŽǡ–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆvarkensflat ˆ‹‰—”‡† ƒ• ƒ ˆ”ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ › ƒ––”ƒ –‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—• ”‹–‹ ‹••ǡ–Š‡†‡•‹‰•‡˜‡†”‡™ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘„”‘ƒ†‡” ‘ ‡”• ƒ†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•Ǥ‡•— Š’”‘’‘•ƒŽˆ‘” Ž‘•‹‰‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•—„•–ƒ ‡ › Ž‡•™ƒ• –‘ƒ‡—’ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ—–”‹‡–•–Š”‘—‰Š‹’‘”–‡†•‘›’‹‰ˆ‡‡†„›•Š‹’’‹‰ ƒ—”‡„ƒ –‘‘—–Š‡”‹ ƒ–‘”‡ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡–Š‡Žƒ†Ǥ  Ǯ—Ž–—”‡† ‡ƒ– ‹•ǯ– ƒ–—”ƒŽǡ „—– ‡‹–Š‡” ‹• ›‘‰—”–Ǥ † ‡‹–Š‡”ǡˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”ǡ‹• ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ– ™‡ ‡ƒ–Ǥ ”ƒ‹‰ ͳͲǡͲͲͲ Š‹ ‡• ‹ ƒ ‡–ƒŽ •Š‡† ƒ† †‘•‹‰ –Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ‘ˆƒ–‹„‹‘–‹ •‹•ǯ–ƒ–—”ƒŽǯȋ ˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–• ‹‡–‹•– ƒ•‘ƒ–Š‡›ǡ“—‘–‡† ‹ǣ ƒ†Šƒƒ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ‡‘’Ž‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡ —””‡–Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ•†‡‡’Ž›’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  ȋ ƒƒ‰•ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͻǢ ƒ‰‡Žƒƒ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ › ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘†— –‘”‡–Šƒ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ”‡–˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ –Š‡› ’—„Ž‹ Ž› Žƒ‹–Šƒ– —””‡–Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ™‘—Ž†„‡„‡––‡”‘ˆˆ™‹–Š‘—–Šƒ˜‹‰„‡‡„‘”ǡƒ†–Šƒ– ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‘ ‡”• ”‡“—‹”‡ †”ƒ•–‹  ‡ƒ•—”‡• –‘ „‡–ƒ‡Ǥ‹ƒ„Ž‡ —Ž–—”‡† ‡ƒ– ’”‘‹•‡• –‘ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡ ƒ› ‘ ‡”• ƒ„‘—– ‡ƒ– ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ† ‘•—’–‹‘Ǥ ˆ–Š‹•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›™‡”‡–‘„‡ˆ—ŽŽ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹–‹•‡š’‡ –‡†–‘ƒ‡

  88chapterthree  ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– —•‡ ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› ƒ† ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ –‘ ‰”‡ƒ–Ž› ”‡†— ‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‡‹••‹‘•ǡ ƒ† –‘ –‡”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”• ȋ—‘‹•–‘ ƒ†‡‹š‡‹”ƒ†‡ ƒ––‘• ʹͲͳͳǢ Šƒ– ƒ† ƒ›ƒœ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• ‡™ ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ƒ† ”‹–‡”‹ƒ ‘ˆ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡• —•‡† ™‹–Š ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ–’”‘†— –‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›‰”‘™‹‰ †‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘–‡‹ǤŠ‡–Š‡’”‘’‘‡–•ˆ‘ —•‘ȋ–Š‡’”‘‹•‡ ‘ˆȌ ‹’”‘˜‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘•–•ǡƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡ƒ†‡‡”‰›—•‡ǡ–Š‡›’”‘†— ‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† †‡• ”‹’–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —””‡– „—”†‡• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ •‡ –‘”ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰”‹••‘ˆœ‘‘‘–‹ ƒ‹ƒŽ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹”‹’ƒ –‘Š—ƒ•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡˜‡–‹˜‡—•‡‘ˆƒ–‹„‹‘–‹ •ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ– ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‡ƒ– ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‹• ƒ ‹‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ™ƒ› –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ ’”‘–‡‹Ǥ Š‡ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– • ‹‡–‹•–• ’”‘‹•‡‹’”‘˜‡† ‘˜‡”•‹‘ˆƒ –‘”•‘˜‡” —””‡–„‡‡ˆƒ†’‘”’”‘†— –‹‘ǡƒ† –Š‡›•–”‡••‹’”‘˜‡‡–•‹Š›‰‹‡‡‘˜‡” —””‡–ˆƒ”•ƒ†•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”Š‘—•‡•Ǥ͵͸—–ǡ ‘•– ‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• Žƒ‹‡† ˆ‘” ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– ’”‘†— –‹‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† •‡– ƒ ‡™ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ ™Š‹ Š –‘ ‘’ƒ”‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ —–‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ƒŽ —Ž—• ‹ ƒ”‰—‡–• ˆ‘” Ž‹˜‡•–‘  ’”‘†— –‹‘ ™‘—Ž† ‘ Ž‘‰‡” „‡ ‘ˆˆ•‡– „›–Š‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡† —–‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”Š—ƒ ‘•—‡”•Ǥ‘™ǡ’”‘’‘‡–•‘ˆŽ‹˜‡‡ƒ–’”‘†— –‹‘™‘—Ž†‡‡† –‘ Žƒ‹–Šƒ–‹–‹•‹–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘Ž‹˜‡–Š‡‹”’”‘†— –‹˜‡Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ  ˜‡„‡ˆ‘”‡‹–Šƒ•„‡‡•Š‘™–‘„‡ƒ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ —Ž–—”‡†‡ƒ–Šƒ••–ƒ”–‡† –‘Šƒ˜‡•‘‡‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹••—‡•‘ˆŽ‹˜‡•–‘ ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ‘‰ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹†‹• —••‹‘•‘ˆ‹–•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ –Š‡‡•—‹‰’—„Ž‹  †‹• —••‹‘•ǡ ‡™ Ǯ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǯ •–”—‰‰Ž‡• ‡‡”‰‡†Ǥ ‹–Š –Š‡ •–‡ ‡ŽŽ „ƒ•‡† ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ‡ƒ– „‡ ‘‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡†‹–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ––Šƒ– ‘’‡–‡™‹–Š‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”‹ –‡”•‘ˆ’—”‹–›ƒ†ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ‹–›Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡˜ƒ‡Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‡Ž†‡”Ž›’‹‘‡‡”‘ˆ‹˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ–Œ—’‡†—’ƒ––Š‡• ‹‡ ‡—•‡—†‡„ƒ–‡–‘‡š Žƒ‹ǣǮ‘‘– ƒŽŽ‹–ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ‡ƒ–ǡ–Š‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡ƒŽ‡ƒ–Ǩǯ ˜‹–”‘‡ƒ– ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡ƒǯƒ•Ǧ›‡– —†‡ˆ‹‡† ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘„Œ‡ –ǯ ȋ–‡’Š‡• ʹͲͳͲȌǡ ™Š‹ Š •‡˜‡”‡Ž› —•‡––Ž‡•‘–‘Ž› ‘—” ‡–”ƒŽ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡••— Šƒ•Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‹˜‹‰ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹ ƒ†‹‘”‰ƒ‹ ǡ’Žƒ–ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽǡ͵͹„—–ƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’•”‡‹ƒ‰‹‡‘—”‹†‡ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•–‘‘ǦŠ—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡

  36See,forexample,Langelaanetal.2010:“theproductionprocesscanbemonitoredindetailinalaboratory, which could result in the elimination of food borne illnesses, such as mad cow disease or salmonella infection.” 37 See, for example, Haagsman et al.2009, for a discussion of the possibilities for producing a  based growthmedium:‘byusingrecombinantͲDNAtechnologyithasbecomepossibletoletplantcellsproducesuch animalproteins.’  pigtowersandinvitromeat89  Š‘™–‘–Š‹ƒ„‘—– —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”•‘ˆŽƒ†—•‡ǤŽ•‘ǡ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‹‡†ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ†‡ƒ†ƒ†Ž‹˜‹‰„‘†‹‡•„‡ ‘‡•‘’‡ˆ‘””‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǣ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ–‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ‘‡–‘„‡•‡‡ƒ•‡ƒ–‹‰ƒǮ ‘”’•‡ǯ™Š‹Ž‡‡ƒ–‹‰‹˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– ƒ „‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ• ‡ƒ–‹‰ •‘‡–Š‹‰ „‘–Š Š›‰‹‡‹ ƒŽŽ› Ž‡ƒ ƒ† ‘”ƒŽŽ› ’—”‡Ǥ ”‘–Š‡•‹†‡‘ˆƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ–‡ƒ–‹‰ —Ž–—”‡Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡŽƒ„’”‘†— ‡†‹ ˜‹–”‘‡ƒ––Š—•ˆƒ”‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•Žƒ ‹‰‹ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ‹–›ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰ǡ ™‹–Š ‘‡ ”‡‘™‡†‘”‰ƒ‹ „—– Š‡” ƒŽŽ‹‰‹–Ǯ•‘—ŽŽ‡••‡ƒ–ǯǤ  ‘ˆƒ”’Ž—”‹’‘–‡–—• Ž‡•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•Šƒ˜‡‘Ž›„‡‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›‹•‘Žƒ–‡†ˆ”‘‹ ‡ǡ ”ƒ–•ǡ”Š‡•—•‘‡›•ƒ†Š—ƒ•Ǥ––‡’–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‡ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– ’”‘Œ‡ – –‘ —Ž–—”‡ ‡„”›‘‹  •–‡ ‡ŽŽ Ž‹‡• ˆ”‘ ’‹‰•ǡ ™Š‹ Š •—•–ƒ‹ •‡ŽˆǦ ”‡‡™ƒŽ ™Š‹Ž‡ ”‡–ƒ‹‹‰ ’Ž—”‹’‘–‡ ›Ǥ Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‘”– Šƒ• ’”‘˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ǡ ƒ• ’‘” ‹‡ •–‡ ‡ŽŽ•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†–‘”‡“—‹”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹˜‹–”‘ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ”‘ Š—ƒ ‘” ‹ ‡ •–‡ ‡ŽŽ• ȋ— —› ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͳͳǢ ‹Ž• Š—– ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ –”‡••‹‰ ƒ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ’‹‰ ȋ‘” Š‹ ‡Ȍ•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•†‹• Ž‘•‡•–Šƒ–‹–‹••–‹ŽŽƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–›’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ ˆ”‘ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” •’‡ ‹‡• –Šƒ– ‹• –‘ „‡ ‡ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡ –ƒ„‘‘ ‘ ‘•—‹‰ Š—ƒ ˆŽ‡•Š ‹• ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ǡ„—–•‘‡ ‘‡–ƒ–‘”•’Žƒ›™‹–Š ‘‡ –‹‘•–‘†‡‡’Ǧ•‡ƒ–‡† —Ž–—”ƒŽ –ƒ„‘‘•ǡ„›Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆƒ•–”‘‰ƒ†‡„‘†‹‡†‘”ƒŽ ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘‹–‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡ƒ–‹‰ˆŽ‡•Šȋƒ”‡–‹ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ  Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” †‹• —••‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ––‡•–‡†„›–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘˜‡”†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡Žƒ„‡Ž••— Šƒ•Ǯˆƒ –‘”›ˆƒ”‹‰ǯ‹ –Š‡  ƒ† ‘bioǦindustrie’ ‹ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘‹–‡– ‘ˆ ƒ› ƒ—–Š‘”•‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ‡–Š‹ •–‘—•‹‰–Š‡–‡”Ǯ‘ǦŠ—ƒ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǯǤ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•‘ˆ ‡–”ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–™‘ ƒ•‡• †‹• —••‡†ǣˆƒ”‡”•”‡ˆ—•‡–‘ ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹”ˆƒ”•varkensflatǡ™Š‹ Š–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹˜‹•–‘’’‘‡–•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ–‘‘‡‡–‘†‘ǡƒ• ‹–Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ƒ†‡”‘‰ƒ–‘”›–‡”–‘†‹•‹••ƒŽŽŽƒ”‰‡• ƒŽ‡ƒ‹ƒŽˆƒ”•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘”ƒƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰ƒ‡ˆ‘”‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ––Šƒ–™‘—Ž††‹‹‹•Š‹–•‘•–”‘—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ƒ†ˆ‘ —•ƒ––‡–‹‘‘‹–•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–•‹••–‹ŽŽ‰‘‹‰‘ǡƒ•‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–‘‡˜‡”›‘‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”‹–•‡˜‡–—ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡Ǥˆ–‡ –Š‡ƒ‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†‹ƒ‰‡”›•–”‡••–Š‡ƒ„‹‰—‹–› ‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†— –•ǤǮƒ„ Š‘’•ǯǡǮ’‡–”‹‡ƒ–ǯǡǮ‡ƒ–ʹǤͲǯǡǮ˜ƒ–„‡‡ˆǯƒ†Ǯ–‡•––—„‡„—”‰‡”•ǯ ™‡”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”‹‡•‹–Š‡—– Š ‘–‡•–ǡ‘”™‡”‡’—•–Šƒ– ‡‡”‰‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǤŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‡”•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡Š›„”‹† Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ„‡‹‰ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† –‘ •‘‡ ‡š–‡– ƒŽ‹˜‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ •‘‡ ‘–Š‡” ƒ‡• •–”‡•• –Š‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ‘”ƒŽ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•ǣǮŠƒ’’›‡ƒ–ǯǡ‘”Ǯƒ‹ƒŽˆ”‡‡‡ƒ–ǯǤ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ™‡ ƒ‹ƒ‰‹‡ –Šƒ–ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ƒ†„”‘ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‹–ǡ

  90chapterthree  –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ‹–›Ȁƒ„‘”ƒŽ‹–› ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘• ƒ› „‡ ‘‡ ‹˜‡”–‡†Ǥ – •‘‡’‘‹–‹ †‹• —••‹‰‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ǡ–‡”•™‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘„‡†‡˜‹•‡†–‘†‡• ”‹„‡Ǯ‘”ƒŽǯ‡ƒ–ǣ ’‡”Šƒ’• ƒ• Ǯƒ‹ƒŽ ‡ƒ–ǯǡ Ǯ†‡ƒ† ‡ƒ–ǯǡ ‘” Ǯ ƒ†ƒ˜‡” ‡ƒ–ǯǤ  ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‡™ ’”‘†— – ™‘—Ž† ‘’‡ —’ ƒ ‡™ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ ™Šƒ– –‘ ‘•‹†‡” ‘”ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‹• ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• –Šƒ– ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ ‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘‡™ ‘ ‡’–•ƒ†˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”‹‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡‰‡––‹‰–Š‡‹”‡ƒ‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡†–‘†‡• ”‹„‡–Š‡Ǥ  Newmoralsubjectsandnewformsofpoliticalagencyandresponsibility •ƒ–Š‹”†‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž††‹• Ž‘•‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǡ–Š‡†‡•‹‰•‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡™‹–Š —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ƒ† • ‘’‡ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ‰‡ ›Ǥ Š‡”‡ –Š‡ —””‡– ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ– ’”‘†— –‹‘ Šƒ† „‡‡ •‡‡ ƒ• ƒ ‰‹˜‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡†ˆ”‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† –Š‡ —†‹”‡ –‡† ‹–‡”’Žƒ› ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡–•ǡ‹– ‘™‡‡”‰‡•ƒ••‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‡‡†•–‘„‡‡‹–Š‡” ‘• ‹‘—•Ž›’”‡ˆ‡””‡†ǡ ‘–‹—‡† ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡†ǡ‘”•–‘’’‡†ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǤŠ‹Ž‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡ —””‡–ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ–‡ ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ ‘•—‡” ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ‘” Š‡ƒ’ ‡ƒ–ƒ•ƒ†”‹˜‡”‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘™ ‘ˆ”‘–‡† ™‹–Š ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ Š‘‹ ‡• ‡ƒƒ–‡ǡ‘–‘Ž›ˆ”‘’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ȃ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ–‡†‡ ›–‘”‡Žƒ› †‡ ‹•‹‘•ƒ„‘—–ˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡–‘• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ –‡ Š‹“—‡•ƒ† ‘•—‡” Š‘‹ ‡ǡ •— Šƒ•‹–Š‡‡Žˆƒ”‡—ƒŽ‹–›’”‘Œ‡ –ȋ‘‡‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳͳǢƒ™ʹͲͲͻȌȂ„—–ƒŽ•‘ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•„”‘—‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†„›–Š‡•‡‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡—– Š‰‘˜‡”‡– •–”—‰‰Ž‡†ƒ–•‡˜‡”ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•™‹–Š–Š‹•‡™ȋ‘”ƒŽȌ˜‹‡™‘‹–•˜ƒ”‹‘—•‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ˆ‘”•‘ˆƒ‰‡ ›ǡ„‘–Š‹‹–•”‘Ž‡ƒ•”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”ǡƒ•ˆ—†‡”‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ȋ•—„•‹†‹œ‹‰‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† ƒ‰”‘Ǧ’ƒ” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ȍǡ ƒ† ƒ• •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ ’Žƒ‡” ȋ‘ “—‡•–‹‘•‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”‡‰ƒˆƒ”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȌǤŠ‡–™‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‹†— ‡†–™‘˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ‰‡ ›ˆ‘”†‡ ‹†‹‰‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǣ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ’‹‰ –‘™‡” ƒ”‘•‡ ƒ• ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹‰ ‹••—‡ǡ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–‡‡”‰‡†‘•–Ž›ƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ǧ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘•—’–‹‘Ǥ‡„ƒ–‡•‘˜‡”Žƒ”‰‡• ƒŽ‡ƒ‰”‘Ǧ’ƒ”•™‡”‡ ‹ ’ƒ”– Ž‘ ƒŽŽ› †”‹˜‡„› ‘—‹–›’”‘–‡•–•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘˜‡”‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–™‡”‡‘– Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ›Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘•–‹–—‡ ›Ǥ ‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰•†‹†Š—ƒ•ˆ‹‰—”‡‹ƒ› ƒ –‹˜‡™ƒ›ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡–—ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘’”‘ ‡••Ǥ†ƒ‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ ‘Ž› ”‘—‰ŠŽ› •‡– Š‡† ƒ• –Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ”‡†‡”‹‰• ‹ –Š‡ ‘’—–‡” ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† –‘™‡”•‘ˆǡƒ†• Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›†‡’‹ –‡†ƒ––Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆŽ‘™ Šƒ”–• ƒ„•–”ƒ –Ž›‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰–Š‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–Ǥ  ƒ”‹‘—•’ƒ”–‹‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ•‘”ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‘–‘Ž›†‹†–Š‡•‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡••–”‹‡ƒ Š‘”†™‹–Š’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹–‡”‡•–  pigtowersandinvitromeat91  ‰”‘—’•ǡ„—––Š‡•‡Ǯ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–•‘ ‹ƒŽ‰”‘—’•ǯȋ‹Œ‡”ͳͻͻͷȌƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”‡†‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ †‡•‹‰‹‰ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ› ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ –Š‘•‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ •Šƒ”‡† †‹•‹••ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡’‹‰–‘™‡”•ƒ†–Š‡„”‘ƒ†ˆƒ• ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–‹’Ž‹‡†“—‹–‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ† ‘”ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ˆƒ” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ ”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ ’‹‰ –‘™‡”†‡•‹‰ǡˆƒ”‡”••ƒ™–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‘ˆ”‘–‡†™‹–Š‡‹–Š‡” ‘•—‡”†‡ƒ†‘” ™‹–Š‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ„—–‘™–Š‡›Šƒ†–‘”‡•’‘†–‘‡™Ž›‡‡”‰‹‰ ’—„Ž‹ •ǡ ƒ† –‘ ”‡‹˜‡– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ „—– •–‹ŽŽ ‹–‹ƒ–‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†Š‹‰ŠǦ”‹•‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘•™‘—Ž†‘–‘ˆˆ‡”Ǥ •‘‡’‹‰ˆƒ”‡””‡•’‘†‡†™Š‡’”‡•‡–‡†™‹–Šƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆƒ agropark†—”‹‰ƒ’—„Ž‹ †‹• —••‹‘‘ƒ’‹‰–‘™‡”’”‘Œ‡ –‹ƒƒ•–ƒ†ǣǮ—–™‡ ƒ †‘ƒŽŽ–Šƒ––‘‘Ǩǯ‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡”‘ˆ–Š‡agropark ‘•‘”–‹—”‡–‘”–‡†ǣǮ—–›‘— †‘ǯ–Ǩǯ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡•‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•†‹•‹••‡†ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ•‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ‘–Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹‰‘”‡†–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰ƒ• ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‹‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‡ˆƒ”‡”ƒ†Š‹•‘”Š‡”•‹ŽŽ•‹–Š‡•‡’Žƒ•™‡”‡”‡†‡”‡† •—’‡”ˆŽ—‘—•‘””‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡†–‘ƒŽ—š—”›‹ Š‡ƒ”‡–ǤŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡ Šƒ‰‡† „‡›‘† ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ǡ •— Š ƒ• ™Š‡ •‘‡ ’‹‰ –‘™‡” ’”‘’‘‡–• ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ–ˆƒ”‡”• ‘—Ž†”‡–ƒˆŽ‘‘”‹ƒŠ‹‰ŠǦ”‹•‡ƒ‰”‘Ǧ’ƒ”ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ –Š‡Ǯ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǯ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰”‘Ǧˆ‘‘†‹†—•–”›Ǥ  Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– †”‡™ ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘ ‡”• –Šƒ– ‹ˆ‘” ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•˜‡‰‡–ƒ”‹ƒ‹•ǡƒ•‹–‹†— ‡†ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ”‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡‡ƒ–ƒ†–Š‡•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‹‰‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‹–Š„‘–Š–‡ Š‘Ǧ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ •Šƒ†–‘”‡†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ–ǡ ƒ† –‘ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ› ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ’‘•‹–‹‘• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡‹” •Š‹ˆ–‹‰ ‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–•   ǡ ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‹œ‡–Š‡›‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‹ƒŽˆ”‡‡‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ǡ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ”‡ ‹’‡ˆ‘”ƒˆ”‹‡† Š‹ ‡†‹•Šƒ•ƒ’”‡• ”‹’–‹‘ˆ‘”Ǯ”‡ƒŽ‡ƒ–ǯǤ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒˆ‘””‡ ‡‹˜‹‰–Š‡ ’”‹œ‡™ƒ•ǣǮ”‘†— ‡ƒ‹˜‹–”‘ Š‹ ‡Ǧ‡ƒ–’”‘†— ––Šƒ–Šƒ•ƒ–ƒ•–‡ƒ†–‡š–—”‡ ‹†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘”‡ƒŽ Š‹ ‡ˆŽ‡•Š–‘‘Ǧ‡ƒ–Ǧ‡ƒ–‡”•ƒ†‡ƒ–Ǧ‡ƒ–‡”•ƒŽ‹‡Ǥ —†‰‹‰‘ˆ–ƒ•–‡ƒ†–‡š–—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›ƒ’ƒ‡Ž‘ˆͳͲŒ—†‰‡•ǡ™Š‘ ™‹ŽŽ•ƒ’Ž‡–Š‡‹˜‹–”‘ Š‹ ‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†—•‹‰̵•‘™ˆ”‹‡†Dz Š‹ ‡dz”‡ ‹’‡Ǥ Š‡‹˜‹–”‘ Š‹ ‡—•–‰‡–ƒ• ‘”‡‘ˆƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ͺͲ™Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘™‹ –Š‡’”‹œ‡ǯȋʹͲͲͺ„ȌǤ˜‡–Š‘—‰Šƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ•ƒ‹‡†ƒ––Š‘•‡’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘Ǯ ƒ‘–‹ –Š‡‹”‡ƒ–‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ††‹ –‹‘ǯǡˆ‘”•‘‡ ™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•‡‡‡†–‘ ‘ ‡†‡–‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‡ƒ– ƒ•ƒ —Ž‹ƒ”› ”ƒ˜‹‰Ǥ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’†‡ˆ‡†‡†‹–•’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ‹ ˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ƒ•ƒ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‘”ƒŽŽ›’—”‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›ȋ Š™ƒ”–œʹͲͲͺȌǤ

  92chapterthree  – –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹ ”‘„‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹‰ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– ƒ––‡’–‡† –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ‡ƒ– ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ—•‹‰ ƒ› ƒ‹ƒŽ •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ǡ ƒ† Žƒ‹‡†–‘™‘””›ƒ„‘—–‡˜‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–‹ˆ”‹‰‡‡–‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ„‘†‹Ž›‹–‡‰”‹–›Ǥƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒ‹‡† –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ ƒ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘‘Ž› —•‡† „‘˜‹‡ ƒŽˆ •‡”— ƒ• ƒ ‰”‘™–Š ‡†‹— ˆ‘” •–‡ ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ Ǯ‹ ‡ ‘ ‘–Š‡” ƒ‹ƒŽ •‘—” ‡• ƒ”‡ ™ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ —Ž–—”‡† ‡ƒ–ǡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡‡†‹—ǡ™Š‹ Š‹• ‘‘Ž›•—’’Ž‡‡–‡†™‹–Šˆ‡–ƒŽ„‘˜‹‡ •‡”—ǡŠƒ•–‘„‡ƒ†Œ—•–‡†ǯȋƒ‰‡Žƒƒ‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳͲȌǤ ’ƒ”–ǡ–Š‹•ƒ‹™ƒ•‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† „›–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡‡šƒ – ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•‡”—‰”‘™–Š‡†‹ƒ™ƒ• —‘™ƒ†˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ȋ ƒƒ‰•ƒ‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͻȌǤ—–ǡ„‡›‘†–Š‹• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ–’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž› Ž‡† –Š‡ –‹••—‡ ‡‰‹‡‡”• –‘ ‘‹– –‘–Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ˜‡‰ƒ‹•ǣ‘ˆ‘–‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹ŽŽ‹‰‘”‡˜‡Šƒ”‹‰ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ƒ‹ƒŽ†—”‹‰ ˆ‘‘†’”‘†— –‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡‹ ”‘„‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–•Ȃ‡„‡”•‘ˆƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘–Šƒ–‹•‘– ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘™ˆ‘”ƒ ‘‹–‡––‘ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ƒ›ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰Ȃ •–”‡••‡†Š‘™–Š‡„‹‘’•›—•‡†ˆ‘”‘„–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•™‘—Ž†‘–‡‡†–‘‹ŽŽƒ •‹‰Ž‡ƒ‹ƒŽǤŠ‡•‘—” ‡ƒ‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–‡™ƒ••‡– Š‡†ƒ•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ’”‹ ‡Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ ‹–• †ƒ›• ‹ ƒ •ƒ –—ƒ”› ƒˆ–‡” —†‡”‰‘‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‘” ‹ ‘˜‡‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• „‹‘’•›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‡ ’”‘‹‡– ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– • ‹‡–‹•–‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ǮŠ‡ ™‘—Ž† ‘– Ž‹‡ –‘ •‡‡ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† †‘‹ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‹••—‡ǡ•‹ ‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ†’—„Ž‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹••—‡•ƒ”‡•— Š‹’‘”–ƒ–†”‹˜‡”•ˆ‘”Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Šǯ ȋ Š™ƒ”–œ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ Š‡ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡˜‡ Ž‡† •‘‡ ‡ƒ– —Ž–—”‹‰ „‹‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ƒǮ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ› ‘ ‡”‡† • ‹‡–‹•–•ǯǡ‹ƒ‡ˆˆ‘”––‘‰‡–ˆ—†‹‰ˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ” Š–‘’”‘†— ‡—• Ž‡–‹••—‡‘ƒ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡ȋ–‡’Š‡•ʹͲͳͲȌǤ  Š‡‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–’”‘’‘•ƒŽ–Š—•ƒƒ‰‡†–‘”‡ ‘ˆ‹‰—”‡‹–• ‡–”ƒŽ ƒ –‘”•ǡ •‘‡–‹‡•ƒŽ‘•–„‡›‘†”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘Ǥ –Ž‡†–Š‡–‘–ƒ‡—’‘”ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ† ‘‹– –‘ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• –Šƒ– ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ™‘—Ž† •‡‡ ˆƒ” ”‡‘˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ’—„Ž‹  •–ƒ ‡•Ǥ˜‡–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –ƒ†‹–•‡„‘†‹‡†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•™ƒ•ƒ–•–ƒ‡Ǥ ‘‘ˆ‹”•–”‡•’‘•‡‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡Žƒ„Ǧ‰”‘™ ‡ƒ– ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ †‹•‰—•– ȋƒ †‡” ‡‡Ž‡ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ ˆ–‡ –Š‹•‹‹–‹ƒŽ‰—– ”‡ƒ –‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ‹–‡”™‘˜‡ ™‹–Š ‘”ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡–•ǡ ™ƒ• Žƒ–‡” ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡† ‹ ‘”‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –‡”• –Šƒ– •–”‡••‡† –Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–• ‘ˆ ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ –Š‡ •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ ˆ—–—”‡ ˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ—”‹‰†‡„ƒ–‡•‘‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ǡ–Š‡‘”ƒŽ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‡„‘†‹‡† ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•†‹• —••‡†ƒ†–Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡„‘†‹Ž›”‡•’‘•‡ ™ƒ• ”‡‹ƒ‰‹‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹•‰—•– ‘˜‡” ‡ƒ–‹‰ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ–”‡ ƒŽŽ•–Š‡Ǯ›— Ǧ ˆƒ –‘”ǯ ‹ „‹‘‡–Š‹ •ǡ „—– ’”‘’‘‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‹ƒ‰‹‡†–Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž† ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›„‡‘˜‡” ‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡

 pigtowersandinvitromeat93  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‡ƒ–Ǥ ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡•‡•‡‘ˆ†‹•‰—•–™ƒ•–”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘˜‡–‹‘–‘„‡–”ƒ• ‡†‡†ȋŽ—Šƒ”ʹͲͳͲȌ‘”ƒ”‡•’‘•‡–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†Œ—•–ƒ•™‡ŽŽ„‡ ”‡†‹”‡ –‡† ƒ– ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ƒ–Ǥ ‡”‡ ȋ‘”ƒŽȌ ƒ‰‡ › ‡‡”‰‡† ƒ• ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‘Š‘™–‘„‡„‘†‹Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†Ǥ  ‹–Š –Š‹• –Š‹”† ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†Ǧ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡•‹‰• ƒˆˆ‘”†–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ǡ‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –Ȁ‘„Œ‡ –†‹˜‹†‡‹•ƒ•— Šƒ‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‰”ƒ’’Ž‹‰™‹–Š‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ• ‹– ‹• –Š‡ •‡Žˆ ‡˜‹†‡– •–ƒ”–‹‰ ’‘‹– ˆ‘” ƒ••‡••‹‰ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‡™Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•†‘‡•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‡ƒ–Šƒ–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ› †‡–‡”‹‡†ǡ ‘” –Šƒ– ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –• ƒ”‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› †‹••‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡ –‹‘ †‡Ž˜‡‹–‘–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ‡™‡› ƒ† ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ ƒ•‹‘‡†„›‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ƒ†’‹‰–‘™‡”•Ǥ  

3.4Dewey,Heideggerandthedynamicsofmoralworlddisclosure  ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ƒ†‡™‡›Š‡Ž’—•–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‡’Ž›ƒ„‹‰—‘—• ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ™‘”Ž††‹• Ž‘•—”‡–Šƒ–‹•„”‘—‰Š–ƒ„‘—–„›–Š‡–™‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ›‘™ǡ‹– •Š‘—Ž†„‡ Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡’‹‰ –‘™‡”• ƒ† ‹ ˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ƒ†–Š‡‹”•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰•Ǥ‹‹–‹ƒŽǡ•—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹‡• ƒ„‡•—ƒ”‹œ‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ‡™‡›ƒ† ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǯ•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡†‡•‹‰• ƒ„‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•–Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ›’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ •‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ –Š‡ –‘™‡”• ™‘—Ž† ’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•™‹–ŠƒŽ‹––Ž‡„‡––‡”Ž‹ˆ‡–Šƒ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘™Ȃ–Š‡’‹‰• ‘—Ž†„‡ Š‘—•‡†‹ƒ•›•–‡–Šƒ–ǡ‹ƒ‹”‘‹ –‡”†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡–‘—”‹•‹†—•–”›ǡŠƒ• „‡‡Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†Ǯ ‘ˆ‘”– Žƒ••ǯȋ‘•‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ‡™‡›ƒ† ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”Šƒ˜‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› „‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡†—’‘–‘‹–‡”’”‡––Š‡’‡ —Ž‹ƒ”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ • ‘ ‡”‡† ™‹–Š • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‘–”‘˜‡”•›ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ȋƒ–‘—”ʹͲͲͷȌǤ‡™‡›‹•Š‡Ž’ˆ—Žˆ‘” Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š‹••—‡•Ǯ„”‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™’—„Ž‹ •‹–‘„‡‹‰„›ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ –Š‡•‘‡Š‘™ǯȋ‡™‡›ͳͻͷͶǢ‘ŠƒʹͲͲͲǢƒ””‡•ʹͲͲ͹Ǣ‹ƒŽ˜‘ʹͲͲͻȌǤ –Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•  †‹• —••ǡ Ǯ„‡‹‰ ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†ǯ ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ „‡‹‰ ‹–”‹‰—‡†ǡ ˆƒ• ‹ƒ–‡†ǡ ”‡’—Ž•‡†ǡ ‘” ‹ •‘‡ ‘–Š‡” ™ƒ› ‘˜‡† ‹–‘ ƒ –‹‘ „‡›‘† †‹”‡ –Ž›„‡‹‰Šƒ”‡†Ǥ ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡†‡•‹‰• ƒ„‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•Ǯ–Š‹‰•ǯ‹–Š‡ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”‹ƒ •‡•‡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘„Œ‡ –• ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• gatherings‘ˆ

  94chapterthree  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‡–›‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ Ǯ–Š‹‰ǯ ƒ• ƒ ’”‡‘†‡” ‘—ƒŽ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ȋ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ͳͻ͹ͳǢƒ–‘—”ʹͲͲͷǡʹ͵Ǣ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘ǡ ƒ”ƒʹͲͲͻǡͳ͵ͺǢ–‘”‹ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ  TechnologiesthatrenderHeideggerianthinkingmainstream  ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǯ•–‡”•ǡ„‘–Š†‡•‹‰•ƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡•ƒ‡ǣ‡š–”‡‡ ‹•–ƒ ‡• ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– •—„•—‡ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Ǯ‡ˆ”ƒ‹‰ǯ ȋGestellȌ ‘†‡‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–ǡ‹™Š‹ Š‘—”‡–‹”‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡‹•–‘„‡‘’–‹‹œ‡†ƒ†–—”‡†‹–‘ƒ Ǯ•–ƒ†‹‰”‡•‡”˜‡ǯǤ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’‹‰–‘™‡”•ƒ†‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ƒ›„‡–Š‡™”‘‰ ™ƒ›‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‡’Žƒ ‡ƒ†–Š‡‘”ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰ǡ‹ƒ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹  •‡•‡–Š‡›ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘–ƒ‹‡–‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘‹ƒˆ‡™Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹ Žƒ„• ‘” ‹ –‘™‡”•Ǥ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡” ™‘—Ž† ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ”‡Œ‡ – –Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ •’ƒ–‹ƒŽȂƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‡–ƒŽ‘”’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽȂ ‘’ƒ”–‡–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ„—––Š‹•™ƒ›‘ˆ Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡Gestell‘†‡‘ˆ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹˜‡–Š‹‹‰‘•‘‡”‡‘–‡ƒ†—‹Šƒ„‹–‡† •’ƒ ‡•™‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ˜‡ƒ„—†ƒ–”‘‘‹–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ˆ‘” ‘•‡”˜‹‰ƒ–—”‡‹ ƒ’”‹•–‹‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ† —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‰ƒ‘”‡ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡Žƒ†Ǥ‡ ‘—Ž†•ƒ›ǡ –Š‘—‰Šǡ ȋƒ”‰—ƒ„Ž› ‘•‹•–‡– ™‹–Š ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”Ȍ –Šƒ– ‘—” ‘‹–‡– –‘ –Š‡•‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‘—Ž†•–‹ŽŽ‡ƒ‘—”™‘”Ž†‹•†‹• Ž‘•‡†ƒ••–ƒ†‹‰”‡•‡”˜‡ǡ‹–‡”•‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—„”‹•–‹  †‡•‹”‡ ˆ‘” –‘–ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž ‹Š‡”‡– ‹ ‘†‡” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ ƒ”‰—‡–•‹ˆƒ˜‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‘˜‡”–Ž›Ǯ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ǯǡ–Š‡ ”‹–‹“—‡•‘ˆ„‘–Š –Š‡ ’‹‰ –‘™‡”• ƒ† ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– –‡† –‘ ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”‹ƒ •–›Ž‡ ‘ˆ †‹•‹••‹‰ ‘†‡” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘ ‡–ƒ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‰”‘—†•Ǥ  –Š‹• ˜‡‹ǡˆ‘” ”‹–‹ • ȋ•— Šƒ•–Š‘•‡™Š‘˜‘‹ ‡†‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘ǯ•’”‹œ‡Ȍǡ —Ž–—”‹‰‡ƒ–‹•ǮŒ—•––Š‡ ™”‘‰ ‹† ‘ˆ –Š‹‹‰ǯǡ ƒ• ‹– ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• –Šƒ– ‡ƒ– ‹• ˆ‘” Š—ƒ ‘•—’–‹‘Ǥ – ”‡†— ‡•ƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘„‡‹‰Ǯ‡”‡„‹‘”‡ƒ –‘”•ǯǡƒ•‘ƒ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ȋʹͲͲͺȌŠƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†Ǥ  ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”‹ƒ–‡”•ǡ–Š‡’‹‰–‘™‡”™‘—Ž†‡ƒ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽŽ›—‡ƒ”–Š‹‰–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ– ™Š‘ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž Ǯ†™‡ŽŽ‡”ǯǡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǣ ƒ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰™Š‘Šƒ•ƒ–”—‡ƒ†ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ǡ‹‡”•‹˜‡ȋzuhandenȌ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ȋŠƒ†‹ ”ƒˆ–Ȍ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ†Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒ ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ –Š‡ ’‹‰ –‘™‡” • Š‡‡ ‡“—ƒ–‡†–Š‡’Žƒ™‹–Š–Š‡Š‘Ž‘ ƒ—•–ǡ–Š‡”‡„›‡š’”‡••‹‰ƒƒ‹•–”‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‘ˆƒ ‹ˆƒ‘—•”‡ƒ”„› ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǡ‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–Š‡Š‘Ž‘ ƒ—•–™‹–Š‘†‡” ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ͵ͺ †‡‡†ǡ –Š‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –Šƒ–ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ †‡•‹‰ ˆ‘” –‘–ƒŽ   38‘Agricultureisnowamechanizedfoodindustry,inessencethesameasthemanufactureofcorpsesinthe gaschambersanddeathcamps...’,runstheinfamousquoteintranslation,thoughinGermanitsaysAckerbau foragriculture,thuspointingatarableratherthananimalfarming(Schirmacher1983).ThecharacterElizabeth CostelloinCoetzee’s(2003)novelbythatnamemakesasimilarcomparisonbetweentheslaughterofanimals andtheholocaust,therebyalienatingherselffromthepeoplearoundher.Itisthereforeremarkablethatwith  pigtowersandinvitromeat95  ‘–”‘ŽǡŠ—ƒ‹†‹•ƒ–•–ƒ‡‹–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡•‘˜‡”„‘–Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ‘ǡ™Š›‘– ƒŽ•‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡Š—ƒ•‹–‘–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡ ‘Ž‘‰›ǡ–‘ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘’Ž‡–‡ –Š‡ •—„•–ƒ ‡ › Ž‡ǫ  ‘Ž—‹•– ™‹–Š ƒ ƒŒ‘” —– Š ‡™•’ƒ’‡” ƒ†‡ ƒ ›‹ ƒŽ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘ –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ƒŠ‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡Ž†‡”Ž›‹–Š‡’‹‰–‘™‡”ǡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‹‰• ‘—Ž† Š‡ƒ––Š‡Š‘‡•‘ˆ͵ͲǤͲͲͲ‡Ž†‡”Ž› ‹–‹œ‡•ȋ‹’ʹͲͲͲȌǤ†™Š›‘–‡ƒ–Žƒ„ —Ž–—”‡† Š—ƒ ‡ŽŽ•ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡–ƒ„‘‘‘ ƒ‹„ƒŽ‹•™‘—Ž†„‡Ž‹ˆ–‡†ˆ‘”•— Š‡ƒ–™‹–Š‘—– ƒ ‘”‰ƒ‹•ǫ  ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ –‘ •Š‘”– —– •—„•–ƒ ‡ › Ž‡•ǡ –‘ ”‡†‡” ‘—” ‘™ ˆŽ‡•Š ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹˜‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ›‡š–”ƒ’‘Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡™ƒ›™‡”‡Žƒ–‡–‘Š—ƒƒ–—”‡ǡ–Š‡—•‡––Ž‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•‹•‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†ƒ†–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡ ‡‹••Š‘ ‡†‹–‘ “—‡•–‹‘‹‰ –Š‡ ‘†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹‹‰ „‡Š‹† –Š‡Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡‹” —•‡––Ž‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” –Š‡•‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ˆ‘” Ȃ‘” ‡˜‡ ”‡†‡”‡† ƒ‹•–”‡ƒȂ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ”‹–‹“—‡• –Šƒ– ‘”ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‡†‹•‹••‡†ƒ•‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”—–‘’‹ƒǤ  Ž‹‡™‹–Š„‘–Š‡™‡›ƒ† ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”™‘”Ž†•†‹• Ž‘•‡† „› –Š‡•‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ˆ‘”ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹•’ƒ ‡ƒ†–‹‡ǣ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ʹͳ•– ‡–—”› ȋƒ†’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›—– ŠȌ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ‡†‹ƒŽƒ†• ƒ’‡ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ•™‡ŽŽ ƒ•–‡ Š‘Ǧ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ”‘—†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†‡ƒ–Ǥ ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǯ‡ƒ– —Ž–—”‡ǯǡ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–—•‹‰•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•‹‰Š–„‡•‘ƒŽ‹‡ƒ•–‘†‘Ž‹––Ž‡–‘—•‡––Ž‡ƒ ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†‘”ƒŽ‘”†‡”Ǥ”ǡ‹ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆƒ” —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ’‹‰–‘™‡”™‘—Ž†•‡‡ –‘‘‘—–”ƒ‰‡‘—•–‘’”‘’‘•‡Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‹ •‘‡•’‘‹‡”‹–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ Ǯ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽˆƒ”ǯ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š‹ ‡•ǡ„—–†‡ ‹†‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹ Ž—†‹‰’‹‰•Ǥ͵ͻ”ǡƒ•™‹–Š –Š‡Ǯ ”‡‡’‘”–Šƒ‰Šƒ‹ǯǡ’”‘Œ‡ –‹‰ƒ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‹‰•Š‘—•‡†‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›ƒ› •‡‡‹‰Ž›‘–’”‘†— ‡ƒ›‘”ƒŽ—‡ƒ•‡Ǥ  Onactivelyrelatingtoprocessesofworlddisclosure Š‡–Š‡ ”‹–‹“—‡•‘ˆ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ƒ†’‹‰–‘™‡”•ƒ”‡”‡†‹”‡ –‡†–‘™ƒ”†•‡š‹•–‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ–Š‡‘Ǧ‡—–”ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’—”‡Ž›–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ™ƒ› ‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰‹•†‹• Ž‘•‡†Ǥ  ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǯ•–‡”•ǡ–Š‡•‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† ƒ• ‡”‡Ž›–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ˜‡”•‹‘•‘ˆƒ‡–ƒ’Š›•‹ •–Šƒ––—”•‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Ž‹˜‹‰

  thearrivalofthePigTowerproposal,whatwasamarginalandhighlycontroversialposition(Patterson2002) suddenly becomes broadly considered as a plausible and widely accepted analogy through which to understandanddiscussindustrializedfarming. 39‘Youcan’traise—well,youcanraisepigsinside[theverticalfarm]ifyou’dlike.Alotofanimalrightspeople wouldobjecttothatsowe’eliminatedthatasapossibility.Butnooneobjectstochickens.Idon’tknow why’(Despommier2009).   96chapterthree  ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‹–‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–—•‡Ǥ—––Š‡›ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›†‹• Ž‘•‡ ƒ ™‘”Ž† „› ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰Š‘™–Š‹•™‘”•–‘ƒ™‹†‡’—„Ž‹ ǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰•ƒ‡‡š’Ž‹ ‹– –Šƒ– –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•‘–‡”‡Ž›ƒ‡—–”ƒŽ•‡–‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ –•™‡ ƒ Š‘‘•‡–‘—•‡ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ ‘’”‹•‡•ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰ƒ††‹• Ž‘•‡•ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡’—„Ž‹ ‰”ƒ’’Ž‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡•‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• –Š‡ ‘˜‡• –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‘™ ‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† †‡„ƒ–‡• ™‡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› –Š‹‹‰ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ƒ† ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ „‡ ‘–”ƒ•–‡† ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡”ǡ‘”‡‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‘†‡•‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Šƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ  ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”™ƒ”‡†–Šƒ––‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›–‡†•‘–‘Ž›–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ‘—”™‘”Ž†ƒ†‘—”•‡Ž˜‡• ‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”™ƒ›ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘Š‹†‡•–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‹–‹•ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰ ȋ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ͳͻ͹͹ȌǤŠ‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –•™‡†‹• —••‡†‹•–‡ƒ†Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†‘– ‘Ž›–Š‡‹”‘™‡š–”‡‹–›„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ‘†‡‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰‘ˆ™Š‹ Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡‡†’‘‹–Ǥ ‡ƒ›–Š—•„‡™‹–‡••‹‰™Šƒ– ‡‹†‡‰‰‡” ƒŽŽ•Ǯ–Š‡—ˆ‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡••‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯǢ ƒ ‡••‡ ‡ –Šƒ– ‘–ƒ‹• –Š‡ Ǯ•ƒ˜‹‰ ’‘™‡”ǯ ™‹–Š‹ ‹–•‡Žˆ ȋ‹‹• ʹͲͲͺȌǤ ƒ›Šƒ˜‡™‘†‡”‡†Š‘™–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡’—œœŽ‹‰ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡’‘‡– ڎ†‡”Ž‹ǣ Ǯ—– ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ †ƒ‰‡” ‹•ǡ ‰”‘™• –Š‡ •ƒ˜‹‰ ’‘™‡” ƒŽ•‘ǯ –Šƒ– ‡‹†‡‰‰‡” “—‘–‡† ‹ Š‹• Ǯ“—‡•–‹‘‹‰ǯ ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋͳͻ͹͹ǡ ʹͺȌǤ ‡ ‘—Ž† —†‡”•–ƒ† ‹– –‘ ‡ƒ–Šƒ–™‡‡‡†–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹˜‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›–‘‹–•‡š–”‡‡‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ †‹• Ž‘•‡ ‘—” Šƒ’Šƒœƒ”† ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‡†‹ ƒ‡– ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ‡ˆ”ƒ‡† „› –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘Ǥ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› –Š‡ ‹• †‡‡’Ž› ƒ„‹‰—‘—•ǣ ‘ –Š‡‘‡Šƒ†‹– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›–—”•–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹–‘ƒ•–ƒ†‹‰”‡•‡”˜‡ǡƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡ –‹‡ –Š‹• –‘–ƒŽ ‡ˆ”ƒ‹‰–ƒ‡–‘–Š‡‡š–”‡‡ ƒƒ‡—•ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••ƒ†‘’‡—’™ƒ›• –‘Ǯ‰ƒ‹ƒˆ”‡‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯȋ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ͳͻ͹͹ǡ͵͵ȌǤ  ‹–Š‡™‡›ǡ™‡ ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ™‘”Ž††‹• Ž‘•—”‡‹ƒ–‘•‘‡‡š–‡– •‹‹Žƒ” ˜‡‹Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ• ‘—Ž† „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹“—‹”›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡• –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡•‹‰ǡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ ƒ† ƒ”–‹•–‹ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ȋ‡™‡›ʹͲͲͷȌǤƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ”‡ƒ‹‹‰Ž‘ ‡†—’™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘Ž† ”‘—–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‘—‰Š–ǡ –Š‡•‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› ˆ‘” Ǯ†”ƒƒ–‹  ”‡Š‡ƒ”•ƒŽǯǣ–”›‹‰‘—–ˆ”‡•Šƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†•‘—”‡˜‡”›†ƒ›’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ› ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‘‰ ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” •‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘ ’”‡••‹‰ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ –Š‹•’”‘ ‡••ǡƒ†™‹–ŠŠ‹• ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ‡™‡›‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ™ƒ›–‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡„‘†‹Ž›ǡƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ •–Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡ƒ”‘—†‹••—‡•ǡƒ• ‹–‹•‘–•‘— Š•Šƒ”‡†‹–‡”‡•–•–Šƒ–‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘‡™ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡ„—–•Šƒ”‡† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ȋ‡‡–– ʹͲͳͲǡ ͳͲͲȌǤ Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡„‘†‹‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –™‘—Ž†’”‘‘–‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥ–ƒ‹‰–Š‡Ǯ›— ǯ”‡•’‘•‡–‘‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–‘– ƒ•ƒ‡”‡Ž›•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰‹–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ‡™‘„Œ‡ –ǡ„—–ƒ•ƒ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–”‡•’‘•‡

 pigtowersandinvitromeat97  –‘ƒ•Šƒ”‡† —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘‹–‡–Ǥ‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹†‹•ƒ‘‰‘‹‰’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ȋƒ–‘—”ʹͲͲͶǢ ”‘••ʹͲͳͲȌǡ‹™Š‹ Š‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ƒ”‡ †‡ƒŽ–™‹–Š‹’ƒ”–„›’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ–‹‡”‹‰”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š”‘—‰Š†‹• —••‹‰ƒ†ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•–‘‡™•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ȋ‘ŽʹͲͲʹǢ‘”–ŠƒŽ•ʹͲͲͶȌǤ  ˆ–‡‹†‹• —••‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”™‘”ǡ‡™‡›‹•–”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ Šƒ’‹‘‘ˆ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ ƒ† ‘–”ƒ•–‡† ™‹–Š ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ–‹Ǧ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‘” ‡˜‡ ƒ–‹Ǧ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ›•–‹ ȋ‘”–›ͳͻ͹͸ǢʹͲͲͷǢ‘ŠƒͳͻͻͶǢ‘’”‹†‹•ͳͻͻͶȌǤͶͲ •†‹•‹••ƒŽ ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ‡”‡‰—–”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘„‡‘˜‡” ‘‡„›”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡ǡ‘”ƒ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ †‡‡’ •‡ƒ–‡† ‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‡–”ƒŽ –‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ• —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǫ Š‡ „”‘ƒ† ’—„Ž‹  ‘•‡•—•–Šƒ– ‡‡”‰‡†ƒ„‘—–‘—”–™‘‡šƒ’Ž‡•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†–‘„‡–Šƒ–‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–‹•ƒ ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆ‘”‡”ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ’‹‰ –‘™‡” ™ƒ• ƒ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡”Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ ‡’–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡•‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•–Š—• ‘’”‹•‡†ƒ•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘˜‡”™Š‹ Šƒ”‰—‡–• ™‡”‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǡƒ†™Š‹ Š ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”†‡„ƒ–‡ȋƒ˜‹‡•ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ‹–Š‡™‡›ƒ† ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǡ™‡ ƒ‘˜‡” ‘‡–Š‡–‡†‡ ›–‘–”‡ƒ––Š‡•‡”‡ƒ –‹‘• ƒ•‡‹–Š‡”‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‘””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ†‹ Š‘–‘›„ƒ•‡†‘ƒƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ƒ† •–ƒ–‹  •—„Œ‡ –Ȁ‘„Œ‡ –†‹•–‹ –‹‘Ǥ‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆǮƒ”‰—‡–•ǯƒ”‡„”‘—‰Š––‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ† –Š‡‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡‹•†‡ ‹†‡†‹ƒƒ†Š‘ ™ƒ›Ǥ†ǡƒ•™ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ•‡™‹–Š–Š‡’—„Ž‹  ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰–‘™‡”•ǡ‡˜‡ƒȋ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”‹ƒȌ”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰ ƒ„‡„”‘ƒ†Ž›ƒ‰”‡‡†—’‘Ǥ  Technologiesfunctioningasart ‘–Š‡™‡›ƒ† ‡‹†‡‰‰‡” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ”––‘„‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›‘”‹†‡ƒŽˆ‘”‘ˆ†‹• Ž‘•‹‰ ‘—” ‘”ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‘” ‡™‡›ǡ •—„Œ‡ –• ‡‡”‰‡ ˆ”‘ ’ƒ”–ƒ‹‰ ‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ ‹ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ•Š‡™ƒ•“—‘–‡†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‘”› Šƒ’–‡”ǣǮŠ‡ •—–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆƒŽŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡–”‡ƒ–‹•‡•‘‘”ƒŽ•‹• ‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘™‹–Š–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡ‘˜‡Žǡ†”ƒƒǡ‘Ž‹ˆ‡ǯȋ‡™‡›ʹͲͲͷǡ ͵ͷͻȌǤ‡™‡›ǡƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǡ†‘‡•‘– ‘–”ƒ•–ƒ”–ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ǧ• ‹‡ ‡ƒ• —–—ƒŽŽ›‡š Ž—•‹˜‡‘†‡•‘ˆ™‘”Ž††‹• Ž‘•‹‰ǡ„—–†‡• ”‹„‡•Š‹•‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ „‘–Š‘†‡•ǤǮ˜‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ”–•ǡ‹–Š‡‹”•—–‘–ƒŽǡ†‘•‘‡–Š‹‰ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡‹‡ ‡• ƒ† ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡› •Šƒ’‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š—•†‡–‡”‹‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–ƒ†ƒ––‡–‹‘ǡƒ†Š‡ ‡ƒˆˆ‡ –   40Though,forothers,itisDeweywhoposesathreattodemocracy,withhis‘equationofinquirywithscientific experimentation’, thereby being ‘excessively optimistic about enlightenment rationality’, while ‘lacking a dystopiansensibilityforthetechnocraticthreatsofscience’(Feenberg2003).   98chapterthree  †‡•‹”‡ ƒ† ’—”’‘•‡ǯ ȋ‡™‡› ʹͲͲͷǡ ͵ͷͻȌǤ ‘” ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ƒ”–™‹–Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ ”‡–—” –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ”‡‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ techneǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ’‘‡–”›ƒ† ”ƒˆ–•™‡”‡‘–›‡–•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Š™‘”•‘ˆƒ”– †‹• —••Š‡”‡ ‘’‡—’™‘”Ž†•ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‘–„›‡˜‘‹‰–Š‡”‹ Š‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆˆƒ”Ž‹ˆ‡–Š‡™ƒ›ƒ ‘‰Šǯ•’‡ƒ•ƒ–•Š‘‡†‹†ˆ‘” ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ȋͳͻ͹ͳȌǡ„—–„›‘˜‡”–Ž›”‡†— ‹‰ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡–‘ –Š‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ—–”‹‡–•‹–‘‡ƒ•‹Ž›†‹‰‡•–‹„Ž‡’”‘–‡‹•Ǥ  ‡•‹†‡•„‡‹‰–‡ Š‘Ǧ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ‘—”–™‘‡šƒ’Ž‡•„‘–ŠƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘‡†ƒ•™‘”•‘ˆƒ”–ǡƒ‹‰–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘ƒ†–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ™‘”Ž† †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ Ž‡•• Ž‡ƒ” —–ǤͶͳ ƒ„ „ƒ•‡† „‹‘ƒ”–‹•–• ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ‹ ƒ —•‡—ȋƒ––•ƒ†—””ʹͲͲʹȌǡƒ†ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•‡š–”ƒ’‘Žƒ–‹‰ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‹–‘ ‡˜‘ ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡•‹‰• ȋ ʹͲͲͳȌǡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒƒ‰‡† –‘ „Ž—” –Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•„‡–™‡‡ƒ”–ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ –‹•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ”–’”‘Œ‡ –•–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ• ƒ”‡‡š–”ƒ’‘Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‡š–”‡‡ǡ„—–ƒ”–ƒ††‡•‹‰ƒŽ•‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‡™Ž›‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ Žƒ–‡ ‘†‡” ‡ƒ– ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ •’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡•‡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ǡ „‘–Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ „‡ ‡˜‹•‹‘‡†ǡ ‘– ƒ• ƒ•‡• ‘ˆ —––‡” ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ •‹–—ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ ”‡‘–‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽœ‘‡‘”‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡Žƒ„ǡ„—–ƒ•”‡‡™‡†ƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•Š‡”‡‡—–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‡„‡††‡† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• –‘ ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ  ˜ƒ”‹ƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹‰ –‘™‡” • Š‡‡ ‹• –Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡†ƒ•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆǮ—”„ƒƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǯǡ„”‹‰‹‰ ‹–›†™‡ŽŽ‡”•„ƒ ‹ –‘— Š™‹–ŠŠ‘™–Š‡‹”ˆ‘‘†‹•’”‘†— ‡†Ǥȋ‘•‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͸Ǣ–”‘‘ʹͲͲͻȌǤ‘—Ž†ƒ™‡ŽŽ †‡•‹‰‡†’‹‰–‘™‡”–Š‡‘–‡”‡Ž›ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•ƒ™ƒ›–‘‘’–‹‹œ‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ Ž‘‰‹•–‹ •ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ•ƒ™ƒ›–‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ •‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡƒŽŽ –Š‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹’”‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’‹‰• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǫ †ǡ ‘—Ž† ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ ™Š‡ †‡•‹‰‡† ƒ• ƒ ‹– Š‡ ƒ’’Ž‹ƒ ‡ ȋŽ‡ –”‘Ž—š ʹͲͲͻȌǡ ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•ƒǮˆ‘ ƒŽ–Š‹‰ǯȋ‘”‰ƒͳͻͺͶȌ–Šƒ–„”‹‰•—• Ž‘•‡”–‘ˆ‘‘†’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ† ‰‹˜‡• ”‹•‡ –‘ ‡™ ‡ƒ‹‰• ‹ •Šƒ”‡† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǫ ‡”Šƒ’• –Š‡•‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘—Ž† ‡˜‡ Ž‡ƒ† —• –‘ ‹ƒ‰‹‡ –Š‡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰—•–‘ ’”‡’ƒ”‡ ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‡” ‘—” ‰—‡•–• ƒ Ǯ’‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ǯǡ –Š—• ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡™”‹–—ƒŽ•–Šƒ–”‡•‘ƒ–‡™‹–Š˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ ˆ †‡•‹‰‡† ™‡ŽŽǡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ› „‡ Š‹‰Š –‡ Š ™ƒ›• –‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•Ǧ‡†• ƒ† •—„Œ‡ –Ǧ‘„Œ‡ –†‹˜‹†‡•‹–Š‡‡–ƒ’Š›•‹ •‘ˆ‘†‡”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡ –‹‡ –Š‡› ƒ˜‘‹† ”‡˜‡”–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‰‹ƒ –Šƒ– ‡”‡Ž› ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡„› †‡‡’‡‹‰ †‡„ƒ–‡• ƒ† ‡š’ƒ†‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ ƒ›

  41Formoreexamplesofhowconjunctionsofartandsciencecanproduceshiftingdefinitionsandpracticesof politics,seeGabrysandYusoff(2011).  pigtowersandinvitromeat99  ‘–ƒ‰”‡‡™‹–Š–Š‡†‡•‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ǡ™Šƒ–‡˜‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡ǡ„—– ™‹–Š‡™‡›ƒ† ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǡ™‡ ƒƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡Š‘™–Š‡•‡–Š‹‰•‘ˆˆ‡”‘ ƒ•‹‘•–‘ †‹• —••‡š‹•–‹‰‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•‹ƒ‡™Ž‹‰Š–ǡˆ‘”‰‡‡™’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘• ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡™‘”ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ 

    

   



PartII

Milkingrobots    Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ƒ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Šˆƒ”‡”•‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•‘–Š‡‹” ˆƒ”•ǡƒ†ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆŠ‘™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ›Ž‡ƒ†–‘ †‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡Ǧ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ  –Š‹• ’ƒ”–ǡ –Š‡•‡ –™‘ ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‘„‹‡† ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ”ǡ ˆ‘ —•‹‰ ‘ ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ–Š‡‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–Ǥ Šƒ’–‡” Ͷ †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡ ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‹• –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‰ƒ˜‡”‹•‡–‘‡™‹†‡ƒ•‘ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ†ˆƒ”Žƒ„‘—” “—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ †‡ƒ•™Š‹ Š•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ˆ‡†„ƒ ‹–‘–Š‡™ƒ› –Š‡ ”‘„‘– ‹• —•‡† ƒ† Š‘™ –Š‡ ™‹†‡” automatic milking system‹•ƒ””ƒ‰‡†Ǥ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‹•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ–‹‡”‹‰ǡ‹™Š‹ Š ‘™•’Žƒ›ƒ ƒ –‹˜‡”‘Ž‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ —–‹ˆ–Š‹•‹•–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘Š—ƒ–‹‡”‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰ Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• –Š‡ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ ›‡•ǡ ‡˜‡ ‘ˆ ƒ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ–—”‡ǫŠƒ–‹•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘†‡Ž˜‡†‹–‘‹ Šƒ’–‡”ͷǤ Š‹•’ƒ”–‡†•™‹–Šƒ‹–‡”‡œœ‘ǡ‹™Š‹ Šƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹•†‡’‹ –‡†ƒ††‡• ”‹„‡†‘ˆƒ˜‹•—ƒŽ‘†‡‘ˆ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ•Š‘™ ƒ•‹‰ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡”‘Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”–‘‹–‡”˜‡‡‹’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ȋƒ‹ƒŽȌ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ



  

   



Chapter4

Cowsdesiringtobemilked? MilkingrobotsandthecoͲevolutionofethicsandtechnology   

4.1Introduction42  ‹ ‡–Š‡ͳͻ͸Ͳ•ǡ–Š‡‹Ž‹‰‘ˆ ‘™•ȋ‹–Š‡‡•–‡”™‘”Ž†ȌŠƒ•‘•–Ž›„‡‡†‘‡ —•‹‰ƒ‹Ž‹‰ƒ Š‹‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ„›Šƒ†ƒ†„— ‡–ǡƒ•Šƒ†„‡‡ ‘‘•‹ ‡ –Š‡ †ƒ™ ‘ˆ †ƒ‹”› ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ȋƒ †”‹ Š‡ ‘‘‰ƒ‡”– ͳͻ͹ͲǢ ‹‡Ž‡ƒ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ  ‹Ž‹‰ ƒ Š‹‡ ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ƒ ’—’ ‘‡ –‡† ˜‹ƒ –—„‡• –‘ –‡ƒ– —’•ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ’—Ž•ƒ–‹‰˜ƒ ——•‹—Žƒ–‡•ƒ•— Ž‹‰ ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡‹Ž‹‰Šƒ†‘ˆƒ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‡”Ǥ Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǡ‘”ƒ‡’Ž‘›‡‡ǡ‹Ž•‡‹‰Š––‘–™‡Ž˜‡ ‘™••‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›‹ƒ‹Ž‹‰ ’ƒ”Ž‘—”„›ƒ––ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡–‡ƒ– —’•–‘–Š‡—††‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‡–‘ ™ƒŽ ‹–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ •–ƒ–‹‘•ǤͶ͵Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™‹•”‡•–”‹ –‡† ˆ‘”–Š‡†—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹‰™Š‹Ž‡•Š‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡•ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡–‘‡ƒ•‡Š‡” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ ‘‡‡ƒ”Ž›‘”‹‰ƒ†‘‡Žƒ–‡ƒˆ–‡”‘‘•Š‹ˆ–ǡͶͶ–Š‡ ‘™•ƒ”‡ˆ‡– Š‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ†‘™ ‹ •—‡” ‘” †”‹˜‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” Š‘—•‹‰ ƒ”‡ƒ –‘ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰ ’ƒ”Ž‘—”Ǥƒ Š•Š‹ˆ–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹Ž‡” ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ‘‡–‘–™‘Š‘—”••’‡–‹–Š‡‹Ž‹‰ ’ƒ”Ž‘—” Ž‡ƒ‹‰—††‡”•ǡƒ––ƒ Š‹‰–‡ƒ– —’•ǡƒ† Š‡ ‹‰–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™• ™Š‹Ž‡™ƒ– Š‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡‹Ž‹‰’”‘ ‡••Ǥ‘‡™‘—Ž†•ƒ›‹–‹•†”—†‰‡”›ǡ•‘‡–Š‹‰ ’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž›”‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ‡’Ž‘›‡‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡˆ‘”ƒ›–Š‡†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž› ”‹•‡ƒ†–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›”‘—–‹‡‘ˆǮŠƒ”˜‡•–‹‰ǯ‹•–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽƒ†‘•–”‡™ƒ”†‹‰’ƒ”–‘ˆ

  42Publishedas:Driessen,Clemens,andLeonieHeutinck.2014.Cowsdesiringtobemilked?Milkingrobotsand thecoͲevolutionofethicsandtechnologyonDutchdairyfarms.AgricultureandHumanValues.(Onlinefirst) 43InmorelargeͲscaleoperationsthiscanbeupto30cows,asituationwhichiscommonforinstanceinparts oftheUS.ThisintroductiondescribesthecommonsituationondairyfarmsintheNetherlands. 44ThoughforinstanceinthesouthoftheNetherlandsonmanyfarmsmilkingtendstobedoneaccordingtoa laterrhythm,somethingthatissometimesascribedtotheregionbeingCatholicratherthanProtestant. 104chapterfour

„‡‹‰ ƒ ˆƒ”‡”ǣ ‰‡––‹‰ ‹–‘ ƒ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ǮˆŽ‘™ǯ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ Š‹‡”›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘™•ǡƒ† Š‡ ‹‰‘–Š‡‹”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘‹–—”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡Œ‘›‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ƒ† –Š‡ •™‹ˆ–‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ™‹–Šƒ‹’Ž‹ ‹–‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽȄ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ ‘™–Šƒ–ƒ ‹†‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘”‘’—”’‘•‡ǡ‹ •‘ˆˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹‰†‡˜‹ ‡Ǥ –‹• ‘ˆ–‡•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ †‡ ‹•‹‘•‹†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ†‡Ǯ‹–Š‡ ’‹–ǡǯ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”‹• ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‰ǡƒ„•‘”„‡†‹–Š‡™‘”ǡƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹‰‡–ƒŽ •’ƒ ‡–‘—ŽŽ–Š‹‰•‘˜‡”ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ –‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰„‡ ‘‡•ƒ‡š‡’Žƒ”› ‘‡–‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡‘†‡”†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”ǡ‹‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡™•— Š”‡ƒ‹‹‰”‘Ž‡•‹ ‘—” •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡• ƒ—ƒŽ Žƒ„‘—” ™‹–Š •–”ƒ–‡‰‹  ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ† ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’ȋƒ•™‡•ƒ™‹ Šƒ’–‡”ʹȌǤ  ƒ› ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‘—‰Šǡ‹Ž‹‰‹•Ž‡ˆ––‘ƒ‡’Ž‘›‡‡‘”–Š‡–ƒ•‹•†‹˜‹†‡†ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™Š‡ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• •Šƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ” ™‘”Ǥ  ˜‡”› Žƒ”‰‡†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”•™‹–Š‘˜‡”ƒ–Š‘—•ƒ† ‘™•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ ‘‘‹’ƒ”–•‘ˆ‘”–Š ‡”‹ ƒǡ ƒ‘–Š‡” †‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ –ƒ•• ‡‡”‰‡• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ™‘” ‹ •Š‹ˆ–• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ Ž‘  –‘ ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› ‹Ž „ƒ– Š‡• ‘ˆ ‘™•ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ ‹ Žƒ”‰‡ ƒ”‘—•‡Ž •›•–‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‡ŽŽ‡”ʹͲͳʹȌǤ ‘‘†ȋ•‹Žˆ—ŽȌ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›‹ –Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡƒ”‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ˆ‹†ǡ–Š‘—‰ŠǤ†—– Šˆƒ”‡”•†‘‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ™ƒ– –‘ „‡ ‘‡ Ǯ’‡”•‘‡Ž ƒƒ‰‡”•ǯȄ‘” ˆ‹† –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‹ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ –ƒ‹‰‘–Š‹•”‘Ž‡Ȅƒ†–”›–‘ƒ˜‘‹†Š‹”‹‰‡š–‡”ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”ȋvreemdearbeidȌȋ‘‘‹Œ ʹͲͲͶǢ‡„‡”‰ŠʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ  •ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡ ‘‘‹Ž‹‰’ƒ”Ž‘—”‹™Š‹ Šǡ–™‘‘”–Š”‡‡–‹‡•ƒ†ƒ›ǡ ƒŽŽ ‘™•ƒ”‡‹Ž‡†‹‰”‘—’•ǡƒ†‡˜‹ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Šƒ–†‘‡•–Š‡‹Ž‹‰ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ †‹”‡ – ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ˆƒ”‡”Ǥ  –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‹ ‘–Š‡” ȋ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ȍ ‘—–”‹‡• –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹  ‹Ž‹‰•›•–‡•ȋȌ”‡’Žƒ ‹‰ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‹Ž‹‰’ƒ”Ž‘—”•‘†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”•Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ •‹ ‡ –Š‡‹” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻͻͲ•Ǥ Š‘—•ƒ†• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• ‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ‘‡ ‘” ‘”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ †‡˜‹ ‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ —‹†‡ ʹͲͲͻȌǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‹ ‘”–Š™‡•–‡” —”‘’‡ ȋ ƒ†‹ƒ˜‹ƒǡ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ ‡”ƒ›ǡ ”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Ȍǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š •‘‡ ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ‘”–Š ‡”‹ ƒǡ —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ ƒ† ‡™ ‡ƒŽƒ†ǤͶͷ   45Asof 2012intheNetherlands,morethan 2500farmersoperatean AMS,whichmeansover 10%ofthe Dutch dairy farms, while over the past few years about a third of new milking installations were robotic (Stichting KOM n.d.). The use of AMS in North America is expected to rise as well, for instance, by the manufacturerLely(Hoard’sDairyman2012).  cowsdesiringtobemilked?105

ˆƒ”•™‹–Šǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘™•˜‹•‹––Š‡‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”‘™ ‹ Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ƒ”‡ ƒ‹Ž› ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† „› ƒ •—’’Ž› ‘ˆ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡• ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰„‘š†—”‹‰‹Ž‹‰Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•‡•‘”•ǡ ‘™•ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† „› –Š‡ •›•–‡ ƒ† ƒ„‘”ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‹Ž ƒ „‡ †‡–‡ –‡†Ǥ ‡†‹ ƒ–‡† •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ •–‘”‡• ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒǡ ‹Ž‹‰ ”‡’‘”–• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ †ƒ‹Ž› ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ’‡” ‘™ǡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‹Žǡ ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ „‡–™‡‡ ‹Ž‹‰•Ȍ ƒ† ‹Ž “—ƒŽ‹–› ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• ȋ‘‹‰ ƒ† ‘†‡„—”‰ ʹͲͲͶȌǤŠ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–’”‘‰”ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”–‘ ‘–”‘Ž–Š‡•‡––‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ •›•–‡ȋ‡‹Œ‡”‹‰‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͶȌǤ‘™•–Šƒ–•Š‘™ƒ„‘”ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘”Šƒ˜‡‘–˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡ ”‘„‘–ˆ‘”‘”‡–Šƒƒ•‡–’‡”‹‘†ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ†’Žƒ ‡†‘ƒ•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡†attention listǤŠ‡•‡ ‘™•ƒ”‡–‘„‡ Š‡ ‡†—’‘„›–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǡƒ† ƒȋ‹•‘‡•‡–—’•Ȍ„‡ ’—–‹–‘ƒ‡ Ž‘•‡†waitingarea–Šƒ––Š‡› ƒ‘Ž›Ž‡ƒ˜‡„›˜‹•‹–‹‰–Š‡”‘„‘–Ǥ  –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ ™‹ŽŽ†‡• ”‹„‡–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡š’Ž‘”‡‹–• ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ „‘–Š ˆƒ”‡” ƒ† ‘™ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ǥ  ™‹ŽŽ ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ––Š‡•‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ„‹‰—‘—•ƒ†‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‹–‡”’”‡– —‡“—‹˜‘ ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ•–Š‡–‡”•‹™Š‹ Š–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ†–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ „‘–Š ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ‘™• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ Šƒ‰‡ ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•†‡˜‹ ‡Ǥ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ– ‘–‹—ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡•‘ ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰–Š‡•Š‹ˆ–•‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ††‹• ‘—”•‡•ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹‘”†‡”–‘ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ••‡••ƒ†‹ˆ‘”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ– „‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‡ Šƒ‰‹‰˜‹‡™•‘™Šƒ– ‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒ‰‘‘†Ž‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”ƒ ‘™ƒ†ƒˆƒ”‡”ǡ ™‹ŽŽ Žƒ‹ǡƒ”‡‘–ƒŽŽ‡”‡Ž› ƒ•‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ‡•’‡”•‘”Š‡–‘”‹ ǡ„—–ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒŽ•‘ƒ––‡•– –‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡‘ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ ‡”•‹–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡‘”ƒŽ ‹†‡ƒ•–Šƒ– Šƒ‰‡†™‹–Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ”‘„‘– ƒƒ –—ƒŽŽ›„‡ˆ‘—†–‘ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ‹–‘ Š‘™ –Š‡ ”‘„‘–‹  •›•–‡ ‹•—•‡† ƒ† Žƒ‹† ‘—–ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‘‰‘‹‰–‡ Š‘Ǧ‘”ƒŽ ‘Ǧ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ  

4.2Conceptualbackground:coͲevolutiononthefarm  ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‹‡Ž†•–Šƒ–•–—†›–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ǡ‹–‹•‘™ ‘‘’Žƒ ‡–‘•‡‡–Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ‘‰‘‹‰—–—ƒŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Ǥ ”‘ –Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›–‘‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•–—†‹‡•ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•ȋ‘–Š‡”Ȍ„”ƒ Š‡•‘ˆ • ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› •–—†‹‡• ȋȌǡ –Š‡ ‘”‡ ƒ••—’–‹‘ ‹• –Šƒ– Šƒ‰‡‹•–‘„‡ ‘ ‡‹˜‡†‘ˆƒ•ƒ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–™‘Ǧ™ƒ›•Šƒ’‹‰ǤŠ‡–‡”•—•‡†–‘†‡• ”‹„‡–Š‹•‹† ‘ˆ’”‘ ‡••ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”ǡƒ†ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›–Š‡†‘ƒ‹•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘‹–‡”ƒ –ǣ–Š‡ Dz ‘’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘”†‡”dzȋ ƒ•ƒ‘ˆˆʹͲͳ͵Ȍ‘”–Š‡Dz ‘Ǧ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ

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•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†ƒ–—”‡dzȋƒ–‘—”ͳͻͻʹȌǡ–Š‡Dz ‘Ǧ•Šƒ’‹‰‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›dzƒ† Dz•‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽdz ȋ‹Œ‡” ƒ† ƒ™ ͳͻͻʹȌ ‘” Dz–‡ Š‘Ǧ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡dz ȋ™‹‡”•–”ƒǡ –‡‡”†‹‰ǡƒ†‘‡‹ʹͲͲͻȌǤ–ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ‡„ƒ•‹ ’”‡‹•‡ǡ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹• —•—”’”‹•‹‰Ž› ‘””‘„‘”ƒ–‡•–Š‹•‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒ–™‘Ǧ™ƒ›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›Ȁ —Ž–—”‡Ȁ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǤŠƒ–ƒ›Š‘™‡˜‡”ƒ‡‹–ƒ™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡”‡ƒ†ǡ‹•–Šƒ– ‹–‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–ƒ‡‘Š‘™™‡ ‘—Ž†—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‹•—–—ƒŽ•Šƒ’‹‰’”‘ ‡•• ‹‘”‡†‡–ƒ‹Žǡƒ†‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›Š‘™™‡ ‘—Ž†–Š‹‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••Ǣ †ǡ–Š‡”‡„›ǡŠ‘™‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ›”‡Žƒ–‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›–‘„‡‹‰‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡‹” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǥ  ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ’”‘’‘•‡† –‡”• †‘ ‘– †‹˜‡”‰‡ — Š ‹ –Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”•‡–‹‘‡†—•‡–Š‡ǡ–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹•ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰ǡƒ•‹–‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ–™Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘‡–‘ ‘•‹†‡”–‘„‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹•‘––Š‡‡†’‘‹–‘ˆƒ‹†‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ’”‘‰”‡••ǡ ‘” –Š‡ ‹ƒ†˜‡”–‡– •‹†‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ‘–‹—‘—• ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‡–ƒ’Š‘” ’‡”Šƒ’• ”‹•• ƒ‹‰ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š– ‹–‘ ƒ ”ƒ–Š‡” „Ž‹† ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‹•– ƒˆˆƒ‹”Ǣ‡–Š‹ •ƒ•‡”‡Ž›–Š‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ Šƒ ‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹™Šƒ–‡˜‡”Šƒ’’‡•–‘„‡ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ •‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘”ƒŽ ‘”•ǡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ•—„Œ‡ –•ǡ‡– ǤŠ‡‘Ž›”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘‘”‡˜‡‹†‡ƒŽ ‘—Ž†–Š‡ „‡–‘ˆ‘•–‡”‡–Š‹ ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǡˆ”‘ƒŠ‘’‡–Šƒ–ƒ‹†‘ˆǮ‘”ƒŽ „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǯ ™‘—Ž† ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ”‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡ǤŠ‹•‹•’‡”Šƒ’•‘–ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ™”‘‰‹†‡ƒǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡„‘–Š–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ”‡‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›Ǯ„Ž‹†ǯ ƒˆ–‡” ƒŽŽǡ „—– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‹–‡–‹‘•ƒ† Š‘‹ ‡•„›Š—ƒƒ†‡˜‡‘ǦŠ—ƒƒ‰‡–•Ǥ  ‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰™‹–Š‘˜‡Ž™ƒ›•–‘Ž‹˜‡ǡ–‘”‡Žƒ–‡ǡ ƒ†–‘ƒ”‰—‡Ǥ˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹„‹‘Ž‘‰›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›‹••‡‡–‘‘ —”‘–‘Ž›„›Ǯ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†•‡Ž‡ –‹‘ǡǯƒ•ƒ„Ž‹†ƒ†—‹†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘„›Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ‡š Šƒ‰‡ „‡–™‡‡‘”‰ƒ‹••ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š’ƒ”ƒ•‹–‹•ƒ†•›„‹‘•‹•ȋ ‹”†ʹͲͳͲȌǤ –Š‹•˜‡”•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘„˜‹‘—•‡•• ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹• „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡ǡ ‹• •‡˜‡”‡Ž›—†‡” —–ǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ „‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ •Š‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ• Žƒ ‹‰ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‰‡ ›ȋ‡•’”‡–ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ –‰‘‡•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›–‘‘ˆƒ”–‘•–”‡– Š–Š‡ ‡–ƒ’Š‘”‹–‘ƒ’”‡ ‹•‡‘†‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”–™‹‡‡–‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ„—–‹– †‘‡• ƒ‡ ˆ‘” ‘”‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ Žƒ„‡Ž‹‰ –Š‹• ƒ• Ǯ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǤǯͶ͸

  46CoͲevolutionmoreoverisacommonnotioninunderstandingsofagriculturalinnovationthatconsiderthe adoption of new technologies and the development of knowledge as intertwined with alternative ways of  cowsdesiringtobemilked?107

Š‡”‡„› –Š‡ –‡” ‘– ‡”‡Ž› •—‰‰‡•–• •‡‡‹‰ Š‘™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –• ƒ† •›•–‡•Ǯ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ǯ•‘‡–Š‹‰‘”•‘‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡™‡ƒ› ƒŽŽǮ‡–Š‹ •ǯǡƒ†˜‹ ‡˜‡”•ƒǤ  ‘”–Š‡‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘– ƒ•‡•–—†›ǡ–Š‹• ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰™‘—Ž†‡ƒ –Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ ‘™•ǡˆƒ”‡”•ǡƒ†”‘„‘–•†‡’‡†‘Š‘™–Š‡›”‡Žƒ–‡–‘‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”ƒ†–‘–Š‡™‹†‡”ˆƒ„”‹ ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ –Š‡‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–  †‘ ‘– Œ—•– Ž‘‘ ƒ– Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡ †‹• ‘—”•‡ ‘ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ –”ƒ ‡ Šƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ‘™• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡƒ†Š‘™–Š‡•‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ‹–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†Žƒ›‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘„‘–Ǥ  EarlierdairyfarmingcoǦevolution:fromtiestallstoloosehousing ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘• ‹ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ •Š‘™ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ •™‹– Š ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –‹‡ •–ƒŽŽ–‘Ž‘‘•‡Š‘—•‹‰‹ —„‹ Ž‡„ƒ”•–Šƒ–‘ —””‡†ȋ‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ȍƒ”‘—†–Š‡ ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ™ƒ•‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†„›˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆƒ –‘”•ƒ† ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘–‘Ž›™ƒ•–Š‡”‡ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘™ƒ”†• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡ • ƒŽ‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”• ƒ† †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡ ƒ‘—–‘ˆ Žƒ„‘—”ǡ ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ™‘”‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• Šƒ† „‡ ‘‡ ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ‘ ‡”ǡ ™Š‡”‡„›–Š‡Šƒ”†ƒ—ƒŽŽƒ„‘—””‡“—‹”‡†„›–Š‡–‹‡•–ƒŽŽ™ƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›–Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆƒ•—ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ȋƒ†”‹ Š‡‘‘‰ƒ‡”–ͳͻ͹ͲȌǤŠ‡ Šƒ‰‡‹Š‘—•‹‰•›•–‡ ™ƒ•ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„›ƒ•Š‹ˆ–‹™Šƒ–™‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ„Ž‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘–Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡–Š‡ †‡Š‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•™ƒ• †‡‡‡† ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ‹ Ž‘‘•‡ Š‘—•‹‰ǡ „—– Šƒ† „‡‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ ƒ †‡ ƒ†‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ȋ‹‡Ž‡ƒ ʹͲͲͲǢ ƒ †‡” Ž‘‡‰ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‡Ž— –ƒ– ˆƒ”‡”• ˜‹‡™‡† –Š‡ ‡™ Ž‘‘•‡Š‘—•‹‰ƒ•‡••›ƒ„‡””ƒ–‹‘•–‘‰‘‘†ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡–›‹‰—’ ‘™•–‘ ‘•–”ƒ‹–Š‡‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡•’‘–ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ• ‘‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹–Š‡‘Ž†–‹‡•–ƒŽŽ•ǡŠƒ• ‘™ƒ†ƒ›• ȋƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ȍ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘‡ –‘ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† Š‹‰ŠŽ› —†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ˜‹‡™Ǥ  ‘”‰ƒ‹  ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹– ‹• ‘™ ‘•–Ž›”—Ž‡†‘—–ǡƒ†ˆ‘” ƒŽ˜‡•–›‹‰—’Šƒ•„‡‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†‹ –Š‡ Ǥ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ—”‘’‡ƒ ‘—–”‹‡•–Š‡–‹‡•–ƒŽŽ•–‹ŽŽ‹• ‘‘ǡ‡˜‡‹

  organizingagriculturalpractice.Thisisseentoincludepolicy,legislation,infrastructure,funding,andmarket developments,involvingcompetingworldviewsandredistributionofcostsandbenefits(Klerkx,Mierlo,and Leeuwis 2012). Geels has furthermore pointed at the multiple levels at which this process of coͲevolution takes place: new innovations emerge in niches, compete with established socioͲtechnical configurations, overarchedbyasocietallevelofslowculturalandmaterialchange(Geels2005).Thisthesisdoesnotexplicitly grapple with this work in (agricultural) innovation, though it does figure in the background, and it will be interestingtoseewhatimplicationsmaybedrawnfromacknowledgingparticularrolesofethics‘intransition’.  108chapterfour

‘—–”‹‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡•‡‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡†‡„ƒ–‡•‘ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ•— Šƒ•‘”†‹ ƒ† Ž’ ‘—–”‹‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‹‡•‡‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳͲȌǤ  EthicsincoǦevolution? Š‡–Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‘”•ƒ†’”‹‘”‹–‹‡• ƒ‘–„‡–ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ •‹‰‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ’”‘‰”‡••ǡ†‘‡•‹–‡ƒ–Šƒ–‡–Š‹ •‹•‡”‡Ž›ƒƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‰ ˆƒ•Š‹‘•ǫ ‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• †‹ Š‘–‘‘—• ™ƒ›ǡ  ƒ”‰—‡ǡ ™‘—Ž†ƒ”‹•‡ˆ”‘ƒ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–™Šƒ–‹•‡–Š‹ ƒŽŽ›”‹‰Š–‹••—’’‘•‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽƒ†ƒǦ–‡’‘”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ–Š‹ ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ƒ†‘”•ǡ‹–Š‹•˜‹‡™ǡ‡‡† –‘„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ ‘–‡š–ǡ„—– ƒ—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ˆ”‘ ƒ† –”ƒ• ‡†‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘–‡š–•Ǥ › ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰ ‘” ‡˜‡ ‡„”ƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ †›ƒ‹ ƒ† ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‘”•ƒ• Šƒ‰‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‹‰ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡–•™‘—Ž†•‡‡–‘„‡ ’”‡ Ž—†‡†Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” •–ƒ”–• ˆ”‘ ƒ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•– —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • ™Š‹ Šǡ ƒ• ‡—Žƒ”–œ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͲͶȌ Šƒ˜‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†ǡ ‹• ‘”‡ ‰‡ƒ”‡† –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ ƒ† Šƒ• Ž‘•‡” ƒˆˆ‹‹–› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ˆŽ—‹† ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‘–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ  ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ–‡‡–•‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•‹•–Š‡†‹•ƒ˜‘™ƒŽ‘ˆ‰”ƒ–‹‰ †—ƒŽ‹•• ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•Ǥ ‹ Š‘–‘‹‡• •— Š ƒ• ‹† ƒ† „‘†›ǡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ‡‘–‹‘ǡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǡƒ”‡‘–„ƒ•‹ ƒ†‰‹˜‡†‹˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ‘—”™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‡™‡›ƒ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•ǡ‡–Š‹ •‡‡”‰‡•‹–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • ‹• †›ƒ‹ ǡ •‹–—ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ† ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ —†‡”•–‘‘†‘–Œ—•–ƒ•ƒ ’—”‡Ž›•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ƒˆˆƒ‹”–Šƒ–‘”‰ƒ‹••’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ž›—†‡”‰‘ǡ„—–ƒ•„‘–Š’ƒ••‹˜‡ƒ† ƒ –‹˜‡ǡ ƒ• †‘‹‰ ƒ† —†‡”‰‘‹‰ ȋ‡™‡› ʹͲͲͷȌǡ ƒ• „‘†‹Ž› ƒ† ‡–ƒŽǡ ‘’”‹•‹‰ „‘–Šƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡ ‘—–‡”•ƒ†•‹ŽŽˆ—Ž‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‹• ‘ ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ‡•ˆ‘”ƒƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‡–Š‹ •–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”ƒ•‡ŽˆǦ‡˜‹†‡–”‘Ž‡‘ˆ „‘–Šˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†Ȅ•‘ ƒ”‰—‡ȄƒŽ•‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•™Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•‘ –Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥ‘–ƒ•‹†‡ƒŽŽ‹„‡”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ǣ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ—–‘‘‘—•ǡƒ–‘‹•–‹ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ „—–”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”•‹‡”•‡†‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤŠ‡–Š‹ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡƒ†Š‘™ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‘—‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡•‡ǡ‹•–Š‡ ƒ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡™ƒ›–‘’”‘‘–‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ††‡„ƒ–‡ȋƒ•™ƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†‹ Šƒ’–‡” ʹȌǤ  –Š‡” ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –‘ ‡–Š‹ • –Šƒ– •‹‹Žƒ”Ž› •–ƒ”– ˆ”‘ ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ˆŽ—‹† —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ•ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’ƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡• „‡‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „› Šƒ–‘”‡ ȋʹͲͲʹȌ ƒ† ƒ”ƒ™ƒ› ȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ  ‡š—„‡”ƒ– •–›Ž‡•ǡ –Š‡•‡ƒ—–Š‘”•Šƒ˜‡ ”ƒˆ–‡†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘Dz ‘’ƒ‹‘•’‡ ‹‡•dzƒ†  cowsdesiringtobemilked?109

Dz‹–‹ƒ–‡ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•‘ˆ ‘”’‘”‡ƒŽ„‡ ‘‹‰ǤdzŠ‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‹–Š‡•‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ƒ‘—–• –‘ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ –‘ „‡ ‘’‡ǡ –‘ –—‡ ‹ǡ ƒ† –‘ •‡‡ –‘ ‡ ‘—–‡” Dz‹†ˆ—Ž ‘–Š‡”•Ǥdz ‘– „› ‡š–‡†‹‰ Š—ƒ‹•– ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› ƒ† ”‹‰Š–• –‘ ƒ •‡Ž‡ – ‰”‘—’‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡”ƒƒŽ•ǡ„—–„›„‡ ‘‹‰ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š‘—” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘–ƒ‹•’‡ ‹‡•Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹‡•ǡƒ‡—•‘˜‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‡ ‘—” Š—ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‡•• ƒ† ’”‡˜‡– —• ˆ”‘ ‘”‡ –”—Ž› ‡ ‘—–‡”‹‰ ƒ† ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆŽ‹˜‹‰„‡‹‰•Ǥ  ‘‡• –Š‹• ‡ƒ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡” ‹• –‘ „‡ ‡š–‡†‡† –‘ ‘ǦŠ—ƒ ‘„Œ‡ –• –‘‘ǫ š–‡†‹‰ ƒ–‘—”ǯ• Ǯƒ –‘”Ǧ‡–™‘”ǯ ‘”–Š‘†‘š›Ȅ‹ ™Š‹ Š Š—ƒ• ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‘ǦŠ—ƒ• ƒŽ‹‡ ƒ”‡ –‘ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† actantsȄƒ›•‡‡–‘•—‰‰‡•– •— Šƒ–Š‹‰ȋ‹•ƒʹͲͲͷȌǤ •–Š‡”‡–Š‡‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ ‘™ƒ†ƒ”‘„‘–ǫ  ’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡—‡”‘—•ǣƒˆƒ”‡”ƒ›‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›–ƒŽ–‘ƒ”‘„‘–ǡ„—–’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ‘Ž› ™Š‹Ž‡ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ™Š‡ ‹– ƒŽˆ— –‹‘•ǡ ‡˜‡” ‹†Ž›ǡ ™Š‡ ‹–‘’‡”ƒ–‡•ƒ• ‡š’‡ –‡†Ǥ Š‡ ”‘„‘– ‹• —Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ‡˜‡” „‡ ƒ”‡••‡†Ǣ ‘Ž› ’‡”Šƒ’• ‹ ‡†Ǥ Š‡ ƒ ”‘„‘–™‘—Ž†„‡‹ ‡†ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ƒ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‡„ƒ””ƒ••‡–—’‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰ •‘‡‘‡‡Ž•‡•ƒ™‹–ǡ‘”„‡™‘””‹‡†–Š‹•‹‰Š–ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡™ƒ””ƒ–›ǡ„—–™Š‡‹ ‹‰ ƒ ‘™ ƒ ˆƒ”‡” ƒ› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ •Šƒ‡ ȋ ƒ”„‡”• ʹͲͲʹǢ •‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‡• ʹͲͲͻǡͶͳȌǤŠƒ– ‘—–•ƒ• ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆƒ”‡”ƒ† ‘™• ƒƒ•™‡ŽŽ„‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•ǣŠ‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆƒ”‡”ƒ† ‘™‹ƒ–‹‡•–ƒŽŽ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† –‘ „‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ Ž‘•‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘–ƒ –ƒ† ƒ”‡Ǥ‹–Š ƒ ”‘„‘–ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡” ‘™ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ Šƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘ ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ–‘™ƒ”†•ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘–ƒ‡ ‰‘‘† ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ȋ ‡—–‹ ƒ†”‹‡••‡ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ  Š—•™Šƒ–ƒ ‘™‹•ǡƒ†Š‘™„‡•––‘”‡Žƒ–‡–‘Š‡”ǡ‹•–Š‡‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ ‘‰‘‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ † ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘†‡” Š‹‰Š ›‹‡Ž†‹‰†ƒ‹”› ‘™‹–‹•Šƒ”†–‘•ƒ›™Š‡”‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›•–‘’•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ„‡‰‹•ǡ –Š‹• Š‘™‡˜‡” †‘‡• ‘– ’”‡ Ž—†‡ ƒ ‰‡—‹‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ ‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ǣ ‡˜‡ •–”‘‰‡”ǡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰ –Š‡ †‡‡’Ž› –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ‡†‹ƒ–‡† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ƒƒŽ•‘„‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘–Š‡‘”ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ –‘„‡ ‘‡™Šƒ– ƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ȋʹͲͲͺȌ ƒŽŽ•Dz”‡•’‘•‡Ǧƒ„Ž‡Ǥdz  Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰ ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š †‘‡• ‘– ‘ˆˆ‡” ”‡ ‹’‡•ˆ‘”Œ—•–‹ˆ›‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ† ’”‘†— ‹‰ Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ‘”ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ „”ƒ ‹‰ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ††‹•„ƒ†‹‰‘”‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘†‡•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰ˆ‘” ƒ›‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡”‹•‘ˆŽ‘•‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‰”‘—†ƒ†‰‹˜‹‰—’ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–‡”••— Šƒ• Dzƒ–—”ƒŽǡdz Dzƒ—–‘‘›ǡdz Dzˆ”‡‡†‘ǡdz Dz‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡdz ƒ† DzƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘dz‹ƒˆŽ—””›‘ˆ

 110chapterfour

–‡ Š‘Ǧ‡–Š—•‹ƒ•ȋ•‡‡”‹•–ʹͲͲͶǢ‡‹•„‡”‰ʹͲͲͻȌǤ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ™‹ŽŽ–”ƒ ‡‹ †‡–ƒ‹ŽŠ‘™–Š‡•‡–‡”•‘–Š‡‘‡Šƒ† ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†–‘Žƒ •–ƒ„Ž‡‡ƒ‹‰•‹ƒ †›ƒ‹ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†Ȅ–Š”‘—‰Š„‡‹‰ ‘–‡•–‡†Ȅ –Š‡›•–‹ŽŽ’‡”ˆ‘”˜‹–ƒŽ™‘”‹ƒ‹‰•‡•‡‘ˆ Šƒ‰‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ƒ† ‘”ƒŽ ‘‹–‡–•Ǥ  Commonapproachestofarmanimalwelfare  ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•– ‘—–Ž‘‘ ‘ ‡–Š‹ • ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘ ™Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –‘ ‡–Š‹ • ‡ƒ ‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ ƒ Š • Š‡‡ ‘ˆ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ˆƒ” ƒ‹ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ • ‡–ƒ‹Ž• ‘– Œ—•–ƒ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ‰‡ ›Ȅ™Š‘†‡ ‹†‡•™Šƒ–ƒ‰‘‘†Ž‹ˆ‡‹•ˆ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ„—– ƒŽ•‘’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”™ƒ›•‘ˆ†‡ˆ‹‹‰–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹••—‡•ǤŠ‡Dzƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡dzȋ”ƒ–Š‡” –ŠƒDzƒ‹ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•dzȌ‹•–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹••—‡‹Ž‹˜‡•–‘  ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ ȋ‹–‡•‹˜‡Ȍ ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‹• ‘‘Ž› ƒ••—‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘” ‡˜‡ †‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ —•‡ ȋ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ› ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ † ™Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‹• –Š‘—‰Š–„‡•–†‡ ‹†‡†‘„› ‘•—‡”•‹•—’‡”ƒ”‡–•ǡ–Š‹•‡ƒ•ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ™‹ŽŽ„‡†‡ˆ‹‡†‹™ƒ›•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”‡ƒ•› ‘‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•‘—–†‘‘”ƒ ‡•• ȋ—ŽŽ‡”ƒ†‘‡ʹͲͳʹȌǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‘–‹‘‘ˆ™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ž‡†•‹–•‡Žˆ–‘ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ† ƒ„‡ƒ†‡–‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘•—‡”•ǡ‘”‹•–Š‘—‰Š– –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” ˆ‘‘† “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† –ƒ•–‡Ǥ Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ™Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‹• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• ƒ› „‡ ‘‡ ’”‘‹‡–ǡ •— Š ƒ• –Š‘•‡ –Šƒ– ƒ „‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ‘—–‡†ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡† ȋ‡‹••‹‡” ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͺǢ ‘‡ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ Š‡”‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ †”‹˜‡ˆ‘”Dzƒ‹ƒŽ„ƒ•‡† ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•dz –‘ †‡ˆ‹‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘”‡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‹ –Š‡  Dz‡Žˆƒ”‡ —ƒŽ‹–›dz’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Š‘—‰ŠǡƒŽ•‘–Š‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ƒ”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘ ˆƒ”‡ƒ•—”‹‰ǡƒ†–Š—•‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ȋ‘‡‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳͳȌǤ ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘‹’Ž‹ ‹–†‡ ‹•‹‘•‘™Šƒ–ƒ‡•—’ƒ‰‘‘†Ž‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”ƒˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽȄ‘‡ –Šƒ–‹•ƒ–—”ƒŽǡ•–”‡••ˆ”‡‡ǡ‘”Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ȋ ”ƒ•‡”ͳͻͻͷȌȄƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡• ‹‡ ‡–‡†• –‘„”‹‰ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‘ —•ƒ†•‹–—ƒ–‡†‡••ǡ‹ˆ‘Ž›ˆ‘”•–—†›‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› ‹ ‘ˆ‹‡† •’ƒ ‡• ȋ ‘Š•–‘ ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ ˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡† ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”‹‡•ǡ™‡Žˆƒ”‡Šƒ•„‡‡ˆ‘—†–‘„‡Dz—Ž–‹’Ž‡ǡdz‘–‡ƒ•‹Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡†‘–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ •’‡ ‹‡•ǡ „—– †‡’‡†‡– ‘ ‘–‡š–•ǡ ‘ “—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ƒ† Ž‹ˆ‡ Š‹•–‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǡƒ†Š—ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘–Š‡ȋƒ˜‹‡•ʹͲͳʹȌǤ ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡Š‹††‡ Š‘‹ ‡•ƒ†˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡǮƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǯ–‡†•–‘„‡ —•‡†ƒ•‹ˆ‹–‹•ƒȋ‰‡‡”‹ ƒ†‘„Œ‡ –‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ȍ“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ•’‡ ‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘–Š ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ• ƒ –‹˜‡ ƒ† ‹†‹‘•› ”ƒ–‹  „‡‹‰• ƒ”‡ ƒ„•‡– ‹ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ǥ‘–‹‘•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ˆ‹––Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ȋ„‘–Š ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡”‡‰‹•–‡”•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•Ȍ‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›‡‰Ž‡ –‡†‹ ’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‹‰ǡƒ•™‡•ƒ™‹ Šƒ’–‡”ʹȋ”‹‡••‡ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ †  cowsdesiringtobemilked?111

„‡•‹†‡•ˆƒ”‡”•ǡƒŽ•‘ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ„‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ••‹‹Žƒ”Ž›‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽǣ ‘– Œ—•– ’ƒ••‹˜‡Ǯ”‡ ‹’‹‡–•ǯ‘ˆ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ„—–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‡™•‹ŽŽ•–‘‘Ȅ•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‹••ƒŽ‹‡– ™‹–Š–Š‡ǤͶ͹‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Ǯ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǯ‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•‹•‘–ƒ‹••—‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡ ‘”’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‹‰ǡ„‡›‘†Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†•ƒˆ‡–›”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†„ƒ•‹  ”‹‰Š–• ‘ˆ ˆƒ” ™‘”‡”•ǤŠ‘—‰Š‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Š‹•ȋ–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”Ȍ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†‰”‘—†•ˆ‘”ƒ”‡–‹‰ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•™Š‡”‡‘•–ƒ—ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”‹•ȋƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹’ƒ”–Ȍ†‘‡„›–Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”ƒ†Š‹•ȀŠ‡”ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ•— Šƒ•‘‘•–—– Šȋ†ƒ‹”›Ȍˆƒ”•ǤͶͺ  

4.3Empiricalapproach  Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”™ƒ• ‘†— –‡†„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͲ͹ƒ†ʹͲͳͲƒ†‹˜‘Ž˜‡† –Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ†‹• ‘—”•‡‘‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‹ ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡•ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘‘–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ ”‘„‘– ’”‘†— ‡”•ǡ ‹ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ –• ‘ˆ ”‘„‘–•ǡ ‘ †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰™‡„ˆ‘”—•ǡƒ† –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‹–Š –Š”‡‡ ‡›  ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•Ǥ ‘ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰‹ƒ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‹Ž‹‰’ƒ”Ž‘—”ƒ†™‹–Šƒ”‘„‘–ǡ ƒ†–‘Ž‡ƒ”ƒ„‘—––Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘ ‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”–‘ˆƒ”‡”•‹–Š‹•–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ǡ  Šƒ˜‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ ™‡‡ǦŽ‘‰ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ‘—”•‡ ‹ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰‹™Š‹ Š„‘–Š •›•–‡•™‡”‡—•‡†ƒ†–ƒ—‰Š–Ǥ› ‘Ǧƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” Šƒ†’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›•–—†‹‡† ‘™„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”†—”‹‰ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–‘ƒȋ—‹•Ǧ ‡—–‹  ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͳǢ ‡—–‹  ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘• ƒ‘‰ ˆƒ”‡”• ™‡”‡ •–—†‹‡† „› Œ‘‹‹‰ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‡‡–‹‰• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ ‡–™‘”•‹™Š‹ Šƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•‡‡–•ƒ–ƒˆƒ”‘ˆ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ† †‹• —••‡•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ’”‘„Ž‡•‡ ‘—–‡”‡†ǡƒ†’‘••‹„Ž‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡•‡ǤŠ‡ ˆ‘ ƒŽ ‘—–”› ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ•’‹‘‡‡”‡†„›”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•ƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡƒ† ‹™Š‹ Šƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–—„‡”‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ•ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒ†Šƒ•„‡‡ ™‹†‡Ž› †‹• —••‹‰–Š‹•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ     47Thisactiveprocessisalsoclearinthecase ofcowsthatare ‘dedomesticated’andmadetolive independentlyinnaturereserves(LorimerandDriessen2013). 48 This means that in the Netherlands the milking robot, unlike other instances of agricultural automation, tendsnottobeconsideredasanalternativetomigrantlabour.  112chapterfour

4.4Ambiguoustechnologyassessment  Technologicaldeterminism:farmtechnologyinnovatorsonalogicaltrajectory ‹–ŠŽƒ„‘—” ‘•–• ‘–‹—‘—•Ž›”‹•‹‰ǡƒ† ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ†ƒ‹”› ˆƒ” ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘Ȅ‹Ž‹‰ ƒ Š‹‡• ™‹–Š ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† — ‘—’Ž‹‰ǡ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† ˆ‡‡†‹‰•–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ”‘„‘–‹ „ƒ” Ž‡ƒ‡”•ǡƒ† ‘™„”—•Š‡•Ȅƒ––ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡–‡ƒ– —’•–‘ –Š‡—††‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•‡‡‡†–Š‡‘„˜‹‘—•‡š– ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ˆ‘”ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”‘–Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻͺͲ•‘™ƒ”†•ǡ‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘—–”‹‡•ȋ‘–ƒ„Ž›–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ‡ƒ”ǡ‡™ ‡ƒŽƒ†ǡ–Š‡ǡƒ† ”ƒ ‡Ȍˆƒ”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•™‡”‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ—•‹‰ƒ”‘„‘––‘ƒ––ƒ Š–Š‡–‡ƒ– —’•Ǥ•–Š‡—††‡”•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š ‘™ƒ”‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘‡†ƒ†•Šƒ’‡††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‹•™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–‘”‡“—‹”‡–Š‡ ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘™•ǡƒ’”‘‰”ƒ‡†‡‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–‡ƒ–•ǡƒ† Š‘™–‘ƒ––ƒ Š–Š‡–‡ƒ– —’•Ǥ  – „‡ ƒ‡ Ž‡ƒ” –‘ –Š‡•‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”• –Šƒ– –Š‹• •‡‡‹‰Ž› •ƒŽŽ ƒ† Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •–‡’ ‹ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†‡–ƒ‹ŽŽƒ”‰‡” Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡•‡–—’‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”Ǥ•”‘„‘–‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ˆƒ” ™‘”‡” ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‹Ž‹‰ ’ƒ”Ž‘—” ™‘—Ž† –ƒ‡ –‘‘ ƒ› ”‘„‘– ƒ”•‘””‘„‘–ƒ”•–Šƒ–™‡”‡–‘‘ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–‘‘‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǡƒ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•‡–—’‡ƒ––Š‡ ‘™•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡‹Ž‡†‘‡ƒ–ƒ–‹‡Ǥ†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ”‘„‘––‘„‡™‘”–Š–Š‡‹˜‡•–‡–ǡ‹–‡‡†‡†–‘™‘”–‘‹–•ˆ—ŽŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ› –Š‡‡™Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡††‡˜‹ ‡”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ–Š‘”‘—‰Š Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǤͶͻŠ‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‘–‘Ž›‹Ž‹‰‘‡ ‘™ƒ–ƒ–‹‡‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–‹”‡Š‡”†‹„ƒ– Š‡•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰‹–—’–‘–Š‡ ‘™–‘†‡ ‹†‡™Š‡–‘„‡‹Ž‡† ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡”Š›–Šƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǤŠ‹•‡™”‡“—‹”‡‡– ‹–—”Ž‡†–‘—‡”‘—•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆˆƒ”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡”‘„‘–•ǡ ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•ǤŠƒ–‡•—‡†™ƒ•‘–‡”‡Ž›ƒ”‘„‘–ǡ„—–ƒŽƒ”‰‡”•›•–‡‹  Šƒ‰‡ ‹–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†Žƒ›‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”ǢŠ‡ ‡–Š‡ƒ‡™ƒ• Šƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘ ”‘„‘–‹ ‹Ž‹‰–‘–Š‡‘”‡‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰–‡”ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†‹Ž‹‰•›•–‡ǡ‘” ȋ‡‹Œ‡”‹‰‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͶȌǤ  ‡•‹†‡•–Š‹• ‹Š‡”‡– †›ƒ‹ ǡ ƒ• ’ƒ”–‘ˆ ™Šƒ–‹‰Š–„‡ ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ–Š ‘ˆ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ—ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”‹ƒ›‡•–‡”•‡ –‘”‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ‘–Š‡”   49 In terms of Akrich (1992) one could say the robot clearly came with a “script” that required certain behaviors of both human and nonͲhuman actors. This does not mean that thereby necessarily the robot everywhere produces the same behaviors and even discourses, irrespective of particularities of places and farmers. The potential differences in how AMS may be implemented and itself may be changed as part of regional“niches”ofcoͲevolutionisaninterestingthemeforfurtherresearch.  cowsdesiringtobemilked?113

•–‘”›Ž‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ”‡•‹•–‹‰ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡–‡”‹‹• ƒ„‡–”ƒ ‡†ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ–Š‡‹‡˜‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‹•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”› ƒ„‡“—‡•–‹‘‡†Ǥ  Nobodyhadaskedforthis‘technologypush’ ‘”ƒ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ƒ—–‘‘‘—•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›’—•Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•™ƒ•‡–™‹–Š •‡’–‹ ‹•Ǥ Dz‘„‘†› Šƒ† ‡˜‡” ƒ•‡† ˆ‘” –Š‹• ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡdz –Š‡ ˆƒ” ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰‹•– ‹‡’‡ƒ’‘‹–‡†‘—–‹Š‹•ˆƒ”‡™‡ŽŽƒ††”‡••ȋ‹‡’‡ƒͳͻͻ͵ǡ͵ȂͶȌǤ ‡ Žƒ‹‡†ǡ –Š‘—‰Šǡ‘––‘„‡‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡‡™†‡˜‹ ‡‘—–‘ˆ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ǡ„—––‘„‡’”‘–‡•–‹‰ ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘• ‘ ‡”‹‰‹–•‹’ƒ –‘ ‘™ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ƒ• Žƒ‹‡†„›–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•Ǥ ‡“—‡•–‹‘‡†™Š‡–Š‡”ˆƒ”‡”•™‘—Ž† „‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š ‘™•–‘ƒƒ Š‹‡Ǥ†ǡ•’‡ƒ‹‰‹ ͳͻͻ͵ǡ Š‡ †‘—„–‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘™•ǡ „‡‹‰ Š‡”† ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ™‹ŽŽ‹‰‰‘–‘ƒ ‹Ž‹‰ƒ Š‹‡˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹Ž›ǡƒ•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡƒ†“—‡•–‹‘‡†™Šƒ–‹†‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” –Š‹••›•–‡™‘—Ž†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ ‘™•Ǥ  –•‘‡’‘‹–•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›†—”‹‰–Š‡‹‡–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡‡†— ‡”–ƒ‹Ǥ –™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡†„›ƒ›–‘„‡ƒ‘˜‡”Ž›‡š’‡•‹˜‡†‡˜‹ ‡ǤͷͲ ‘”†‡”–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”‹˜‡•–‹‰‹‹–ǡ–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‡‡†‡†–‘„‡‡š’”‡••‡†‹ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ–‡”• •‘‡Š‘™Ǥ—‡”‘—••–—†‹‡• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†–Š‡ ‘•–‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‹• Žƒ„‘—”Ǧ•ƒ˜‹‰ †‡˜‹ ‡ƒ†™Šƒ–‹–•”‡–—”‘‹˜‡•–‡–™‘—Ž†„‡ǤTimebudgets‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•™‡”‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡†–‘–Š‡‹—–‡ǡ–‘•‡–‘ˆˆ–Š‡–‹‡‰ƒ‹‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ ‘•–•‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡ ȋ”‡†œ‡ ƒ† ƒ  Š‡’’‹‰‡ ʹͲͲͲǢ ƒ ‡••‡ ʹͲͲ͹Ǣ ‘†‡„—”‰ Ǥ†ǤȌǤ – ™ƒ• †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–‘’—–ƒ’”‹ ‡‘–Š‡Š‘—”•‘ˆƒˆƒ”‡”ǡƒ•Š‡‘”•Š‡™‘—Ž†‡‡†–‘ ™‘”‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡–‘ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ƒ•Š‹‘–Š‡•ƒ˜‡†–‹‡Ǥ˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–Šƒ– ™Šƒ––Š‡”‘„‘–‘ˆˆ‡”‡†™ƒ•‘–•‘— Š–‹‡‰ƒ‹‡†ǡ„—–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‹†‹˜‡”‰‡–™ƒ›•ǡƒ• ™‹ŽŽ”‡–—”–‘„‡Ž‘™Ǥ –Š‡‡ƒ–‹‡ǡ–Š‡ ‘™•™‡”‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰–”‘—„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‘„‘–ǤŠ‡‹”somatic cellcounts,ͷͳƒ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”ˆ‘”Š›‰‹‡‡ƒ†—††‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ™‡”‡‡ƒ•—”‡†‹”‡ƒŽ–‹‡ „›–Š‡”‘„‘–•ǡ‘Ž›–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Šƒ––Š‡•‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘ƒŽƒ”‹‰Ž‡˜‡Ž• ™‹–Š –Š‡

  50 “Experience teaches however that this type of developments continue and that the results of it will be applied,evenifitisnotalwayseconomicallywarranted.Thereforealsoforthemilkingroboteventuallythere willbeafuture.Alltoohighexpectationshoweverforitsapplicationintheshortrundonotseemwarranted” (ManderslootandVanScheppingen1991,p.30). 51SeealsoAtkins(2010,247)onthebroaderhistoricalshiftindefiningmilkqualityinbacteriologicalterms.  114chapterfour

‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ  ȋ”—‹’ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲʹȌǤͷʹ†–Š‡–‡ Š‹ ƒŽˆ‡ƒ•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ”‘„—•–”‘„‘–•‡‡‡††‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‘ˆ–‡ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‡† ƒ†™ƒ•‹‡‡†‘ˆ”‡’ƒ‹”Ǥ  Technologyassessmentinahybrid,dynamicworld ‡”‡–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡”‘„‘–•ǯƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘™‘” ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž› ‡”‡Ž› –‡‡–Š‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•ǫ”™‡”‡–Š‡›Ž‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ† ‘™•ǡ™Š‹ Š ‡ƒ––Šƒ––Š‡› ‘—Ž†–Š‡†‡ƒŽƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘˜‹‰ˆ”‘ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ–‘”‘„‘–‹ ‹Ž‹‰ǫ Š‹†•‹‰Š–‹– ƒ„‡ȋƒ†‹• ‘ˆ–‡Ȍ •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– ƒ– ˆ‹”•– –Š‡ ”‘„‘– ™ƒ• ƒ”‡–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ™”‘‰ ˆƒ”‡”• ȋ ‘‡ˆƒ ͳͻͻͺȌǣ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ”‘„‘–• ™‡”‡ „‘—‰Š– „› Dz–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ˆƒ”‡”•dz –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ƒ‹Ž›‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†–‘†‘‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™‘”ƒ†™‡”‡Ž‡••‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹•’‡†‹‰–‹‡ ™‹–Š ‘™•Ǥͷ͵‹–Š–Š‡‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹‹–•‡ƒ”Ž›†ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ• ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”Dz ‘™Ǧˆƒ”‡”•ǡdzȄ™Š‘ƒ”‡’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡ƒ„‘—– ‘™„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ†™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ȅ ƒ•–Š‡›™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„Ž‡‹ƒ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡–‘†‡–‡ –’”‘„Ž‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘™•—•‹‰–Š‹• ‡™ƒ Š‹‡”›ȋƒ”‹‡ʹͲͲͷȌǤ—–ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡŠƒ˜‹‰–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘”‹‡–‡†ˆƒ”‡”•’‹‘‡‡”–Š‡•‡†‡˜‹ ‡•™ƒ•‡ ‡••ƒ”›ƒ•–Š‡›™‡”‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ‘•–ƒ–Ž›”‡’ƒ‹”–Š‡•–‹ŽŽǦ”‹ ‡–›”‘„‘–•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ–‘”‹‡••—”ˆƒ ‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‘ˆ”‘„‘–•–‘ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›–”‡ƒ––Š‡ ‘™•ƒ†‘ˆ†‡–”‹‡–ƒŽ‹Ž “—ƒŽ‹–›ȋ‹‰ƒ• ͳͻͻͻȌǤ‘‡”‘„‘–•ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‡†„›†‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ˆƒ”‡”•ǡƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‘™‡„•‹–‡••‡ŽŽ‹‰ •‡ ‘†ǦŠƒ†‰‘‘†•Ȅ”‘„‘–•–Šƒ–™‡”‡ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†Ž›„‘—‰Š–„ƒ „›–Š‡”‘„‘– ‘’ƒ›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ƒˆ”ƒ‹† ‘ˆ „ƒ† ’—„Ž‹ ‹–›Ǥ  ʹͲͲͳǡ ‘‡ —– Š ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘– ’”‘†— ‡” ȋ”‘Ž‹‘Ȍ‡˜‡™‡–„ƒ”—’–ǡ‹ƒˆŽ—””›‘ˆˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ• ƒ†ƒŽǤ  –•‘‡’‘‹–•‹–•‡‡‡†–Šƒ––Š‡Šƒ†‡†‡†—’ƒ•ƒˆƒ‹Ž‡†’”‘Œ‡ –ǣƒ’”‘‹•‹‰ ƒ†ˆ—–—”‹•–‹ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ ŠƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–‹‡ƒ†‘‡›Šƒ†„‡‡‹˜‡•–‡†„—– –Šƒ–‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡ƒ•ƒ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡•›•–‡Ǥ – ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘’‹’‘‹––Š‡’”‡ ‹•‡”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ǡ–Š‘—‰Šǣƒ•‹––‘‘‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǫƒ• ‹– –‡ Š‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘– ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡ǫ ” ™ƒ• –Š‡”‡ ‡”‡Ž› ƒ Žƒ  ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ ƒ† †‡ƒ†ǫͷͶƒ•‹–‘–Ž‘˜‡†„›–Š‡ ‘™•ǡ‘”†‹†‹–‘––”‡ƒ––Š‡ ‘™•”‹‰Š–ǫ”™ƒ•‹–

  52“Iamfondofarobot,butthecellcountisaproblemonmanyrobotfarms.Ihaveseendozensofthem[but] Iamnotsurewhatcausesit.Nottreating[thecows]intime,ortoolittlecheckingup,or[farmers]believingit willbeOKanyway”(Prins2006). 53Severalfarmersandothercommentators(implicitly)usethefarmingstylesframeworkdescribedbyVander Ploeg(2003)toexplainthedifferentfarmeridentitiesandtheirrelationstomilkingrobotpractices. 54InseveralcountriesinitialattemptstocreateaworkingAMSfailed,suchasinJapan,theUS,andGermany (DeKoninginterview2008).  cowsdesiringtobemilked?115

–Šƒ––Š‘•‡ˆƒ”‡”•–Šƒ–Ž‘˜‡†‹–†‹†‘–Ž‘˜‡ ‘™•‡‘—‰Šǫ –Š‹••‡•‡–Š‡‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘– ”‡•‡„Ž‡• ƒ› ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •›•–‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† –”ƒ•’‘”– •›•–‡ Ǯ”ƒ‹•ǡǯ ƒ• †‡• ”‹„‡† „› ”—‘ ƒ–‘—” ȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ ƒ–‘—” ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Š‹•‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘–‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹™Š‹ Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‹ ‡•ƒ”‡‡˜‡”‡”‡ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ‘„Œ‡ –•ǡ „—– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡‹” ‘”‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘” ‘– ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‹• –Š‡ –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‹– ‹• „‡‹‰ ‡„‡††‡† ‹ ™‹†‡” ǮŠ›„”‹†ǯ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ‡–™‘”•Ǥ  –Š‹• ’”‘ ‡•• ƒŽ•‘ ™Šƒ– ‹– ‡ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›–‘Ǯˆ— –‹‘ǯ‹•‘–‰‹˜‡Ǥ  AssessingtheimpactoftheAMSondairyfarmingpractice ‘™ ‘—Ž† ƒ† •Š‘—Ž† –Š‹• –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡• ‹– „”‹‰•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǫ ‹’Ž› Ž‹•–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ƒ† †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ •›•–‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ •›•–‡ ƒ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ „‡ ƒ––‡’–‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‡– ‘•–• ƒ „‡ •‡– ‘ˆˆ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ Žƒ„‘—”•ƒ˜‡†ǤŠ‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™• ƒ„‡‡ƒ•—”‡†‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ™ƒ›•‹–Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•ƒ†–Š‡‡™•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‹–‘”••‘ƒ†‘”‡•‡ʹͲͲͶǢ ‡‹•• ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ ’ƒ –• ‘ ‹Ž “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ „‡ –”ƒ ‡†Ǥ —”‹‰ ‹–• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’ƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ •‘‡ Šƒ˜‡ –Š—• –”‹‡† –‘ ƒ••‡••–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •›•–‡•ǡ ƒ––‡’–‹‰ –‘ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ –• –Š‹• ‡™ †‡˜‹ ‡ ‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰Š—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ   ͳͻͻͶǡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–  ƒ””‹˜‡† ‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‡–ǡ ƒ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ••‡••‡– ™ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ǡ ‘‹••‹‘‡†„›–Š‡—– Š‹‹•–”›‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ȋ‡‘‡”‡–ƒŽǤͳͻͻͶȌǤ Š‡™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘ ‘•–‹–—–‡ƒˆƒ”Ǧ”‡ƒ Š‹‰ Šƒ‰‡‹†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰ǡƒ†–‘ „‡ƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›–Šƒ–™ƒ•„‘—†–‘„‡ ‘‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‹–™ƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†–Šƒ– •‘‡ˆƒ”‡”•™‘—Ž†‡‡’‹Ž‹‰‹ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”Ž‘—”•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ƒ ˆ‡™‹••—‡•‘ˆ ‘ ‡”–‘„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†ǡ–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›™ƒ•†‡‡‡†— ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽǤ Š‡ƒ‹ˆ‘ —•‘ˆƒ––‡–‹‘™ƒ•—††‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡Š›‰‹‡‡‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••ǡ ƒ• ‘™•ǯ —††‡”• ‹‰Š– ‘– „‡ Ž‡ƒ‡† ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž› „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹Ž‹‰ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡ƒ‹••—‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡–ƒ‡—’„›–Š‡•‡ –‘”‹–•‡Žˆǡ ƒ†ƒ‹Ž›ƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ Š‹†•‹‰Š–ǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†•‘ƒ–‹  ‡ŽŽ ‘—–•ƒ† —††‡”‹ˆ‡ –‹‘•ƒ”‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡”‡†— ‡†„›‹’”‘˜‹‰–Š‡–‡ƒ– Ž‡ƒ‹‰ „›–Š‡ ”‘„‘–•Ǥ ˆ’”‘„Ž‡•’‡”•‹•–ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡‘™„Žƒ‡†‘‰‡‡”ƒŽŠ›‰‹‡‡ǡ ‘™Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ ƒ†Š‡”†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ‘–‘–Š‡”‘„‘–’‡”•‡ȋ˜‡‡”•–‡ǦŒƒ—Œƒƒ†‡––‡”••‘ ʹͲͲͺǡͶͲǢ‘Š‡‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳͲȌǤŠ‹••‡‡•–‘‹’Ž›–Šƒ–‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡”‘„‘––‘ ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ Š‹‰Š‡” Š›‰‹‡‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†• Šƒ˜‡ „‡ ‘‡ –Š‡ ‘” ‘ ”‘„‘–‹  †ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”•Ǥ   116chapterfour

—”–Š‡” ‘ ‡”•™‡”‡–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡‡”‰›—•‡ƒ†–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ–‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ ™‘—Ž†’‘•‡–‘–Š‡’ƒ•–—”‹‰‘ˆ ‘™•‹•—‡”Ǥ‘™•”‡ƒ‹‹‰‹†‘‘”•›‡ƒ”Ǧ ”‘—††—‡–‘”‘„‘–—•‡™‡”‡‡š’‡ –‡†–‘ ƒ—•‡ ‘ ‡”•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ƒ†–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡†–‘ ‘•—‡”•Ǥ –™‘—Ž†„‡‘˜‡”Ž›‹”‘‹ ‹ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‹ ‡–Šƒ–‹• Žƒ‹‡†–‘Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ ‘™•‹ˆƒ –Ž‡ƒ†•–‘–Š‡„‡‹‰Ž‘ ‡†—’‹–Š‡„ƒ”Ǥ–Š‡” •–—†‹‡•‹–‘’—„Ž‹ ˜‹‡™•‘–Š‡”‘„‘–• ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Š‡‹”‹Š‡”‡–Ž› ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡– Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ  •–—†› ‹–‘ —– Š ‹–‹œ‡•ǯ ‘ ‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆƒ”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Š•‘Ž—–‹‘••— Šƒ•‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–• ™‡”‡ ™‹†‡Ž› ˜ƒŽ—‡†ƒ•’‘•‹–‹˜‡„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ ‘™•ȋ‡”Š—‡ƒ†‡”œ‹Œ†‡ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ‘”‡”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘‘‰ƒƒ”†‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͳͳǡ ʹ͹ͲȌ ˆ”ƒ‡†–Š‡ ƒ• ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ • ƒŽ‡ ‹ ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ† ƒƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”Ǧ ‘™”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‹ƒ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ•–—†›‹–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ ‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› ƒ•‡† •—”˜‡› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –‘ ”‡•’‘† –‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–ǣDz ˆ‹–‹•‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”ǡ–Š‡‹–‹•ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ–ƒ †ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”Šƒ•͵ǡͲͲͲ†ƒ‹”› ‘™•ƒ†ƒˆ‡™‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–•ǤdzŠ‡”‡•’‘†‡–•‹–Š‡‹” •–—†›ǡ‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–—„‡”•ǡ†‹•‹••‡†–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡˆ”ƒ‡†‹–Š‹•™ƒ›ǡƒ•„‡‹‰ ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒDz—ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–dzȋ‘‘‰ƒƒ”†‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳͳǡʹ͹͵ȌǤ  ThemoralambiguityofAMS —‡“—‹˜‘ ƒŽƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹’ƒ –•‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––ƒ•Ǥ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™‘”‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘‹†— ‡ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰•‡ –‘”ǡ™Š‹ Š ‹• •–‹ŽŽ •‡‡ „› ƒ›ƒ•”‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ƒ”‘—†Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ȋ ƒ•‡ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ‘™•‹–Š‹•–›’‡ ‘ˆ Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Š ‡˜‹”‘‡– ƒ ƒ’’‡ƒ” ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡† ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǡ Šƒ˜‹‰ „‡‡ –—”‡† ‹–‘ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ Š‹‡•ǡƒ†ˆ‹‰—”‹‰‡”‡Ž›ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘ ™‹–Š Ž‘•‡Ž› ‘‹–‘”‡† ‹’—–• ƒ† ‘—–’—–• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ• —‹“—‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ „‡‹‰• ȋ–—ƒ”– ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ†Žƒ”‰‡‹˜‡•–‡– ‘•–•‘ˆ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ”‡“—‹”‡‡––‘‰ƒ‹„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ• ƒŽ‡ƒ”‡‘•–Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡‹‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘ –Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆˆƒ‹Ž›ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ—––Š‹‰•ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘„‡‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡šŠ‡”‡Ǥ  ‹ ‡‹–•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ”‡–‹‰ǡ–Š‡Šƒ•‘–‘Ž›„‡‡•‘Ž†–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‹‰’—„Ž‹ ƒ• –Š‡‡š–Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•–‡’‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•–Šƒ–Ǯ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ ƒ‘–„‡•–‘’’‡†ǡǯͷͷ„—–Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ•ƒ‰‘‘†–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‹•–‘„‡‡„”ƒ ‡†ƒ•‘”‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒ† •‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‘ˆˆ‡”•‘”‡ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ‘”„‘–Š ‘™•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‘‘”†Š‘ˆˆ

  55FortheoftenͲencounteredpromotionoftechnologyinthisJanusͲfacedrhetoricofthe“futureindustry,”in whichnewtechnologiesaredescribedasbothunavoidableandtobeactivelyembraced,seeDeWilde(2000).  cowsdesiringtobemilked?117

ȋʹͲͲͻȌǤͷ͸ •–Š‹•‡”‡marketing rhetoricǡƒ††‘‡•–Š‹•ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘‡ƒ–ƒ’”‹ ‡ ȋ‹ŽŽƒ”ʹͲͲͲǢ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ›ʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ‘”†‘‡•–Š‡’”‘†— ‡‰‡—‹‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–•‹ –Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǫ ™‹ŽŽƒ”‰—‡Š‡”‡–Šƒ–ƒ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‘Ž›„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ™‹†‡”•Š‹ˆ–‹ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ ‹–”‹ ƒ–‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡•• „‡–™‡‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡• ȋ‹ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •›•–‡• ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘ˆ „‘–Š ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ† ‘™•Ȍƒ† •Š‹ˆ–‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‘”•ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ ‡–”ƒŽ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ ‡’–•Ǥ Š‡ –‡”• ‹ ™Š‹ Š–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ‰‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡™†‡˜‹ ‡ǣ‡™”‘Ž‡•ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ‹‰—”‡†ǡ‡™‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†ǡƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘• Šƒ‰‡‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ†ȋ’‡”Šƒ’•Ȍ‡˜‡–Š‡nature‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȅƒ†Š—ƒ•Ȅ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹•ƒŽ–‡”‡†‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ  ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡•‡‡™•›•–‡•ƒ•Ǯ‘„Œ‡ –•ǯ™‹–Š“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒ†Ž‹•–‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘• ƒ† ‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹•ǡ–Š‡ǡƒ–ƒ•™‹–Šƒ–„‡•–‘Ž›–‡’‘”ƒ”›”‡•—Ž–•Ȅ„—–‘‡ –Šƒ–ǡ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡•• ȋ‹ˆ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ †›ƒ‹  ’”‘ ‡••Ȍǡ ƒ ’Žƒ› ƒ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ‘‰‘‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ˜‡”–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ–Š‡Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ ‘”‡ ‡„‡††‡† ‹ ‡”–ƒ‹ ˆƒ”‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‹ˆ–‡†ǡ ƒ ‡™ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ•‡‡”‰‡†™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡•‹”‡•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰Ž‡‹•—”‡–‹‡ƒ† ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†ȋ‘•–Ȍ ‘™•‹”‘„‘–‹ •›•–‡•Šƒ˜‡–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–Ž‡ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ†ƒ’– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‡™ ”‘—–‹‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •‡ –‹‘ –Š‹• †›ƒ‹  ™‹ŽŽ „‡ †‡• ”‹„‡†‹†‡–ƒ‹ŽǤ  

4.5CoͲevolutionofethicsandAMStechnology  Changingdiscourseoncows ‹–Š–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ǡ™‡•ƒ™–Š‡–‡”•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡•›•–‡™ƒ•ƒ••‡••‡† Šƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡‡™•›•–‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†Ž‘–•‘ˆ‡™ƒ†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘” ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǧƒ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡–‹•–•ǡ ˆƒ” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ ƒ† „—•‹‡•• ‡ ‘‘‹•–•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡‡™ˆ‘ —•‡•ƒ† ‘ ‡”•ˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –•ȋ‘‹‰‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͶȌǤ†ˆ‘” –Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•–Šƒ–™‡”‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹’‹‘‡‡”‹‰–Š‡•‡‡™†‡˜‹ ‡•‘”†‹• —••‹‰–Š‡‹” †‡•‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ –Š‡  ™ƒ• ƒ ‘–‹—ƒŽ –‘’‹  ‘ˆ †‹• —••‹‘Ǥ Š‹• •Š‹ˆ–‹‰ †‹• ‘—”•‡ ‘ ‡”‡†„‘–Š Šƒ‰‡•‹™Šƒ–™‡”‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–•–‘†‹• —•• ‘™•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘   56“Nexttothatthecowshaveafreechoicetowalkindoorsoroutdoors.Thepinnacleofanimalwelfare,don’t wewanttochoosefreelyourselves”(“Grasbaal”2009).  118chapterfour

–Š‡”‘„‘–ǡ‘•–‘–ƒ„Ž›ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹‡••ǡƒ†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‡™‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ ‘ ‡’–•ǡ•— Šƒ•ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••Ǥ  Freedom Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘” ‘™•–‘ Š‘‘•‡™Š‡–‘„‡‹Ž‡†•’ƒ™‡†ƒ”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ’ƒ”–Ž›‹–‡”•‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ‡”‘„‘–’”‘†— ‡”ǡ‡Žƒ˜ƒŽǡ ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–‹–‹’‘”–ƒ––‘—•‡ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† ‹Ž‹‰ •›•–‡ǣ–Š‡VoluntaryMilkingSystem.  ”‡‡†‘Šƒ†ǡ‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•–†‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ„‡ ‘‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–•ˆ‘”†‡ˆ‹‹‰ ƒ††‡„ƒ–‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡƒ†‹•‘ˆ–‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŽ‹˜‹‰‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•• ƒ† ‘Ǧ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ  ˆƒ”‹‰ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ƒ‡ –‘ „‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘• ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ͳͻ͸ͷ ”ƒ„‡ŽŽ ”‡’‘”–Ǥ ”‘ –Š‹• ”‡’‘”–ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡„‡ ƒ‡ ‘‘Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ„ƒ•‹ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ”‘Š—‰‡”ƒ†–Š‹”•–ǡˆ‡ƒ”ƒ†’ƒ‹ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘‡š’”‡••‘”ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ  ”‹–‹ • ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡  “—‡•–‹‘‡† –Š‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•– Žƒ‹ ƒ† –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ ‘™•‹Ž‹‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‘„‘–ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ– ‘™•†‹†‘–†‡•‹”‡–‘‹Ž–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡƒ•™ƒ•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ‡š’‡ –‡†Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– •‹’Ž› ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ „‡ ‹Ž‡† ƒ† –‘”‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Š‡‹” —††‡”•™ƒ•‘–‡‘—‰Š–‘ƒ‡–Š‡ ‘™• ‘‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘’–‹ƒŽ–‹‡ˆ”ƒ‡™ƒ• ƒ”‰—‡†–‘„‡ƒ•‹‰‘ˆ‘–†‡Ž‹˜‡”‹‰‘–Š‡’”‘‹•‡‘ˆcowautonomyȋ‹‡’‡ƒ ͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ”‹–‹•Š‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›™ƒ• ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›’”‘‹•‡• –Šƒ–•—””‘—†‡†–Š‡‘ˆ‘”‡ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘™•ȋ‹ŽŽƒ”ʹͲͲͲȌǤ‘‡‹†‘ˆ ˆ‘‘†”‡™ƒ”†‘”ˆ‘” ‡†”‘—–‹‰ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‡ ‡••ƒ”›‹‘”†‡”–‘’”‡˜‡––Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘” ”‡ —””‡–ˆ‡– Š‹‰‘ˆ ‘™•Ǥ ”‡‡†‘ˆ‘” ‘™•Š‡”‡„›†‹†‘–‡‡––Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘ˆ fullautonomyǤ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‹”‘„ƒ”•ƒ””ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡„ƒ”•ƒ”‘—† –Š‡”‘„‘––‘ƒ‡–Š‡ ‘™•Šƒ˜‡ƒˆ‘” ‡†”‘—–‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”‘„‘––‘‰‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡ ”‡•–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‡‡†‹‰ ƒ”‡ƒ ™ƒ• –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ —†‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹‡•• –Šƒ– ™ƒ• Žƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡Ǥ‘•–ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‘™‘˜‹‰ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘•‡–—’•™‹–Šˆ‘” ‡† ‘™–”ƒˆˆ‹ ǡƒ•”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠƒ••Š‘™–Šƒ– ‘™• ‹ ˆ‘” ‡† •›•–‡•ƒ›„‡ƒ†‡–‘˜‹•‹––Š‡”‘„‘–‘”‡‘ˆ–‡ǡ„—–†‘‘–’”‘†— ‡‘”‡‹Ž ȋ ƒ ‘„•ƒ†‹‡‰ˆ‘”†ʹͲͳʹȌǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ›ȋʹͲͲ͹ȌŠƒ•’‘‹–‡†–‘–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹ ƒŽƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• ‘—”•‡‡‡”‰‹‰ƒ”‘—†ƒ„‘—––Š‡•›•–‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰‘”‡ˆ”‡‡†‘ ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘™•ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ‘”‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ™ƒ›‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰ǡ‹ ‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”–• ‡‡†‡†–‘ƒ‡–Š‡ ‘™‰‘‹–‘–Š‡”‘„‘–ƒ†–Š‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘” ‘™•–Šƒ–”‡ˆ—•‡ –‘’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ•‹‰ ‘— ƒ—Ž–ǯ•™‘”‘†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡ ƒ†  cowsdesiringtobemilked?119

•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡŠ‡ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡‡™Ž›‰ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘™• ‘‡• ƒ– –Š‡ ’”‹ ‡‘ˆ„‡‹‰†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡†ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆƒ”‡•–”‹ –‡†‹†‹ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ ”‘—–‹‰•–Šƒ–ˆ‘” ‡–Š‡ ‘™–‘‰‘–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”‘„‘––‘ƒ””‹˜‡ƒ–ˆ‡‡†‹‰‘””‡•–‹‰ ’Žƒ ‡•Ǥ—–‡˜‡‹•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆǮˆ”‡‡ ‘™–”ƒˆˆ‹ ǡǯ–Š‡ ‘™•‰ƒ‹‡†ǡ‘”™‡”‡‰”ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ‡™ˆ‘”‘ˆ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡ„—–‹ƒ ‘— ƒ—Ž†‹ƒ•‡•‡„‡ ƒ‡ƒŽ•‘•—„Œ‡ ––‘‡™ ˆ‘”•‘ˆ’‘™‡”ƒ††‘‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•Š‘—Ž†‘– „‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‹’Ž‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰‘ˆƒ‹Š‡”‡–•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›™Š‹ Š ™ƒ••—’’”‡••‡†‹ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‹Ž‹‰•›•–‡•ȋ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ›ʹͲͲ͹ǡͳͲͷͲȌǤ‹–Š–Š‹• –›’‡‘ˆ ”‹–‹“—‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡”Š‡–‘”‹ ‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ‘” ‘™•‹•—ƒ•‡†–‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‘”‡•—„–Ž‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ†‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘–”‘Žǡ–Š‡ ”‹–‹ •–‡†–‘–ƒ‡‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‡™ ‘”• ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ Š‘‹ ‡ǡ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹‡•• ƒ† ‡˜‡ ƒ—–‘‘›ǡ ƒ• –Š‹‰• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ† ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” ‘™ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ǥ Cow autonomy™ƒ• ‡š’ƒ†‡† —’‘ ƒ• ƒ ”‹–‡”‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ••‡••‡– ‘ˆ †ƒ‹”›•›•–‡•ȋ‹ŽŽƒ” ʹͲͲͲȌǡƒ’‡”Šƒ’•—Ž‹‡Ž›–‡”–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆ™Šƒ– ‘‘Ž›‹•˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒ Š‡”†ƒ‹ƒŽǤŠ‡”‡„›–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‘”•™‹–Šƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹•ˆ‘—†Š‡”‡–‘‹ Ž—†‡–Š‘•‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‘ˆ–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰–Šƒ–„‡‹‰”‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‘ƒ† ‹• ‘– ‡‘—‰Š ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ˜‹•‹– –Š‡ ”‘„‘–ǡͷ͹ ƒ† –Š‡ •—„•‡“—‡– ‡‡† ˆ‘” ƒ†Œ—•–‡–• „› –Š‡ ”‘„‘–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”•ǡ ƒƒŽ•‘„‡–ƒ‡ƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ’”‡ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆƒƒ‰‡–‹ƒŽƒ†‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Žˆ‘”‘ˆ†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡†„‘˜‹‡•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ  Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–Š‡”•‹‰•–Šƒ–ƒ• ”‹„‹‰•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›–‘ ‘™•†‘‡•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›Ž‡ƒ†–‘ –Š‡„‡‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ›†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ‘–‘Ž› ‘™•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ǡƒ†‹ Ž‘•‡ ‘‡ –‹‘–‘–Š‡ǡˆƒ”‡”•ƒ “—‹”‡–Š‡‹”ƒ‰‡ ›ǡ•‹ŽŽ•ǡƒ†•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ –Š‡•ƒ‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ„‡ ‘‹‰Ǯ”‘„‘–ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ™‹–ŠǮ”‘„‘– ‘™•Ǥǯ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‹–Š‹• ’”‘ ‡••ǡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ‘™• ƒ”‡ „‘–Šƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‡‰ƒ‰‡†ǡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ –Š‡‹”‡™”‘—–‹‡• ƒ†‰‡––‹‰Šƒ„‹–—ƒ–‡†–‘‡™Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  Lazycows,orincompetentfarmers ”‡ —””‹‰–Š‡‡‹ˆƒ”‡”ǯ•†‹• —••‹‘•‘ˆ ‘™•‹•–Š‡‹”’—”’‘”–‡†Žƒœ‹‡••Ǥ‹–Š –Š‡–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆ ‘™•„‡ ‘‡••ƒŽ‹‡–ƒ†‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ ‘‡–‹‡• ‘™•ƒ”‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘Žƒ‡‡••–Šƒ–’”‡˜‡–•–Š‡ˆ”‘˜‹•‹–‹‰–Š‡

  57 This could of course have been due to the discomfort caused by early versions of the robot, as was suggested by an anonymous reviewer. Then it would be interesting to explore whether current robots are attractiveenoughtomotivatethecowstomilkthemselveswithoutfoodreward.  120chapterfour

”‘„‘–Ǥ—––Š‡”‡ ƒƒŽ•‘„‡Ž‡••˜‹•‹„Ž‡”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ ‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ‹Ž‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ  ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹” Ž‡•–Š‡”‡‹•–ƒŽ‘ˆDzŽƒœ› ‘™•dzǡ™Š‘†‘‘–‘˜‡–‘ –Š‡ ”‘„‘– ƒ• ”‡“—‹”‡†ǡ™‹–Š‘—––Š‡•Š‘™‹‰ƒ›•‹‰•‘ˆŽƒ ‹‰Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ•ƒ‡š —•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ȋŽ‘’ ƒ† ‘• ʹͲͲͶǢ ƒ †‡” ƒƒ’ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ Š‹• –‡” ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• „Žƒ‡ –Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ˆ‘” ‘– „‡Šƒ˜‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡†™ƒ›™‹–Š‘—–‰‘‘†”‡ƒ•‘Ǥ –‹•–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ– ƒ„‡–ƒ‡—’‹ „”‡‡†‹‰†‡ ‹•‹‘•–‘•‡‡™Š‡–Š‡”ƒŠ‡”‡†‹–ƒ”›ˆƒ –‘”‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ȋƒ†‡”ƒƒ’ ʹͲͲ͵ƒȌǤ ‘” ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ›‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͳͶȌ–Š‹•‹†‘ˆ–ƒŽ‘ˆŽƒœ‹‡••‘ˆ ‘™•‹•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ• ”‹„‹‰•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›–‘ ‘™•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–‘‡‹–Š‡”†‹• ‹’Ž‹‹‰–Š‡ǡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ„›‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ’”‘†•ǡ‘” —ŽŽ‹‰ǤŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǯ•‡–™‘” ‡‡–‹‰‹™Š‹ Š ™ƒ•’”‡•‡–ǡ•‘‡‘‡”ƒ‹•‡†–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒœ‹‡••„‡‹‰ ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ‘–”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰–Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡†‹‡–Ǥ ˆ ‘™• ‘•—‡–‘‘Ž‹––Ž‡•–ƒ” Šǡ–Š‡ ˆ‡”‡–ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‡•‹–Š‡‹”•–‘ƒ Š•ƒ›„‡†‹•”—’–‡†Ǥ –Šƒ– ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡‹••—‡‹• ”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†ˆ”‘ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”–‘‘‡‘ˆ”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰ ‘– –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‡‡†ǤŠ‡ ‘™ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ƒ‡™ǤŠ‡Žƒ ‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™ ™ƒ•‘––‘„‡„Žƒ‡†‘Š‡”†‡ˆ‹ ‹‡–‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ„—–‘–Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘ƒ†•‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” ‹ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ˆ‡‡†Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› ™‘—Ž† ‡‡† –‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡–™‹–ŠƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ›•‘ˆˆ‡‡†‹‰–Š‡ ‘™•Ǥ  Š‹••ƒŽŽ‡šƒ’Ž‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ•Š‘™–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆƒ ‘™‹• ‘–‹—‘—•Ž›•—„Œ‡ ––‘ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡”ƒ‰‡ › ƒ† Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ƒ”‡ ‹–”‹ ƒ–‡Ž› ‘‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ† Š—ƒ ‡–™‘”• ‹ ™Š‹ Š•Š‡‹• ƒ—‰Š–—’Ǣƒ†‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”Š‡” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‹• ƒ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹• ‘–‡– ™‹–Š –Šƒ– ‡–™‘” ‘” •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” –Š‹• ƒ„‡„Žƒ‡†‘Š‡”‹•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ ‘–‹—‘—•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ’”‘ ‡••‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ƒ† •‹ŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” ‹• ƒ– •–ƒ‡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™Š‡ ˜‹‡™‡†„›Š‹•‘”Š‡”’‡‡”•Ǥ  Naturalness ”‡Žƒ–‡†ǡ ‡–”ƒŽŽ› ‘–‡•–‡† ‘ ‡’– ‘ ‡”‹‰ˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‹•naturalness ȋ‡‰‡”†ƒŠŽ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ˜‡”› ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•• ˆ‘” †ƒ‹”› ‘™• ƒ „‡ •‡‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ‰‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ ƒ Š‹‡Ǥ  ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‡†‹ƒǡ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹  ‹Ž‹‰Šƒ•„‡‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒŽ˜‡• †”‹‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‡ ˆƒ”‡” ™‹–Š —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ”‘„‘–• Šƒ• „‡‡ •—”’”‹•‡† „› –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• ‘™•ǣDz – ‹•ˆ—›–‘•‡‡–Šƒ– •‘‡ ‘™•™ƒŽˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†•–”ƒ‹‰Š––‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‘•–”‘„‘–ǡƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›–Š‡•‡ ‘™• Šƒ˜‡ƒ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‘„‘–dzȋƒƒƒ›ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤŠ‡•ƒ‡ˆƒ”‡”ƒŽ•‘Šƒ• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•™‹–Š ‘™•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘˜‡†–‘ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ”ǡ™‹–Šƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–  cowsdesiringtobemilked?121

”‘„‘–ǡ–‘Dz•–ƒ†‘‘Ǧ‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ›–‘–Š‡‘Ž†”‘„‘–ǡƒ•ƒ ‘™™Š‘Šƒ•Ž‘•–Š‡” ƒŽˆǤdz Š‡•‡‹†•‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ†‹•’Žƒ›•„›–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ••–”‡‰–Š‡–Š‡•‡ ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ ‘˜‹ –‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‘„‘– ‘‡• Ž‘•‡•––‘–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ › ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ƒ‡ †‘–‡•™Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†ˆ‘”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ‰ƒœ‹‡•ǡˆƒ”‡”•‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‹–‡”’”‡– –Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•ƒ•”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰–Š‡”‘„‘–ƒ•‹•‘‡™ƒ›ƒnatural’ƒ”–‘ˆ –Š‡‹”Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ  ‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡ Žƒ‹–Šƒ–”‘„‘–•ƒ”‡‘”‡ƒ–—”ƒŽǡƒ ‘ ‡’–‹‘‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••–‘ ™Š‹ ŠŠ—ƒ•ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‘––‘„‡Ž‘‰Šƒ•‰ƒ‹‡†’”‘‹‡ ‡Ǥ ƒ”‡”•ǡƒ† –Š‡”‡„› Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‹• ˜‹‡™ ‹†‡ƒŽŽ› ‘– ƒ •ƒŽ‹‡– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› Žƒ‹• –Šƒ– ƒ††‹‰ƒŠ‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Š ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡††‡˜‹ ‡‹•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘‡”‘„‘–’”‘†— ‡”ǣ Dzȏ Ȑƒ•– ƒ† “—‹‡–ǡ›‡–˜‡”›”‘„—•–ƒ†‰‡–Ž‡Ǥ –•”‡’‡–‹–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ƒ”‡ ‘•‹•–‡–ǡŒ—•–ƒ•–Š‡ ‘™Ž‹‡•‹–ȏǥȐƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘™•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”ƒ–—”ƒŽ › Ž‡dzȋ‡Žƒ˜ƒŽǤ†ǤȌǤ ‡”‡„› –Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰†ƒ‹”› ‘™•ǡ„›Šƒ†‘”„›Šƒ†Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‡†ƒ Š‹‡ǡͷͺ ™‹–Š–Š‹•‡™‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ǡƒ”‡”‡†‡”‡†unnaturalǤ†™‹–Š–Š‹•‘–‹‘ ‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘–‘†‡ ‹†‡‘–Š‡†‡•‹”‡†‘‡–‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡‘ˆ ‹Ž‹‰‹•‡™Ž›–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•forcedǤŠ‡ ƒŽ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡”†‹•–‹ŽŽ‡†„›–Š‡”‘„‘– ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ•‡™‹–Š™Š‹ Š–Š‡›Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡†‡˜‹ ‡ƒ”‡–ƒ‡–‘„‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ǤŠ‹•„”‹‰•—•–‘–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡”‘„‘–•‘ –Š‡ ‘™•Ǥ  Changingcows – ‹• ‘– ‡”‡Ž› –Š‡ †‹• ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ ”‘„‘– ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ”‘„‘– ’”‘†— ‡”• –Šƒ– Šƒ‰‡• ™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‹–Š‡‹”„ƒ”•‘ˆƒ”‘„‘–ǡ–Š‡ ‘™• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• Šƒ‰‡†‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ™ƒ›•–‘‘Ǥˆ‹†‹‰–Šƒ–ˆ‹–•‹™‹–Š–Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† †›ƒ‹  —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘–‘Ž‘‰› ‹  –‘” ‡–™‘” Š‡‘”› ƒ† Ǯ‘”‡Ǧ–ŠƒǦŠ—ƒ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡǯ ‹ ™Š‹ Š •‡‡‹‰Ž› •–ƒ„Ž‡ Ǯƒ–—”ƒŽ‘„Œ‡ –•ǯ•— Šƒ• †ƒ‹”› ‘™•‹ˆƒ – ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†–‘ ‘–‹—ƒŽŽ› ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž˜‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹”•‘ ‹‘Ǧ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǥ  ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡ ‘™•™‡”‡ ‘ˆ”‘–‡†™‹–Š‡™’Š›•‹ ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ‘‡ ‘™• Šƒ†‹””‡‰—Žƒ”‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡‹”—††‡”•‘”‹–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–‡ƒ–•–Šƒ––Š‡”‘„‘–™ƒ•

  58Indeed,whenallquartersofanudderaremilkedforthesamelengthoftimethisisnotnatural.Acalfwould stopsucklingateatwhentherewasnomoremilk—justastheAMScandobydetachingoneteatatatime.  122chapterfour

—ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡–‡ –‘”ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž› Ž‡ƒƒ†ƒ––ƒ Š–Š‡–‡ƒ– —’•–‘ǤͷͻŠ‡•‡ ‘™• ‡‡†‡†–‘„‡ —ŽŽ‡†ǡƒ•†‹†‘‡‘”–™‘ ‘™•–Šƒ–ǡƒˆ–‡”–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆƒ ˆ‡™™‡‡•‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‹‰Š‘™–‘—•‡–Š‡•›•–‡ǡ™‡”‡‘–ˆ‘—†ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ “—‹”‡–Š‡‹” ‘™‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‘”›•‹ŽŽ•‘””‡ˆ—•‡†–‘ ‘’Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡‡™”‡‰‹‡ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ ‹•–ƒ ‡•™Š‡”‡ƒŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ ‘™•™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‘–•—‹–‡†–‘”‘„‘–‹ ‹Ž‹‰ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ› ‡˜‡ ‡ƒ –Š‡ ‘™• Dz™‹dz ƒ† –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” ‹• ˆ‘” ‡† –‘ ”‡–—” –‘ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‹Ž‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ͸Ͳ‘‡ˆƒ”‡”•–Šƒ–‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†”‘„‘–•™‡”‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ƒ‡–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ†‡‘—‰Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•™‘”•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”‹Ž›ƒ†•ƒ™–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‘’‡ŽŽ‡†–‘”‡–—”–‘–Š‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ  ‘™• ȋ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ȍ ™‡”‡ ‘– ‡”‡Ž› ’ƒ••‹˜‡ end users ‹ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† ‹Ž‹‰ •›•–‡Ǥ – •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’‘‹–• –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™• •—”’”‹•‡† –Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ƒ† ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰ ˆƒ”‡”• ™‘”‹‰ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡ ”‘„‘–Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒ‰”‘Ǧ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•™‘”‹‰‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†‹Ž‹‰Šƒ†‘–‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†–Š‡ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽ•‡–—’ȋ‘••‹‰‡–ƒŽǤͳͻͺͷǢ‡‘‹‰‹–‡”˜‹‡™ʹͲͲͺȌǤ‘–Š‡•—”’”‹•‡‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰ ‘’ƒ‹‡• ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹ŽŽ‘ƒ†™ƒ•‘– ‡‘—‰Š‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‘•– ‘™•–‘’”‡•‡––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘–Š‡”‘„‘–‹–‹‡ǤŠ‡› ‡‡†‡† –‘ „‡ •‡†— ‡†‘” ˆ‘” ‡† –‘ ˜‹•‹– –Š‡ ”‘„‘– „› –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡” ‘ˆ •‘‡ ˆ‡‡† ‹ ƒ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† †‹•’‡•‡” ȋ‡‹Œ‡”‹‰ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ  –Š‹• ™ƒ› –Š‡ ”‘„‘– ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† •‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ‘™•ƒ†–Š‡‹”†‡•‹”‡•‘„‡‹‰—•‡†‹†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ͸ͳŠ‡ ‘™•‡‡†‡†–‘ Ž‡ƒ”Š‘™–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘„‘–ǡ™Š‹ Š‡ƒ–’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹ –‹‡ƒ†•–ƒ†‹‰•–‹ŽŽ™Š‡„‡‹‰‹Ž‡†ǤŠ‹•‹•†‘‡„›ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘’‡”ƒ– ‘†‹–‹‘‹‰ ȋ–Š‡ ˆ‡‡† ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† —’‘ ˜‹•‹–‹‰ –Š‡ ”‘„‘–Ȍ ƒ† Šƒ„‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǣ Dz‰‡–Ž› ˆ‘” ‹‰dz–Š‡ ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”‘„‘––‘‰‡––Š‡—•‡†–‘–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ȋƒ˜‹•ƒ† ƒ‰‘ʹͲͲʹȌǤ  ˆ–‡”‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”•‡–—’•–Šƒ–‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†Dzˆ‘” ‡† ‘™–”ƒˆˆ‹ dzȋ‡–‡Žƒƒ”Ǧ‡ƒ—™‡”‡‡–ƒŽǤ ͳͻͻͻȌǡ ‹ ‘”‡ ”‡ ‡– ›‡ƒ”• ‹– ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Šƒ– Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘–‘˜‹•‹––Š‡”‘„‘–‘”‡–‘–Š‡ ‘™•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•‘”‡˜‹•‹–•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ƒ †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† ™‡„ ˆ‘”— ˆ‘” ˆƒ”‡”• ‹– ‹• •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ–ǣ Dz †‡‡†ǡ ‘ ˆ‡ ‡• ”—• „‡––‡”   59In2010aDutchveterinarianstartedperformingplasticsurgeryoncowudderstoliftthemsothattheywere connectable to the robot (Hofs 2010). In this way the cows were saved from slaughter, even though the veterinarianwasbreakingthelawwhileperforminginvasivetreatmentsoncowsforwhichthereisnoexplicit legalexemption. 60ForinstanceBooij(2004)describesacaseinwhichupto20%ofaherdrefusedtoworktherobot,whichled tothefarmerreturningtoaconventionalmilkingparlour. 61Whichcanalsobetakenasasignalthatcowsareunwillingtoparticipateinthepracticeofdairyfarming,or atleastnotwithoutbeingrewarded.  cowsdesiringtobemilked?123

‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›Š‡‹ˆ‡”•Ž‡ƒ”‹–ˆƒ•–‡”™‹–Š‘—–ˆ‡ ‡•ƒ†™‹–Š‡‘—‰Šˆ”‡‡•’ƒ ‡ƒ”‘—† –Š‡”‘„‘–dzȋ–‘ʹͲͳͲȌǤ‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ›•ǡDz Šƒ˜‡Ž‡ƒ”‡†–Šƒ–‘‡Šƒ•–‘Ž‡––Š‡ ‘™ „‡–Š‡„‘••Ǥdz‘–Š‡”‘‡•–ƒ–‡•ǡDz‘—Šƒ˜‡–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡ ‘™•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ”‘‘ƒ†‘– †‹”‡ – –Š‡ –‘‘ — Šdz ȋ ‹‡•–”ƒ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‘™• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ ’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†ƒ””ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡‹”˜‹•‹–•–‘–Š‡”‘„‘–•Ǣˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡‘‡ˆƒ”‡”ǯ• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹•–Šƒ–DzŠ‡–Š‡ ‘™•‰‘‘—–ǡ–Š‡›ˆ‹”•–™ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ–‘ –Š‡‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›‰”ƒœ‡–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡„ƒ”dzȋ ‹‡•–”ƒʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ  ‹–Šƒ”‘„‘–ǡ–Š‡ ‘™•ƒŽ•‘ ‘‡–‘”‡Žƒ–‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›–‘–Š‡‹”Š‡”†Ǥ•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡ ‘™•‰”ƒœ‡‘ƒ’ƒ•–—”‡ƒ†‡‡†–‘™ƒŽ—’–‘Š—†”‡†•‘ˆ‡–‡”•–‘—•‡–Š‡”‘„‘–ǡ ƒ”‡“—‹”‡•–Š‡–‘—Ž‡ƒ”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š‡”†‡–ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ„‡‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹œ‡† „› –Š‡ ”‘„‘–ǡ ‹– ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† –Šƒ– ‘ ‡ –Š‡› Ž‡ƒ”‡†Š‘™–‘‹Ž –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†‰‘–—•‡†–‘–Š‡•›•–‡ǡ–Š‡›‘˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ•–—”‡–‘–Š‡”‘„‘–‹ ”‡‰—Žƒ”‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ ƒˆ‡™ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ ‘™• ȋ ‡—–‹  ‡–ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ ‘‡ ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Š‡”†‡–ƒŽ‹–›™‡”‡ˆ‘—†–‘„‡‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‡ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ•‹  ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ ‘™•–‘‡–‡”–Š‡”‘„‘–™ƒ•–‘„‡‹•‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•– ‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡”†ȋ ƒ ‘„•ƒ†‹‡‰ˆ‘”†ʹͲͳʹȌǤ‘‡‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ––‡’–•–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ”‘„‘–‹™Šƒ– —•‡†–‘„‡–Š‡‹Ž‹‰’ƒ”Ž‘—”†‹†‘–™‘”‘—–ǡƒ•–Š‡ ‘™•™‘—Ž†‡‡†–‘™ƒŽ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ›–Š”‘—‰Šƒ””‘™ ‘””‹†‘”•‘—–‘ˆ•‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡”†ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒ Ž‡ƒ” ‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆDz‘––Š‹‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™ƒ†’—––‹‰Š‡” ‡–”ƒŽǡdz ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š’‹‘‡‡”•ȋ‡‘‹‰‹–‡”˜‹‡™ʹͲͲͺȌǤ  –Š‡” ‘ ‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‘•‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ”‘„‘–‹ ˆƒ”‹‰™‡”‡ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘–Š‡‡™•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǯ•‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘” ‘™„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ•–Š‡”‡’‘”–Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘–‡†ǡƒ†ƒ•‡–‡Žƒƒ”Ǧ‡ƒ—™‡”‡‡–ƒŽǤȋͳͻͻ͸ȌŠƒ†ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†ǡƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡”‘„‘– „‡ ‘‡• ƒ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ ƒ† ƒ •‹–‡ –‘ ‡š‡”– †‘‹ƒ ‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‡ƒ•ǡ‹ƒ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰–‘‹–•ˆ—ŽŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ǡ–Šƒ–•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡ ‘™•ƒ”‡‘Ž›ƒ„Ž‡–‘‰‡–ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡ ”‘„‘–ƒ–ȋƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ȌŽ‡••ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡Š‘—”••— Šƒ•†—”‹‰–Š‡‹‰Š–ȋ ‘’•–‡”‡–ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲʹȌǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‘”‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ ‘™–”ƒˆˆ‹ ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ Š‡”†’”‘ ‡••‡•‹™Š‹ ŠŽ‘™Ǧ”ƒ‹‰ ‘™•ƒ”‡‡’–ˆ”‘˜‹•‹–‹‰–Š‡”‘„‘–ǡ ‘‡–‘ ƒ•–ƒ†•–‹ŽŽǡƒ†™ƒ‹–ˆ‘”–Š‡”‘„‘–ˆ‘”ƒ’”‘Ž‘‰‡†–‹‡ȋ‹–‘”••‘ƒ†‘”‡•‡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ‡”ƒ•‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͶȌǤȋ–Š‡™‡„•‹–‡‘ˆ”‘„‘–’”‘†— ‡”‡Ž›–Š‹•‹•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ•ǣDz‡•‡‡–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š ‘™ Š‘‘•‡•–Š‡‹Ž‹‰–‹‡•–Šƒ–•—‹–Š‡”„‡•–ƒ† –Šƒ–ˆ‹–™‹–Š–Š‡”ƒ‘”†‡”™‹–Š‹–Š‡Š‡”†ǤdzȌ  Š‹• ‘ ‡” ‘˜‡” Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ’‘••‹„Ž› ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †›ƒ‹ • ™‹–Š‹–Š‡Š‡”† ‘—Ž†„‡•ƒ‹†–‘‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ˆ”‘ƒ˜‹‡™‘ˆ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰”‘‘–‡†‘”‡ ‹‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ”‡•›•–‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™‹–Š‹–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆƒ–—”‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡˆ‘”

 124chapterfour

‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ †‘‹ƒ ‡ ‡š‡”–‹‘ ‹ Š‡”†• ‹• ‘•–Ž› ‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ ‘”ƒŽŽ› ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ǤŠ‹•‹•‹’ƒ”–†—‡–‘ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡””‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡ƒ Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘™ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘„‡ ƒ—•‡†‘‹ƒ ‡‹ƒ–—”ƒŽŠ‡”†•Šƒ•ƒŽ‡••†‡–”‹‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ ‘™•ƒ•–Š‡”‡‹•‘”‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘ˆŽ‡‡‘’’‘‡–•Ǥ  Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ ‘ ‡”ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹ƒŽ•™ƒ‹–‹‰‹†Ž›ˆ‘”ƒ’”‘Ž‘‰‡†–‹‡ƒ›ƒ”‹•‡ˆ”‘ ‹–• ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ ‘” ˆ‘” ‹–• •—„‘’–‹ƒŽ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘„‘–ǡ ˆ‘” †ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”•‹–ƒŽ•‘‰‘‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹”•‡•‡‘ˆ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰–Š‡–‹‡„—†‰‡–‘ˆ ‘™•ǣ ‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”Š‹‰Š’”‘†— –‹‘Ž‡˜‡Žǡ ‘™••Š‘—Ž†„‡Dz†‘‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰ —•‡ˆ—Žǡdz•— Šƒ•‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ„‡‹‰‹Ž‡†ǡ‘””‡•–‹‰ȋ—•‰ƒƒ”†ƒ† ‘†‡”‰ƒƒ”† ʹͲͲͶȌǤ  Changingfarmers ”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡‡™ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ‡™”‡Žƒ–‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ„‡•‡‡–‘ Šƒ‰‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ •›•–‡Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ǡ–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†‹••–”‡••ˆ—Ž–‘‘ǡƒ•–Š‡›‡‡†–‘”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡ –Š‡‹”‡–‹”‡ˆƒ”ƒƒ‰‡‡––‘ƒ†Œ—•–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰–‘–Š‡‡™•›•–‡ǣ DzŠ‡ ˆ‹”•– –Š”‡‡ ™‡‡• ™‡”‡ Š‡ŽŽǡ ƒ† –Šƒ–ǯ• ’—––‹‰ ‹– ‹Ž†Ž›dz ȋ”‘™‡ŽŽ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ Š‡ ”‘„‘– ”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ‡™Ž‘‘ƒ– ‘™ƒ†Š‡”†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡ƒ†—•‡ –Š‡•‡–‘fit™‹–Š–Š‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‡—–‹ ‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͶȌǤ   ‘”†‹‰ –‘ •‘‡ ƒ”‡–‹‰ ‘—–Ž‡–•ǡ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘‡ ƒ ƒƒ‰‡” ȋ‘– ‘ˆ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǡ „—– ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȍ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ ”ƒˆ–•ƒ ‘” ƒ •–‘ ’‡”•‘ ȋƒ ”‹‡ ʹͲͲͷǢ ƒ ‡‡—™‡ ʹͲͳʹȌǢ DzŠ‹• ‹• ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Ž‹ˆ‡ •–›Ž‡ǡ ‘™ ™‡ ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‡‡†–‘•—’‡”˜‹•‡–Š‡ ‘™•dzȋ‡„‡”‰ŠʹͲͲͷȌǤŠ‡‹†‡ƒŽǡƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†„› –Š‡”‘„‘–Ǧƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†–ƒ‡‘˜‡”„›”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•ǡ‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–‹•–‘ „‡ƒˆƒ”‡”‹••Š‹ˆ–‡†‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”†‹”‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰‹• ‘˜‡†ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘ƒ—ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”ƒ†‹–‘–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„‡Š‹†ƒ ‘’—–‡”ǡ‘ˆ–‡‹ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽskyboxǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ•ƒŽŽǡˆ—ŽŽ›™‹†‘™‡†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‹ƒ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ „ƒ” ˆ”‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡Š‡”† ƒ„‡‘˜‡”Ž‘‘‡†Ǥ  ‡˜‡”ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•˜‹•‹–‹‰ƒˆƒ”™Š‹Ž‡Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ––Š‡”‘„‘–‹ƒ –‹‘•ƒ‹†–Šƒ– –Š‡› Dz‡‡† –‘ •—’’”‡•• –Š‡ •–”‘‰ –‡†‡ › –‘ Š‡Ž’ ‘—– –Š‹• Ž—•› Ž‘‘‹‰ ƒ Š‹‡ǤdzŠ‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆƒ––ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡–‡ƒ– —’•„›–Š‡”‘„‘–ǡ™Š‹ Š‘ˆ–‡–ƒ‡•ƒ ˆ‡™ –”‹‡• ƒ• ‹–• •‡•‘”• •‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡šƒ – Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡ƒ–•ǡ †‘‡• ‘– Ž‘‘ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ–ƒŽŽ™Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡•™‹ˆ–‡••™‹–Š™Š‹ Šƒˆƒ”‡”™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ƒ––ƒ Š–Š‡‹ƒ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‹Ž‹‰’ƒ”Ž‘—”Ǥ –Š‹••‡•‡ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ƒŽ‘•– ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ”‡•–”ƒ‹– –‘ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‹–‘ ƒ ‡™  cowsdesiringtobemilked?125

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǣ‘–ƒ••™‹ˆ–Ž›ƒ––ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡–‡ƒ– —’•ǡ „—– ƒ• „‡‹‰ ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡–‘†‘‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•Ǥ‡ˆƒ”‡” ˜‹•‹–‡†Šƒ†ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† Š‹• ‡–‹”‡ ˆƒ”ǡƒˆ–‡”„‡‹‰”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–”‘„‘–‹ †‡˜‹ ‡•ǡ‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–•ǡˆ‡‡†‹‰ ”‘„‘–•ǡƒ†ƒ—”‡”‘„‘–•ǡ‡– Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹ǡ†—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‡™†ƒ›•‘–Š‡ ‡™ˆƒ”Š‡Dzˆ‡Ž–Ž‹‡ƒ‹–‡”‘›‘™ˆƒ”ǡ‘–‘™‹‰™Šƒ––‘†‘›•‡ŽˆǤdz – –‘‘ƒ™Š‹Ž‡–‘Ž‡ƒ”Š‹•‡™”‘Ž‡ǡƒ†–Š‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ‡™•‡ŽˆǦ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡƒ•Š‡ ƒ†‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹Š‹•”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘„‡‹‰ƒǮ‹–‡”Ǥǯ  Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‹–‹“—‡ ƒ† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› –Šƒ– •–”‡••‡•–Š‡ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‘†‡”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‘‹–•—•‡”•Ǥ‘”‰ƒȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡŠƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡†Š‘™†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‹ ‡• ƒˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡•ƒ‡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘ǡ„—–†‘–Š‹•‹™ƒ›•–Šƒ–ƒ‡ˆ‘”˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹—•‹‰ ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ –—” „”‹‰• ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‘•‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••ȋ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘Š‘’•‘ʹͲͲͲȌǤ͸ʹŠ‡ •‡‡•–‘„‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ”‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆƒŽ‘••‘ˆ„‘–Šƒˆ‘ ƒŽ‘„Œ‡ –Ȅ–Š‡‹Ž‹‰’ƒ”Ž‘—”Ȅ ƒ† ƒ ˆ‘ ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ȅ–Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰Ǥ ‹–Š –Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• commodifiedƒ†–Š‡ ‘™• –—”‡† ‹–‘ —•‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ‹–‘ ƒƒ‰‡”• –Šƒ–•—’‡”˜‹•‡–Š‡‹” ƒ‹ƒŽ™‘”‡”•ˆ”‘ƒ ‘’—–‡”‹œ‡†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ‘”‰ƒ™ƒ•ƒ•–—†‡–‘ˆ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǡ ƒ†‹–‹•–‡’–‹‰–‘ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰‹‘”‡„Ž‡ƒ–‡”•ǤŠ‡ –Š‡”‘„‘– ƒ„‡•‡‡–‘ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›†‹• Ž‘•‡ƒˆ—ŽŽ›‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‘”Ž†‹™Š‹ Š ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ƒ† ‡˜‡”›‘‡ǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ „‘†‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™• –‘ –Š‡ –‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǡ ‡‡”‰‡•ƒ•‡”‡”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘„‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›—•‡†ȋ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ›‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳ͵Ǣ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”ȌǤ—––Š‹‰•ƒ›„‡‘”‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Š‹•†‹ Š‘–‘‘—••–‘”› ‘ˆƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  Deskilling?Disciplining? •‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡ ‘‘”‡’”‘ƒ Šƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ›‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‘–‹—ƒŽŽ› •–”‡•• –Šƒ– –Š‡  †‘‡• ‘– ˆ— –‹‘ –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ †‡•‹ŽŽ‡† Žƒ„‘—”Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ• ‹ ƒ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‹Ž‹‰ ’ƒ”Ž‘—” ˆƒ”‡”• •‡‡ –Š‡ ‘™• ’ƒ•• „› –™‹ ‡ƒ†ƒ›†—”‹‰‹Ž‹‰ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–•›•–‡’”‘†— ‡•†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘—–’—–‘’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”••— Šƒ•Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ„ƒ –‡”‹ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ‹Ž –‘ ‘–”‘Ž ƒ† ‘’–‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™•Ǥ ‘™ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ „‡ ‘‹–‘”‡†–‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡‡š–‡–„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡•›•–‡ǡ ‹ ’ƒ”– ”‡’Žƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ †—”‹‰ ‹Ž‹‰ ‹ ƒ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ •›•–‡Ǥ

  62Foranalogousworriesaroundroboticsleadingtoadiminishingqualityofcarerelationsinthesphereof healthcare,seeWynsberghe(2012).  126chapterfour

—–ƒ•–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•™‹–Š”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†ǡ–Š‡•‹ŽŽ•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•‹”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰ Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ‡••‡–‹ƒŽǤ  ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡™”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ•Š‹ˆ–ˆ”‘”‘—–‹‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘™•–‘ƒ”‡‰‹‡‘ˆƒƒ‰‡‡–„›‡š ‡’–‹‘Ǥ‡™ǡ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •‡–‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ•‹•‡‡†‡† –‘’”‘‰”ƒ–Š‡”‘„‘––‘ ”‡ƒ–‡attentionlists–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‡ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰ ˆ‡™ˆƒŽ•‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡•‘”ˆƒŽ•‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡•Ǥ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘‹Ž‹‰–Š‡ ‘™•ƒ†”‡‰‹•–‡”‹‰ ™Š‡‡ƒ Š ‘™ƒ†‡Š‡”Žƒ•–˜‹•‹–ǡ–Š‡•›•–‡ƒŽ•‘†‡–‡ –•‹Ž“—ƒŽ‹–›†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ”‡‰‹•–‡”• –Š‡ ‹Ž ˜‘Ž—‡ ƒ† „‘†› –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ƒ† –”ƒ • ‹•–ƒ ‡• ‘ˆ †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ƒ† ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–› ȋ‹‡Ž‡ƒ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” ™‹ŽŽ ‡‡† –‘ ƒ†ƒ’– –‘ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ˜‹•—ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ Š‹• ‘™• ƒ† –‘ Ž‡ƒ” –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡™ ƒƒ‰‡‡–”‡‰‹‡ȋ—™‡Ž–Œ‡•ƒ†‘‹‰ʹͲͲͶȌǤŠ‹•‡™–ƒ•†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ƒ„‡ •ƒ‹†–‘”‡“—‹”‡‘”‡†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǡ–‘ƒ‡ƒ––‡–‹‘Ž‹•–•ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™—’ ‘–Š‡•‡ǡ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡‘ˆ†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡–Šƒ–Šƒ–‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ƒ–™‹ ‡Ǧ ƒǦ†ƒ›‹Ž‹‰”‘—–‹‡Ǥ”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ–Š‡•‡ŽˆǦ†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡‘ˆ„‡‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡” ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ‰‡––‹‰—’‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†‰‡––‹‰‹–‘ƒˆŽ‘™‘ˆ™ƒ– Š‹‰–Š‡ ‘™•’ƒ••„›ǡƒ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Š•ƒŽŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡••–ƒ†‘—–ƒ†–Š‡•‹ŽŽ‹• ‹ ’ƒ›‹‰ Ž‘•‡ ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡•‡Ǥ‰‘‘†robotfarmer‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†‹ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–—–—ƒŽŽ›”‡‹ˆ‘” ‹‰ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ•ƒ††‹• ‹’Ž‹‡ǤŠ‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‹•”‘„‘–ˆƒ”‡”‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡attentionlists–Šƒ–ƒ”‡’”‡†‹ –‹˜‡‡‘—‰Š–‘‘–‹˜ƒ–‡Š‹ ‘”Š‡”–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™—’‘–Š‡Ǥ͸͵  –Š‹• ™ƒ›ǡ •‹ŽŽ ƒ† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ „‘–Š ‹ ™‘”‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡”‘„‘–ƒ†‹ƒ••‡••‹‰–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ƒ––‡–‹‘Ž‹•–•ǡ‹• Ž‘•‡Ž› ‘‡ –‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•‡ŽˆǦ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡‘ˆˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰—’‘–Š‡•‡Ž‹•–•ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›–ƒ‹‰–Š‡–‹‡–‘™ƒ– Š–Š‡ ‘™•Ǥ   ˆƒ”‡” ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† ‹ ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ •–”‡••‡• –Šƒ– –‘ ƒƒ‰‡ ƒ ˆƒ” ™‹–ŠƒDz‘‡Šƒ•–‘„‡ƒ ‘™ˆƒ”‡”ǡ‘–ƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆƒ”‡”dzȋƒ”‹‡ʹͲͲͷȌǤ ‘„‘–ˆƒ”‡”•–‡†–‘•–”‡••–Šƒ–‘‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–Dz–”›–‘ƒƒ‰‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ‘™•ˆ”‘ „‡Š‹†–Š‡ ‘’—–‡”‘Ž›Ǥdz‹–Šƒ”‘„‘–ǡ‘‡Šƒ•–‘„‡‹„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ‘™•ƒŽ‘– ƒ†‡‡’ƒ Ž‘•‡‡›‡‘–Š‡ȋƒ”‹‡ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‡”‡„›–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‘”• ‹• ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†ǡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆƒ”‹‰ •–›Ž‡• ƒ† ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” ‘–‹—‡• –‘ †‡• ”‹„‡ –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆŠ‘™Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Š•›•–‡•ƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ”‡–‘„‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†

  63 This is what farmers using an AMS are often called, as for instance can be seen on web forums and in professionalmedia,forinstanceVanDrie(2005).  cowsdesiringtobemilked?127

™‹–Šǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ„‡‘’’‘•‡†–‘ǡ–Š‡‡„‘†‹‡†Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒ†•‹ŽŽ•ǣ Dz‘–Œ—•–ˆ”‘Š‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ȏ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”Ȑ‡‡’•ƒ‰‘‘†‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ǤŠ‡ Š‡ ™ƒŽ• „‡–™‡‡Š‹• ‘™•Š‡ƒ–‡˜‡”›‘‡– ƒ Š‡ ‘Š‹•’‘ ‡––Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‘ˆ‡ƒ Š ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘™dzȋƒ”‹‡ʹͲͲͷȌǤ–Š‡”ˆƒ”‡”•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆŽ‘••ǡ•ƒ›‹‰ǡDz – ‹•— Š‘”‡Šƒ†•‘ˆˆǤ ›•‡Žˆ—•‡†–‘–”›–‘‹Žƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘ ‡ƒ†ƒ›ǤŠ‹•™ƒ›‹–‹• Šƒ”†‡” –‘ ‘™ ›‘—” ‘™• ‘”‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ‘— ”‡Ž› ‘”‡ ‘ ‘’—–‡” ”‡’‘”–•dz ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˆƒ”‡” •–ƒ–‡†ǣ Dz – ‹• Œ—•– ƒ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘— Œ—•– Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ƒ†ƒ’– –‘ ‹–dz ȋ‘—‡” ʹͲͳͲȌǤ ‡”‡ ‹– •‡‡• –Šƒ– ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ‡ƒ• ƒ ‡’–‹‰ –Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‘‰‘‹‰ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŠ—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ’Žƒ›ƒ ”‘Ž‡Ǥ  CowǦfarmerrelationsandexpectations Š‡ ‡™ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™ǡ ™Š‘ ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” ™‹–Š „‡‹‰ †”‹˜‡‹–‘–Š‡‹Ž‹‰ƒ”‡ƒǡƒŽ•‘ƒ‡•ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘•– ‘™•‹Ž‡†„›ƒ”‘„‘–ƒ”‡•ƒ‹†–‘•‘‡Š‘™ˆ‹†‘—––Šƒ–‹ ‹‰–Š‡”‘„‘–‹•‘– ™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡ǡƒ•‹–‹•–‘‹ ƒˆƒ”‡”–”›‹‰–‘ƒ––ƒ Š–‡ƒ– —’•‹ƒ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ”ǣ Dz ‘™ Ž‡ƒ”• –Š‡ ”‘„‘– ‡˜‡” Šƒ• „ƒ† –‡’‡”•ǡ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ”‡•’‘† –‘ ƒ› „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”„›–Š‡ ‘™Ǥdz͸Ͷ‡ˆƒ”‡”„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Šƒ–DzŠ‡›ǯ†— Š”ƒ–Š‡”„‡‹Ž‡†„› ƒ”‘„‘––Šƒ‹Ž‡†„›—•dzȋ”‘™‡ŽŽʹͲͳʹȌǤ‹–Š‘—––Š‡ˆƒ”‡” ‘‹‰‹–™‹ ‡ƒ †ƒ›–‘†”‹˜‡–Š‡ ‘™•–‘–Š‡‹Ž‹‰’ƒ”Ž‘—”ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•‹•ˆ‘—†–‘ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ –Š‡™‘”†•‘ˆ‘‡ˆƒ”‡”‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ˆ‘”—‘ˆƒˆƒ”‹‰ ™‡„•‹–‡ǣ Dz ”‘„‘– ‘™‹•ƒ”‡Žƒš‡†ǡ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘™–Šƒƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ”‘„‘– ‘™›‘—™ƒŽ ƒ”‘—†ǡ›‘—†‘‘–’—•Šƒ†•Š‘˜‡ǡ•Š‘—Ž†‘•–Ž›–”‡ƒ–‘–Š‡•’‘– ƒ† ‘˜‡ ƒ”‘—†ƒ•Ž‹––Ž‡ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡dzȋ‹ʹͲͲ͸Ǣ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘ ‘’•–‡”‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲʹȌǤ‡™‹†‡ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ˆƒ”‡” ƒ† ‘™• ‡‡”‰‡•ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‹– „‡ ‘‡• ƒ‘”–‘Dz‘– †‹•–—”„ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‹ –Š‡ Š‡”†Ǥdz – –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ”‘„‘–ǡ ‘™• ‡‡†ǡ –‘ •‘‡‡š–‡–ǡ–‘—Ž‡ƒ”–‘„‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ•ƒŠ‡”†ƒ†–‘ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –Šƒ– †‡ ‹†‡™Š‡‹–‹•–‹‡–‘„‡‹Ž‡†Ǥ‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”Ž‡ƒ˜‡•‘”‡–‘Š‡”†’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”‘„‘– Šƒ‰‡•–Š‡•‡Ǥ  •’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽ’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰™‹–Šƒ”‘„‘–ǡƒ†™‹–Š ‘™•‘—–‘–Š‡ ’ƒ•–—”‡ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”Šƒ•–‘Ž‡ƒ”‘––‘„”‹‰‹–‘‘“—‹ Ž›–Š‘•‡ ‘™•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‘– ’”‡•‡–‡†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ––Š‡”‘„‘–ƒˆ–‡”•‘‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽƒ‡–Š‡ ‘™

  64 The fact that cows can tell the difference between a robot and a human being can be considered an interestingcontributiontotheessentialistvsconstructivistdilemmasketchedbyRisan(2005).  128chapterfour

‡š’‡ – –Šƒ– •Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ˆ‡– Š‡† ˆ‘” ‹Ž‹‰ǡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‘‰‘‘Š‡”‘™ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ  –Š‹• •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” ‡‡†•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ ƒƒ‰‡‡– •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰ ‘™•™‹–ŠŽ‘‰‹Ž‹‰‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ˆ‹–•Š‹‘”Š‡”„‡•–ǣ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰–Š‘•‡ ‘™••–”‹ –Ž›‘–‹‡ƒ›Ǯ•ƒ˜‡ǯ•‘‡‹Žǡ„—–ƒ›–—”–Š‡ ‘™•ǮŽƒœ›ǯ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ –Š‡‹”Šƒ„‹–—ƒ–‹‘–‘„‡‹‰ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥƒ†‡”ƒƒ’ʹͲͲ͵ƒȌǤ͸ͷ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ ‰‹˜‹‰–Š‘•‡ ‘™••‘‡‡š–”ƒ–‹‡ƒ›Ǯ ‘•–ǯ•‘‡‹Žǡ„—–ƒ›•ƒ˜‡–Š‡Žƒ„‘—”‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰‹–Š‡Ž‘‰”—Ǥ  Gainingtimeorbecomingflexible:newmeaningsofbeingafamilyfarmer • –Š‹• ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‰‘‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ • ƒŽ‡ ƒ† ”‡†— ‹‰ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ• ‹ ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› †‘‹‰ ƒ™ƒ› ™‹–Š ˆƒ”‡”•ǫ ”ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡”ǡ†‘‡•‹–Š‡Ž’ˆƒ”‡”•–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹”Žƒ„‘—” ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡•ǫ‰ƒ‹ǡ –Š‡•‡ †‹ Š‘–‘‘—• ’‘•‹–‹‘• †‘ ‘– ƒŽŽ‘™ ˆ‘” ƒ ‘”‡ •—„–Ž‡ ƒ••‡••‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•—‹‰‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  ƒ”Ž›‘ǡ–Š‡”‘„‘–™ƒ•’”‘‘–‡†ƒ•ƒ–‹‡Ǧ•ƒ˜‹‰†‡˜‹ ‡ƒ†ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ˆƒ”‡”–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ†‘‹‰ƒ™ƒ›™‹–Š–Š‡‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘–‘‹Žˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ Š‘—”• ƒ †ƒ› ƒ† –‘ ”‹•‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘”‹‰ ‹Ž‹‰ •Š‹ˆ–Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘‡ ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡––Šƒ–†‡’‹ –‡†‡‘‘–‘” › Ž‡•”‹†‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ•‡––‹‰•—ǡǮ–Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ˆ—‡˜‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ ‘™• ‘‡Š‘‡dzȋ ‘‰‡˜‡‡ƒ†‡‹Œ‡”‹‰ʹͲͲͲǡ͵ͳͺȌǤ  —––Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•‹•‘–ƒ••–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ž›liberatingƒ• †‡’‹ –‡†Ǥ ƒ› ˆƒ”‡”• Š‘‘•‡ ‘– –‘ •™‹– Š –‘ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†‹Ž‹‰ƒ•–Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ‡ƒŽ‘•‹‰–Š‡”Š›–Š‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰‹•Š‹ˆ–•Ǥ†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•–Šƒ–†‹†•™‹– Š ‘’Žƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡‡™•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›‡‡†–‘„‡‘•–ƒ†„›ˆ‘”ʹͶŠ‘—”•ƒ †ƒ›Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡”‘„‘– ‘‡ –‡†–‘–Š‡‹”•ƒ”–’Š‘‡ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‹•”—’–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡”‘„‘––Š‡›”‡ ‡‹˜‡ƒ‹•–ƒ–‡••ƒ‰‡–Šƒ––Š‡›‡‡†–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™—’ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ”‘™‡ŽŽ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ‹–Š–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡”‘„‘–ǡˆ‘”„‘–Š–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ƒ†–Š‡ ‘™•–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ –‡’‘”ƒŽ ”‡‰—Žƒ”‹–› ™ƒ• –”ƒ†‡† ‹ ˆ‘” ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ •’”‡ƒ† ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ˆ”‡‡Ž›Ǥ ‘”†‡”‘––‘ƒ‡ ‘™•‰‡–—•‡†–‘„‡‹‰ˆ‡– Š‡†‹ˆ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘– ˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡”‘„‘–™‹–Š‹–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†‹–‡”˜ƒŽǡˆƒ”‡”•ƒ› ‘ŽŽ‡ ––Š‡ƒ–‹””‡‰—Žƒ” Š‘—”•ǡ•‘‡‡˜‡ƒ–‹‰Š–ȋ ‹‡•–”ƒʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ    65Forexample,accordingtoananonymouspostonadairyfarmers’webforum,ananalysisofafarmrevealed that: “a robot would generate absolutely no reduction of labour. To the contrary, it generated a stricter planningofactivitiesaswitharobotoneneedstofeedmore(tomakethecowsmoreactive[…])andyou needtowalkamidstthecowsmoreoftentogetthelazycowstotherobot”(Anon.2008).  cowsdesiringtobemilked?129

‘”ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ†‡„ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘‰‘‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‹‰‹ –Š‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ”‘„‘–ǡ ‘•–‹‰ ƒ”‘—† ̀ͳͲͲǡͲͲͲǡ͸͸–Š‡ ‘™•ƒ”‡‘Ž‘‰‡”–Š‡‘•–‡š’‡•‹˜‡capitalgood‘–Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥ‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ ‹–• ”‡–—” ‘ ‹˜‡•–‡–ǡ ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ –Š‡†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹• ”‡“—‹”‡†ǤŠ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‹Ž’”‘†— ‡†‹•‘–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–Šƒ–— Š„›—•‹‰ƒ”‘„‘–ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡•–‡–‹•‹–‡”•‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ„‘—”Ǧ•ƒ˜‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǥ‘ǡ–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘™•–Šƒ–‡‡†–‘‘ —’›–Š‡”‘„‘–ǯ• ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽʹͶŠ‘—”•ǡƒŽ•‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”‹•‘™‘ƒ–‹‡„—†‰‡–ǤŠ‡”‘„‘–‹•ƒ†‡˜‹ ‡–Šƒ– †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•„‘–Šˆƒ”‡”•ƒ† ‘™•‹‡™™ƒ›•Ǥ  ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡ ‘‘Ž›‘™ƒ•Šƒ”†™‘”‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘™‘”Ž‘‰Š‘—”•Ǥ Dz› ™‡‡‡† Žƒ•–• ˆ”‘ —†ƒ› ƒˆ–‡”‘‘ ‘‡ –‘ –Š”‡‡ ‘ǯ Ž‘ dz Š‡ƒ”†ƒ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡” Žƒ‹ǤŠ‡–Š‡›†‘–Š‡‹Ž‹‰‹–Š‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ™ƒ›ǡ ‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”•ȋ™‹–Š‘—–‡’Ž‘›‡‡•Ȍ‡‡†–‘™‘”•‡˜‡†ƒ›•ƒ™‡‡ǡƒ† ˆ”‘’”‡Ǧ†ƒ™–‹ŽŽ†—•Ǥ‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹Ž‹‰•Š‹ˆ–•‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›‘”‹‰ ƒ† Žƒ–‡ ƒˆ–‡”‘‘ǡ –Š‡› ’”‡ˆ‡” –‘ Dz‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ –Š‡‹” †ƒ› •’‘–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥdz ‹–Š –Š‡ ”‘„‘–ǡ ƒ† ȋƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ȍ ™‹–Š ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ • ƒŽ‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘†— –‹‘ †—‡ –‘ ™Š‹ Š ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ ƒƒ‰‡Žƒ”‰‡”ˆƒ”•™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ’‡”•‘‡Žǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”‘†‡• ƒ† • ƒŽ‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘†— –‹‘Š‘™‡˜‡”‡‡”‰‡–‘•‘‡ƒ•DzŠ‹††‡—‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥdz   –Š‡ ™ƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–•ǡ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ’”‘†— ‡† ƒ ‘—–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š‹—–‡‘ˆƒ†ƒ›ȋ—•‰ƒƒ”†ƒ† ‘†‡”‰ƒƒ”†ʹͲͲͶȌǤŠ‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š˜ƒ”‹‡†Ǣƒ•‹–Š‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ‹–„‡ ƒ‡ Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š”‡‡Š‘—”••’‡–‹Ž‹‰ǡ‘–Š‡”–ƒ••ǡ•— Š ƒ• Š‡ ‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ‘™• ƒ† ‘ –Š‡ ”‘„‘–ǡ „‡ ƒ‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘•– •–—†‹‡•ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Šƒ– „‡•‹†‡• •ƒ˜‹‰ •‘‡ Žƒ„‘—” –‹‡ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ‘•–Ž› ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ–™ƒ•‰ƒ‹‡†ǤŠ‡†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†–‘‰”‘™ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‹†‡” ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ • ƒŽ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† †‡ Ž‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•‹Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǣDz‘™ƒ†ƒ›•ȏ™‹–Š‘Ž›ƒˆ‡™ˆƒ”‡”•Ž‡ˆ–‹ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‘—‹–›Ȑ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡˜‡–• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ Š‡Ž† ƒ– Ͷ ‘ǯ Ž‘  ‹ –Š‡ ƒˆ–‡”‘‘ǡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ „‡ˆ‘”‡™Š‡‹–™ƒ• ‘‘–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡‹Ž‹‰• Š‡†—Ž‡‹–‘ƒ ‘—–Ǥdz ‘–Š‡” –ƒ‡‘–Š‹•‹•ǣDzŠ‡›‘—‰‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘†‘‡•‘–™ƒ––‘™‘”ˆ‘”•‡˜‡†ƒ›•‹ƒ ™‡‡ƒ›‘”‡Ǣ–Š‡›™ƒ––‘Šƒ˜‡–‹‡‘ˆˆǤdzŽ•‘ǡ‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‹• ƒ„‡ ˆ‘—†–‘„‡ƒ‘–‹˜‡ˆ‘””‘„‘–‹ †ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰ǣDz‡ ƒ‰‘–‘–Š‡‹†•ǯˆ— –‹‘•dz

  66Whichlimitsthe accesstothistechnology,especiallyincountrieswheretheaveragedairyherdsarefar smallerthanabout60lactatingcowsasistheoptimumforrobotuse.  130chapterfour

ƒ†Dz‘— ƒ™‘”™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘™•ƒ”‘—†›‘—”• Š‡†—Ž‡ǤŠ‡ ‘™•†‘ǯ– ‘–”‘Ž—• ƒ•— Š‘™dzȋ”‘™‡ŽŽʹͲͳʹȌǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ”‡ƒ””‡˜‡ƒŽ•Š‘™„‡‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡” ‹•‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘ ‡‹˜‡†‘ˆ‹–‡”•‘ˆƒˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ•›‡–”‹ ƒŽ’‘™‡””‡Žƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Š •‘Ž‡Ž› Š—ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‹ Šƒ”‰‡Ǥ ƒ–Š‡”ǡ ™‹–Š ‡ƒ Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ Š—ƒǦ ƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‘‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†„‡‹‰—†‡” ‘–”‘Žǡˆ‘” „‘–Šˆƒ”‡”ƒ† ‘™ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–Š‡””‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”‹˜‡•–‹‰‹ƒ”‘„‘–ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ ƒ› ƒ•‡ǡ‹–‹•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ‡ƒ•–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡• ƒŽ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥƒ–Š‡”ǡ‹–‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘„”‹‰‹‰‹Žƒ„‘—”ǡƒ•‘–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǤŽ–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‹”‹‰ƒ‡’Ž‘›‡‡–‘ †‘–Š‡‹Ž‹‰ǡ‡˜‡‹–Š‡—– ŠŽƒ„‘—”ƒ”‡–ǡ–‡†•–‘„‡ Š‡ƒ’‡”–Šƒƒ”‘„‘–ǡƒ ‰‘‘† ‡’Ž‘›‡‡ ‹• †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –‘ ˆ‹† ƒ† ™‘—Ž† ”‡“—‹”‡ ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒƒ‰‡‡– •‹ŽŽ•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘– ƒŽŽ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ’– –‘ ƒ “—‹”‡Ǥ ” –Š‡ ”‘„‘– ƒ„‡ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆ ‘–‹—‹‰–‘ˆƒ”ƒˆ–‡”ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ƒ–™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”„‡ ‘‡•‘”‡‘ˆƒ •–”ƒ‹ǡƒ†‹–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ•— ‡••‘”Ǥ  – ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† –Šƒ––Š‡†‡•‹”‡ ˆ‘” ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–› ‡š‹•–‡† ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ‘‰›‘—‰‡”ˆƒ‹Ž› ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ‡™•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‡‡”‰‡•‹™Š‹ ŠƒŽ‡ˆƒ”‡”••–ƒ›ƒ–Š‘‡ƒ†™ƒ– Š ‘˜‡”–Š‡‹†•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‹”™‹˜‡• ƒ‰‘‘—––‘™‘”‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ȋƒ †‡” ƒƒ’ ʹͲͲ͵„Ǣ‘•ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡”‘„‘– ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ‡™”‘Ž‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ˆ‘” ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†ƒ‡™†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ†‘‡•–‹ –ƒ••ǤŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”™‹–Šƒ”‘„‘– ƒ —•‡ –Š‡ –‹‡ ‰ƒ‹‡† –‘ ‰‘ ‘—– ƒ† ˆ‹† ƒ ’ƒ”–Ǧ–‹‡ Œ‘„ǡ –‘ –ƒ‡ ‘ ‰‘˜‡”‹‰ ’‘•‹–‹‘•‹–Š‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•™Š‹ Š•–‹ŽŽƒ„‘—†‹†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ‘”–‘ ™‘” ‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‘” Ž‘ ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ ”‘„‘–ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‘”ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡‘ˆƒŠ‡”†‘ˆ͹Ͳ ‘™•ǡ‹•–Š‡”‡„›–—”‡†‹–‘ƒ’ƒ”–Ǧ–‹‡Œ‘„Ǥ  

4.6Conclusion:ethicalassessmentaspartofcoͲevolutionarydynamics  ••‡••‹‰–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† –‘„‡ƒ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ––‡”ǡƒ•„‘–Š–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘™•‰‘–Š”‘—‰Šƒ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆƒ”‘„‘–ǤŠ‹•†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ–‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ ‡”•Ȅƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–ƒ‡•ƒ‰‘‘†ˆƒ”‡”ǡƒ‰‘‘† ‘™ǡƒ†ƒ‰‘‘†”‘„‘–Ȅƒ”‡‘– ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••ǤŠ‹•’”‘ ‡••–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡‹ƒ†›ƒ‹  moral geography‘”moral economy ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ”‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ž›ƒ†Œ—•–‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡™Šƒ– ƒ„‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ƒ•‹–‡”ƒŽ ‘Š‡”‡ ‡Ǥ —•– ƒ• •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‘™ „”‡‡†• ƒ „‡ †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ‰‘‘† ˆƒ”‹‰ ƒ† „”‡‡†‹‰ ȋŠ‡—‹••‡ ʹͲͲͺȌǡ •‘ –‘‘ ™Šƒ– ‹• †‡‡‡† ƒ ‰‘‘†”‘„‘–ǡ‘”™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ”‘„‘–‹•†‡‡‡†–‘„‡‰‘‘†ƒ–ƒŽŽǡ‹•–Š‡’”‘†— –Ȅƒ†–Š‡

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•‹–‡Ȅ‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ† ‘–‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘ ‡••‡•‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ „‡‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›†‡–‡”‹‡†„›‹Š‡”‡– Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ „› ‘–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘”••— Šƒ•”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• ‡š‹•–‹‰‘”ƒŽ ‘‹–‡–•Ǥ  ‘‡•ƒ‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–†‡•‹ŽŽ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǫŠ‹•“—‡•–‹‘ ƒ‘Ž› „‡ ƒ•™‡”‡† „› ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡™ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‹ŽŽ• ‘ˆ ”‘„‘– ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‡™Ž› ‘ˆ‹‰—”‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” –›’‡ ‘ˆ ȋ‡†‹ƒ–‡†Ȍ •‡ŽˆǦ†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡Ǥ‘‡•–Š‡”‘„‘– ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǫŠ‹•‹•Ž‹‡™‹•‡†‡’‡†‡–‘‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǣƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ ™Šƒ–Ȅˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘™•ǫRobotcowsŠƒ˜‡–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–„‡ ‘‡individualsƒ†ƒ”‡ –‘„‡Ž‡ˆ––‘careforthemselves‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡Š‡”†™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡› Šƒ‰‡ ‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ”‘„‘–Ǥ • –Š‡”‡ ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”Š›–Š•‘ˆ ‘—ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǫŠ‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–ˆƒ”‡”•Ž‹˜‡‹™‡”‡ Šƒ‰‹‰ƒ›™ƒ›ǡ ƒ‹‰–Š‡ ”‘„‘–ƒ†‡˜‹ ‡ –‘ ”‡‰ƒ‹–Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ ‘—ƒŽ –‹‡•Ǥ † –Š‡ ”‘„‘– ƒ „”‹‰ ‡™ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• –‘ ™‘”ǡ –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ ‘—–•‹†‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‡ ˜‹‡™‡† ‹ –Š‹• ‘”‡ †›ƒ‹  ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ †‡ ‹†‹‰ ‘ ‹•–ƒŽŽ‹‰ƒ‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–‡ƒ•†‡ ‹†‹‰™Šƒ–‹†‘ˆˆƒ”‡”–‘„‡ǡ™Šƒ–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™• –‘ ’”‘‘–‡ǡ ƒ† ™Šƒ– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ Š—ƒ• ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ• –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‡‡”‰‡Ǥ  ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••‹•ƒ‡Ž—•‹˜‡ ‘ ‡’––‘ƒ’’Ž›–‘ƒ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ” ‘–‡š–ȋ‡‰‡”†ƒŠŽʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ƒ†–Š‡”‡„›ƒŽ•‘–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡™‹–Šǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š”‘„‘–ƒ”‡–‡”•–‡†–‘ Žƒ‹ –‘Šƒ˜‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Šƒ–”‡˜‡ƒŽ•–Š‡–”—‡ǡƒ–—”ƒŽ™ƒ›‘ˆ„‡‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ ‘™ȋ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ›ʹͲͲ͹Ǣ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ›‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘„‘– ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Šƒ– ‘™• †‘ ‘– †‡•‹”‡ –‘ „‡ ‹Ž‡† ȋ„› Š—ƒ• ‘” ƒ Š‹‡•ǡ –Š‡› †‘ •‡‡ –‘ †‡•‹”‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” ƒŽ˜‡• †”‹ ™Š‡ǡ ‹ ”ƒ”‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘•ǡ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘†‘•‘ȌǤ–Ž‡ƒ•––Š‡› ƒ‘–„‡Ž—”‡†–‘–Š‡”‘„‘–‹†—‡–‹‡™‹–Š‘—– ƒˆ‘‘†”‡™ƒ”†Ǥ †‡„ƒ–‡•‘ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘Ǯ„—–™Šƒ– †‘ –Š‡ ‘™• ”‡ƒŽŽ›™ƒ–ǫǯ‹•‘Ž›ƒ•™‡”ƒ„Ž‡„›‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡Ǥ ‘™‹ƒ–‹‡•–ƒŽŽƒ› ˜‡”›™‡ŽŽ™ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––Š‹‰•–Šƒƒ ‘™‹Ž‘‘•‡Š‘—•‹‰ǡƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ†‡–‘Ž‹˜‡ ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡ǡ™‹–Š˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”Š‡”†ƒ†™‹–ŠŠ—ƒ•Ǥ –—”ǡƒ‡„‘†‹‡•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘ ‡’–‹‘‘ˆthegoodlifeȋ‘”ˆ‘”•‘‡‘ˆthe bad lifeȌ ˆ‘” †ƒ‹”› ‘™•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ individual freedom ™ƒ• ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‡˜‡” ƒ ‰”ƒ˜‡ ‘ ‡” ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆ Š‡”† ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ‹– Šƒ• „‡ ‘‡ ’”‘‹‡– ‹ †‹• —••‹‘• ‘ ‡”‹‰ robot farmsǤ Š‡ ‘” ‘ˆ ‘™ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ’”‘‘–‡† „› –Š‡ ”‘„‘–ƒ”‡–‡”•ƒ†‹• ”‹„‡†‹‹–•†‡•‹‰„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆƒ ƒ†‡‹  ”‹–‹“—‡ǡ ƒ• ‡ƒ”Ž›  •‡–—’• ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆ”‡‡†‘ ˆ‘” ‘™• „—– ‹–Š‡‘„˜‹‘—•Ž› ”‡•–”‹ –‡†ˆ‘”‘ˆforcedcowtraffic–Šƒ–™ƒ• ‘‘ƒ––Š‡–‹‡Ǥ—–ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ”‡”•

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–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†–Š‹•‹ ‘•‹•–‡ ›‘ˆ ‘™•„‡‹‰Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡†™Š‹Ž‡ˆ‘” ‡†ǡƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ƒ––‡’–•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰ƒ†‡–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ȋ™Šƒ–‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†Ȍ ‘”‡ –”—‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–ƒ† Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘™•Ǣƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•–Š‡›ƒŽ•‘’‡”ˆ‘”‹–Š‡ †‡•‹”‡† ™ƒ›ǡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡Ǥ Š‡”‡„› –Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‹• ‘– ‡”‡Ž›ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆƒ”‡–‹‰”Š‡–‘”‹ ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰ƒ‡™†‡˜‹ ‡ǡ„—–‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ ȋ–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–Ȍ•‹ ‡”‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ”‡‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ƒ†”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹–Š‡ Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ‡‡”‰‹‰‘”•ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•Ǥ  ‡ƒ› ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ›†‡ ‹†‡‘™Šƒ––›’‡‘ˆ†ƒ‹”›ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡™‘—Ž† „‡ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†’”‘†— ‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ‘—–‘ˆ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ǡ‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ’”‡˜‹‘—• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘™„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǡ‘™Šƒ–™‡ˆ‡‡Žƒ”‡ ‘‘•‡•‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡™ƒ›•‘ˆŠ‘—•‹‰ ‘™•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  •–—†‹‡• ™‹–Š‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•ˆ”‘’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰›–‘‡–Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ—–Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰‹–ƒ––Šƒ– ‘—Ž†”‡†— ‡ ‘—”ƒ––‡–‹˜‡‡••–‘ˆ‘”•‘ˆ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹ƒ†–‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘ˆ ‹’”‘˜‹‰•›•–‡•ǤŠƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘Ǯƒ•–Š‡ ‘™ǯ ƒ„‡—†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘–‘Ž›‡ƒ•—”‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ǡ•— Šƒ•Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǡŠ‡ƒ”– ”ƒ–‡ǡ •–”‡•• Š‘”‘‡•ǡ Ž‘‰‡˜‹–›ǡ ƒ† ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ’”‘Ž‘‰‡† ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽǦ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰™‹–Šƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ† ƒ†Œ—•–‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•‡–—’•ǤŠ‡–Š‡ ‘™ƒ†Š‡”™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‘–ƒ• •‘‡–Š‹‰•–ƒ–‹ –Šƒ–‹•–‘„‡— ‘˜‡”‡†ǡ„—–ƒ•‡‡”‰‡–ǡ–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š Š‡” ‡™ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ Š‹• ™‘—Ž† ‡ƒ –Šƒ– ƒ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ variable •— Š ƒ• ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ƒ‘–„‡†‡ˆ‹‡†‘Ž›ƒ––Š‡•’‡ ‹‡•Ž‡˜‡Žǡ•ƒ›ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ ‘™•ǡ•‘–Šƒ–‹– ƒ–Š‡„‡ ˆ—ŽŽ› †‡–‡”‹‡† „› ƒ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡–‹•–• ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”• ‘ˆ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–—„‡”‘ˆ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡† ‘™• ™‹ŽŽ–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–†‡’‡†‘–Š‡„”‡‡† Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȅƒ† –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•–‘ƒ†ƒ’––‘–Š‡Ǥ   ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹‹‰ ‹• –Š‡ Dzˆ”‡‡ Š‘‹ ‡ •–ƒŽŽdz –Šƒ– ‹• ‡š’‡”‹‡–‡† ™‹–Š‹ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–•„›˜ƒ”‹‘—•†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ‹™Š‹ Š‹–‹•Ž‡ˆ– –‘–Š‡ ‘™•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘†‡ ‹†‡™Š‡–Š‡”–‘‰‘‘—–ƒ†‰”ƒœ‡‘””‡ƒ‹‹†‘‘”•ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‘‘”†Š‘ˆˆȋʹͲͲͻȌǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ•‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡‘”‘ˆǮ ‘™ˆ”‡‡†‘ǯŠƒ•„‡‡–ƒ‡—’ „›”‘„‘–ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ™Š‘–”›–‘‰‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Šƒ’‡–‘‹–Ǥ• ƒ„‡•‡‡‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡† Š‡”‡ǡƒ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘‡–Š‹‰Ž‹‡–Š‡ ƒ‘Ž›„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ• ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ™‹†‡”•Š‹ˆ–‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ‹–”‹ ƒ–‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘’”‘ ‡•• „‡–™‡‡’ƒ”–Ž›ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•‹–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡•ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘ˆ„‘–Šˆƒ”‡”•ƒ† ‘™•‹ƒ‘”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†‘ˆ•Š‹ˆ–‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‘”•ƒ† Šƒ‰‹‰ ‡ƒ‹‰• ‘ˆ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ ‡’–•Ǥ Š‡ –‡”• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰

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’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ‰‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‡™†‡˜‹ ‡ǣ‡™”‘Ž‡•ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ‹‰—”‡†ǡ‡™ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ† Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• Šƒ‰‡ ‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ † ’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȅƒ†Š—ƒ•Ȅ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹•ƒŽ–‡”‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ  ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰‡™†‡˜‹ ‡••— Šƒ•ƒ‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–ƒ•objects™‹–Š“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒ†Ž‹•–‹‰ –Š‡’”‘•ƒ† ‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ–ƒ•™‹–Šƒ–„‡•–‘Ž›–‡’‘”ƒ”›”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ—– ‹– ‹• ‘‡ –Šƒ–ǡ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ ‹ˆ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ ™‹†‡” †›ƒ‹  ’”‘ ‡••ǡ ƒ ’Žƒ›ƒ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒ––‡†‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤŠ‹• †›ƒ‹  ‘ ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘•— —„–‘ ‘”ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‹•Ǥ • ‡–Š‹ • –Š‡ ‹• ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ ™‹–Š Dz–‡ Š‘Ǧ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡dz ȋ™‹‡”•–”ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͻȌǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ’—„Ž‹  ‡š’Ž‘”‡ –Š‡‹” ‘”ƒŽ ‘‹–‡–• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ‡™ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǣ ‡™ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š ‘™•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‡™•‹ŽŽ•‹”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‡Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘—Ž†’Žƒ›ƒ‘”‡’”‘‹‡–ƒ†‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–‹ –Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘–Œ—•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–ǡ„—–‘”‡™‹†‡Ž›”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ ”ƒ–Š‡” —“—‡•–‹‘‡† ‡„”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ smart farming, ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ””ƒ›• ‘ˆ •‡•‘”• ƒ† •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ƒ”‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –‡† –‘ ‘’–‹‹œ‡ ˆƒ” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ •‡‡‹‰Ž› ™‹–Š‘—– — Š ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘–Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰”‘Ž‡•ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•‘” ‘™•Ǥ †‡ƒŽŽ›–Š‡•‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ǧ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡‹™Š‹ Šˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‹‡”•‡†ƒ”‡‡š’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†‹ ’—„Ž‹ ǡ ‹•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ‡™Ž› ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ™ƒ›• ‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ƒŽ•‘ ™‹–Š ‡š‹•–‹‰ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”• ‹ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ǣ •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ‹ ‹†‡ ‡ ‘ˆ —††‡” ‹ˆŽƒƒ–‹‘ ȋƒ•–‹–‹•Ȍƒ†Žƒ‡‡••ǡ†‹‰‡•–‹˜‡’”‘„Ž‡•†—‡–‘ƒŽƒ ‘ˆˆ‹„”‘—•ˆ‡‡†ǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ ‡••–‘’ƒ•–—”‡ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ‰‡‘ˆ —ŽŽ‹‰ǡ ƒŽ˜‡•„‡‹‰•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹”‘–Š‡”•ȋ‡–—”ƒ‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳ͵Ȍƒ†˜‡ƒŽ ƒŽ˜‡•”‡ƒ”‡†ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†—†‡” Šƒ”ˆ—Ž ‘†‹–‹‘• ȋˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ ˜‘ ‡›•‡”Ž‹‰ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ  –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ •‡‡ Š‘™‡˜‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡ •ƒŽ‹‡ › ƒ† ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡”• ‘‡ ‘—– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž› ™Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰ ™‹–Š ”‘„‘–• –Šƒ ‹ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ •‡–Ǧ—’•Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ Žƒ‡‡••‘ˆ ‘™•‹•‘”‡‘ˆƒ’”‘„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”™Š‡–Š‡ ‘™•‡‡†–‘‘˜‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• –‘ ƒ ”‘„‘–Ǥ Ž•‘ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ”‘„‘–ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ˆ‘” ‘™• –‘ ’ƒ•–—”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ „‡ ‘‡•ƒ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ„—–‹–•‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‹•ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†„›ƒ›ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‹•‡‘ˆǮˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘™•ǯ–‘†‡ ‹†‡™Šƒ––‘†‘ƒ†™Š‡”‡–‘ ‰‘ǡ‘–Œ—•–™Š‡–‘„‡‹Ž‡†Ǥ

      



Chapter5

Animaldeliberation: takinganimalsseriouslyinpoliticalthoughtandmaterialpractice

   Dz‘ǡˆ”‡‡†‘™ƒ•‘–™Šƒ– ™ƒ–‡†ǤŽ›ƒ™ƒ›‘—–Ǥdz ƒˆƒǡAReporttoanAcademyǡͳͻͳ͹  

5.1Introduction67  ‹ƒŽ•–‡†–‘ˆ‹‰—”‡‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‹• ‘—”•‡‘Ž›‹‡–Š‹ ƒŽ–‡”•ǡƒ•‡”‡Ž›’ƒ••‹˜‡ ”‡ ‹’‹‡–• ‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ––‡–‹‘ǡ ‡‹–Š‡” ˆ‘” „‡‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ ‡’–ƒ Ž‡•‘ˆ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ǡ‘”–Š‡ „‡ƒ”‡”‘ˆ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ˜‡ǡ‘”’‡”Šƒ’•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡‘•–”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”‹ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹‘—”‘”ƒŽ ‘—‹–› ƒ„‡•ƒ‹†–‘†‘‘‘”‡–Šƒ‰”ƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ•Dz–Š‡ ”‹‰Š– –‘ ”‡ƒ‹ •‹Ž‡–dz ȋŽ‹˜‡” ʹͲͲͻȌǤ ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”› †‡‘ ”ƒ › ‹• ƒŽŽ –Š‡› ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ Š‹‡˜‡Ǣ ƒ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ™Š‹ Š–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ †‡ˆ‡†‡† ‘ –Š‡‹” „‡ŠƒŽˆ „› •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡–• ƒŽŽ‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡–‹•–•”‡’‘”–‹‰‘–Š‡‹”•’‡ ‹‡••’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‡‡†•Ǥ  –‹˜‡Ž› ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡• •‘—†• ”‹†‹ —Ž‘—• ‹ –Š‡ †‘‹ƒ– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š–Ǣ „› †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‘ dz˜‘‹ ‡dz ƒ† ƒ‘–Dz•’‡ƒˆ‘”–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•dzȋ–—ƒ”–ǡ Š‡™‡ǡƒ† —†‡”•‘ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ † ™‹–Š ’‘Ž‹–‹ •‹ƒ‰‹‡†–‘„‡‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›†‹• —”•‹˜‡‹ƒ–—”‡ȋ—ŽŽ› ʹͲͲʹȌǡ ™‡ •‡ŽˆǦ ‡˜‹†‡–Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡‡š Ž—•‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‹ƒŽȋƒ†‹™‡ŽʹͲͲʹȌǤ•‡Ž‡ – ˆ‡™‰”‘—’•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡”ƒƒŽ•ƒ›„‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘‡‰ƒ‰‡ƒ‘‰•–‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” ‹   67Aslightlyshorterversionofthischapterisforthcomingas:Driessen,Clemens.(2014).AnimalDeliberation. In:M.WissenburgandD.Schlossberg(ed.),AnimalPoliticsandPoliticalAnimals.PalgraveMacmillan. 136chapterfive  •‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–™‡ ‘—Ž† ƒŽŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ȋ‡ƒƒŽʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ™‹†‡””ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•’‡ ‹‡• ‡˜‡ ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••‡• –Šƒ– ƒ „‡ •‡‡ ƒ• †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ƒ† ‘•‡•—• ‘”‹‡–‡† ȋ‘”ƒ†– ƒ† ‘’‡” ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ —–‡˜‡‹–Š‘•‡ ‹•–ƒ ‡•ǡ–Š‡‹”ƒ†‘—”’‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›‘–†‡‡‡†–‘‘˜‡”Žƒ’‘”‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ› –‘— Š—’‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ•Ž‘‰ƒ•ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ› ƒ††”‡•• —• ƒ• ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ ‹–‹œ‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ •‡‡• –‘ „‡ ‘ ‡‡† –‘ ‹–‡”’”‡– ƒ† ”‡ ‘•–”— – –Š‡‹” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‡•‹”‡•ǡ–‘”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•ƒ†–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡‹”ƒ‰‡ › •‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ  Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ƒ”‰—‡• ‹•–‡ƒ† ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ –‹˜‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ ˜‡ •–”‘‰‡”ǡ ‹– ’”‘’‘•‡• –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ‰‡ › ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‘– ‡”‡Ž› ƒ• ”‡•‹•–‹‰ ȋ ”‹„ƒŽ ƒ† Žƒ‹” ʹͲͳͳȌǡ ‘” „ƒ”‰ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ† ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‰ ȋ‘ƒŽ†•‘ ƒ† ›Ž‹ ƒ ʹͲͳͳȌǡ „—– ƒ• ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ –‘ Ǯ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǯǣ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š‹ƒ‘‰‘‹‰ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ†‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰‹™Š‹ Šƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ„‘–ŠŠ—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•‡‡”‰‡ƒ†ƒ”‡†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‹• ‹• ‘– ȋ†‹”‡ –Ž›Ȍ ƒ ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” •‘‡Š‘™ ‰”ƒ–‹‰ ‡”–ƒ‹ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• –‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȃ–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘ ‘˜‡‡ǡ–‘˜‘–‡ǡ–‘„‡‡Ž‡ –‡†Ȃ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž† ”‡ƒ–‡Šƒ˜‘ ‹ ‘—” •‘Ž‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ƒ ƒ”‰—‡–•–ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ Žƒ‹ǡ‘Š‘™‹—‡”‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹‡ˆˆ‡ –’Žƒ›ƒ’”‘‹‡– ”‘Ž‡ƒ†ƒ”‡–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›–ƒ‡•‡”‹‘—•Ž›‹™ƒ›•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž† „‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǤ›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰–Š‡‹Š‡”‡–ƒ„‹‰—‹–›‹‘—”†‡ƒŽ‹‰•™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† ‹ –Š‡‹”• ™‹–Š —•ǡ ™‡ ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ƒ‹“—‹•‹–‹˜‡ǡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽǡ ‘‰‘‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹ • ‘ˆ ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› ƒ‹ƒŽ ‡ ‘—–‡”•Ǥ͸ͺŠ‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‹• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ ‡ ‹• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ •‡•‹„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ ‹–”‹ ƒ–‡ ‘ǦŠ—ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•ǡƒ†ƒ™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘‡š’‡”‹‡–™‹–ŠƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘’‡Ǧ‡†‡†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ‹™Š‹ Šƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ›”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡™ȋ‘”’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›—‘–‹ ‡†Ȍƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ††‡•‹”‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ”‹‰Š–Ǧƒ™ƒ› ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• ‹ ‘—” Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ–Š‹•‹•ƒ ƒŽŽ–‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡Š‘™ƒ‹ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǤ  Š‡•‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ‹™Š‹ Šƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ„‡ƒ†ƒ”‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –•„‡Šƒ˜‹‰‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–™ƒ›•Ȃƒ•‹†‹‘•› ”ƒ–‹ „‡‹‰•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ƒ •Šƒ”‡† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••Ȃ ƒ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ „‡ †‹• ‡”‡† ‹ ƒ–—”‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‹ ™Š‹ Š Š—ƒ• ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ• Ž‡ƒ” –‘ Ž‹˜‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ȋŠƒ–‘”‡ ʹͲͲʹǢ   68Thispoliticalprocessissomewhatakintoanimalscienceresearchintothe(revealed)preferencesofanimals (FraserandMatthews1997;Dawkins2003).Thoughthistypeofpreferencetestingcanbecriticizedfor offeringalimitedsetofoptionstotheexperimentalsubjects,whosepreferencesmaydependontheirpast experiences(Haynes2008).  animaldeliberation137  ‹ ŠŽ‹ˆˆ‡ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͷȌǤ —– –Š‡ ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› ‹• ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› •ƒŽ‹‡– ™Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ƒ•  ™‹ŽŽƒ”‰—‡‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ  Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •›•–‡• –Šƒ– •—””‘—† —• ƒ”‡ –Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ› ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ǣ ‘–‡”‡Ž›„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰‡ƒ•–‘‡†•—’‘™Š‹ Š™‡†‡ ‹†‡ǡ„—–‹— Š‘”‡ •—„–Ž‡™ƒ›•–Š‡›‘ ƒ•‹‘‘”ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ”‡–Š‡•‹–‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡•–ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‡—Žƒ”–œ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ ”—‘ ƒ–‘—” Šƒ• ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‘—” †‡ƒŽ‹‰•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ǡ•–”‡••‹‰Š‘™ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘• ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’—„Ž‹ • ȋƒ–‘—” ʹͲͲͷȌƒ†‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ™‡ ƒ”‡ ‘–‹—ƒŽŽ› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡–• ȋƒ–‘—” ʹͲͲͶȌǤŽŽ–Š‘—‰Šƒ–‘—”Šƒ•„‡‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡˜‹•‹‘‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ •„‡›‘†–Š‡ Š—ƒ•’Š‡”‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ••‹‰‹‰‘”ƒŽƒ‰‡ ›–‘‘ǦŠ—ƒ•ǡŠ‹•™‘”Šƒ•ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡† ˆ‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡”•Ǥ͸ͻ‹–Š‘‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡‡š ‡’–‹‘ǣ–Š‡ ƒ–ˆŽƒ’Ǥ  

5.2Catsanddoors:animalpoliticsbydesign  ƒ•Š‘”–’ƒ’‡”ǡƒ–‘—”Šƒ•†‹• —••‡†–Š‡ ƒ”–‘‘ˆ‹‰—”‡ ƒ•–‘ ƒ‰ƒˆˆ‡ ƒ• ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋƒ–‘—”ͳͻͻͷȌǤŠ‡‘„•–‹ƒ–‡Šƒ†›ƒ ƒ•–‘ǡŒƒ Ǧ‘ˆǦ ƒŽŽǦ–”ƒ†‡•™‹–Šƒ ƒ”–‘‘’—„Ž‹•Š‡”ǡƒƒ‰‡•‹ƒ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ –‘ ”‡†‡•‹‰ ƒ †‘‘” ‹ Š‹• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‹ •— Š ƒ ™ƒ› –Šƒ– ‹– ƒ Š‹‡˜‡•–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‹–› †‡•‹”‡†„›ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”•Ǥ”—‡ŽŽ‡ǡ ƒ•–‘ǯ•„‘••ǡ™ƒ–•–‘‡‡’–Š‡†‘‘” •Š—––‘’”‡˜‡–ƒ†”ƒˆ–ǡ„—– ‘’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ ‘–‹—‘—•Ž›Šƒ˜‹‰–‘‘’‡–Š‡†‘‘”ˆ‘” –Š‡‡‘™‹‰‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ƒ–Ǥ‘•‘Ž˜‡–Š‹•ǡ ƒ•–‘†‡ ‹†‡•–‘’—–ƒ ƒ–ˆŽƒ’‹–Š‡†‘‘”Ǥ ‘” ”—‡ŽŽ‡ǡ–Š‹•‡ƒ•–Š‡†‘‘”Šƒ•„‡‡†ƒƒ‰‡†Ǥ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ‹– †‘‡• ‡‡– –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ„‘–Š ƒ–ƒ†„‘••ǣˆ‘”‘‡‹–‹•ƒ‘’‡‹‰ǡˆ‘”–Š‡‘–Š‡”ƒ Ž‘•‡††‘‘”ǤŠ‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ‡™ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•‡ƒ‰—ŽŽŠƒ•„‡ ‘‡ Œ‡ƒŽ‘—•ȋƒ•‹–‡”’”‡–‡†„› ƒ•–‘Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ––Šƒ– ƒ‘˜‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ Ž‘•‡† †‘‘”ǤŠ‹•†‡ƒ† ƒ„‡‡–ƒ•™‡ŽŽ„›ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ǡƒ• ƒ•–‘‹˜‡–•ƒ •‡ƒ‰—ŽŽ†‘‘”Ǧ‘’‡‹‰Ǥ

  69 Numerous others in science and technology studies and associated fields such as (moreͲthanͲhuman) geographyandanthropologyofcoursedid,mostnotablyHaraway(2008)andWhatmore(2002),whoinform therestofthechapter.  138chapterfive  ƒ–‘—”ǯ•’‘‹–™‹–Š–Š‹•‡šƒ’Ž‡‹•–Šƒ––Š‡•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡†‘‘”ƒ†‹–•—•‡”• ƒ‘–„‡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ‡”‡Ž› ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ’‘™‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘” ‘Ž› ƒ•–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆƒ†‘‘”ǤŠ‡•–‘”›‹•‘Ž›‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‹ˆ›‘—–”ƒ ‡–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡•‹ƒ –‘”• ƒ† †‘‘”• –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡– –Š‡‹” Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ƒ† ‡ƒ‹‰• ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ Š ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ › ”‡‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ ƒ† ”‡†‡ˆ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ †‘‘”ǡ ƒ•–‘ ‹• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‡™ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‡‡”‰‡ƒ†–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Žƒ‹•ƒ††‡•‹”‡•ƒ”‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†‹‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ„› –‹‡”‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‹”•Šƒ”‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‹••‘ ‹‘Ǧƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ƒˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘•‡•—•ǤŠ‹•‹•‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†„› ”—‡ŽŽ‡ǡ–Š‡„‘••™Š‘„›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒŽ‡Šƒ•Ž‘•–Š‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘˜‘‹ ‡Š‹• ‘ ‡”• ‹”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǣDz  ǨǨǨdz‹•ƒŽŽŠ‡‡š Žƒ‹•Ǥ  ‡›‹•‹Šƒ•”‡ ‘—–‡†ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡™‹–ŠŠ‡” ƒ–ǡ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ„‹‰—‹–›‘ˆ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ†‡•‹”‡•Ǥˆ–‡”’—––‹‰ƒ ƒ–ˆŽƒ’‹–Š‡†‘‘”–‘Š‡” •–—†›Œ—•–ƒ•–Š‡‘‡‹Š‡”‹– Š‡ǡŠ‡” ƒ–”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘—•‡‹–ǡ†‡ƒ†‹‰‹•–‡ƒ†–‘ „‡Ž‡–‹Ǯ‹–Š‡Š—ƒ™ƒ›ǯȋ‹•‹ʹͲͳͳȌǤŠ‹Ž‡•Š‡ˆ‹”•––Š‘—‰Š–•Š‡™ƒ•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ ƒ Ž‡ƒ”Ǧ —–‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡”–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡†‘‘”–‘Š‡”•–—†›ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ƒ†•—„•‡“—‡–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—””‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ–‹ˆƒ –ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘ ‡••™ƒ• ‰‘‹‰ ‘Ǥ ‡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‘– ‘Ž› –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”‡•–• ƒ† †‡•‹”‡•ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ȋ„‘–Š –Š‡‹” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆȌ–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ȋ’‘™‡”Ȍ”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ƒ–ƒ†Š‡”™ƒ•ƒ– •–ƒ‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ  •‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ–ˆŽƒ’ǡŽƒ”‡ƒŽ‡”ȋͳͻͻ͹ȌŠƒ•†”ƒ™ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘ƒ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•‡–‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–Šƒ– ‘„‹‡‹–‘ƒ‘’’”‡••‹˜‡”‡‰‹‡—†‡”™Š‹ Š ƒ–•ƒ”‡„”‡†ǡ†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡†ǡ ƒ•–”ƒ–‡†ǡƒ†ƒ†‡–‘ƒ ‘”†–‘‘—”‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ ƒ– •Š‘—Ž†„‡Ǥ Š‡”ȋ‡ƒ”Ž›Ȍ ‘— ƒ—Ž†‹ƒ–ƒ‡‘ ƒ–•ǡ•Š‡†‡• ”‹„‡•†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ† „”‡‡†‹‰ƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ•—’‡”˜‹•‹‘ǡ•—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ ‡ƒ††‹• ‹’Ž‹‡ǡƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ƒ• ”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘””‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ†Dz’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰dzƒ”‡‰‹‡‘ˆ Š—ƒ †‘‹ƒ ‡Ǥ ‡” ”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ› •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡† Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧˆ‘” ‘ˆ •‘‡ †‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ‹ƒŽ• †‘‡• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ ˆ‘” †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ǣ •Š‘—Ž† ™‡•‡‡ƒŽŽƒ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ•ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”†‡•‹”‡•ƒ†‹–‡”‡•–•ǫ ‘‡ƒ›†‹•‹••–Š‡ƒ‰‡ ›‘ˆ†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ•‹ˆ„›†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‡”‡Ž›–Š‡ ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ǮˆƒŽ•‡ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••ǯ ’”‘†— ‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –ƒ‹‰ǡ †‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ „”‡‡†‹‰ ƒ† ‘ˆ‹‡‡–ǡ ™Š‡”‡„› ‘Ž› •’‡ ‹‡•Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ ’ƒ––‡”• ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡ƒƒŽ‘‰—‡•‹–Š‡™‹Ž†ƒ”‡–‘„‡–ƒ‡•‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ  ˜‹†‡–Ž›ǡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ‰‡ › ‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ —•‡‡–ƒ‹Ž•–Š‡ †ƒ‰‡”‘ˆƒ‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‘’Ž‹ ‹–‹–Š‡‹”‘™‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰–Š‡‹”

 animaldeliberation139  •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ••‘‡Š‘™•‡ŽˆǦ Š‘•‡ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ‹† ‘ˆ Dz•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–”ƒ –dz ȋƒŽ‡” ͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ ƒŽƒ ‹‰ –Š‹• †ƒ‰‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ‘‰•– —• •‡”‹‘—•Ž› ƒ• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ‰‡–• ‹• –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ Ž‹˜‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ ‹ƒŽ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ –‘ „‘–Š –Š‡ ‘–‹‘‘ˆDz„‡‡˜‘Ž‡–†‘‹ƒ–‹‘dz–Šƒ–‹•‹’Ž‹ ‹–‹— Šƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡†‹• ‘—”•‡ ȋ‘Ž‡ ʹͲͳͳȌǢ —– ƒŽ•‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ –Šƒ– †‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ‹ƒŽ• „› –Š‡‹” ƒ–—”‡ ƒ”‡ ’—”‡Ž›ƒ˜‹ –‹‘ˆŠ—ƒ‘’’”‡••‹‘ƒ†‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘Ž›ǡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ’ƒ••‹˜‡ Dz‘”ƒŽ ’ƒ–‹‡–•dz ȋ‡‰ƒ ʹͲͲͶǡ ͳͷͶȌǡ ƒ– „‡•– ”‡ ‹’‹‡–• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ „‡‡˜‘Ž‡ ‡ ‘” Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ Š‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ •–ƒ ‡ Š‘™‡˜‡” ™‘—Ž† ‹ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ ‘–‡š Ž—†‡–Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ –Šƒ– ‡”–ƒ‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ”‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ‡†‡† ‘” ‡˜‡ †‹• ‘–‹—‡†ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–†‹•ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡ˆŽ‘—”‹•Š‹‰‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘•— Šƒ‡š–‡––Šƒ––Š‡› ƒ”‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ ‘‘‘Ǧ†‹• —”•‹˜‡ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ  

5.3Deliberatinginthefield:makingamobilemilkingrobot  –‹•‘–Œ—•–’‡–•–Šƒ–‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡’ƒ”–ƒ‡‹•‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘†‡• ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ ‡”‡ ™‡ ”‡–—” –‘ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–ǡ –Š‹• –‹‡ ƒ• ƒ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– „‡ ƒ‡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› •ƒŽ‹‡– ™Š‡ ƒ ‰”‘—’‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–••–ƒ”–‡†–‘–ƒ‡–Š‹‰•‹–‘–Š‡‹”‘™Šƒ†•ǤŠ‡ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–• „› ™Š‹ Š ‘™• ƒ”‡ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹Ž‡† ™‹–Š‘—– ˆƒ”‡”•—’‡”˜‹•‹‘”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”—–—ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘ ‡••ƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ”‘—† ƒ–ˆŽƒ’•Ǥ•™‡•ƒ™‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”ȋ”‹‡••‡ƒ† ‡—–‹ ʹͲͳͶȌǡŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ –‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Šƒ”‘„‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡† Šƒ‰‹‰‘–‹‘•‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ‡•ƒ‰‘‘† ‘™ǡƒ‰‘‘† ˆƒ”‡”ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‘–‹—ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•™ƒ••—„Œ‡ ––‘‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǣ ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ƒ”‡‰‡‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǮŽƒœ›ǯ‘”†‘‘–”‡ ‡‹˜‡–Š‡”‹‰Š–ˆ‡‡†ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ƒ”‡ –‘‘•–—„„‘”‘”‘–‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–‡‘—‰Š–‘‡–‡”–Š‡”‘„‘–ǡ‘”™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›†‹•Ž‹‡ „‡‹‰ˆ‘” ‡†–‘‹–ƒ†”ƒ–Š‡”†‡ ‹†‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™Š‡–‘‡–‡”Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡”‘„‘––—”•Ž‘™”ƒ‹‰ ‘™•‹–‘˜‹ –‹• ‘ˆ †‘‹ƒ– „—ŽŽ‹‡•ǡ‘”™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‹• ‘—Ž†„‡’”‡˜‡–‡†„›”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡Žƒ›‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ †–Š‡‡™Ž› ”‡ƒ–‡†freechoice•‡–—’•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ–•‘‡ ‘™•’”‡ˆ‡”–‘”‡ƒ‹ ‹†‘‘”•ǡ Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ™‘†‡”‹‰ ‹ˆ –Š‡”‡„› –Š‡•‡ ‘™• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –‘ „‡ –Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ›ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡†ƒ†‘–ƒ–—”ƒŽȋ‡‘—‰ŠȌƒ›‘”‡Ǥ 

 140chapterfive  ‡•‹†‡• “—‡•–‹‘‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ• ‡”‡Ž› ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ‘‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ’”‘†— –‹˜‡ „‘˜‹‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› ȋ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ› ʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ‘–Š‡”‘”‡‘„˜‹‘—•’”‘„Ž‡ˆ‘” ‘™Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ†•–ƒ”–‡†–‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”Ǥ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹–™ƒ•‘ˆ–‡ˆ‘—†–‘„‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ ‘„‹‡’ƒ•–—”‹‰™‹–Š ‘–‹—‡† ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡”‘„‘–ǤŠ‹• ”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹ ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‹•–ƒŽŽ‹‰ƒ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–™ƒ••ƒ‹†–‘ƒˆˆ‘”†ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘–Š‡ ‘™•ǡ„—–‘Ž›„›Ž‘ ‹‰–Š‡—’‹–Š‡ „ƒ”ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ””‘—†Ǥ•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ™Š‡”‡’ƒ•–—”‡• ’‘’—Žƒ–‡† „› †ƒ‹”› ‘™• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‹ ‘‹  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡’–› ˆ‹‡Ž†• ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ Ǥ’”‘„Ž‡‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‘”‘ˆǮ ‘™ˆ”‡‡†‘ǯ–Šƒ– ‘‡•™‹–Š–Š‡”‘„‘–•Ǥ  ‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‹• ‘ ‡”ǡƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ—– Šˆƒ”‡”•ǡ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–• •–ƒ”–‡†‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰‹ʹͲͲ͹™‹–Šƒ‘„‹Ž‡‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–ǡ–‘„‡‘’‡”ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘™•‘’ƒ•–—”‡Ǥ͹Ͳ‰ƒ‹ǡƒ•‡‡‹‰Ž›•‹’Ž‡ƒ†Œ—•–‡–‘ˆƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒ •‡”‹‡•‘ˆˆ—”–Š‡”‹••—‡•Ǥ—‡”‘—•–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹ƒ‹‰–Š‹•‡™†‡˜‹ ‡ ™‘”ƒ†Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡ ‘™•’‡”ˆ‘”’”‘†— –‹˜‡Ž›͹ͳ™‡”‡‹š‡†™‹–Š™Šƒ–‹‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† conceptual“—‡•–‹‘•ǣ‘–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹–›ƒ† ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‡ƒ‹‰• ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ǡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹‡••ǡ ƒ† ˆƒ”‡” ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡•‡™‡”‡‘––ƒ‡—’ƒ•“—‡•–‹‘•–‘„‡ƒ•™‡”‡† ’—”‡Ž› ‘” ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‘ ƒ †‹• —”•‹˜‡ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ƒ”‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–‡† ™‹–Š „› ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‡™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–• ƒ† ™ƒ– Š‹‰ –Š‡ •—„•‡“—‡–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•Ǥ  Steeringthecows? ‡˜‡”ƒŽ  •›•–‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‡– ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡–‘ƒ‹†‹–Š‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ †ƒ‹”› ‘™•Ǥ –‡’ ‘—–‹‰ †‡˜‹ ‡• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› “—‹–‡ ‘‘ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” –‘ †‡–‡ – Žƒ‡‡•• ƒ† ‹ˆ‡” ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘™• ƒ”‡ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ƒ† „‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡ƒ†› ˆ‘” ‹•‡‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡ ”‡ ‡–Ž› ƒ †‡˜‹ ‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡Ǯ‡•‘”ǯǡ–Šƒ–‹•–‘„‡ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™ǡ™Š‹ Š‡ƒ•—”‡•‹ ”‡ƒŽ –‹‡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ „‘†‹Ž› ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• •— Š ƒ• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ „”‡ƒ–Š‹‰ǡ ƒ†

  70Overthecourseof3years,between2008and2010,Ijoinedaseriesofmeetingsofthegroup.Theirtrials involved primarily the study of the technical functioning of the system and whether and how the animals manage to get used to the “machineͲanimal interactions” in the light of pasturing regimes, differences in weatherandthelocationandmovementoftherobot(Houwelingenetal.2009). 71Suchashowtopreventthecowsfromdamagingthegrassattheexit,howtomakesuretheirfeedintakeis adequateandhowtomakethemmilkthemselveswithintheappropriatetimeframe.  animaldeliberation141  ”—‹ƒ–‹‰ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǡ–”ƒ•‹––‹‰–Š‡•‡–‘–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽˆƒ” ‘’—–‡”Ǥ͹ʹ‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‘„‹Ž‡”‘„‘–‡–™‘”•‘‡‘‡’”‘’‘•‡†–‘—•‡–Š‹•‹†‘ˆ†‡˜‹ ‡ –‘†‹”‡ – ‘™ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǡ„›Šƒ˜‹‰‹–ƒ‡ƒ„‡‡’‹‰•‘—†‹–‘–Š‡ ‘™ǯ•‡ƒ”ǡ‘”’‡”Šƒ’•„› ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‹‰ƒ•ƒŽŽ‡Ž‡ –”‹ •Š‘ ǡ™Š‡‹–‹•–‹‡–‘‘˜‡–‘–Š‡”‘„‘–Ǥ͹͵ ƒ”‡”• ‹–Š‡’ƒ•–—”‡”‘„‘–‡–™‘”†‹• —••‹‰–Š‹•‹†‡ƒ™‡”‡†‹˜‹†‡†ǡ„—–‘–Š‡ƒ‹ • ‡’–‹ ƒŽ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡†‡•‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘•–™‡”‡‘–•—”‡ ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡„‡‡’‹‰ǡƒ†‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡•Š‘ ǡ™‘—Ž†„‡ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘” ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹‡•• –Š‡› †‡‡‡† ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ —•‹‰ Ǯ—•‹ ǯƒŽ”‡ƒ†›•‘—†‡†— Šˆ”‹‡†Ž‹‡”ǡ„—–•–‹ŽŽ•‘‡—‡ƒ•‡”‡ƒ‹‡†™‹–Š‘•– ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡†‡˜‹ ‡ƒ›™‘”ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ‘’‡”ƒ– ‘†‹–‹‘‹‰ǡ –”ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰„‡‡’•‘”•Š‘ •ǡ–Š‡‹–—‹–‹‘•‘ˆ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ „ƒ•‡†‘ Ž‹ˆ‡Ž‘‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘ ‘™•ǡƒ†‡ –Š‡ ”‡Ž— –ƒ––‘ ƒ ‡’– –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ •–‡‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š •‘‡ ƒ”‰—‡† –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ‹ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ ‘– ƒ „‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ™‹–Š ‡Ž‡ –”‹  ˆ‡ ‹‰ǡ ‘” ‡˜‡ „ƒ”„‡† ™‹”‡ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡„‡‡’‹‰†‡˜‹ ‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘™•Ǥ  Š‡ ”‡Ž— –ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ‹‰Š– „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† „› ‹– „‡‹‰ ƒ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰–‘‘— Š ‘–”‘Ž‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ƒ†–Š‡•›•–‡ǡƒ†–‘‘Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ††‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž†‘–ƒ‘—––‘ƒ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘—†‡”•–‘‘†–‘”‡“—‹”‡‘”‡•—„–Ž‡ ˆ‘”•‘ˆ•‡†— ‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†‘”‡—–—ƒŽƒ†•›‡–”‹ ƒŽˆ‘”•‘ˆ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ ”ǡ –Š‡ ‘™• ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ ‰”ƒ–‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• –‘ •‘‡Š‘™ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” voluntary ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡™‹–Š‘” ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰‡™•›•–‡ȋ ˆǤ‘’’‹ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ƒ”‡”••‡‡‡†ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ ƒ†ƒ‰‡”‘ˆǮ–—”‹‰ ‘™•‹–‘‘„Œ‡ –•ǯƒ†™‡”‡ ‘‹––‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹ ™Š‹ Š •‘‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ƒ† ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹‡••ǡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘ ‡‡”‰‡Ǥ͹Ͷ ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‹–‹•‘„˜‹‘—•–Š‡‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‹• ƒ Š›„”‹† ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ƒ–—”‡Ǥ –‹ŽŽǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡› •‡‡ –‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••–‘„‡‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‹†‹• —••‹‘•Ǥ †‡ƒ•‘ˆtrue   72Seeforinstance:AgisAutomatiseringBV(2014) 73Seealso:Wredle,Munksgaard,andSporndly(2006).Thistypeofsystemcouldevenbedeployedtodoaway with fences alltogether: with a GPS, the device could be made to stop the cow when she crosses a preprogrammedlineinthelandscape,inawaysimilarto‘shockcollars’,bywhichferalwolvesarebeingkept outoffarmingareasinpartsoftheUnitedStates. 74Hesitationsregardingthistypeofbehaviouralcontrol,assticksinsteadofcarrots,couldbeunderstoodin termsoftheFoucauldiandistinctionbetweenthemoreobtrusivelyforcingandcontrollingmodeofsovereign powerincontrasttomoreintricateformsofbiopowerworkingviainternalizingnormsandaimedat(also)the wellbeingofpopulationsandtheindividualsubjectsofpower(Foucault1998;Srinivasan2012;Curran2001).  142chapterfive  „‘˜‹‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ†Ž‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”•’Žƒ›‡†ƒ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘•ǡ•— Šƒ•Ž‹˜‹‰™‹–Š ƒŽ˜‡•ǡ™‹–Šƒ„—ŽŽǡƒ† ƒŽ˜‹‰‹•’”‹‰ǡ™‹–Š‘—–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›†‡‘–‹‰•‘‡ȋƒ‰”‡‡† —’‘Ȍ‡••‡ ‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ ‘™•Š‘—Ž†„‡ǡ‘”‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›–Š‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰‘ˆƒ’”‡Ǧ‡š‹•–‹‰ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ  Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆbricolage͹ͷ„›ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•–‘”‡Ǧ ‘Š‡”‡–Š‡‹”’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‹‡™™ƒ›•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‡™•›•–‡—†‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™ƒ•‘–ƒ‘‡•‹†‡†ƒˆˆƒ‹”Ǥ Š‡ ‡•—‹‰ „ƒ Ǧƒ†Ǧˆ‘”–Šǡ ‘ˆ –‡–ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Šƒ‰‹‰ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‹–Š‡ˆƒ”•›•–‡ ƒ† ‘„•‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ ˆ‘” ƒ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ „‡–™‡‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ† ‘™•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡”‘„‘–ǡ–Š‡ˆ‡‡†ǡ–Š‡’ƒ•–—”‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ•‡†‹ƒ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•‘–‡”‡Ž›ƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Ǯ†‹ƒŽ‡ –‹ ǯ ‘ˆ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ „—– ƒ ƒ –—ƒŽ ‘‰‘‹‰ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ› ”‡ˆ—•‡–‘ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ǡ‘”‡˜‡ ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†–‘Ǯ’”‘’‘•‡ǯƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘†‡•‘ˆŽ‹˜‹‰ ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‰Ǥ‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡™‘†‡‘ˆ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰–Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡†ˆ”‘–Š‹•™ƒ• –‘†‡’Ž‘›–Š‡”‘„‘–‹ƒ–—”‡”‡•‡”˜‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‘—Ž† ‡–ƒ‹Žƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡‘ˆƒƒ‰‡‡–”‡‰‹‡ƒ†‘”‡”‘„—•– ‘™„”‡‡†Ǥ  

5.4Politicalanimalsintheory  ‘—Ž† ƒ–• ƒ† ‘™• –Š‡ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† political animals ‹ –Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ‡•– •‡•‡ǫ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǡˆ‘””‹•–‘–Ž‡–Š‡›ǡŽ‹‡™‘‡ǡ•Žƒ˜‡•ǡˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•ƒ† ”ƒˆ–•‡ǡ™‘—Ž†‘– “—ƒŽ‹ˆ›ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‹” Ž‡‘ˆ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹–‹œ‡•‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰–‘†‹• —••–Š‡ƒˆˆƒ‹”•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹•Ǥ ‹ ‡–Š‡ǡDz–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •‹–•‡Žˆǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹–Š‡‡•–ȏǤǤǤȐŠƒ•ǡ„›ƒ†Žƒ”‰‡ǡ ‡š‡’–‡†–Š‡‘ǦŠ—ƒƒ‹ƒŽˆ”‘ƒ‰‡ ›ƒ•ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ„‡‹‰dzȋƒ†‹™‡ŽʹͲͲʹȌǤ Š‘—Ž† –Š‹• •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ• „‡ ‘””‡ –‡† ƒ† ‘—” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—‹–› „‡ ‡š’ƒ†‡† –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ȋ•‘‡Ȍ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǫ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘ƒŽ†•‘ ƒ† ›Ž‹ ƒǡ –Š‡ •Š‡‡” ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ”‡ƒŽ ƒ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ƒ ƒ–ƒŽ›•– ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒŽ–‡”‹‰ƒ––‹–—†‡•ǡƒ† Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡–‡”•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡ ȋ‘ƒŽ†•‘ ƒ† ›Ž‹ ƒʹͲͳͳǡ ͳͳͶȌǤ —– „‡›‘†–Šƒ–ǡƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȃ•‘‡ ‘”‡–Šƒ ‘–Š‡”•Ȃ ƒ ‡˜‡ Šƒ˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ‰‡ ›Ǥ Š‡› ƒ ‡š’”‡•• ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡• ™Š‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ ‘‡” ‹˜‡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡„›Dz˜‘–‹‰™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ˆ‡‡–dz ȋʹͲͳͳǡ ͸͸ȌǤ † –Š‡› ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ ’”‘–‡•– ƒ† †‹••‡–ǡ•— Šƒ•„›

  75AprocessconceivedasinvolvingnonͲhumaninputs,tobedistinguishedfrommodern,topdownformsof ‘engineering’(Fuller2012).  animaldeliberation143  ”‡ˆ—•‹‰–‘ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡‹–Š‡™ƒ›•‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†„›–Š‡‹”Š—ƒ‡‡’‡”•ȋʹͲͳͳǡͳͳͷȌǤ ‘ƒŽ†•‘Ƭ›Ž‹ ƒƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ–‹ˆ™‡•–ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‡‹•‡–Šƒ– ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ‹ƒŽ•Žƒ ƒ‰‡ ›„›™Š‹ Š–Š‡›‡š’”‡••–Š‡‹”•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‰‘‘†ǡ™‡ƒ”‡„‘—†–‘ ‹‰‘”‡ –Š‡‹” Dz˜ƒ•– ”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡ ‘ˆ ˜‘ ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‰‡•–—”‡•ǡ ‘˜‡‡–• ƒ† •‹‰ƒŽ•dz ȋʹͲͳͳǡ ͳͲͻȌǤ  ƒ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ –‹‘ ‘– ƒ• ‡ƒƒ–‹‰ ˆ”‘ ‘‹–‡––‘ƒ„•–”ƒ –Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ„—–‹ȋ‡“—ƒŽŽ› ‘’Ž‡šȌ–‡”• ‘ˆ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ƒ†‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘••— Šƒ•Ž‘˜‡ǡ ‘’ƒ••‹‘ǡˆ‡ƒ”ƒ†Ž‘›ƒŽ–›ȋʹͲͳͳǡͳͳ͸Ȍǡƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ ‘”‡–Šƒ‘”ƒŽ’ƒ–‹‡–•ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ•Š‹ˆ–ˆ”‘ƒˆ‘ —•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‘ –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• ˆ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ –‘™ƒ”†• —”–—”‹‰ —Ž–‹•’‡ ‹‡• ‘—‹–‹‡•‹™Š‹ ŠŠ—ƒ•Ž‡ƒ”–‘„‡”‡•’‘•‹˜‡–‘–Š‘•‡–Š‡›‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›• •Šƒ”‡–Š‡‹”™‘”Ž†™‹–ŠǤ  ‘ƒŽ†•‘ƒ†›Ž‹ ƒƒ†‘–Š‡”•ȋŽ—™‘‘†ͳͻͻͷǢ ‘„•‘ʹͲͲ͹ȌŠƒ˜‡†”ƒ™ ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘Š‘™˜‡”›ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‹–‹•–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‘—–ƒŽŽ‘ǦŠ—ƒ•ˆ”‘‘—”‘–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘—‹–›ƒ†ȋ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽȌƒ‰‡ ›Ǥ‡Ž‹˜‡‹ ‘—ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ†”‡ ‹’”‘ ‹–›™‹–Šƒƒ„—†ƒ ‡‘ˆȋ‘”‡‘”Ž‡••†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡†Ȍ ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‹• ‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‹• •‘‡–Š‹‰ ™‡ ‘–‹—ƒŽŽ› ƒ†Œ—•–ǡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ǡ ”‡ ‘Š‡”‡ƒ†™‘†‡”ƒ„‘—–Ǥ –Š‡’”‘ ‡••ǡƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‘–‡”‡Ž› ’ƒ••‹˜‡ ”‡ ‡’–ƒ Ž‡•‘ˆ‘—”’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘•ƒ††‡•‹”‡•Ǥ ‘”ƒ›ǡ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹ˆƒ –„”‹‰ƒ •‡•‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹••‘‡–Š‹‰‘–‘Ž›ƒ‰‡–‹ƒŽ„—–•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǡ‹Š‡”‡–Ž›‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‹Š‘™–Š‡›”‡•’‘†–‘—•ƒ†–Š‡‹” Šƒ‰‹‰Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•Ǥ‘ǦŠ—ƒƒ‹ƒŽ•–Š—•‹ ƒ›•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡‰ƒ‰‡‹†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŠ—ƒ•Ǥ  Deliberativedemocracycomingofage •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‡˜‹•‹‘‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ•–Š‡‡”‡ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ƒ† †‡‘ ”ƒ ›ƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ˜‘–‹‰ƒ†ƒŒ‘”‹–›”—Ž‡ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‹†‡ƒŽƒ”‡–‘„‡ƒ†‡‹ƒ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ †‹• —••‹‘ǡ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ† Œ—†‰‡–ȋ‘ŠƒͳͻͻͺȌǤŽ›–Š‡Ǯˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‡––‡”ƒ”‰—‡–ǯ™ƒ•–‘’Žƒ›ƒ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ ‘•‡•—• ƒ‘‰ ƒŽŽ –Š‘•‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ Š‹• Š‹‰Š ‹†‡† ‹†‡ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ • ƒ› •‡‡ –‘‘ — Š –‘ ƒ• ˆ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ• –‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘Ǥ —– ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’ƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡• –Š‡‘”‹•–• ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ ›Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡–‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡‹–™ƒ•—†—Ž›†‡ƒ†‹‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”Š—ƒ•Ǥ  Š‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ȋ‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆȌ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ Šƒ• „‡‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ ‡š Ž—†‡ –Š‘•‡ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ †‡‡‡† ‘– ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ †‹– ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ –‘‘ †‡ƒ†‹‰ ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ ™Šƒ– ‘—–• ƒ• ƒƒ”‰—‡–ǣDz – ˆƒ˜‘—”•–Š‡‡†— ƒ–‡†ƒ†–Š‡†‹•’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡ƒ†‡š Ž—†‡•–Š‡ƒ›™ƒ›•–Šƒ–ƒ› ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡”‡ƒ•‘•‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡ǡ•— Šƒ•  144chapterfive  –‡•–‹‘›ǡ ”Š‡–‘”‹ ǡ •›„‘Ž‹  †‹•”—’–‹‘•ǡ •–‘”›Ǧ–‡ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽǦ ƒ† ‰‡†‡”Ǧ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •–›Ž‡•‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘dzȋ‘ŠƒͳͻͻͺǡͶͳͲȌǤ‘–Š‹•ˆƒ˜‘—”‹–‹•™‡ƒ› ƒ†† Ǯ•’‡ ‹‡•Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ǯ •–›Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ȋ•‡‡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡  ‡”•Ž‡› ͳͻͻͻȌǤ Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ†‹•–‹ –‹‘•†‡ˆ‹‹‰Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡‡•• ‘” —”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡‡•• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘•ǡ ƒ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† Ȃ‹ ƒ ‘ ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ •‹–—ƒ–‡† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ȃ –‘ „‡ „‡•– ȋ‹ˆ ‘– ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›Ȍƒ†‡ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –ƒ• —†‡”•–‘‘†‹–Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡†‡‘ ”ƒ ›‹•ȋ‘’‡–‘„‡Ȍ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‹–Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ȋ‘‘‡ʹͲͲͲǡͻͶͺȌǤ‘Ž‘‰‡”‹•†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡†‡‘ ”ƒ ›–Š‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ• –Š‡ ȋ ƒ„‡”ƒ•‹ƒȌ ‹†‡ƒŽǡ ‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘™‡”Ǧˆ”‡‡ ƒ–‹–Š‡•‹• –‘ „ƒ”‰ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†˜‘–‹‰ǡ„—–ƒ•ƒ‘‰‘‹‰ƒ––‡’––‘ˆ‹†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ™ƒ›•ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘”‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ •–”‡••‹‰ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ•‘‡† ƒ”‰—‡–ȋ‹™Šƒ–‡˜‡”ˆ‘”Ȍƒ†ˆ”‡‡ƒ†‘’‡†‹• ‘—”•‡ȋ‹™Šƒ–‡˜‡”•’ƒ ‡ȌǤ  Šƒ– deliberation‹•‘–ƒ™‹Ž†Ž›‘—–”ƒ‰‡‘—•Žƒ„‡Ž–‘’—–‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•„‡–™‡‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ† Š—ƒ• ƒ „‡ ƒ”‰—‡† ˆ‘” ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ‘”‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹  ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ› ƒ––—‡† ˜‹‡™• ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’ƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥ ”›œ‡ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡŠƒ• ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”Ǯ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š‘ǦŠ—ƒ•ǯˆ”‘ƒ ‘ ‡”‘ˆ Š‘™–‘‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹••—‡•‹‘—”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ’”‘’‘•‡•–‘‡š–‡†‘—”†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡‘ǦŠ—ƒ™‘”Ž†ǡ ƒ†ˆ‘”Dz‘’‡‡••–‘‘ǦŠ—ƒ•‹‰ƒŽ•dz‹•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ –Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆȋŽƒ”‰‡• ƒŽ‡Ȍ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ȋ”›œ‡ͳͻͻͷȌǤ ‡”‡ ‘‡†•–‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ‡ Šƒ‹••‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ•›•–‡•ƒ•‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ȋ”›œ‡ͳͻͺ͹ǡʹͲ͹ȌǤ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰–Š‹‰•–‘ƒ‡Ž‹–‡‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‡š’‡”–•ǡ ”›œ‡ •–”‡••‡• –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ †‹• ‘—”•‡•‘ƒ‹••—‡Ǥ ‘”Š‹ƒ†‘–Š‡”†‹• ‘—”•‡–Š‡‘”‹•–•Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡDzƒ••‡”–‹‘• ™‹ŽŽ‘Ž›Šƒ˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡‹–Š‡†‹• ‘—”•‡™Š‡‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡dzȋ•‡‡Š‹–™‘”–Š ʹͲͲͲȌǤ † Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ ™‹–Š ‘ǦŠ—ƒ• ‹• „‡•– †‘‡ „› ȋ•‡Žˆ ƒ’’‘‹–‡†Ȍ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡• ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ‡‡†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ƒ† ƒ–—”‡ Ȃ –Š‡”‡„› ȋƒ”‰—ƒ„Ž›Ȍ †‡’ƒ”–‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡–Š‘• ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ › –Šƒ– ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† †‹”‡ – ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ͹͸ ‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• •‘‡™Šƒ– ƒ„‹‰—‘—• –Š‘—‰Šǡ ƒ• ”›œ‡ Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ”‹–‹“—‡† ƒ„‡”ƒ• ˆ‘” ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ‘Ž› †‹• —”•‹˜‡‡š Šƒ‰‡•„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒ•ƒ•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† ƒŽŽ‡†–‘ ‡š’ƒ† ‘—” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ‹‡”•‹‘ ‹ ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘

  76Foradiscussionoftheproblemofhowtoincludeandrepresent‘nature’indeliberativedemocracy,seealso Eckersley(1995;1999).  animaldeliberation145  ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ™‘”Ž† ȋ”›œ‡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ Š‹• ‘’‡• —’ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆƒ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ •—„Œ‡ –ƒ•‘–‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›Š—ƒǡ‘”•‘Ž‡Ž›„ƒ•‡†‘Š—ƒˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•–Šƒ–‹•‘‡ Ž‡••‡”ˆ‘”‹‰Š–„‡’”‡•‡–‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‡Ž‹–‡•’‡ ‹‡•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ•— Šƒ•’”‹ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• •‡‡‹‰ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘• –‘ ‘ —”ƒ–—‡š’‡ –‡†•‹–‡•ǡƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆˆ‘”•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡‘–ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹ ƒ–—”‡ ȋ ‡Ž† ʹͲͲ͸ǡ ʹͳͷȌǤ ‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•—„Œ‡ –•™‡ ƒ–—”–‘™‘”‹• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›•–—†‹‡• ˆ‘ —•‹‰‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ›‡†‹ƒ–‡†‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ  Everydaymaterialpolitics  ‘•–”— –‹˜‹•– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ –Š‡ politics of nature ȋƒ–‘—” ʹͲͲ͹Ȍ †‘‡• ‘– ƒ‹ ƒ– —‹˜‘ ƒŽŽ›”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ƒ–—”‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•ǡ„—––Š‹•’‘Ž‹–‹ • ‹–‡”•‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Šƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‹ ™Š‹ Š–Š‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–—”‡ƒ†‹–• ‘•–‹–—‡–•‹•ƒ‘‰‘‹‰ƒˆˆƒ‹”Ǥ‹–Š‹ –Š‡•‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ͹͹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ –• ƒ† ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•ƒ”‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘ ‘–‹—‘—•ˆ‹‡Ǧ–—‹‰ƒ†–‹‡”‹‰ȋ‘”–ŠƒŽ•ʹͲͲͶǡ ͹ͺȌǤ ƒ‘„Œ‡ –‘”‹‡–‡†˜‹‡™‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •–Šƒ–œ‘‘•‹‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •Šƒ”‡† Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ƒ „‡ ƒŽŽ‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘‡‹–‘ˆ‘ —•Ǥƒ™ƒ†‘ŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ”‰—‡†‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ • ˆ‘”ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆǮ–Š‡‰‘‘†ǯ‘–‹ƒ—–‘’‹ƒ•‡•‡ƒ••‹‰Ž‡ƒ†’—”‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ„—– ƒ•‡–ƒ‰Ž‡†ǡ–‘„‡†‡ƒŽ–™‹–Š‹ ‘’Ž‡šǡ—†ƒ‡ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ǡDzǮ–Š‡ ‰‘‘†ǯˆ‹‰—”‡•ƒ••‘‡–Š‹‰–‘–‹‡”–‘™ƒ”†•Ȃ•‹Ž‡–Ž›dz͹ͺ ȋƒ™ ƒ† ‘Ž ʹͲͲʹȌǤ „Œ‡ –•‡ƒ„Ž‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–ƒ†–Š‡”‡„› ƒ„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ”‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‰ •—„Œ‡ –• ‹ Dzƒ •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ ƒŽŽ› Ǯ–Š‹ ‡”ǯ ™‘”Ž† ȏǤǤǤȐ ‹ ™Š‹ Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‘†‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–dz ȋƒ””‡• ʹͲͲͻǡ ͳʹͶȌǤ ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘†‡• ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹  ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‘’‡•—’’‘Ž‹–‹ •–‘‹ Ž—†‡‘ǦŽ‹‰—‹•–‹ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•Ǣ‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–ˆ‹–•‹™‡ŽŽ ™‹–Šƒ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•–›Ž‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •™Š‹ Š‹•‰”‘—†‡†‹‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ†’”‘‘–‡• Ž‘ ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†–ƒ ‹–™ƒ›•‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘‘–Š‡”•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ”‡“—‹”‹‰†‡–ƒ Š‡† ƒ† ‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ •–›Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘ ȋ—ŽŽ› ʹͲͲʹǢ ‘—‰ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‘Ž› ‘ —””‹‰ ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ† ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡† •‡––‹‰•ǡ ‘”‡ —†ƒ‡ ƒ† ‘Ǧ†‹• —”•‹˜‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•–‘‘ǡ

  77Thereis,ofcourse,thedangerofmerelyadjustingtheanimaltoamaterialsettinggearedtowardsnarrow human interests, such as making ‘mindless chickens’ (Bovenkerk, Brom, and Van Den Bergh 2002) that no longercanengageinmutuallearninganddeliberation. 78Thoughnotnecessarilyinsilence,whynottinkeramidstthechatteringofbirdsandthemooingofcows?  146chapterfive  ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–™Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘‘”‹‡–‡†–‘—†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡”• ƒ† „—‹Ž†‹‰ –”—•–ǡ ƒ‹‹‰ –‘ ƒ””‹˜‡ ƒ–•‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ ‘•‡•—•ǡ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– ‘Šƒ„‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹ •–”—‰‰Ž‡Ǥ  Animalcommunication ‘—Ž†–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ‘‰‘‹‰‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘˜‹ƒ Šƒ‰‹‰ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• ƒ† ȋ‹†‹”‡ –Ȍ ”‡•’‘•‡•„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡‰‡—‹‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǫ‘—Ž†–Š‡”‡„‡”‘‘ ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š Šƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ –—ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘•‘”ƒ”‰—‡–•‹‘Ǧ†‹• —”•‹˜‡ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ material politics ȋƒ™ ƒ† ‘Ž ʹͲͲͺȌǫ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ –‡†‡ › –‘ ‡˜‹•‹‘ ƒ ‘–‹——ǡ‘”‹ˆƒ –ƒŠ‹‡”ƒ” Š›ǡ‘ˆˆ‘”•‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘™Š‹ Šƒ–•‘‡’‘‹– ƒ› „‡ ƒŽŽ‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ ƒ† ƒ– –Š‡ ˜‡”› ’‹ƒ Ž‡ ™‘—Ž† ƒ‘—– –‘ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Žƒ‹‹‰ ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ –‘ „‡ ‹ –Šƒ– —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ deliberative ƒ–‡‰‘”›ƒ›•‡‡‘•‡•‹ ƒŽǤŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘†‡‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰’”‘’‘•‡†‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”•Š‘—Ž†Š‘™‡˜‡”‘–„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠǦ‹†‡†Š—ƒ••–‡‡’‹‰–‘ –Š‡„ƒ•‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‹••‡ŽˆǦ‡˜‹†‡–Ž›ǮŽ‡••‡”ǯ–Šƒ –Š‡‡Ž‘“—‡ ‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ—––‡”‹‰•Ǥ‡ƒ”‡‘Ž›„‡‰‹‹‰–‘ˆƒ–Š‘–Š‡‘”ƒŽƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– ƒ› ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ •‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ •—„–Ž‡•‹‰ƒŽ••‡–‘—–„›Š—ƒ•–Šƒ‡˜‡–Š‡•‡Š—ƒ•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ȋ•‡‡ ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡‡•’”‡–ʹͲͲͶǢ—–•ʹͲͲͳȌǤ‘”‹ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ˜‡”‹  ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰›–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ‘„•‡”˜‡”• ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ƒ•„”‹‹‰™‹–Š ȋ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽȌ ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘• ȋ‡•–‡Žǡ ”—‘‹•ǡ ƒ† ƒ—‡– ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ‘™ •–”ƒ‰‡ ‹– ™‘—Ž†„‡–‘”‡ƒ‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›†‡ƒˆ–‘–Š‹•Š—‹‰‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ–‘†‡ˆ‹‡Š—ƒ•ƒ• ‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡š Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ•‹‰ƒŽ•Ȃ•‡‡‹‰–Š‡•‡ƒ• Œ—•– ƒ ƒ––‡” ˆ‘” ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹•–•ǡ –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ ‘•›•–‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡• –Š‡› ’”‘˜‹†‡–‘—•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ™‡ ‘—Ž†‡š’‡”‹‡–™‹–Š–”ƒ•Ǧ•’‡ ‹‡•Ž‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡• ™Š‹ Š ƒ› ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ —–—ƒŽ ƒ†Œ—•–‡– ƒ† ‡˜‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ȋ‡‹Œ‡” ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ  

5.5Deliberatingonapar  ‹ƒŽ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘– Œ—•– –‘ „‡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• ȋ‘˜‡”ǦȌ ‡š–‡†‹‰ ‘—” ™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘–ƒ‡•‡”‹‘—•Ž›•‘‡Š‘™Ǯ†‡ˆ‡ –‹˜‡ǯŠ—ƒ•’‡ƒ‡”•ǡ‹ƒŽƒ–‡•–‘˜‡”Ž› ‰‡‡”‘—•™‹†‡‹‰‘ˆ‘—”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹” Ž‡™‹–Š‘–Ǧ“—‹–‡Ǧ—’Ǧ–‘Ǧ’ƒ”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•Ǥ š–‡†‹‰ –Š‡ •’ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ƒ ™ƒ› –‘ “—‡•–‹‘ –Š‡ †”‡ƒ ‘ˆ †‹•‡„‘†‹‡† ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ Žƒ”‹–› ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡  animaldeliberation147  ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ—–‘‘‘—•Ž›’ƒ”–ƒ‡‹Ž‘ˆ–›”‡ƒ•‘‡††‡„ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ •‡•‹„Ž‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•ȋ•‡‡ ‘„•‘ʹͲͲͻǡ͸͹Ǣ‘Žˆ‡ʹͲͳͲǡͻͻȌǤ  ‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•‡‡†–‘Œ—•–‹ˆ›–Š‡‹”˜‹‡™•‹‘”†‡”–‘’”‘’‡”Ž›‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ †‡„ƒ–‡•ǫ —•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘—Ž† „‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ‘‡ǯ• ’‘•‹–‹‘ „‡›‘† ƒ ‡”‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ †‡•‹”‡•Ǥ Š‡ Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ”‡“—‹”‡• Žƒ„‘”‹‘—•Ž› ’Š”ƒ•‡† ƒ„•–”ƒ – ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‡ƒ– ƒ• —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹‰Š– ‰‡– ˆ—”–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘‡’‡”Šƒ’•‡š’‡ –•Ǥ ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘‘ ƒ•‹‘ ƒ„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ‘”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘†‡• ‘ˆ •Šƒ”‡† Ž‹˜‹‰Ǥ Š‡‹” ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡ ƒ† ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ‹• ‘™ ‘ˆ–‡ ‹‰‘”‡†Ǥ‡–‡†–‘•‡‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡•–Šƒ–•—„•—‡ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ• ‘”ƒŽŽ› ˆ— –‹‘‹‰•‘‘–ŠŽ›ǡ‘Ž›‹–‡””—’–‡†„›‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ—‹•ƒ ‡™Š‡–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ˆƒ‹Ž –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ• • ”‹’–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡• ™‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‹• ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒƒŽ•‘„‡•‘‡–Š‹‰™‡ƒ›Ž‡ƒ”–‘ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ƒ•‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž•‹‰ƒŽ•ǡ –Š‡”‡„›„‡ ‘‹‰responseǦableȋ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ʹͲͲͺȌǤƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–”›‹‰–‘ƒ‡ƒ–—”‡ ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ••’‡ƒǡ™‡ƒ›•‡‡–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘—””‡ ‡’–‹˜‹–›ǤŠ‡Š—ƒ•‹–‡”’”‡– ‘ǦŠ—ƒ•‹‰ƒŽ•ƒ•‡”‡Ǯ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǯ–‘„‡—•‡†•‘Ž‡Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‘™’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ †‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘–”‘Žǡ‹–‹•Š—ƒ•™Š‘ˆƒ‹Ž–‘„‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ‘–ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ”‹„ƒŽ ƒ† Žƒ‹” ȋʹͲͳͳȌ Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ †‡• ”‹„‡† Š‘™ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† ƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ‡• ƒ’‡• ‘ˆ ”ƒ‰Ǧ—–ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž› ˆ”ƒ‡† ƒ• ‘• ‹‘—• ƒ –• ‘ˆ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ†‡š’”‡••‹‘•‘ˆ†‹• ‘–‡–„›œ‘‘‡‡’‡”•ǡ™Š‘‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••‘•–Ž› ”‡•’‘†„›†‹•”—’–‹‰‘”ƒ‰Ǧ—–ƒ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†Š‡‹‰Š–‡‹‰•‡ —”‹–›‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǣ Š‹•‹•ƒ Ž‡ƒ”‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Š—ƒ• ”‡ˆ—•‹‰ –‘ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Š‡‹” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ƒ• ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡ȋ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒȌ‰‘‘†Ž‹ˆ‡‹ ƒ’–‹˜‹–›Ǥ  ‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ • ‹• ƒ––‡–‹˜‡ –‘ –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‹‰‘”‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒ’—”’‘”–‡†‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡‹™ƒ›•–Šƒ–Š—ƒ•ˆ‡‡Ž ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Šǡ–Š‹• ƒŒ—•–ƒ•™‡ŽŽ„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒŠ—ƒŽƒ  ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ› †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ ‘”‡ ‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›ǤŠ‹• ‘‘ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‹•†—‡‹’ƒ”––‘ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›–Šƒ–•–‘’••Š‘”–ƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ–Š—•ƒ ‹••—‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘Ǥ ˆ™‡ ƒ‘Ž›–Š‹‘ˆŠ—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‹ –‡”•‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–‡”‡•–•ǡ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ› —”–ƒ‹Ž‡†„›ƒ‹ƒŽ‡–Š‹ •ǡ –Š‡ ™‡ ˆƒ‹Ž –‘ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ Š‘™ ™‡ ‘ˆ–‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ• ’—––‹‰ ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ‘”‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ‹•Ǥ‹ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›„‡‡— Š‘”‡‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ ‹„”‹‰‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‘—”™‘”Ž†Ǣ•‡”•–› ‘„•‘Šƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†ǣ 

 148chapterfive  Dz‹ƒŽ•Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–•‹’Ž›ƒ’’‡†‘–‘–Š‡’”‡Ǧ‡š‹•–‹‰Š—ƒ™‘”Ž†‘” ƒ”‡ †—„ ƒ –‘”• ‹ †‹˜‡”•‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‡‹” ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘Ǧ ”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹‡•ǡ‘”ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† ’Žƒ ‡• ™‡ –ƒ‡ ƒ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒ†Ȁ‘” †‡˜‹•‡† –Š”‘—‰Š Š—ƒ ‹‰‡—‹–› ƒŽ‘‡dzȋ ‘„•‘ʹͲͲ͹ǡʹͷ͹ȌǤ  Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‰‡ ›‘ˆ†ƒ‹”› ‘™•ƒ›•‡‡–‘„‡‘–Š‹‰„—–†‘ ‹Ž‡Ǯ™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••ǯ–‘ †ƒ‹Ž›’”‘†— ‡‹ ”‡†‹„Ž›Žƒ”‰‡‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•‘ˆ‹ŽǤ—––Š‡›•–‹ŽŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ǡ‹ˆ™‡ƒ”‡ ™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘Ž‹•–‡ǤŠ‡™‘‡ˆ—Ž‘‘‹‰‘ˆƒ ‘™™Š‡Š‡”‡™„‘” ƒŽˆ‹•–ƒ‡ƒ™ƒ› Šƒ• Ž‡† –‘ ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› –‘ ’”‡˜‡– „‘†‹‰Ǥ ‘‡ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‡”•Š‘™‡˜‡”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹–ƒ•ƒ‘”ƒŽ ƒŽŽ–‘–”›ƒ†ˆ‹†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ ”—‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ”ǡ•— Šƒ•„›—•‹‰Ǯˆ‘•–‡”‘–Š‡”•ǯ‘”‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰™‹–ŠƒǮˆƒ‹Ž› Š‡”†ǯǤ  –Š‹• ™ƒ›ǡ –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ ‘‰‘‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡–”—‡ƒ†Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡†‡•‹”‡•‘ˆ ‘™•ˆ”‘™Šƒ–ˆƒ”‡”•’‡” ‡‹˜‡ƒ• —†—‡ƒ„‡””ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ‰‘‘† ‘™‹•ƒ†™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•ˆ‘”Š‡”–‘Ž‡ƒ†ƒ‰‘‘† Ž‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡‰”‘—’‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ˆ‹”•–”‘†‡–Š‡‹”‘„‹Ž‡‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–‘—–•‹†‡–‘„‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘™• ‘ ’ƒ•–—”‡ǡ –Š‹• Ž‡† –‘ ƒ ”‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‡˜‹‘—• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•ǣDz•Ž‘‰ƒ•–Š‡”‘„‘–Šƒ†„‡‡‹–Š‡„ƒ”ǡ ‘™•Šƒ†‘ˆ–‡ „‡‡‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ”‘—†–Š‡”‘„‘–ǡ‡˜‡˜ƒ†ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‹–Ǥ—–ƒ••‘‘ƒ•–Š‡”‘„‘–™‡– ‘—–•‹†‡™‹–Š–Š‡ǡ–Š‡›†‹†‘–„‘–Š‡”–‘‰‘–‘‹–‡š ‡’–ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰ƒƒ –—ƒŽ˜‹•‹–Ǥdz Š‹• ˆƒ”‡” ‘ Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– ™Šƒ– ™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡† Ǯ˜ƒ†ƒŽ‹•ǯ ‹ –Š‡„ƒ”ǡ‹ Š‹†•‹‰Š–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ƒ•ƒŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ„‘”‡†‘ƒ††‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–Š –Š‡Š‘—•‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ  ‘‘Ž›™‡•–ƒ”––‘Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ„›†‡ˆ‹‹‰‹–ƒ•‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›Š—ƒǡ„ƒ•‡† ‘•‘‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‡–ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ•–Š‡ ‘”‡‘ˆ‘—”‡š Ž—•‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‹ƒŽ‹–›ǣ—• ƒ• –Š‡ •‘Ž‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ‹‰ǡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ǡ ƒ”‰—‡– ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ǡ ”‹‰Š–• ‰”ƒ–‹‰ǡ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‹ƒŽǤ —– †‡ƒ” ƒ–‹‰ ‘—” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—‹–› ‹ –Š‹• ™ƒ› ™‘—Ž†Šƒ’‡”–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡ Ž‹˜‡•™‡•Šƒ”‡™‹–Š‘ǦŠ—ƒ•—„Œ‡ –•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒ•ƒ† –Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‘–Š‡”ƒ‹ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ”–ŠǤ—–ˆ‘”ƒ„”‘ƒ†‡‡†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ • ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–‘––‘ƒ••—‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”†‡ˆ‹‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡–Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†‰—‹†‡ƒŽŽ ‘—”‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ• –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ Ž‡ƒ” —–Ǧ‘ˆˆ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹•• –Šƒ– ™‡ ‘—Ž† †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡

 animaldeliberation149  ™‹–Šǡ‘’‡‹‰–Š‡†‘‘”–‘„‡‹‰•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–•‡Žˆ‡˜‹†‡–Ž›Ǯ•‡–‹‡–ǯ‘”Ǯ•—„Œ‡ –•Ǧ‘ˆǦ ƒǦŽ‹ˆ‡ǯǤ͹ͻ  ‘ –Š‹• ’‘•–•–”— –—”ƒŽ‹•– ȋ ‘— ƒ—Ž–Ȍǡ ‘•–”— –‹˜‹•– ȋƒ–‘—”Ȍ ƒ† ’‘•–Š—ƒ‹•– ȋ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ǡ Šƒ–‘”‡ǡ ‘Žˆ‡Ȍ ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ › †‘‡• ‘– ƒ••—‡ ’”‡Ǧ‰‹˜‡ǡ ƒ—–‘‘‘—• Š—ƒ ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ˆ”‡‡Ž› Œ‘‹‹‰ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‘‡† †‡„ƒ–‡ǡ„—–•‡‡•–Š‡•‡ˆ‹‰—”‡•ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—– ‘‡•‘ˆ’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ —Ž–‹•’‡ ‹‡• –‹‡”‹‰ǡ ™Šƒ– ‘—–• ƒ• ƒ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ Ǯ’‘•‹–‹‘ǯ ‘” Ǯƒ”‰—‡–ǯ‹•ƒ‡‡”‰‡–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  ‰‘‘† ‘™ ƒ† ƒ ‰‘‘† ˆƒ”‡” ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› •‘”–‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” ‘—– ƒ† ™‡”‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡‹” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•ǡ •‹ŽŽ•ǡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ƒ† •‘‡–‹‡• ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ Šƒ– ‰‹˜‡• –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ bricolage „‡–™‡‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ‘™• ƒ †‹ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘” ‡˜‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‹•–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡‹” ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•ǡ‹–‡”‡•–•ǡƒ††‡•‹”‡•ƒ”‡‘–•–ƒ–‹ ‹’—––‘–Š‡’”‘ ‡••ǡƒ•‹„ƒ”‰ƒ‹‹‰ ‘” ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ „—– ƒ”‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‘’‡ ˆ‘” ”‡˜‹•‹‘ ƒ† ƒ– •–ƒ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ ƒ‹‰•‡”‹‘—•Ž›–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘–‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡•›•–‡•ƒ† ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› Ž‹˜‡ǡ ƒ ‘”†• ™‹–Š ƒ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ †‡‘ ”ƒ ›‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›‹•‘––Š‡’”‡†‡–‡”‹‡† ™‹ŽŽ ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• „—– –Š‡‹” ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ ‡Ž† ʹͲͲ͸Ǣ ƒ‹ ͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ Š‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ‘– Œ—•– Šƒ‰‹‰ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‘ˆˆ”‡‡ǡ‡“—ƒŽƒ††‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‹œ‡•ǡ„—–‡š–‡†•–‘™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘ „‡ƒ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰•—„Œ‡ –ǡ–Š‡ƒŽ•‘™Šƒ–ƒ‘—–•–‘†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ •Š‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ȋƒ””‘™Ž›Ȍ†‡ˆ‹‡†‹ƒ†˜ƒ ‡Ǥ  ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ‹– ™‘—Ž† ’‡”Šƒ’• „‡ ˆƒ”ˆ‡– Š‡† –‘ –”› –‘ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ › ‹ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡•Ǥ  ƒ •‡•‡ǡ –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ‹– ‘ ‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‹ Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ†Œ—•–‹‰ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ –Š‡ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ™Š‡ ‘™•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‹–•”‡†‡•‹‰Ǥ’ƒ”–‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡ ‘™•–Šƒ–”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘ƒ†ƒ’––‘ –Š‡”‘„‘–ǣ„‡‹‰ —ŽŽ‡†‹•‘–ƒ˜‡”›Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡™ƒ›‘ˆ†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ †‹••‹†‡–•Ǥ – ‹• — ‡”–ƒ‹ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ‘™• Ǯ‘™ǯ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ ™‹–Š ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†”‘„‘–•ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘–‘Ž›–Š‡„ƒ”‰ƒ‹‹‰’‘™‡”‘ˆȋ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ȍ ”‡ˆ—•‹‰–‘’”‡•‡––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘–Š‡”‘„‘–Ȃƒ••‘‡†ƒ‹”›Š‡”†•Šƒ˜‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› †‘‡Ȃ „—– ‡˜‡ •‘‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ†‹‰Ǣ –Šƒ– –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘

  79Thisopennesstowhatisascribedvalueandwhattoattunetoaspartnersinpoliticalcommunicationalso holdsthepromiseofa morefineͲgrainedandinquisitiveapproachtotheexaggeratedoppositionbetween animalandenvironmentalethics.  150chapterfive  Ǯƒ††”‡••ǯ‹••—‡•‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ Žƒ‹”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ”‡Ǥ ‘” †ƒ‹”› ‘™•‹–‹•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ƒ‹ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽˆ”‡‡†‘‹–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ ‘‘‡ƒ‹‰‹ –Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‘ƒ‹Ǣ ‘™•ƒ”‡‘–Š‡ˆƒ”„ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ›–‘™‘”ǡ‘––‘ˆŽ‘—”‹•Šƒ•ˆ”‡‡ ƒ†‡“—ƒŽ ‹–‹œ‡•‡Œ‘›‹‰‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡†„ƒ•‹ Ž‹„‡”–‹‡•ǤͺͲ  •‹–†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ǫ – ƒ„‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡ƒˆ–‡”ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ ‹–‡”•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›™Š‹ Š–‘•‘‡‡š–‡––Š‡›•‡‡‹–Š‡‹”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡ ‘™•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ‡•‹–‘”‡–Šƒƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ †‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰„ƒ•‡†‘‘”ƒŽ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹•–Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ•ƒŠ‘‡•–ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ ’”‘ ‡••Ǣ ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• –Šƒ– ‹†‡ƒŽŽ› Ȃ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™Š‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽ‹‰ ‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ȃ‹• ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ‘’‡ǡ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽȋƒ†Ž‡ƒ”–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ȍ –Š‡‹”†‡•‹”‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–›‘” ‘—ƒŽ‹–›Ǣ•— Šƒ•™Š‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‰ „‘”‡†‘–Š”‘—‰Š˜ƒ†ƒŽ‹•Ǥ  Theappealofanimaldeliberation ‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•‘–ȋŒ—•–Ȍƒ™ƒ›‘ˆƒ””‹˜‹‰ƒ–†‡ ‹•‹‘•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡‘†‡‘ˆ Dz–”—–Šƒ‹‰dzǡ™Š‹ Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡•—–—ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†ȋ ‘–‡•–ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡Ȍ—Ž–‹’Ž‡ •‘—” ‡• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”–‹•‡ ȋ˜ƒ —†Š‡—•†‡ ʹͲͳͶȌǤ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘ƒ–—”‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡š’‡”–‹•‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›•‘—‰Š– ƒ”‡ ‘– ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› Š—ƒǡ „—– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ƒ –‹˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ ‘ǦŠ—ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡•ȋ‘”‹‡”ƒ†”‹‡••‡ʹͲͳͶȌǤ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”–‘‘‹• Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ƒƒ‰‡†™‹–Š‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ–‹•†‹•–”‹„—–‡†‘˜‡”ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ† ‘™•ǡƒ†‹–‡”™‘˜‡ ™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥ  • ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ– ˆŽƒ’ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ™‡ •Šƒ”‡ ™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ‘–Š‡”•‹•‘–Œ—•–ƒ ‘—ƒŽ’—”•—‹–‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘‘†Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ – ƒ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ’‘™‡” •–”—‰‰Ž‡• ƒ† ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ —– ƒ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‡š Šƒ‰‡™‘—Ž†’”‡˜‡–—•ˆ”‘•‡‡‹‰‘Ž›ƒœ‡”‘Ǧ•—‰ƒ‡–›’‡‘ˆ Žƒ•Š„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”‡•–• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ• ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‹ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ Dz ‘—‹–›Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ ’‘™‡”dz ȋ‘‘‡ ʹͲͲͲǡ ͻͶͻȌǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ „”‹‰‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ƒ —Ž–‹•’‡ ‹‡• ‘—‹–›Ǥ  –Š‡•‡ǡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‘”‡–Šƒ’ƒ••‹˜‡•‹–‡•‘ˆ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘”•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ǤŠ‡›‡‡”‰‡ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ‡š’”‡••‹˜‡„‡‹‰•™Š‘ ƒ„‡Š‡ƒ”†Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ Žƒ‹‘—•ǡ–‘”‡–Š‹‘—”’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –• ƒ† Šƒ‰‡ ‘—” ™ƒ›•Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ Š‘™‡˜‡”   80Thoughforaconceptionofflourishingdairycowcitizens,seeDonaldsonandKymlicka(2011,139).  animaldeliberation151  ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‘–•‘— Šƒ‘”ƒŽ†—–›‘ˆ‰‘‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘—”’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‹•‹•ƒ‘†‡‘ˆ‡ ‘—–‡”‹‰‘ǦŠ—ƒ‘–Š‡”•–Šƒ– ƒ„‡‹Š‡”‡–Ž›ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰ǡ ‹–”‹•‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡™ƒ”†‹‰ƒ†ƒ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ„‡ ‘‹‰ƒ•—„Œ‡ –‹ƒ ‡š–‡†‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›Ǥ –‹•‘–„ƒ•‡†‘ƒƒ„•–”ƒ –ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘‘ǦŠ—ƒ ”‹‰Š–•ǡ„—–•’”‹‰•ˆ”‘ƒ‘–‹‘–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‘ƒ––—‡–‘‹†‡†‘–Š‡”•™Š‘ƒ”‡ ƒ„—†ƒ–Ž›’”‡•‡–ƒ‘‰—•™‹ŽŽƒ‡ˆ‘”‘”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ƒ†–Š‘—‰Š–ˆ—Žˆ‘”• ‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹•Ǥ ƒ›™ƒ›•ǡƒ‹ƒŽ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‡˜‡„‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†„›ƒ–Š”‘’‘ ‡–”‹  ‘ ‡”•ǣŽ‡ƒ”‹‰–‘•Šƒ”‡–Š‡’Žƒ‡–™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȃ ‹–Š‡™‹Ž†ǡ–Š‡Š‘‡ǡƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•‘–Š‡ˆƒ”Ȃ™‹ŽŽ„‡‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ‹‘—”•’‡ ‹‡• •—”˜‹˜ƒŽƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ

 152chapterfive  

   



Intermezzo

Aphilosopherinthemobilerobotfarmers’network –avisualintervention    ˜‡”–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ͵›‡ƒ”•ǡ„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͲͺƒ†ʹͲͳͲǡ Œ‘‹‡†ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‡‡–‹‰•‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• ™Š‘ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡† –‘ †‹• —•• –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ‘„‹Ž‡”‘„‘––‘„‡—•‡†‘’ƒ•–—”‡ǤŠ‡’”‘–‘–›’‡‘„‹Ž‡‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–ǡ „”ƒ†‡† Natureluurȋƒƒ‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ”ƒˆ–‡†„›–Š‡†‡•‹‰‡”•–‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ȌǡŠƒ•„‡‡—•‡†‹–”‹ƒŽ•‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽˆƒ”•‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǤŠ‹•’”‘–‘–›’‡™ƒ•ƒ••‡„Ž‡†ˆ”‘ƒ ‘‘ȋ‡Žƒ˜ƒŽȌ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–‘—–‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆƒǮ ”ƒ™Ž‡”†—’‡”ǯ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ǡ–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šƒ ‘–ƒ‹‡” ™‹–ŠƒŽŽ–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›‡“—‹’‡–‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘’—–‡” –Šƒ– ‘ŽŽ‡ –• –Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘–Š‡”‘„‘–ƒ†•‡†•–Š‹•–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”Š‘—•‡ǤŠ‡˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ ™ƒ••‡Žˆ’‘™‡”‡†ǡ„—–ƒ†‹‡•‡Žƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡™ƒ•ƒ††‡†–‘’‘™‡”–Š‡”‘„‘–‹‘”†‡”–‘ ‡‡’ˆ—‡Ž—•‡Ž‘™ƒ†”‡†— ‡–Š‡‘‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ‹ƒƒ•ƒŽŽ•–‡’–Š‡ ‘™• ƒ ™ƒŽ ‹–‘ –Š‡ •’ƒ ‡ ˆ‘” „‡‹‰ ‹Ž‡† ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ”‘„‘–‹ ‹Ž‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›ƒ•‹‹†‘‘”•›•–‡•Ǥ ‡‡˜‡”›–™‘†ƒ›•ǡ –Š‡ ”‘„‘– ‹• ‘˜‡† –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ”Š‘—•‡ –‘ —Ž‘ƒ† –Š‡ ‹Ž ƒ† ”‡Ž‘ƒ† •—’’Ž‹‡• ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ†‹‡•‡Žǡ—††‡” Ž‡ƒ‹‰ˆŽ—‹†ƒ†ˆ‡‡† ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡ȋ‡˜‡„‡”‰‡ʹͲͲ͹Ȍ  Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ˆƒ”‡”• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡–™‘” Šƒ† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘–‹˜‡• ˆ‘” ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‰ ƒ ‘„‹Ž‡ ”‘„‘–ǣ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ™ƒ–‡† –‘ ’ƒ•–—”‡ ‘™• ‹ˆ‹‡Ž†•ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”„ƒ”ǡ‘”Šƒ†–Š‡‹”Žƒ††‹••‡ –‡†„›ƒ”‘ƒ†’”‡˜‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ‘™• ˆ”‘‰‘‹‰–‘–Š‡”‘„‘––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥͺͳ‘–Š‡”™ƒ–‡†–‘‹ŽŠ‹•Ǯ‘”‰ƒ‹ „—–Š‹‰ŠŽ› ’”‘†— –‹˜‡ǯ ‘™• –Šƒ– Š‡ Šƒ† ‰”ƒœ‹‰ ‹ ȋ•‡‹Ǧƒ–—”ƒŽȌ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡• ‹ ”‹˜‡”   81Afewyearsago,afarmerhassolvedthisissuebycreatingaroadcrossingforcowsmodelledonthosefor trains.Thecowsthemselvesaregrantedtheopportunitytodecidewhentheywanttocrossthestreet,making cardriverswaitforthemtocrossover(ANP2011). 154intermezzo  ˆŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹• ‡ƒ”„›Ǥ –‹ŽŽ ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ ‘”‡ Žƒ”‰‡ • ƒŽ‡ ˆƒ”‡”ǡ ™ƒ•–Š‹‹‰‘ˆ‡™ ‘ ‡’–• ˆ‘” Š‘—•‹‰ ‘™•ǡ ƒ† •‹ ‡ –‘ „—‹Ž† Š‘—•‹‰ ‹• ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ Š‡ ™ƒ• ‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹Š‘™–Š‡‘„‹Ž‡”‘„‘– ‘—Ž†ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘ƒ„ƒ”ǤŠ‡ ƒ‰”‘Ǧ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•––Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡’”‘–‘–›’‡’Žƒ‡†–‘‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ‹Ž ‘™• ‹ ƒ–—”‡”‡•‡”˜‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒƒ‰‡†„›–Š‡—– Š•–ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‡•–”›ȋStaatsbosbeheerȌǤ† ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽˆƒ”‡”™ƒ••‡ƒ” Š‹‰ˆ‘”™ƒ›•–‘ƒƒ‰‡ƒŽƒ”‰‡• ƒŽ‡ˆƒ”™‹–Š‹ ƒǮ•ƒŽŽ• ƒŽ‡Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ǯ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ˆƒ”Š‡™ƒ•”—‹‰™ƒ••‹–—ƒ–‡†Ǥͺʹ  ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™ƒ•Ž‘‘‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ‡™ˆƒ”‹‰•–›Ž‡–Šƒ–ˆ‹––‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹” Ž‘ ƒŽ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹†‡ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‡”‡„›–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ ƒ ‘„‹Ž‡ ”‘„‘– ‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’—ˆ‘Ž†‡™’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ȋ ˆǤƒ†‡”Ž‘‡‰ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤŠ‹Ž‡†‹• —••‹‰–Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‘–‘–›’‡ ƒ† ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ –Š‡‹”‘™ˆƒ”ǡ–Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”•™‡”‡†‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ•Š‹ˆ–‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡ˆ”‘‡Ž‡‡–•–Šƒ–™‡”‡–‘„‡”‡†‡”‡† ‘Š‡”‡–Ǥ‡––‹‰—’ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡•‡‡™’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ™‡•ƒ™‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—• –™‘ Šƒ’–‡”•ǡ ƒ„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•ƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǦ‡–Š‹ ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǡ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ †‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡‡™•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•‡†‡ƒ†• ƒ”‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‡Ž›–ƒ‡—’‹–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†”‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ†‹–•˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘ ‡•• ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ‰‹˜‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •Šƒ’‡ –‘ ‘–‹‘• ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹‡••ƒ† ƒ”‡ȋ ˆǤ‘Žǡ‘•‡”ǡƒ†‘Ž•ʹͲͳͲȌǤ  ˆ–‡”ƒˆ‡™‘–Š•‘ˆ–‡•–‹‰™‹–Š ‘™•‹ƒˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ–Š‡‘„‹Ž‡”‘„‘–™ƒ•–”— ‡†–‘ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡‰‹‘ǡˆ”‘—‹†Ǧ ‘ŽŽƒ†–‘ ”‹‡•Žƒ†ǡˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –• „‘˜‹‡ —•‡”• ™‡”‡ ‘˜‡† ƒŽ‘‰ǡ ƒ• ‹– ™‘—Ž† „‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –‘ ƒ‡ƒ‡™Š‡”† ƒ —•–‘‡†–‘„‡‹‰ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›‹Ž‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǤŠ‡ ‘™•ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†Ž›Ž‡ˆ––Š‡ –”— ƒ†‡–‡”‡†–Š‡‹”‡™•—””‘—†‹‰••‘‡™Šƒ–Š‡•‹–ƒ–ǡ„—–Dzƒ••‘‘ƒ•–Š‡ ‘™•”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†–Š‡”‘„‘–ǡ–Š‡›Œ—•–”‡•—‡†–Š‡‹”’”‡˜‹‘—•™ƒ›•ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥdz ‘”‘‡ ˆƒ”‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‘„‹Ž‡ ”‘„‘– ƒ†‡ Š‹ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” Dz–Š‡ ”‘„‘– ‘—Ž† „‡ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡”†ǡdz™‹–Š–Š‡”‘„‘–Ǯ†‡ ‹†‹‰ǯ™Š‡”‡–‘‘˜‡‡š–‘–Š‡’ƒ•–—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘™• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •—‹–Ǥ ‘–Š‡” ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–™‘” ™‘—Ž† ƒ‹ ˆ‘” Dz–Š‡ ”‘„‘– ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡”† –‘ „‡ ‘‡ ƒ —‹–›ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ •–”‡•• ˆ”‡‡ ‘˜‡‡–Ǣ ‡ƒ Š ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” ™‘—Ž† „‡ –‘‘ — ŠǤdz † ƒ‘–Š‡” –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–—”‡ ”‘„‘– –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ ƒ Dzƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒŽdz ™‹–Š‹–Š‡Š‡”†ǤŠ‡•‡ ™‡”‡ Ž‡ƒ” ‹•–ƒ ‡•‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ „‘–Š ‘™• ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•„‡‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‡˜‹•‹‘‡†–‘‡‡”‰‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹–‡”–™‹‡†Ǥ   82 This would amount to a farm with multiple herds on various pastures in a wide area around it. Such a configurationwouldopenupthewholenotionof‘largescale’and‘smallscale’–asquestionofherdsizerather thanamountofanimalsownedͲandtherebyaddanewangletothedebateontheincreasingscaleoffarming.  avisualintervention155  Milkinginnaturereservesasahybridanimalpractice ‹–Šƒˆ—ŽŽ›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜ƒ„Ž‡”‘„‘–ǡ–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›™‘—Ž†ƒ”‹•‡‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰ ‘™• ‹ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘” ‡˜‡ ƒ–—”‡ ”‡•‡”˜‡•Ǥ ”ƒ• ‡†‹‰ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ƒ–—”‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹•–•ǡ –Š‡ ʹͲͲǤͲͲͲ Š‡ –ƒ”‡• ‘ˆ ƒ–—”‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†• ‘—Ž† –Š‡ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ Žƒ† ˆ‘” ‡™ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡†ƒ‹”› ‘™•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‘„‹Ž‡”‘„‘–’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘ ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š —””‡–Ž› †‡Ǧ†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡† Žƒ”‰‡ Š‡”„‹˜‘”‡• ƒ”‡ †‡’Ž‘›‡†ͺ͵ȋƒ†‡” —Ž•–ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‡”‡„›ƒ˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰‹•’—–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –Šƒ–‹••‹–—ƒ–‡†‹Ǧ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹–‡•‹˜‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽŠ—•„ƒ†”›ƒ†ˆ‘”•‘ˆ ƒ–—”‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ Š‹• ‡™Ž› ‡š’Ž‘”‡† ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘”ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ†˜‡”•‡animalpracticesȋ‘”–ŠƒŽ•ʹͲͲͶȌ‘” ‘’‡–‹‰ˆ‘”•‘ˆbovine biopoliticsȋ‘”‹‡”ƒ†”‹‡••‡ʹͲͳ͵Ȍ”ƒ‹•‡•—‡”‘—•‹••—‡•Ǥ‡‘ˆ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‘™• „› –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ˆ‘” †ƒ›•ǡ Š‡ ‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ”‘„‘–Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡††ƒ–ƒƒ†™‡„ ƒǤ ˆ ‘™•ƒ”‡–‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡‡š–‡–ǮŽ‡ˆ– –‘ ƒ”‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǯǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡–‘„‡‡ƒ„Ž‡†–‘†‘•‘ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ™ƒ•–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰•Šƒ”‡† —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‘Ž‡ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”Ǥ  –Š‹ ƒŽȋ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽȌ†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‘’‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡™’”ƒ –‹ ‡• –‘‘ ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ• ˆ‘” –‹‡”‹‰ ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰Ǥ ‹• —••‹‘•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‰”‘—’‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡†‡Ž˜‡†‹–‘ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰• ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹‡••ǡ ƒ† ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ™ƒ›• –‘ •Šƒ’‡–Š‡ȋ”‡‘–‡Ȍ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‘™• ƒ† ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ ‡ ‡Ž‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™Ž› ƒ”‹•‹‰ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‹• –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– ‘ˆ „”‡‡†‹‰ ‘”‡ ”‘„—•– ‘™•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š Šƒ”•Š‡” ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ ‡™ ‘–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ǡ ƒ”‡ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›™‡”‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†‹Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–‘‡’Ž‘› –Š‡‘„‹Ž‡†‡˜‹ ‡‹–Š‡‡™Ž›ƒ”‹•‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǣƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Š’‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡”‡ ™‘—Ž†‘Ž‘‰‡”„‡ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”Š‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰ ‘™•ǡƒ•–Š‡‰—‹†‹‰ˆƒ”‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‹•‘ Ž‘‰‡”–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‹Ž’‡” ‘™ǡ„—––Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‹Ž’‡””‘„‘–ǤŠ‡ ‘™• ‘—Ž†„‡†‡’Ž‘›‡†–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡‹Ž‡†‘Ž›‘ ‡ƒ†ƒ›ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡ ”‘„‘– •–‹ŽŽ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰–‘ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡‡‘—‰Š—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘™•ƒ”‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ –Š‹•Ǯ‘”‡ƒ–—”ƒŽǯ•‡–—’ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ”‡‘Ž‘‰‡”–Š‡• ƒ” ‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ‘Ž›–Š‡”‘„‘–‹•Ǥ 

  83IncreasinglyintheNetherlandsandinotherEuropeancountries,naturereservesaremanagedusingsemiͲ wild‘dedomesticated’grazerssuchasHeck,HighlandorGallowaycattleandKonikhorsesfortheirecological roleascosteffective‘mowingmachines’(LorimerandDriessen2014).  156intermezzo  ‹–Š–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽˆ‘”•Š‹ˆ–‹‰–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡ˆ”‘‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”‹‰ –‘ ȋ‹ Ž—†‡Ȍ ƒ–—”‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ƒ†Œ—•–‡–• ™‡”‡ †‹• —••‡† ‘ ™Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ƒ”‡‹–Š‡‡™•‹–—ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘—–Š‘—•‹‰ǡƒ†Š‘™–‘ƒ‡•—”‡–Š‡ ‘™• ƒ”‡‡ƒ„Ž‡†–‘ ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ‡ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Šƒ–™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‹’‘”–ƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡–‘•› Š”‘‹œ‡–Š‡›‡ƒ”Ž› ƒŽ˜‹‰‘ˆ ‘™•–‘‘ —”‹•’”‹‰ǡƒ• –Š‡ ‘”‡ ˆ‡‡† ‹• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ƒŽ˜‡• ™‘—Ž† ‘– ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ’”‘–‡ –‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ™‹–‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ‘–Š‡”‹••—‡™ƒ•™Š‡–Š‡” ‘™•‹–Š‡‹”‡™•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹ƒ–—”‡ ”‡•‡”˜‡•‘”‘”‡‘–‡ˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆƒˆƒ”‡”Ȍ™‘—Ž†‡‡†’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”ƒ‹Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰–‘•‘‡ǡ ‘™•‰”ƒ˜‡Ž›†‹•Ž‹‡”ƒ‹ǡƒ•ˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡™‹–ŠŠ‡”†• “—‹ Ž›‘˜‹‰–‘–Š‡„ƒ”ƒ••‘‘ƒ•‹–•–ƒ”–•–‘†”‹œœŽ‡Ǥ–Š‡”• Žƒ‹‡†–Š‡›™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡–‘–”ƒ‹–Š‡‹” ‘™•–‘•–ƒ›’—–ƒ†‡‡’‘‰”ƒœ‹‰ǡƒ†‘™‘Ž‘‰‡”ƒ’’‡ƒ” –‘„‡„‘–Š‡”‡†„›‹–Ǥ  –™ƒ•ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ‡ˆ‘”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ”‡ ȋ ˆǤ ƒ”„‡”• ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹• ‘– –Š‡ ‘Ž› •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ‘”• ‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ”Ǣ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– —•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘™• ‘– „‡‹‰ ‹†Ž‡ ȋƒ† —†‡”’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰Ȍƒ”‡‘–Š‡”•ƒŽ‹‡–‘”•Ǥ‘™•ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ•ƒ–—”ƒŽǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ƒ• ƒ –‘”•ǡ ƒ• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ ƒ• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ȋ•‘‡ ƒ”‡ •–—„„‘”Ȍǡ –Š‡‹”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”„‡‹‰˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•†‡’‡†‹‰‘„”‡‡†•ǡ‘ˆ‡‡†ǡ‘–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡†„›ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ‡– Ǥ  Avisualintervention:landscapepaintingasaformofethics —”‹‰›‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‹•‰”‘—’‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ Šƒ†ƒ‘”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†•‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‰‰‹‰‡‹–Š‡’”‘Ž‘‰—‡ƒ––Š‡’‹‰ˆƒ”ǣ™Šƒ– ƒ„‡ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰”‘Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–‹‡”‹‰ƒ† ‘”‡Ǧ–ŠƒǦŠ—ƒ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǫ ‘™–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‹™Š‹ Š  †‘‘––”›–‘ƒ‡–Š‡ǮŽ‘•‡–Š‡‹” ‘ ‡’–•ǯǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”‡–‹ ‡–Š‡–‘Ž‘‘‹‡™ ™ƒ›•ƒ––Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–Š‡›ƒ”‡—ˆ‘Ž†‹‰ǫŠ‹•™‘—Ž†„‡‘–ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ–‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡ ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–•‘ ‹‡–›™ƒ–•ǡ‘”–‡ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡Š‘™–‘„‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•ǡ„—––‘Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Šƒ– ™Šƒ– –Š‡› ™‡”‡ †‘‹‰ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ”‡‹ƒ‰‹‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ ‘™•ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ†ǡ–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šƒ––‡†‹‰‘–‹‘•‘ˆ ƒ”‡Ǥ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡™ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‡˜‹•‹‘‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‰‡‡–‹ ’”‡†‹•’‘•‹–‹‘•‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘„‡ƒ‰‘‘† ‘™Šƒ†–‘„‡ ”‡Ǧ‹ƒ‰‹‡†Ȃƒ’”‘ ‡••–Šƒ–ƒŽ•‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ‡™ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡‘ˆ ‘™•ƒ†‘ˆȋ•‡‹ǦȌƒ–—”ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡•Ǥ 

 avisualintervention157

Image1:‘Landscapewithmilkingrobotandcows’Photomontagebytheauthor,2009.Basedona photoofthemobilerobot‘Natureluur’bytheauthorandthepainting‘LandschapmetVee’byJan Kobell,1804(RijksmuseumAmsterdam).

‹–Š–Š‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•Š‹ˆ–•‹†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡† ˆ‹”•–™‹–Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ”‘„‘–ƒ†–Š‡™‹–Š‹–•‘„‹Ž‡˜‡”•‹‘ǡ ƒ‹‡†–‘‰”ƒ––Š‡•‡ ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ‹ƒŽ• •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯ•–ƒ–—•ǯ ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽǡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǣ‹ˆ‘Ž›‹‘”†‡”–‘–”›ƒ†‰‹˜‡‘”‡™‡‹‰Š––‘ –Š‡‹”˜‹‡™•ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‹‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›†‡„ƒ–‡•Ǥ—–Š‘™–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ –Š‡•‡ ‘‰‘‹‰ †‹• —••‹‘• ‹ ƒ ™ƒ› –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‹‡–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—• Šƒ‰‡•‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†„›‰‡––‹‰–Š‡‘„‹Ž‡”‘„‘––‘™‘”ǫ

‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š‡‘‹‡ ‡—–‹ ǡ Šƒ˜‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒǮŽƒ›ǯ•—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘– ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹ƒŒ‘—”ƒŽˆ‘”ˆƒ”‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ȋ ‡—–‹ ƒ† ”‹‡••‡ʹͲͳͲȌǤ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡™ƒ•ƒ’Š‘–‘‘–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘„‹Ž‡”‘„‘– ‹•‡”–‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”› ƒ––Ž‡ ’ƒ‹–‹‰Ǥ  –Š‹• ™ƒ›ǡ  –”‹‡†–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ƒ†‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹ ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡™ †‡˜‹ ‡ǣ ƒ Š‹‰Š –‡ Š ‡ƒ• –‘ ‹ •‘‡ •‡•‡ ”‡–—” –‘ 158intermezzo

’”‹‘”†‹ƒŽ™ƒ›•ǤŠ‡ ‘™–Šƒ–Œ—•– ƒ‡‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘„‘–‹•ƒ’”‡‘†‡”‘‡™Š‘ •–‡’• „ƒ  ‹–‘ ƒ ’ƒ•–‘”ƒŽ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ Š‡”‡„› ‹– ‹• ƒ ’‘”–”ƒ›ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ƒ† ”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •ƒŽŽ • ƒŽ‡ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡•‘ˆ’ƒ•–—”‹‰ ‘™•Ǥ

‡”‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‘„‘– ƒ „‡ •‡‡ ƒ• ƒ ‘•–”‘—• Ǯƒ Š‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‰ƒ”†‡ǯǡ ‹ ‰Žƒ”‹‰ ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡”—•–‹ ƒ†’ƒ•–‘”ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ ‘™• –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– ƒ ‘’ƒ› –Š‡ ‘ƒ†‹  ”‘„‘– ‘—Ž† „‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǡƒ‘”‡”‘„—•– „”‡‡† ȋ ˆǤ Š‡—‹••‡ ʹͲͲͺȌǡ –Šƒ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ›‹‡Ž†‹‰ „—– ‹ •‘‡ •‡•‡ ˆ”ƒ‰‹Ž‡ Ǯ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–ŠŽ‡–‡ǯ ”‹•‹ƒ ‘Ž•–‡‹ –Šƒ– ‹• ‰”ƒœ‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ „ƒ ‰”‘—†Ǥ † –Š‡ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ȋƒ–‡”–Šƒ–‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†–‘†‡‘–‡ƒ‰‡”‡‘ˆ’ƒ‹–‹‰Ȍ™Š‹ Š ‘‡•™‹–Š ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘„‘– ‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ †‡’ƒ”–—”‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡† ˆ‹‡Ž†• ƒ† ”ƒ–Š‡” ”‹‰‹† –”‡‡ Ž‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ Ž‡ˆ–ǡ ƒ• ‹– ƒ› ƒŽŽ‘™ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰‘ˆ ‘™•‹ƒ–—”‡”‡•‡”˜‡•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹˜‡‡••ƒ† •Š‹ˆ–‡†‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ

Š‡‡™ ‘™•‹Ž‹‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‘—–‘–Š‡’ƒ•–—”‡ƒ”‡„‘—†–‘ ‘‡ ™‹–Š ‹–”‹ ƒ–‡ ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ ‹–Š –Š‡‹” ›‡ŽŽ‘™ ‡ƒ” –ƒ‰•ǡ ‘” ’‡”Šƒ’• ‡˜‡ Ǯ”‡‘–‡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ǯ†‡˜‹ ‡•ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘–Š‡‹”‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‹‡”•‡†‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ† ‘–”‘Ž‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•–Šƒ–Š‡’”‡‘†‡”–‹‡•–ƒŽŽ•–Š‡•‡’ƒ‹–‡† „”‡‡†•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—•‡†–‘Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’‘•‡‘ˆ‡‡”‰‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡”‘„‘– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ”‘– •‡‡• ƒ–—”ƒŽǡ •Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”• •–‹ŽŽ •‘‡™Šƒ– —•—”‡ ‹ Š‡” ‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆƒ†Œ—•–‡–‹••–‹ŽŽƒŠ‡ƒ†ǡƒ†–Š‡‡˜‡–—ƒŽ„‘˜‹‡•’‡ ‹‡• –Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ ǮŽ‡ƒ†‡” ”‘„‘–ǯ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ”‡•‡”˜‡ ƒ› Ž‘‘ ƒ† ‘˜‡ ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›Ǥ

Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ ‘– ‘Ž› ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• –Š‡ ‘–”ƒ•– „‡–™‡‡ Š‹‰Š –‡ Š ‘†‡”‹–› ƒ† ”‘ƒ–‹ ’ƒ•–‘”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ‘”‹•‹–‘Ž›•ƒ›‹‰–Šƒ–’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹ ƒŽŽ›–Š‡”‘„‘–ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”ƒ ”‡–—”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™•–‘ƒ–—”‡ǣ–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒ„”‡‡†ƒ‹‡†ƒ–”‘„—•–‡••”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǡ ˆ‘” Š‡”†‹‰ ‹ ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ •–”‹’‰”ƒœ‹‰Š‹‰ŠŽ› ’”‘†— –‹˜‡ ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ› ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡† ƒ† ‘’–‹‹œ‡† ˆ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ Ž•‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ ‹• ‡ƒ– –‘ ‘˜‡› –Š‡ ƒ„‹‰—‹–‹‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ• ‘’‡‹‰ —’ ‡™ ™ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰‘ —””‡–ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ ‘ ‡’–ȋ‘” ‹†‡ƒŽȌ •— Š ƒ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••‹•‹†‡„ƒ–‹‰–Š‡•‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‘–‡ƒ‹‰Ž‡••ǡ‡˜‡‹–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Š †‡˜‹ ‡•ǡ ‘˜‘Ž—–‡† •‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ‹„”‘‰Ž‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–—”‡Ǧ —Ž–—”‡Š›„”‹†•ǤŠƒ––Š‡‹ƒ‰‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ Ǯƒ–—”ƒŽǯ‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ž›–‘„‡”‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ǡ†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‹š–—”‡‘ˆ „‹‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡‰‹‡•–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ‹•–‘Ž‹˜‡—†‡”ȋ ˆǤ‘”‹‡”ƒ†”‹‡••‡ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤŠ‡ avisualintervention159

Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡™ ‘™ ™‘—Ž† „‡ –Š‡ ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ ‘‰‘‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡‡‡”‰‡–ƒ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›’ƒ”–Ǥ†–Š‡liveliness ȋƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡ ‘™•–—”‡†‹–‘‡”‡‘„Œ‡ –•Ȍƒ†naturalness‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ• ™‘—Ž†„‡ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘‹–‡–ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‘Ž›•‘‡–Š‹‰ –‘„‡†‡ˆ‹‡†„›ƒ–—”ƒŽǦ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ

”ǡ–Š‹•‹ƒ‰‡ƒ›Š‡Ž’–‘’”‘†— ‡ƒ†‹•‹••‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‡ǡ‘Š‘™‡˜‡•‡‹™‹Ž† ‘™• ƒ”‡ ‘™ ‡–‡”‹‰ ƒ ”‡‰‹‡ ‘ˆ †ƒ‹Ž› ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‘ Š‘™ ‡˜‡ ƒ–—”‡ ”‡•‡”˜‡•ƒ”‡„›–Š‹•‘„‹Ž‡”‘„‘––—”‡†‹–‘’”‘†— –‹˜‡Žƒ†”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ—–Š‡–‹  ™‹Ž†‡”‡••ǤͺͶ Š‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‡ ‘”‡Ǧ–ŠƒǦŠ—ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ bricolage ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ‘„‹Ž‡”‘„‘–ƒ›‰‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Šƒ’‡’‡”Šƒ’•ƒŽ•‘–‘ƒDz“—‡•–‹‘‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘– –Š‡„ƒ•‹ ’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆ‘—” —””‡–•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹ –‘ˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǡ”‡“—‹”‹‰ƒ‡–‹”‡Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ•—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡ –‘„‡ƒ†‡dzȋ–—ƒ”–ǡ Š‡™‡ǡƒ† —†‡”•‘ʹͲͳ͵ǡ͵ȂͶȌǤ‹–Š‡”™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡’‡•‹˜‡ƒ† “—‡•–‹‘‹‰‰ƒœ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘™‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡•‡‡•–‘ ƒŽŽˆ‘”ƒ”‡•’‘•‡Ǥ

Š‡—’•Š‘–‘ˆ›‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡‰”‘—’–Šƒ––”‹‡†–‘ƒ‡ƒ‘„‹Ž‡”‘„‘–‹• ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†ƒ’Ž‡ƒˆ‘”ƒ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•–—†›‹‰ǡƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‹‰ǡ‡–Š‹ •ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ – Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• Š‘™ –Š‡ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘–‹‘• •— Š ƒ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ǡ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǡŽƒ†• ƒ’‡ǡƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ ƒ”‡ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ„‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†‹ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™ƒ›•„›†‡•‹‰‹‰‡™•›•–‡•Ǥͺͷ†™Š‹Ž‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰ ™‹–Šȋ–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆȌ ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǡ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹• –—”‡† ‹–‘ ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ‘‰‘‹‰ —–—ƒŽ –ƒ‹‰ Ȃ •‘‡–‹‡• ’‡”Šƒ’•rewildingǤŽŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‹•ƒ‘—–•–‘ƒ‹–‹ƒ–‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ „‡–™‡‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ǡŠ—ƒ•ƒ†‘ǦŠ—ƒ•ǡ”‘„‘–•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ

84Butthenagain,intheNetherlandsthemostpristinenatureissituatedonrecentlyreclaimedlandaspartof anexperimentinecologicalrestoration(LorimerandDriessen2014).Evenwildernessisbothsymbolicallyas wellasmateriallyconstructed,andtoleavenaturealoneisfoundtorequirealotofeffort. 85CoraDiamondforinstancehaspointedtothewayinwhichpaintingssuchasPotter’sYoungBullmayevoke aworldandlifeforminwhichparticularconceptsaremeaningful(Diamond1988).

PartIII

Playingwithpigs

Š‹•’ƒ”––ƒ‡•–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•–™‘’ƒ”–•ƒ •–‡’ˆ—”–Š‡”ǣ‹ˆ‡–Š‹ •Šƒ’’‡•‘–Š‡ˆƒ”ƒ†‹Š—ƒǦ ƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†‹ˆ‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• ˆ‘”–‹‡”‹‰„›ƒ†™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ–Šƒ– ‡ƒ•–Š‡™ƒ›–‘•–—†›‡–Š‹ •‘–Š‡ˆƒ”ƒ†‹•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ’—„Ž‹  †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† „‡ –‘ •–ƒ”– ƒ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ ––Šƒ–„”‹‰•–Š‡•‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ ‘ǡƒˆ–‡”‡”‡Ž›†‡• ”‹„‹‰‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–•ǡ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ– ƒ† ’‹‰ –‘™‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ”‡˜‡”„‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹–‹•–‹‡–‘’—––Š‡•‡Ž‡••‘•–‘–Š‡–‡•–Ǥ ‘—Ž† ƒ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ „‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ‹‡”•‡ „”‘ƒ†‡”’—„Ž‹ •‹ȋŠ—ƒƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽȌŽ‹ˆ‡‘–Š‡ˆƒ”ǫ  †‡•‹‰ ’”‘Œ‡ – ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ‡™Ž› †‹• Ž‘•‡• –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ” ƒ† –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘” bricolage™‹–Š ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ‹ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡–—”‹‰–‘–Š‡‹••—‡•‡– Š‡†‹–Š‡’”‘Ž‘‰—‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ —• ‹–Š‹•’ƒ”–‹•‘’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰ǡƒ†‘™ƒ›•–‘‘˜‡ „‡›‘†‡š‹•–‹‰ˆƒ”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ †‹• —••‹‘• ™‹–Š ˆƒ”‡”• ‘˜‡” –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ —Ž–‹•’‡ ‹‡• ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡ǡƒ†–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ȋ‘•–Ž›™‡„„ƒ•‡†Ȍ”‡•’‘•‡• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† „› ’—„Ž‹ ‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ› –Š‹• ’ƒ”–‹•‹ˆ‘”‡†„›™‘”‹ƒ‹ƒŽ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡƒ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡ ‡•ǡ†‡„ƒ–‡•‘ȋ‰ƒ‡Ȍ†‡•‹‰ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹ –Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ‹†Ǥ

Chapter6

Caringforboredpigs:gamedesignasmultispeciesphilosophy

Dz‘Ž› ƒ” ƒ••‡•ƒ†’‡–•”‡ƒ‹dz  ‘Š‡”‰‡”ǡʹͲͲͳ

6.1ModernhumanͲpigrelations86

PigboredomrecognizedbytheEuropeanCommission ŽŽ ͳͷͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‹‰• ‹ –Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‹‘ ƒ”‡ ƒ†ƒ–‘”‹Ž› ’”‘˜‹†‡† ™‹–Š •‘‡–Š‹‰ –‘ ’Žƒ› ™‹–ŠǤͺ͹  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ —”‘’‡ƒ ‘‹••‹‘ †‹”‡ –‹˜‡ ʹͲͲͳȀͻ͵Ȁǡ‡šǡ Šƒ’–‡”ͳǡƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ͷǡ

Dz’‹‰• —•– Šƒ˜‡ ’‡”ƒ‡– ƒ ‡•• –‘ ƒ •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– “—ƒ–‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ’”‘’‡” ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥdz ȋ—”‘’‡ƒ ‘‹••‹‘ʹͲͲͳȌ

‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‹†‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ™‘—Ž† „‡ •–”ƒ™Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• ‘’–‹‘ ‹• ‘– ’‘’—Žƒ”™‹–Š‘•–’‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ–”ƒ™–‡†•–‘ Ž‘‰–Š‡•Žƒ––‡†ˆŽ‘‘”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡ƒ– –‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”ƒ—”‡–‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š”‘—‰ŠǤ†•–”ƒ™‹•–Š‘—‰Š––‘’‘•‡ƒƒ‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‘” ‡˜‡ˆ‘‘†•ƒˆ‡–›”‹•ǡƒ•‹–‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ’ƒ–Š‘‰‡•ǡ ‘’”‘‹•‹‰–Š‡ Š›‰‹‡‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‘ˆ‹–‡•‹˜‡’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰ǤŠ—•ǡ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›•–‘’”‡˜‡–’‹‰•–‘„‹–‡

86Chapters6and8areduetoappeartogetheras:Driessen,Clemens,KarsAlfrink,MarinkaCopier,Hein Lagerweij,andIreneVanPeer,(2014).Whatcouldplayingwithpigsdotous?Gamedesignasmultispecies philosophy.Antennae,theJournalofNatureinVisualCulture. 87WhereastheEnglishversionofthedirectivedoesnotusethewordplay,thesamedirectiveinitsDutch translationexplicitlymentionstherequirementtoallowpigstoplay(spelen). 164chaptersix

Image2:twopigsandametalchainwithaplasticball(onafarmthatwedidnotcollaboratewith inourdesignproject).(Photobytheauthor). caringforboredpigs165

‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǯ•–ƒ‹Ž•‡‡†–‘„‡•‘—‰Š–Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡”‘—–‹‡Ž› ƒ””›‹‰‘—–Dz–ƒ‹Ž†‘ ‹‰dz‘” –Š‡Dz”‡†— –‹‘‘ˆ ‘”‡”–‡‡–Šdzǡƒ”–‹ Ž‡ͺ•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–Dz‘–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”‡••ŠƒŽŽ„‡–ƒ‡ –‘’”‡˜‡––ƒ‹Ž„‹–‹‰ƒ†‘–Š‡”˜‹ ‡•DzǤ ƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡–‘•‘‡‡š–‡– ˆ”‡‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” Š‘‹ ‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–›’‡‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ –•–‘•‡”˜‡ƒ•’‡‡”‹ Š‡–ǡƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•‹–‹• ‘”‡–Šƒƒ•‹’Ž‡‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‹Ǥ‘•–Ž›–Š‹•‡ƒ•–Š‡’‹‰•”‡ ‡‹˜‡ƒ‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‹ ™‹–Šƒ•ƒŽŽ’Žƒ•–‹ „ƒŽŽƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘‹–ǡ•—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽǤ—––Š‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘ ‘Ž› ‹Ž†Ž› ‡–‡”–ƒ‹ –Š‡ ’‹‰•ǡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡› •— —„ –‘ „‘”‡†‘ ƒ† ƒ‰‰”‡••‹‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ

Š‡ Playing with Pigs’”‘Œ‡ –ͺͺ  †‡• ”‹„‡ Š‡”‡ ‹• ˆ‹”•– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ƒ† ‘•–‡•‹„Ž› ƒ„‘—– ‡‡–‹‰–Š‹•”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡•Ǯ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡”‹ Š‡–ǯ‘ˆƒ”•ǡƒŽ„‡‹–‹ ƒ†‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›•‘’Š‹•–‹ ƒ–‡†™ƒ›ǡƒ‹‹‰–‘†‘‘”‡–‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–Š‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ’‹‰•ǤŠ‡—”‘’‡ƒ‘‹••‹‘ǯ•Ƭ’”‡••‘ˆˆ‹ ‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ‡™•‹–‡‘‘—” ’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ–Š—•‰”ƒ–‹‰‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰ƒ‡ƒ•ƒȋ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽȌ™ƒ›–‘‡‡– –Š‡†‹”‡ –‹˜‡ȋ—”‘’‡ƒ‘‹••‹‘ǣ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ

‡Ž‘™  ™‹ŽŽ ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ Š‘‹ ‡• ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• †—”‹‰–Š‡ ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ’”‘–‘–›’‡ ‰ƒ‡ ™Š‹ Š ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ –‡•–‹‰ ƒ† —””‡–Ž› •‡‡ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ˆ—”–Š‡”Ǥ†™‡™‹ŽŽ—•‡–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡•’‘•‡•–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†–‘ †‹• —••–Š‡‹†•‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰•ƒ†‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–Dz’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š›‘—”ˆ‘‘†dzȋƒ•–Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ™ƒ• •‡˜‡”ƒŽ –‹‡• Žƒ„‡Ž‡† ‹ –Š‡’‘’—Žƒ” ’”‡••Ȍ ‘—Ž† „‡ –Š‘—‰Š––‘ Šƒ˜‡Ǥ Š‡”‡„›™‡‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹ Š†‡•‹‰ ƒ„‡ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ’‹‰•ƒ† ‘•—‡”•Ǥ

Videogamesforpigs Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”––‘‡”‡Ž›†‡•‹‰˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡•ˆ‘”’‹‰•™‘—Ž†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǣƒ•ƒ™ƒ›–‘’—„Ž‹ Ž› ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ –Šƒ– „‘”‡†‘ˆ‘”’‹‰•ƒ‘—–•–‘ƒ•‡”‹‘—•™‡Žˆƒ”‡‹••—‡ǡƒ†–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Šƒ– —””‡– ™ƒ›•‘ˆ‡‡–‹‰–Š‹•”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘†‘‘–•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›‡–‡”–ƒ‹–Š‡•‡ Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Dz—–‹•ǯ––Š‹•— Š–‘‘‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǫdz‹•ƒ ‘‘ˆ‹”•–”‡•’‘•‡ ™‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†Ǥ ”‘’‘•‹‰–‘‹’Ž‡‡– ‘•–Ž›–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ›Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–Š‘™‘”‡‘„˜‹‘—•ƒ† Š‡ƒ’™ƒ›•–‘‹’”‘˜‡’‹‰ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ”‡ —””‡–Ž›ƒŽ•‘‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡†„‡‹‰‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›˜‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

88Thisdesignprojectinvolvedbesidestheauthorofthisthesisseveralresearchersanddesignersassociated withtheUtrechtSchooloftheArts,departmentofArt,MediaandTechnology:KarsAlfrink,MarinkaCopier, HeinLagerweijandIrenevanPeer.InanearlystagealsoMarcBrackeofWageningenURLivestockResearch wasinvolved.Foranoverviewandthelatestnewssee:www.playingwithpigs.nl 166chaptersix   ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ’‹ –—”‹‰ˆƒ”‡†’‹‰•ƒ•˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡’Žƒ›‡”• ‘—Ž† ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ƒ•‡•‡ –Šƒ––Š‡›†‘‘–ȋ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›Ȍ‡š‹•–‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ‘—”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ––Š‡ •ƒ‡–‹‡‹ˆ‘”‹‰ƒ™‹†‡”’—„Ž‹ ‘Š‘™–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ‹˜‡•‘ˆˆƒ”‡†’‹‰•†‘‘– ”‡•‡„Ž‡–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–’‹‰•‡Œ‘›‹–Š‡™ƒ›•–‹ŽŽ ‘‘Ž›’”‘Œ‡ –‡†‹–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ” ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡ Žƒœ› —† „ƒ–Š• ™‹–Š ™ƒ†‡”‹‰ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ „ƒ”›ƒ”†–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šƒ”‘‘•–‡”ǡƒŠ‘”•‡ƒ†ƒ ‘™Ǥ  ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ‘”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–ˆ‘”ˆƒ”‡†’‹‰•‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆƒƒ‹ƒŽƒ„‘—–™Š‘™‡‹ˆƒ –‘™˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡ǤŠ‹•‹••‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ†ˆƒ”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”•Ž‡ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ˆ‡‡†‡”•›•–‡•–Šƒ– ƒ‘‹–‘”ƒ†‘’–‹‹œ‡–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆ‡‡†‹‰  

  Image3:PigletsandaballthatwasbroughttothefarmbyanimalscientistMarcBracke,forour firstonͲfarmdesignsessionwithpigs.Rightaway,thepigletsstartedtoindividuallydifferentiate themselves, as some were more daring than others. Also it became clear that the piglet in the foregroundwasmoreinterestedinthecameraequipmentandthehumanbehinditthanintheball thatheorshewasmeanttoplaywith.(Photo:PlayingwithPigs).

 caringforboredpigs167

„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‘ˆ ’‹‰• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹‘ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ŽŽƒ”•Ǥ  ‘ –‹‡ǡ‰”‘—’Š‘—•‡†’‹‰•™‡”‡ˆ‘—†–‘ǮŠƒ ǯ–Š‡•‡•›•–‡•ǣ•‘‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›™ƒ‹–‡† ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’‡ƒ–‡•–‘’”‡•‡––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†ˆ‡‡†‹‰•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†„‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† „› –Š‡ •›•–‡Ǥ ’‘ –Š‡ ‘’‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘‘”• –Š‡› ™‘—Ž† –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‹„Ž› †‹•’Žƒ ‡ –Š‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ’‹‰ ƒ† ‰ƒ‹ ‡–”› ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ ‡ƒ”‹‰ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ ‡š–”ƒ ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‘—†–‘’‹ —’ ‘ŽŽƒ”•Ž‘•–„›–Š‡‹”ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™’‹‰•–‘ Š‡  ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•‡‰‹˜‡ƒ ‡••–‘‡š–”ƒˆ‡‡†Ǥ

Š‡ ™‡ †‹• —••‡† –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‰ƒ‡• ˆ‘” ’‹‰• ™‹–Š ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ –Š‹• Ž‡† –Š‡–‘†‡• ”‹„‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† –Š‡‹”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ —”‹‘•‹–›ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡ˆ—Ž‡••Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡‡”‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆ ’‹‰•’Žƒ›‹‰˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹•–‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–›’‡‘ˆ’‘”–”ƒ›ƒŽ‘ˆ’‹‰•Ǥ ˆ ‘Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•– ‘‘ˆ‹”•–”‡•’‘•‡‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘Š‡ƒ”‘ˆ‘—”‡ˆˆ‘”–•ǣ

Dz‡•ǡ’‹‰•ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽŽ›‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–›‘—‘™Ǥdz

Pigsplayingwithus:renderingthembothpetandcarcass? ‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ƒ„‹–‹‘—• ‰‘ƒŽ –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ƒ‡ ’‹‰• ‘‡–ƒ”‹Ž› ˆ‘”‰‡– ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹” ’”‡†‹ ƒ‡– ƒ† •–‘’ Šƒ”ƒ••‹‰ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”ǡ ™Šƒ– ‘—”’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ‹•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‹•‘–ȋŒ—•–ȌƒŠ‹‰ŠǦ–‡ ŠƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘•–”ƒ™ǡ„—–‡†‹ƒ–‡† ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆƒ”‡†’‹‰•ƒ†Š—ƒ•Ǥ‡™ƒ›–‘ƒ”‰—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ Š—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”•‹•–‘ Žƒ‹–Šƒ–Š—ƒ• ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‘”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ƒ††›ƒ‹  ’Žƒ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›„‘”‡†’‹‰•–Šƒƒ‡”‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘’’‘‡– ‘—Ž†‘ˆˆ‡”Ǥ –‡”–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡†‘‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–”—‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘™–‘‰”‘™„‘”‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹ “—‹ Ž› ƒˆ–‡” ‰‡––‹‰—•‡† –‘ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–‘›Ǥ —– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ interspecies playǡ„‡–™‡‡ ‘ˆ‹‡†’‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡‹”’”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘•—‡”•ǡ–Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ‹•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‘”‡Ǥ

‘Š ‡”‰‡” Šƒ• ˆƒ‘—•Ž› ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– ȋŽƒ–‡Ȍ ‘†‡”‹–› ‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› –Š‡ Ǯ†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽǯȋ‡”‰‡”ʹͲͲͻȌǤ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Šƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ›„‡ —„‹“—‹–‘—•‹’‘’—Žƒ” —Ž–—”‡ǡ„—–‘Ž›–‘ˆ‹‰—”‡ƒ••‹‰•ƒ†•›„‘Ž•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ „‡‹‰˜‹˜‹†Ž›’”‡•‡––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ‹‰•ƒ”‡‘‡š ‡’–‹‘–‘–Š‹•’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ †‡‡† ȋ‹–Š‡‡•–Ȍ™‡ˆ‹†‘—”•‡Ž˜‡••—””‘—†‡†„›‹ƒ‰‡”›‘ˆ’‹‰•Ǥ˜‡’‹‰ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ „‡ Š‡ƒ”† –‘ ‘’Žƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡†Ž‡•• ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ’‹‰ –Š‡‡† ‹–‡• –Š‡› ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ ƒ• „‹”–Š†ƒ›’”‡•‡–•ˆ”‘ƒ “—ƒ‹–ƒ ‡•ǡŽ‹––‡”‹‰–Š‡Š‘—•‡™‹–Š’‹‰ •Šƒ’‡† „‘––Ž‡ ‘’‡‡”•ƒ† ‹‰ƒ”‡––‡Ž‹‰Š–‡”•Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡˆƒ”‹‰ƒ†‹–•’‡ —Ž‹ƒ””‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‘Ž‘‰‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡‘ˆ‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡ȋ ƒ”„‡”•ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ‹ƒ‘† ͳͻͺͺȌǡ ƒ• ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ”‰—‡† ‹ Šƒ’–‡” ʹ ȋ”‹‡••‡ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ ƒ˜‹‰ †‹”‡ – 168chaptersix

‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•™‹–Š ‡”–ƒ‹‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ǡƒ†–Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰–‘ ‹ŽŽƒ† ‘•—‡–Š‡ǡƒ›–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–Š‹•–‘”›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ„—–Šƒ• ‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡ ‘‡–‘„‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•‹””‡ ‘ ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡‹–‹ƒ ›ƒ†ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ ȋ‹œ‡ŽŽ‡ʹͲͳͳȌ–Šƒ– Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†Š—ƒȂ’‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘’”‹‘”†‹ƒŽ–‹‡•—’–‘ –Š‡ƒ‰”‘Ǧ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡŠƒ•‹–Š‡ʹͲ–Š ‡–—”›„‡‡”‡’Žƒ ‡†„›ƒ ‘’Ž‡š ȋƒ† ’‡”Šƒ’• ‡˜‡ ‘”‡ ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡–Ȍ ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡† •‡Ž‡ –‹˜‡‹‰‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ˜‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”Š‘—•‡•ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡†•‘ –Šƒ–‘™‘”‡”„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•Š‹Ǧ‘”Š‡”•‡Žˆ–‘†‘–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ȋƒ Š‹”ƒ– ʹͲͳͳȌǤͺͻ Š—•™‡Ž‹˜‡‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡‹™Š‹ Šǡ‹–Š‡™‘”†•‘ˆ ‘Š‡”‰‡”ǡDz‘Ž› ƒ” ƒ••‡•ƒ† ’‡–•”‡ƒ‹dzȋ‡”‰‡”ʹͲͲͳȌǤ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹‘—”’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ‰”‡‡†ǣ

Dz  –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› †ƒ›•ǡ Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ† †‡ƒ–Š ™‡”‡ Ž‘•‡” –Šƒ ‘™Ǥ ‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ —””‡–Ž› ‡‹–Š‡” •‡‡ ƒ• Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ ‘” ‡”‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† ƒ„‘—– –Š‡Žƒ––‡”™‡†‘ǯ–™ƒ––‘‘™ƒ›‘”‡ǤŠ‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹ Šˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡ ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‹ǡ–‘„‘–Š„‘†ƒ†Ž‡–‰‘ǡŠƒ”†Ž›ƒ›‘‡†‘‡•ƒ›‘”‡Ǥdz

—–™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•‹ˆ™‡‹˜‹–‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘–”›–Š‹•ƒ‰ƒ‹ǫ‡†‹ƒ”‡’‘”–•‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘ ‘—” ’”‘Œ‡ – Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† Š‘™ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ Ǯ’Žƒ› ™‹–Š –Š‡‹”ˆ‘‘†ǯȋ”‡ ‡–‡ ʹͲͳʹȌ ‹• ƒ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› —•‡––Ž‹‰ ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ †‹•”—’–‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ƒ–Ž›œ‘‡† —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š‘—”ˆƒ‹Ž›’‡–ƒ††‹‹‰‘‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž› ’”‘†— ‡† ‡ƒ– ƒ†‡ˆ”‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•™‡Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”‡–ƒŽ‹˜‡ǤŠ‹•Šƒ•Ž‡†•‘‡™Š‘•‡Žˆ‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ• ˜‡‰ƒƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‹•–•–‘™‡Ž ‘‡–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǡƒŽ„‡‹–™‹–Š”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǤǮ‡‰ƒ•ƒ—”—•Ǩǯ ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡™”‘–‡ǣ

Dz ǯŠƒ˜‹‰ƒŠƒ”†–‹‡†‡ ‹†‹‰Š‘™ ˆ‡‡Žƒ„‘—––Š‹•‡™•ǨŠƒ– —•– ‡ƒ‹–ǯ•†‡‡’ǡ”‹‰Š–ǫ ‡ƒǡ‘–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†ǡ—•‡”•‰‡––‘’Žƒ›™‹–Š —–‡ ’‹‰•ǡ–Š‡’‹‰•‰‡––‘Šƒ˜‡ˆ—ǡƒ†‡˜‡”›‘‡„‘†•Ǥ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›–Š‹ƒ‰ƒ‡ Ž‹‡–Š‹• ‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’ƒŽ‘–‘”‡’‡‘’Ž‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡Š‘™•ƒ”–ƒ†ƒ™‡•‘‡’‹‰• ƒ”‡ ƒ† ’—•Š –Š‡ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹––Ž‡ „—‰‰‡”•Ǥ —– ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ™Šƒ–ƒ„‘—––Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘’Žƒ›–Š‹•‰ƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡‰‘‡ƒ–•‘‡ „ƒ ‘ǫŠƒ–”‡“—‹”‡••— Šƒ†‡‡’Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ†‡‹ƒŽ‹– ƒǯ–„‡‰‘‘†ˆ‘”‘—” •’‡ ‹‡•ǤdzȋǮ‡‰ƒ•ƒ—”—•ǨǯʹͲͳͳȌ

89 Thereby eerily resembling a common view of the material organization of the holocaust, for instance described by Bauman (2013) as a prime example of how modern bureaucratic apparatuses produce the absenceofanexperienceofresponsibilityandfosterthe‘overcomingofananimalpity’. caringforboredpigs169

––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡•‘‡ˆƒ”‡”•”‡•’‘†‡†’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›–‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ ™ƒ›–‘‡†— ƒ–‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‘’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡•‡–Ǧ—’ ‘—Ž†–Š‡ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒʹͳ•– ‡–—”›ˆƒ”˜‹•‹–‘–‹”‡†‹‘•–ƒŽ‰‹ƒǤ‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›‡†‹ƒ–‡† ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š’‹‰•™‘—Ž††‡’Ž‘›™Šƒ–‹• —””‡–Ž›„‡ ‘‹‰–Š‡’”‹‡‘†‡‘ˆ Š—ƒ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Šƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽŠ‡”‡ǡ•‘‡™Š‡”‡ǡƒ‘‰—•Ǥ Š—•ǡ–Š‡‰ƒ‡™‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‰Ž‹’•‡‘ˆ‘†‡”‡ƒ–’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ–Š‡™ƒ›‹– ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› Šƒ’’‡• ȋ™‹–Š ƒ ‰ƒ‡ ƒ††‡†ȌǤ  ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ™Š‹ Š ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ˆƒ”‡”• ™‡ ‡– ™‡”‡“—‹–‡‡ƒ‰‡”–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–‘Ȃ™Šƒ––Š‡›ˆ‡‡Žƒ”‡Ȃ—”„ƒ‹–‡ ‘•—‡”•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘–”—‡”—”ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ

Dz ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Šƒ–‰ƒ‡••— Šƒ•–Š‹•™‘—Ž†̵–„‡“—‹–‡–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•”ƒ‹•‹‰ƒ ƒ‹ƒŽǡ„—– ̵ —”‹‘—•–‘•‡‡™Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž††‘–‘–Š‡ƒ••‹˜‡’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ „ƒ””‹‡”–Šƒ–™‡ǡƒ•ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›ǡŠƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†„‡–™‡‡—•ƒ††‡ƒ–ŠǤdz ȋ‡‘ ”‘•–‡†ǡƒ–Ǯ”‡††‹–Ǥ ‘Ȁƒ•• ‹‡ ‡ǯȌ

ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ ƒ• •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ˆƒ”‡”• ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‡– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ǡ ‹•–Šƒ–’‹‰•Šƒ˜‡ „‡ ‘‡ ‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ Ǥ Š‹• ‹• –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ• ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘ ƒ”‡ˆ‘”’‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆ™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘’ƒ›ˆ‘” ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡‘ˆ–‡Žƒ‡–‡††‹• ”‡’ƒ ›„‡–™‡‡citizenƒ†consumerǡ–Š‡‘‡•—’’‘•‡†Ž› †‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡” Š‡ƒ’‡ƒ–ǡ‹–Š‹•’”‘Œ‡ –‹•‘–ƒ††”‡••‡† „›ƒ––‡’–‹‰–‘–—” ‘•—‡”•‹–‘ ‹–‹œ‡•ǡ„—–„›ƒ††‹‰ƒ–Š‹”†ˆ‹‰—”‡ǣ•‘‡‘‡ ™Š‘’Žƒ›•™‹–Š’‹‰•ȋƒ†–Š‡”‡„›ƒˆ‘—”–Šǡ–Š‡’‹‰ȌǤ‹ŽŽŽƒ›‹‰™‹–Š‹‰•„‡ƒ™ƒ› –‘ ‘ˆ”‘– ƒ‡ƒ– ‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ Ž‘˜‹‰ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹ ‘•‹•–‡ ›‘” ‡˜‡ schizophrenia ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘•—‡” Š‘‹ ‡•ǫ ” †‘‡• ‹– ‹•–‡ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”ƒˆ–‹‰‘ˆƒ’‘•–‘†‡”ǡŠ‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Šǡ†‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›‡†‹ƒ–‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ‡”‰‡”ǯ•’‡ƒ•ƒ– Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡ǫŠ‡ȋ–Š‹•–‹‡’‡”Šƒ’•‹”‘‹ ǡ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‡Žˆ ‘• ‹‘—•Ȍ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ •‡•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒ† •‡Žˆ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š Ž‹˜‹‰ ‹ Ž‘•‡ ‘‡ –‹‘ –‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘‘†ǫ‘Šƒ’’‹Ž›’Žƒ›™‹–Š‘—”’‹‰ƒ†‡ƒ–Š‡”–‘‘ǫ

Dz ™‘†‡”‹ˆ–Š‹•™‘—Ž†ƒ‡–Š‡Š—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘‡’ƒ–Š‹œ‡ ™‹–Š–Š‡’‹‰‘”ƒ‡–Š‡Ž‡••Ž‹‡Ž›–‘‡’ƒ–Š‹œ‡™‹–Šƒ›‘‡Ǥdz ȋ‘–”ƒ‘•‹–‹˜‡ǡƒ–Ǯ”‡††‹–Ǥ ‘Ȁƒ•• ‹‡ ‡ǯȌ

‘•‘‡‡š–‡–ǡ™Šƒ––Š‡‰ƒ‡ ‘—Ž††‘‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ‹–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ Š‘„„›ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ™Š‘‹–Š‡‹”ƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆ‘”‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ› „Ž—” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ǮŽ‹˜‡•–‘ ǯ ƒ† Ǯ’‡–ǯ ȋ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ› ʹͲͲͳȌǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ› Š‘™‡˜‡” •–”‡••‡•–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‡„‘†‹‡–‹–Š‡•‡ƒ„‹‰—‘—•”‡Žƒ–‹‘• 170chaptersix

Ȃ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ •‹–—ƒ–‡† ‘”ƒŽ‹–› ’”‘Œ‡ –‡† „› †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ „‡ ‡š’‡ –‡†–‘„‡‘ˆƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹†Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡŠ‘„„›ˆƒ”‡”•ǡŽ‡–ƒŽ‘‡ ’”‡‘†‡”’‡ƒ•ƒ–•ǡƒ”‡‘–Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡–Š‡‹”†‡ƒŽ‹‰•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’‹‰•ƒ• Ǯ’Žƒ›ǯǤ

Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ‰ƒ‡Ž‘‘Ž‹‡–Šƒ–‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ƒ•ƒ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›’‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘•—‡”•ǫ –Š‹•ƒ†–Š‡‡š– Šƒ’–‡” ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‹•“—‡•–‹‘–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šˆƒ”‡”•ǡ’”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡Š—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”•ǡƒ†’‹‰•Ǥ

6.2 Maintaining interpretive flexibility: making a boundary object for deliberativeplay

‹–Š –Š‡ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ƒ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘‰‘‹‰ ’”‘Œ‡ – Š‘’‡• –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”ƒ–Š‡” ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‹‰’—„Ž‹ ”‡•’‘•‡•‹–”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ǡ‹–•‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†‘—”‹–‡–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ‘–‹—ƒŽŽ›“—‡•–‹‘‡†ǣ •‹–ǮŒ—•–ƒƒ”–’”‘Œ‡ –ǯ‘”ƒ•‡”‹‘—•ƒ––‡’––‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ’‹‰•ǫ • ‹– ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ‰ƒ‡ †‡•‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡”‡Ž› ƒ ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›‹†‘ˆ‡†Ǧ—•‡”•ǫ •‹–ƒŠ‘ƒšǫ •‹––”—Ž›‡ƒ–ƒ•ƒ™ƒ›–‘‡‡– ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǫ • ‹– ƒ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒŽ‹‰‡† ™‹–Š ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ƒ‰”‹„—•‹‡••ǫ”‹•‹–ƒ•—„˜‡”•‹˜‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡‘ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ –Šƒ–‹•†‡•‹‰‡†–‘ƒ‡—••‡‡’‹‰•ƒ•Ž‘˜‡Ž›ǡ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž ”‡ƒ–—”‡•ǫ

‘ˆƒ”™‡Šƒ˜‡–”‹‡†–‘ ‘„‹‡ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡•ƒ‡’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ ‘”‘—” †‡•‹‰ –‘ „‡ ’”‘†— –‹˜‡ ‹ ‘‡ –‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•–• ƒ† ˜‹‡™•ǡ –Š‡ ‘‰‘‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡‘—‰ŠǮ‹–‡”’”‡–‹˜‡ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›ǯȋ‹ Šƒ†‹Œ‡” ͳͻͺͶȌ–‘ƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‹•†‡‡‡†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘ˆ‘—”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”ƒ –‹ ‡• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ–‡ •–ƒ”–‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ• ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ –‹˜‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘„Œ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘–”‘Ž ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǣ –Š‡ ƒ”–• ƒ† ƒ”–‹•–‹  †‡•‹‰ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•–—†‹‡•ǡ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡƒ†ƒ––‡’–•ƒ– transition management ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ system innovationȋ‘•ǡ ”‘‘–‘‡”ƒ’ǡƒ† ”‘‡‡•–‡‹ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

Š—•–Š‡‰ƒ‡ƒ›ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•ƒ’—”’‘•‡ˆ—ŽŽ›†‡•‹‰‡†boundaryobjectȋ–ƒ”ƒ† ”‹‡•‡‡” ͳͻͺͻȌ –Šƒ– ‘‡ –• †‹•’ƒ”ƒ–‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†•ǣ ƒ‹‰ ‰ƒ‡ †‡•‹‰‡”• •’‡† –‹‡ ™‹–Š ’‹‰•ǡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡ ’‹‰‹†—•–”›ǡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡™ ™ƒ›• –‘ „‡ ƒ––‡–‹˜‡ –‘ ’‹‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ƒ† †‹• —••‹‰ ‹– –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ †‡‡†˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ—†‹‡ ‡•Šƒ˜‡•–ƒ”–‡†–‘ƒ••‡„Ž‡ƒ”‘—† –Š‹• •‹‰Ž‡ caringforboredpigs171

Ǯ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ’‹‡ ‡ǯǤ  –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• –Š‡› ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Šƒ– —– ƒ ”‘••†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ ‘‡ –†‹•’ƒ”ƒ–‡‘†‡•‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰ ƒ††‡„ƒ–‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘—†”—•Ǥ

Frompersuasiveorcritical,todeliberativeplaydesign? ‹‡ –Š‡ •–”ƒ†• ‘ˆ ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘ ‡‹˜‡† ‘ˆ ƒ• Ǯ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ’Žƒ›ǯ ȋ Žƒƒ‰ƒ ʹͲͲͻȌ ‘” Ǯ’‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡ ‰ƒ‡•ǯ ȋ‘‰‘•– ʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ ‘—” †‡•‹‰ ‹• ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‡ƒ– ƒ• ƒ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘Ǥ‹–Š–Š‹•‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘™‡†‘‘– Žƒ‹–‘„‡‘”ƒŽŽ›‡—–”ƒŽ „—–‹–‡†–‘†”ƒ™ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘ —””‡–ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–Šƒ– ™‡–”›–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹ ‡™ ™ƒ›• ƒ• „‡‹‰ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ Ǥ —– —Ž‹‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‰ƒ‡•ǡ ‘—” ’”‘Œ‡ –‹•‘– ‘‹––‡†‹ƒ†˜ƒ ‡–‘ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‹ ‘” ‘”ƒŽ ‹†‡ƒŽǤ Š‡”‡„› ‹– ‹• ‘– •‘ — Š ƒ ƒ––‡’– ƒ– „‡‹‰ Ǯ’‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡ǯǡ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ’Žƒ›–Šƒ–™‡™‘—Ž† ƒŽŽǮ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡’Žƒ›ǯǤ –‹•ƒƒ––‡’––‘†‡•‹‰ƒ•’ƒ ‡ ˆ‘” ‡™ ‡ ‘—–‡”•ǡ •‡ŽˆǦ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘’‡ ‡†‡† ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ƒ •’ƒ ‡‹™Š‹ Š”‘‘‹• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”ˆƒ”‡”•–‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘–Š‡‹”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ† ‡š’”‡•• –Š‡‹” ˜‹‡™•Ǣ ƒ† ƒ •’ƒ ‡ ˆ‘” †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ˜‹˜‹†Ž› ’”‡•‡–ǤŠ‘—‰Š™‡Š‘’‡–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ•—„˜‡”•‹˜‡ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› —•‡––Ž‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ™‹–Š ‘—” ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‡šƒ – ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ •Š‘—Ž†–ƒ‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘‹–‹•‘–‹• ”‹„‡†‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰Ǣ‹ˆ‘Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡™‡ƒ”‡‘– •—”‡‘ˆ–Šƒ–‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ

Relatingtoone’smoralself ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‰„‡–™‡‡ƒ”–‹•–‹ ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ǡ™‡Š‘’‡–‘ƒš‹‹œ‡–Š‡Ǯ™‘”Ž† †‹• Ž‘•‹‰ǯ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†‹˜‘Ž˜‡ƒƒ –‹˜‡”‡ƒ’’”ƒ‹•ƒŽ ‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘„‡ƒ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡† ‹ Šƒ’–‡” ͵ ȋ”‹‡••‡ ƒ† ‘”–ŠƒŽ• ʹͲͳʹȌǤ Š‡ ‡”‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ›‹‰ ™‹–Š ’‹‰• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ƒ†‡ ‘‡–ƒ–‘”• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‘ –Š‡ ™‡„Ȍ ‡š’Ž‹ ƒ–‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‹”‘™‘”ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰Ǥ

Dz‘—‰—›•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽŒ—•– Š‹ ‡‹‰‘—––‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹••—‡ǡ–Šƒ––Š‹•ƒ’’‹•ƒ†‡ „›˜‡‰‡–ƒ”‹ƒ•–‘‰‡–—•–‘•–‘’‡ƒ–‹‰”‡ƒŽˆ‘‘†ǤǤǤǤǤdzȋǮ–”ƒ‰‡‹‰Š–ǯǡƒ–Ǯ–Š‡ ƒ‹Ž›™ŠǤƒ–ǯȌ

Š‹•™ƒ•ƒ•—•’‹ ‹‘‡š’”‡••‡†„›ƒƒ‘›‘—• ‘‡–‡”‹”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ‘—” ‘ ‡’– ˜‹†‡‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘‡– ‹’Ž‹‡• –Š‡ ‘˜‹ –‹‘ –Šƒ– ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† „‘†‹‰ ™‘—Ž† ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ”‹ƒ †‹‡– Š‘‹ ‡•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ ƒ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‹”‘‹  ™ƒ› ”‡ˆ”ƒ‹‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ –Š‡”• ‡š’”‡••‡† •‹‹Žƒ” 172chaptersix

‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ’”‘„‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‘”ƒŽ ‘‹–‡–• ™Š‹Ž‡ †”ƒ™‹‰ ‘ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ”‡‰‹•–‡”•Ȃˆ”‘ˆ”ƒƒ ‘—–•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹ ‘•‹•–‡ ›ǣ

Dz ǯ–‘”Ǥ –Š‹‹–ǯ•ƒŽ‘•–‹†‘ˆ•‹ ƒ•‹–ƒ‡•›‘—”‡‡„‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡’‹‰•ƒ”‡ǯ–•–—’‹†Ǥ†›‡–ǡ Ž‘˜‡„ƒ ‘ǤdzȋǮƒ˜‹†‘‡Žǯǡƒ–ǮŠ‡‡”‰‡ǯȌ

‘•–”‘‰‡”†‹•‹••ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ ‘„‹‹‰‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†’Žƒ›ǣ

Dz Šƒ˜‡‘‹†‡ƒŠ‘™–‘˜‘–‡‘–Š‹•̶“—‹ ’‘ŽŽǤ̶ –•‡‡•“—‹–‡’•› Š‘–‹ –‘ǣ ȋͳȌ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Šƒ–ƒƒ‹ƒŽ‹•˜‡”›‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–ƒ†Šƒ•ƒ™‹‹‰ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†ȋʹȌ’”‘˜‹†‡–Šƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡ Šƒ ‡–‘’Žƒ›ƒ‰ƒ‡–Šƒ– —–‹Ž‹œ‡•ƒ†‡š‡” ‹•‡•–Š‘•‡–”ƒ‹–•ǤǤǤǤǤ‘Ž›ȋ͵Ȍ•‘›‘— ƒˆ‡‡ŽƒŽ‹––Ž‡„‹–„‡––‡” ƒ„‘—–‹ŽŽ‹‰‹–ǨǨǨǨǨǨǨǨǨǨǨ ƒ†‘”‡’‹‰•ȋƒ†™‘—Ž†‡˜‡”‡ƒ–ƒ›’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘‡ȌǤ † ̵ ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ˆ‹†‹‰ ™ƒ›• –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ ’Žƒ› ƒ† „‡ ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ —–  Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ƒ†‹– –Š‡ ˜‹†‡‘ Ž‡ˆ– ‡ ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡ “—‡ƒ•› ƒ† •ƒ†Ǥdz ȋ‹†› ǡ ƒ– Ǯ ƒ”‡ʹǤ ‘ǯȌǤ

†Š‹‰ŠŽ›‹”‘‹ ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‘˜‡”Ǧƒ–Š”‘’‘‘”’Š‹œ‹‰ǣ

Dz  ™‹•Š ’‹‰• ™‡”‡ ‘– •‘ †‡Ž‹ ‹‘—•ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› •‡‡ Ž‹‡ ”‡ƒŽŽ› ‹ ‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǤdzȋǮ’ƒ ƒ‡•ˆ‘”‘‡ǯƒ–Ǯƒ•Šƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘ǯȌ

Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘•‡•ǡ ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ™ƒ›• ’”‘„‹‰ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ– Š‹‰ –Š‡ ˜‹†‡‘ǡ”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ›”‡Žƒ–‡–‘–Š‡‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ† Š‘™ –Š‡› —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• ȋŠ‡”‡ ƒ‘›‘—•ǡ ™‡„ „ƒ•‡†Ȍ ’—„Ž‹  ’‡”•‘ƒ‡–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ„‹‰—‹–‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

6.3Designingwithpigsasdoingmultispeciesphilosophy

‡•‹†‡• ‹– „‡‹‰ ƒ ’—„Ž‹  ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ˆ”ƒ‡† „› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ •ǡ –Š‹• ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒŽ•‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡–• ™‹–Š ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‰‡”‡•‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ‘’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ† ‡–Š‹ •‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ǮŠƒ’’‡ǯ‘Ž›‹ƒ†‹• —”•‹˜‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Šƒ–ƒ‹• –‘ ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡ ƒ”‰—‡–•‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡•ǫ” ‘—Ž†–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ – „‡ ƒ ™ƒ› –‘ ˆ‘”‡‰”‘—†–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ›‡–ƒ‰Ž‡†ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽƒ†‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹– ‡ƒ•–‘„‡ƒ‘”ƒŽ’‡”•‘ǫ† ‘—Ž†‹–„‡ƒ™ƒ›–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹†‘ˆ caringforboredpigs173

–Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—–Š—ƒƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ‹†•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǫŠ‡‘‰‘‹‰†‡•‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–• ƒ”‡ ‹ˆ‘”‡† „› ”‡•’‘•‡• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ‘‡–ƒ–‘”•ǡ „› †‡„ƒ–‡• ‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†• •— Š ƒ• ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ • ‹‡ ‡ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǣ„—–ƒŽ•‘„›–Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡’‹‰•’”‡•‡–ƒ–‘—”ˆƒ”˜‹•‹–•Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‹‰ ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ‰ƒ‡• ƒ ‹–•‡Žˆ „‡ ƒ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ „”‹‰‹‰ Ǯ‘”‡Ǧ–ŠƒǦŠ—ƒǯ –Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ•‹–‡•‘ˆ‹–‡•‹˜‡’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ

‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ȋƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹ ‡”–ƒ‹’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒ ƒ†‡‹ƒȌ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡†ƒ•Dz‰‘‘† –‘–Š‹™‹–Šdzȋ‡‹•‡Žǡ‡ŽŽ›ǡƒ†‘—•‹‰ƒ–ʹͲͳ͵Ǣ‹Ž‹‡ʹͲͳ͵ȌǢ•‡‡‡˜‹Ǧ–”ƒ—•• ȋͳͻ͸͸Ȍˆ‘”–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’Š”ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•†‘‘–Œ—•–ˆ‹‰—”‡ƒ•‡”‡•–ƒ‰‡’”‘’• ‹•— Šƒ™ƒ›ƒ•–‘ƒ‡Š—ƒ••Š‹‡‹ ‘–”ƒ•–ȋ›Ž‡”ʹͲͳʹȌǡ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ „‡ƒ‰‡—‹‡Ž›•Šƒ”‡†ƒ†•‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǤŠ‹‹‰‹•–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‡”–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ• Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ ™Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡• ‹•‹†‡ Š—ƒ „”ƒ‹•Ǥ ‘” Œ—•– ‹•‹†‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ „”ƒ‹•ǣ ”ƒ ‘‹•‡‡‡Ž•ˆ‡Ž†‡”ǡƒƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡–‹•–•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹’‹‰„‘”‡†‘ǡŠƒ•ƒ”‰—‡† Š‘™ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˜‹‡™ ƒ‘‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• ‘ˆ ȋƒ‹ƒŽȌ ‘• ‹‘—•‡•• ƒ• ’—”‡Ž› ‹–‡”ƒŽ ƒ† ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽǡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ƒ• ƒ ‹Š‡”‡–Ž› ‡š’”‡••‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••ǡŠƒ••–‘‘†‹–Š‡™ƒ›‘ˆ‘”‡Ž‡‹‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘” ‘”‡‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǣ

Dz‘• ‹‘—• ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• †‘‡• ‘– †”‹˜‡ –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ ƒ Š‹‡ ˆ”‘ Ǯ™‹–Š‹ǯǡ„—– ‘‡•–‘‡š’”‡••‹‘‹ƒ –‹‘ǡƒ•ƒ‡‡”‰‡–’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆ–Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡dzȋ‡‡Ž•ˆ‡Ž†‡”ͳͻͻͻǡͶͶȌǤ

‡ ‘—Ž†‡š–‡†–Š‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡–ƒŽ–‘Š—ƒƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ† •‹ ‡†‡•‹‰‹‰ ƒ„‡ƒˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž‘†‡‘ˆǮ‡š–‡”ƒŽǯ–Š‹‹‰ǡ–Š”‘—‰Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ† –‹‡”‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡•‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‰‘ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ †‡•‹‰ ƒ• ƒ ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡†• ‹–•‡Žˆ ™‡ŽŽ –‘ –Š‹• ”‘••Ǧ•’‡ ‹‡• ˆ‘” ‘ˆ –‡•–‹‰ ‹†‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•–™‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ†‡•‹‰•‹”‡•’‘•‡„‘–Š–‘’Žƒ›–‡•–•™‹–Š’‹‰•ƒ†–‘ ’—„Ž‹  ‘‡–ƒ”›‘”‡‘˜‡”‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ™ƒ›–‘‘’‡—’ˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡†‡„ƒ–‡• –‘ ‡™ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡•ǡ ‡š–‡†‹‰ Ǯ ‹–‹œ‡ • ‹‡ ‡ǯ –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ Ǯ ‹–‹œ‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ƒ† ‡–Š‹ •ǯǤ  ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ –Š‡•‡ “—‡•–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡’”‘Œ‡ – „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ •’ƒ ‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘—–‡”‹‰ ‘–Š‡”˜‹‡™’‘‹–•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‘•‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ†–Š‹•‹•ƒ•’ƒ ‡‹™Š‹ Š’‹‰•™‡”‡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›’”‡•‡––‘‘ǡƒ•™‡Ž‹‡–‘‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡ƒ•Ǯ ‘Ǧ†‡•‹‰‡”•ǯȋ Š™ƒ”œ ƒ†”ƒ„„‡†ƒʹͲͳ͵ȌǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹ƒƒ –‹˜‡”‘Ž‡ǡ ”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘’”‘–‘–›’‡–‡•–‹‰ƒ†”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰‡™ƒ†—‡š’‡ –‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•Ǥ– –Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›–Š‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡•‘Ž‡‡š’‡”–•‘™Šƒ–ƒ‡•ˆ‘”‹–‡”‡•–‹‰’Žƒ›ˆ‘” 174chaptersix

Image4:designingwithpigs,asamaterialandembodiedprocessoffindingthingsandactivities ofmutualinterest.

–Š‡ǤȋŠ‘—‰Š™‡•Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘•‹†‡”–Šƒ––Š‡‹”—™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••‘”ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘’Žƒ› ‘—Ž†„‡ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‰”‘™ —’ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‰‡‡–‹ ƒ‡Ǧ—’–Šƒ–Šƒ•ƒ‹Ž›„‡‡‰‡ƒ”‡†–‘ˆƒ•–‰”‘™–ŠǤȌ

Conductingsciencewithanimals Š‹•‘†‡‘ˆ†‘‹‰• ‹‡ ‡ȋƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ȍǡ•‡‡‹‰–‘ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‹• ƒŽ•‘‹•’‹”‡†„›–Š‡Ž‹˜‡Ž›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘ˆˆ‹‡Ž†‡–Š‘Ž‘‰›Ȃ‹–Š‡™ƒ‡‘ˆ ƒ‡ ‘‘†ƒŽŽ ƒ†‹ƒ ‘••‡›Ȃ‹™Š‹ ŠŠ—ƒ‘„•‡”˜‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›’”‡•‡–ƒ†ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Š‡‹”‹–‡”˜‡‹‰‹–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‘”Ž†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•—†‡”•–—†›ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ—–• ʹͲͲͳȌǤ ‡”‡„›ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ƒ‹ƒŽ• †‘ ƒ •Š‡† ‹–• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹•– „Ž‹†‡”•ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• –‘ †‹• ‡” ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‡”‡ •–‹—Ž—•Ǧ”‡•’‘•‡ ‡ Šƒ‹••Ǥ ’‡†‹‰ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  –‹‡ ™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ• –Š‡ „‡ ‘‡• ‘”‡ ƒ‹ –‘ ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰› Ȃ ™‹–Š‹–•–‡†‡ ›‘ˆǮ‰‘‹‰ƒ–‹˜‡ǯƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘ƒ•–”‹ –Ž›’‘Ž‹ ‡†• ‡’–‹ ‹•‘˜‡” –Š‡‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‡••‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆŽ‘‘‹‰ƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘’”‘†— ‡ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡†ƒ–ƒ•— Šƒ•ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ™‹–Šƒ‡›‡ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•ƒ† ‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡ ‘—–‡”•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŒ—•– ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰ƒ„•–”ƒ –‡ƒ•—”ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•Ǥ ‘”‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—””‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ –Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•‡ƒ•‹Ž›†‹•‹••‡†ƒ•‡”‡Ž›•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǡƒ‡ †‘–ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–Š”‘’‘‘”’Š‹œ‹‰Ǥ—–‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›Ǯ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡‡–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•˜‹‡™‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ•‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽǡ‹–‡”•‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ†‡•‹”‡•ƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ǡ ƒŽŽ‹‰ˆ‘”ƒŠ‡”‡‡—–‹ •‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ȋ‘”„‡›ʹͲͲͷǡͳͷͺȌǤ caringforboredpigs175

Image5:prototypetestingattheintensivepigfarm.Thisallowedustotweakourdesigninthe presenceofthepigs,whotherebyprovidedinstantfeedbackonourdesignchoices.

Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹•–‘ˆ‹†™ƒ›•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Š‡ƒ•„‡‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘Š—ƒ•ǡ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ––Š‡‘—–•‡–‹• ”‹„‹‰‹™Šƒ–™ƒ›•‡šƒ –Ž›Ǣƒ† ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ••—‹‰ƒƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ƒ†‹•—”‘—–ƒ„Ž‡•’‡ ‹‡•„ƒ””‹‡”–‘‡š‹•–„‡–™‡‡ —•ƒ†–Š‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‹’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ‘—Ž†ƒ‰ƒ‡„‡ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‡ ‘—–‡”• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ „‘–Š ‹–‡”•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ƒ† • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ǫ

‡™ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘–‹—‡–‘„‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†™Š‹ Š†‹•„ƒ†™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‹ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹•‹–‡”‡•–‡†ƒ†ȋ–‘–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”Ȍƒ„•‡–‘„•‡”˜‡”ȋ‹–ƒŽ‡ƒ†‘ŽŽ‘ ʹͲͳͳȌǤŠ‹•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†ƒ•ƒ‡Ž—•‹˜‡ ‰‘ƒŽ–Šƒ–‹•—ƒ Š‹‡˜ƒ„Ž‡‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ†ƒ•‘––Š‡‘•–‹–‡”‡•–‹‰™ƒ›–‘Ž‡ƒ” ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ›™ƒ›Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ‹–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ•–—†‹‡•–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• ƒ•–ƒ”––‘ ˆ‘ —• ‘ –Š‡ Dz†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ‡”• ‹ ™Š‹ Š • ‹‡–‹•–•ǯ „‘†‹‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ™Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• –Š‡› ‘„•‡”˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†dz ȋ‡•’”‡– ʹͲͳ͵ǡ ͷͳȌǤ †‡”–Š‡„ƒ‡”•‘ˆ‡–Š‘Ǧ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰›Ȁ‡–Š‘Ǧ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯȋ‡•–‡Žǡ”—‘‹•ǡƒ† ƒ—‡– ʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ Ǯƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ǯ ȋ‘Š ʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ ‘” Ǯ—Ž–‹•’‡ ‹‡• ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǯ ȋ‹”•‡› 176chaptersix

ƒ† ‡Ž”‡‹ Š ʹͲͳͲȌ ‘”‡ •›‡–”‹ ƒŽ ‘†‡• ‘ˆ •–—†›‹‰ Š—ƒ• ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ’‡”Šƒ’• „‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† ƒ• ǮŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ ™‹–Šǯ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡„ƒ•‹ ƒ••—’–‹‘Š‡”‡‹•–Šƒ–Š—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•†‘‘–Ž‹˜‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ Ž‹˜‡•–Šƒ–‡”‡Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Dzƒ”‘—†–Š‡‡†‰‡•dzȋ‡•–‡Žǡ ”—‘‹•ǡ ƒ† ƒ—‡– ʹͲͲ͸ǡ ͳͷ͸ȌǤ Š‡•‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• Šƒ˜‡ ’‘‹–‡† ‹•–‡ƒ† –‘ ƒ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ• ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ† Šƒ‰‹‰ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡Ž› ƒ†’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ•Šƒ”‡†ƒ –‹‘•‹™Š‹ Š™‡ ‘’Ž‡‡–‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”ǯ••‹ŽŽ•ǤŠ‡›‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›†”ƒ™ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ”–‡ˆƒ –••—„•—‡†‹ –Š‡•‡ǮŠ—ƒȀƒ‹ƒŽ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•ǯǡƒ†Š‘™–Š‡•‡Š‡Ž’–‘‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‡”–ƒ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” —Ž–—”ƒŽ„ƒ †”‘’‘ˆ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ• Š‡‡•ƒ† ‘†‡•‘ˆ’‡” ‡‹˜‹‰ȋ‡•–‡Žǡ”—‘‹•ǡƒ† ƒ—‡–ʹͲͲ͸ǡͳͷ͸ȌǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•†‡•‹‰‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ”–‡ˆƒ –• ƒ„‡ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰Š‘™Š—ƒ•ƒ†’‹‰•ƒ› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” ‹ „‡ ‘‹‰ ‡™ ƒ† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘”‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ’‹‰• ƒ† Š—ƒ•ǡ„‘–Šƒ –‹˜‡Ž›–ƒ‹‰’ƒ”–‹ƒ•Šƒ”‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ǡ™Š‡”‡„‘–ŠŠ—ƒ ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽƒ”‡—–—ƒŽŽ›’”‘†— ‡†ȋ ˆǤ ‰‘Ž†ʹͲͳʹȌǤ

Image 6: screenshot of the concept video, with a young man with an iPad looking at the MichelangeloinspiredPigChase‘logo’ofahandtouchingthesnoutofapig. caringforboredpigs177

PigChase †–Š‹•‹•™Šƒ–™‡ ƒ‡—’™‹–Šƒ•ƒ†‡•‹‰ ‘ ‡’–ƒˆ–‡”ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ†‹• —••‹‘• ƒ†’Žƒ›–‡•–•ǣ Pig Chaseǡƒ ˆ‹”•–ƒ––‡’– –‘ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ †‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ› ‡†‹ƒ–‡† ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ’Žƒ›‹ƒ‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”Ǥ

PigChase‹•ƒ—Ž–‹Ǧ•’‡ ‹‡•˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡ ‘ ‡’–‹™Š‹ Š’‹‰•Ž‹˜‹‰‘ƒˆƒ”ƒ”‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡†™‹–ŠƒŽƒ”‰‡–‘— Š•‡•‹–‹˜‡†‹•’Žƒ›–Šƒ–‹• ‘‡ –‡†–‘–Š‡™‡„–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ –‘ ’Žƒ› ™‹–Š †‹•–ƒ– Š—ƒ•ǡ ’‡”Šƒ’• –Š‡‹” ’”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘•—‡”•Ǥ  –Š‡ • ”‡‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’‹‰’‡ǡ ƒ „ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ Ž‹‰Š– ‘˜‡• ƒ”‘—† –Šƒ– ‹• ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† „› ƒ Š—ƒ ’Žƒ›‡”˜‹ƒƒ–ƒ„Ž‡– ‘’—–‡”•— Šƒ•ƒ‹ƒ†ǤŠ‡–Š‡’‹‰•–‘— Š–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡†„ƒŽŽǡ ‹–ˆ‹”‡•‘ˆˆ ‘Ž‘—”ˆ—Ž•’ƒ”•Ǥ —ƒ•‘˜‡–Š‡„ƒŽŽ‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ˆ‹‰‡”ƒ†•‡‡ –Š‡’‹‰•ǯ•‘—–•ƒ•‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡• ”‡‡Ǥ ˆ’‹‰•ƒ†Š—ƒ• ‘˜‡ ‹ Šƒ”‘›ǡ ƒ† ™Š‡ ƒ ’‹‰ǯ• •‘—– ƒ† –Š‡ Š—ƒǯ• „ƒŽŽ ‘ˆŽ‹‰Š––‘‰‡–Š‡” ‘˜‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ‰‘ƒŽ –”‹ƒ‰Ž‡ –Šƒ– ‡‡”‰‡• ‘ –Š‡ • ”‡‡ǡ ƒ ‘Ž‘—”ˆ—Ž †‹•’Žƒ› ‘ˆ ˆ‹”‡™‘”•‹•–”‹‰‰‡”‡†ǤŠ‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘”Š—ƒ•‹•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š–Š‡ ’‹‰•ǯ•‘—–•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡’‹‰•‡‡†–‘•–ƒ›‹–‘— Š™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒŽŽ‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ ˆ–Š‡›†‘‘–ǡ –Š‡‹”„ƒŽŽ‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–ˆ‹œœŽ‡•‘—–ǡƒ†‹–ǯ•‰ƒ‡‘˜‡”ˆ‘”„‘–ŠŠ—ƒƒ†’‹‰’Žƒ›‡”ǤŠ‡ —„‡”‘ˆ–ƒ”‰‡–•ƒŠ—ƒǦ’‹‰†—‘ƒƒ‰‡•–‘Š‹–‹‘‡•‡••‹‘‹•‡’––”ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ†•Š‘™‹ƒŠ‹‰ŠǦ• ‘”‡–ƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‘†‹”‡ –•™Š‘‹•— Ž‡ƒ”Ǣ„‘–ŠŠ—ƒƒ†’‹‰ǡ ‹‘”†‡”–‘’Žƒ›–Š‡‰ƒ‡ǡ™‘—Ž†‡‡†–‘Ž‡ƒ”–‘‘˜‡‹—‹•‘™‹–Š–Š‡‘‡‘–Š‡ ‘–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡• ”‡‡Ǥ 178chaptersix

Images7,8and9:screenshotsoftheconceptvideothatshowcasestheintendedPigChasegameͲ play(see:http://vimeo.com/29046176).Thisvideo(andthustheimagesabove)combinesfootage ofafarmwithdigitallymanipulatedimagery.Thegameasitisshownheredidnotexistassuchat thetimeofshootingthevideo.Thepigsthatareportrayeddidinteractwitha(small)dotoflight projectedonthescreen,whichgeneratedtheirinterest.Inthesubsequentprototypetestingthe game as depicted here was toa large extent realized. For (a nonͲtricked) view of that process, which is also depicted in the earlier ‘making of’ images above, and which features the farmer playingwithhisownpigsviaaniPad,see:http://vimeo.com/53161644 caringforboredpigs179

‘ˆƒ”–Š‡†‡•‹‰™‘”Šƒ•”‡ƒ Š‡†–Š‡’”‘–‘–›’‡–‡•–‹‰’Šƒ•‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‡ƒ•ƒ ’—„Ž‹ Ž› ’Žƒ›ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† †‘™Ž‘ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡ ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ‰ƒ‡ †‘‡• ‘– ‡š‹•–›‡–Ǥ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ Šƒ’–‡”™‡™‹ŽŽ†‹• —••ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ —’•‘ˆƒ”Ǥ†™‡™‹ŽŽŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–Š‘™ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•ƒ† ’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–‘Š—ƒƒ—†‹‡ ‡•‹–•‡Žˆ ‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ‹–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆƒ††‡„ƒ–‡•‘˜‡”’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ . Chapter7

Fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs

̶‡ ‡–‡”–ƒ‹ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” ™‹–Š ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ ‘‡› –”‹ •Ǥ ˆ  Šƒ˜‡›–‹‡–‘„‡‰‹‘”–‘ ”‡ˆ—•‡ǡ•‘Šƒ••Š‡Š‡”•dz

‘–ƒ‹‰‡ǡEssaysǡͳͷͻͷ

Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ǡ†‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›‡†‹ƒ–‡†‰ƒ‡ˆ‘”Š—ƒ•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡†’‹‰• –‘’Žƒ›–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ ƒ™‡•ƒ›ƒ›–Š‹‰‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘™Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ‡ˆ‘”ƒ—–—ƒŽŽ› ƒ†”‡ —””‡–Ž›ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰’Žƒ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǫ†™Šƒ–‹†‘ˆ‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰™‘—Ž†„‡ ƒ ™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ǫ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ™‡Š‡”‡†‹• —••ˆ‹˜‡‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡†“—‡•–‹‘•–Šƒ–™‡‰”ƒ’’Ž‡†™‹–Š †—”‹‰–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘ ‡••‹ƒŠƒ†•Ǧ‘™ƒ›ǡ–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šˆƒ”‡”•ǡ’‹‰•ƒ†‘–Š‡” ȋ‘•–Ž›ƒ‘›‘—•Ȍ ‘‡–ƒ–‘”•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡“—‡•–‹‘•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ǣͳȌ•—„˜‡”•‹˜‹–›ǡ ʹȌ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ǡ ͵Ȍ •’‡ ‹‡• Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹‡•ǡ ͶȌ •›‡–”›ǡ ƒ† ͷȌ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹‡••Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ –Š‡•‡ ˆ‹˜‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ƒ†‘Ž› –‡–ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ•™‡”–Š‡ǡ•‡”‹‘—•Ž›‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡“—‡•–‹‘• ƒ „‡ –Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ• ”‹–‡”‹ƒˆ‘”‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡•’Žƒ›†‡•‹‰Ǥ

7.1Subversiveencounters?

Š‡•—„˜‡”•‹˜‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ’‹‰™‘—Ž†™‘”„‡•–‹ˆ –Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡’Žƒ›™‹–Š‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›†‡•–‹‡†ˆ‘”•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ„‡‹‰ ‡”‡Ž›ƒ‰‡‡”‹ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆŠ‹•‘”Š‡”•’‡ ‹‡•ǤŠ—•–Š‡’‹‰•™‡ƒ”‡–‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–Š‘—‰Š––‘Ž‹˜‡‘ƒ‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”ǡ‘–Œ—•–•‘‡‹†›ŽŽ‹ ’‹‰’ƒ”ǡˆƒ” •ƒ –—ƒ”›ǡ ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Ž› ‹ –Š‹• ™ƒ› ™‘—Ž† ™‡ „‡ Ǯ’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š‘—”ˆ‘‘†ǯƒ†—†‡” —––Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰•–”‹ –Ž›†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡†Ǯ‘”ƒŽœ‘‹‰ǯ ‘ˆŠ‘™™‡ƒ”‡–‘”‡Žƒ–‡–‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‹•†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Š‡‰ƒ‡ ‹• †‹”‡ –Ž› 182chapterseven

•—„˜‡”–‹‰ –Š‡ Š‡‰‡‘‹  ’‘™‡”• –Šƒ– „‡ǡ ƒ––‡’–‹‰ –‘ ‘˜‡”–Š”‘™ the system‘” –Š‡•–ƒ–‡‹–Š‡ Žƒ••‹ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ„‡‹‰•—„˜‡”•‹˜‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ‹‡† –‘ ˆ— –‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ”–‹•–‹  ‘—–‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‡ƒ –‘ †‹•”—’– ‘‘™ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰ƒ†‡˜‡”›†ƒ›’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ȋ ˆǤ Žƒƒ‰ƒʹͲͲͻǡͳͲȌǤ

›•‹–—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‰ƒ‡‘ƒˆƒ”™‡ ƒƒŽ•‘—•‡–Š‡‰ƒ‡–‘–”—–Šˆ—ŽŽ›•Š‘™–Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ‹˜‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ˆƒ”‡†’‹‰‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ‡Š‘™‡˜‡” †‹†‘–•‡‡–‘‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ˜‹‡™‘ˆƒ‘†‡”’‹‰ˆƒ”ƒ•‘Ž›ƒǮ•’‡ –ƒ Ž‡‘ˆ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ǯ ”‡‹‹• ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ƒ†‹† ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹•– ˆ‘‘–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ •‹–‡•Ǥȋ— Šƒƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‘—Ž†‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ƒŽ•‘“—‹ Ž› —–•Š‘”–‘—”ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡•‡ ˆƒ”•ǤȌŠ‡ˆ‹Ž Ž‹’•Š‘™ ƒ•‹‰PigChase‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‘—– Š’‹‰ ’”‘†— –‹‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›ǡ™‹–Š’‹‰Ž‡–•Š—††Ž‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹†‘‘”•‘’Žƒ•–‹ •Žƒ––‡†ˆŽ‘‘”•ǡ –Š‡‹” ‹“—‹•‹–‹˜‡ ‘˜‡‡–• ƒ† ƒŽŽ”‘—† —–‡‡•• ‘–”ƒ•–‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Šƒ”† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘ˆ‹‡‡–ǣ ‘ ”‡–‡™ƒŽŽ•ƒ†‡–ƒŽ„ƒ”•Ǥ

––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡‘”‡ƒ„‹–‹‘—•ˆƒ”‡”••‡‡‹‰–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‹‰•™‡”‡–Š‡ ‘‡•™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡™‹–Š—•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ǡ–Š‡‰ƒ‡’”‘Œ‡ – ‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’–‘’—„Ž‹ Ž› ’”‘‘–‡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‹’”‘˜‡‡–• ƒŽ•‘ „‡›‘† –Š‡ ‹‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡“—‹”‡†’‡ ‡”‹ Š‡–ǡ •— Š ƒ• ”‡ˆ”ƒ‹‹‰ ˆ”‘ Ǯ–ƒ‹Ž †‘ ‹‰ǯ ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ ‡•• –‘ ƒ ‘—–†‘‘” •’ƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ’‹‰• ’‘”–”ƒ›‡† ‹ ‘—” ‘ ‡’– ˜‹†‡‘ Šƒ˜‡ —”Ž› –ƒ‹Ž•ǡ ƒ ”ƒ–Š‡” —‹“—‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‘‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”•‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ™Š‡”‡‘•–’‹‰–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ ”‘—–‹‡Ž› —–‘ˆˆ–‘’”‡˜‡–‘–Š‡”’‹‰•„‹–‹‰–Š‡Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡‰ƒ‡ƒ›Š‡Ž’ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡ ‡••‹–› ƒ† ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–‘ƒ™‹†‡ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ™‡ –Š‡”‡„› †‘ ‘– ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ‹’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ’‹‰ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ’Ž—• •‹†‡ ‘ˆ •‹–—ƒ–‹‰ ‘—” ‰ƒ‡ ‹ •— Š ƒ Ǯ‹’”‘˜‡† ˆƒ”̵‹•–Š‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‡”‡Ž›ƒ††‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‡–‘ —””‡–‹–‡•‹˜‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ˆƒ”ˆ”‘Ǯ•‘Ž˜‡•‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ǯǤ ‘”†‡”–‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡’‹‰™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ ƒ— Š™‹†‡”•‡–‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘„‡ Šƒ‰‡†ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰•‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡” –‘ƒƒ‰‡ƒ‹’”‘˜‡†ˆƒ”•›•–‡Ǥ

–Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –™‘—Ž†•‡‡–‘ ‘‡†‘™ƒ––Š‡welfarist•‹†‡‘ˆ†‡„ƒ–‡•‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‹ƒ‘”‡–”—Ž›•—„˜‡”•‹˜‡™ƒ›ƒ‹ˆ‘”‘”‡ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ —– –Š‹• ‹• ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› –Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥ ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘†‡ ‹†‹‰‘–Š‡”‹‰Š––›’‡‘ˆˆƒ”ˆ‘”‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ •—„˜‡”•‹‘ ‘‡• —’ ‹ ‘–Š‡” †‡•‹‰ Š‘‹ ‡• –‘‘ǣ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ Š—ƒǦ’‹‰‡ ‘—–‡”ǡ‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡ Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–™‡ƒ”‡’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š”‡ƒŽǡ‘–‡”‡Ž› Ǯ˜‹”–—ƒŽǯ’‹‰•Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡‘•– ‡–”ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡Ž‹‡•‹Š‘™™‡˜‹•—ƒŽŽ› ‘‡ – –Š‡ ’‹‰• –‘ –Š‡ Š—ƒ ’Žƒ›‡”ǣ •Š‘—Ž† ™‡ „‡ ƒ†‡ –‘ Ž‘‘ –Š‡ ’‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‡›‡ǫ ‡ fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs183

‘—Ž†‡ƒ„Ž‡Š—ƒ•–‘Ž‡ƒ”–‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’‹‰•„›–Š‡‹”ˆƒ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ” ™‡ ‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‘Ǯ‘˜‡”–Š‡‹”•Š‘—Ž†‡”ǯ‹‘”†‡”–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ•‹ˆ –Š‡›ƒ”‡‘—”‰ƒ‡™‘”Ž†ƒ˜ƒ–ƒ”••— Šƒ•‹ƒǮˆ‹”•–’‡”•‘•Š‘‘–‡”ǯ–›’‡‘ˆ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡Ǥ†•Š‘—Ž†™‡†‡•‹‰–Š‡‰ƒ‡Ǧ’Žƒ›–‘„‡ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‘” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǫ ‹–Š‡”™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡’‹‰•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡‡”‡Ž›• ”‹’–‡†ƒ•ƒˆ‹‰—”‡™Š‘•‡‘˜‡‡–•ƒ”‡ †‹”‡ –‡†„›–Š‡Š—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”ǤŠ‡•‡†‡•‹‰ Š‘‹ ‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘–Š‡ ‹†‘ˆƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‡•–Šƒ–’Žƒ›‹‰–Š‡‰ƒ‡ƒ›‰‡‡”ƒ–‡Ǥ‘—Ž†’‡‘’Ž‡ƒˆ–‡” ’Žƒ›‹‰ ™‹–Š ’‹‰• ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‘”‡ ƒ• ƒ •’‡ ‹‡•ǫ ” ™‹ŽŽ –Š‹• Ž‡ƒ† ‘– –‘ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ’‡”Šƒ’• ‡˜‡ Ž‘˜‡ ˆ‘” ’‹‰• ‰‡‡”‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ „—– Œ—•– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘‡ ›‘— ’Žƒ›‡†™‹–Šǫ

 –Š‡ Pig Chase ‘ ‡’– ˜‹†‡‘ǡ Š—ƒ• •‡‡ –Š‡‹” ’‹‰ ’Žƒ›ƒ–‡• –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ •‡‹ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–’ƒ‡ǤŠ‹•ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡–‘†‹• ‡”–Š‡•‘—–ƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡‡›‡•‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹‰•ǡ „—– –Š‡ ’”‡ ‹•‡ ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† „‘†‹Ž› ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ”‡ƒ‹ ˆ—œœ›Ǥ ‡•‹†‡• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‰ƒ‡ ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ • ™Š‹ Š ˆƒ˜‘—”‡† ƒ •‡‹ ƒ„•–”ƒ – ˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ™ƒ• –Šƒ– Š‡”‡„› –Š‡ ’‹‰ ‹• ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ǡ „—– ‰‡‡”‹ ‡‘—‰Š–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡ƒ••‘ˆˆƒ”‡†’‹‰•ǤŠ”‘—‰Š–Š‹•‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰ ™‹–Š Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ –”ƒ•Ž— ‡ › ƒ† ”‡ ‘‰‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ’”‘„‡• –Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ–‹‘ȋ ˆǤ—ŽŽ‡”ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

Š‡ • ”‡‡• ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ –‘ Ž‘•‡Ž› ƒ––ƒ Š ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡• –‘ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ• ‡™Ž› Ǯ‹–‹ƒ–‡ ’Žƒ ‡•ǯ ȋƒ’Š‘ˆ ʹͲͳͳǡ ʹ͸ͻȌǡ „‡‹‰ –Š‡ •‹–‡• ™Š‡”‡ — Š ‘ˆ ‘—” †ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹˜‡•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘•–‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡Ǥ—–‹••™‹’‹‰›‘—”ˆ‹‰‡”‘˜‡”ƒ –ƒ„Ž‡–ǯ•–‘— Š• ”‡‡‹–Š‡™ƒ›‹–‹•• ”‹’–‡†‹PigChaseǡ‘˜‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”™Š‹Ž‡ ȋ‘–“—‹–‡Ȍ–‘— Š‹‰–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ‡‘—‰Š–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ–›’‡‘ˆƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ǡ‘”ƒ›„‡‡˜‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‘–ƒ –ǫ ‡”Šƒ’• ‹– ‘Ž› ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• –Š‡ ‹’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‘–ƒ –ǡ‡˜‘‹‰–Š‡ ‘ˆ‹‡†•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‡‹‰‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰Žƒ••ǣ•‹ˆ ˜‹•‹–‹‰ƒ’”‹•‘‡”ǡ–Š‡’Žƒ›‡”‹•‹˜‹–‡†–‘’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡™‡ŽŽ™‘” ˆ‹Ž –”‘’‡ ‘ˆ –‘— Š‹‰Šƒ†•ȋ‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡Šƒ†ƒ†•‘—–Ȍ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†„›ƒ–Š‹ ‰Žƒ••’ƒ‡ǡƒ•–Š‡ ‘Ž›™ƒ›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ‘–ƒ –ƒ†‡š’”‡••Ž‘˜‡ƒ†•—’’‘”–Ǥ

Šƒ–‹•ƒ••—‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–„›–Š‘•‡™‘””‹‡†ƒ„‘—–ȋ‘”Š‘’‹‰ˆ‘”Ȍ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•–‘Šƒ˜‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–’Žƒ›Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ „‘†‹‰„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‹•‘–•‡Žˆ‡˜‹†‡–ǡƒ•Ž‡••„‡‹‰ƒ† ‡˜‡ ”—‡Ž‘†‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ›†‘‡š‹•–ƒ•™‡ŽŽȋ—––‘Ǧ‹–Šͳͻͻ͹ǡͷ͸Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š™‡ˆ‘—† ‘‡‘ˆ‘—”ˆƒ”‡”•–‘ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡„‡Ž‘™Ǥ‡™‹ŽŽ”‡–—”–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒˆˆ‘”†‡†„›’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡•†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‰ƒ‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹ Š 184chapterseven

–Š‡•‡‹‰Š–‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†•—„˜‡”–‡š‹•–‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ—– ˆ‹”•–™‡†‹• —••™Šƒ–•‘‡ˆƒ”‡”•–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒǤ

Designingwithfarmers:onbecominga‘gamefarmer’ ‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘Œ‡ –ˆ‘”’‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ™‡•‡–—’ƒ†‡•‹‰™‘”•Š‘’ ™‹–Šƒ•ƒŽŽ‰”‘—’‘ˆ–Š‡ǤŠ‡ˆƒ”‡”•”‡•’‘†‡†–‘ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆǮ’ƒ’‡”’”‘–‘–›’‡•ǯ ‘ˆ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ’‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ ”‘ Ǯ‹‰Ǧ—„‡ǯ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ Š—ƒ ’Žƒ›‡”‹•’”‘Œ‡ –‡†‘–Š‡’‹‰’‡™ƒŽŽƒ†‹•–‘˜‹•—ƒŽŽ›‡–‡”–ƒ‹–Š‡’‹‰•ˆ‘”ƒ•Ž‘‰ ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ–‘‘”‡Šƒ’–‹ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡•„›™Š‹ ŠŠ—ƒ•ƒ†’‹‰•™‘—Ž†‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ƒ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ „ƒŽŽ ‰ƒ‡Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ †‹•‹••‡† „› –Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ•–‘‘ ‹’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽǡ‘”‹–Š‡‹”‡›‡•—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘”‡†— ‡„‘”‡†‘‡‘—‰Šˆ‘”–Š‡’‹‰•–‘ ”‡ˆ”ƒ‹ˆ”‘Š—”–‹‰‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ‰”‡‡† –Š‡”‡ ‘—Ž† „‡ •‘‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰‡š–”ƒ‹ ‘‡ –Š”‘—‰Š‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡‰ƒ‹‰’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡‹”’‹‰•Ǣ‘‡›–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†–Š‡’‡”Šƒ’• „‡—•‡†–‘‹˜‡•–‹Š‹‰Š‡”™‡Žˆƒ”‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ—–ˆƒ”‡”•‡š’”‡••‡†–Š‡‹” ‘ ‡” ˆ‘”Š—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”•–‘•–ƒ”–„‘†‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‹”†‹•–ƒ–’Žƒ›’ƒŽŽ•Ǥ’‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡‹” ˆƒ–‡ǡ™Š‡–Š‡•‹š‘–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡•’ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’‹‰™‘—Ž†‡ƒ”ǡŠ—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”• ™‡”‡‹ƒ‰‹‡†–‘’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡ ‘‡ƒ†ƒ––‡’––‘Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹” ‡™ˆ‘—† ’‹‰ ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥ

DzŽŽ˜‡”›™‡ŽŽǡ„—––Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†‘–‘™™Š‡”‡–Š‡’‹‰•Ž‹˜‡Ǥ–•‘‡’‘‹– ‹–ǯ•Ǯ‰ƒ‡‘˜‡”ǯǤdz

Š—•ǡ –Š‡•‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ†‡ ‹– Ž‡ƒ” –Š‡› ‡š’‡ –‡† –Šƒ– ’Žƒ›‹‰ ™‹–Š ’‹‰• ƒ› Ž‡ƒ† Š—ƒ• ‘– –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ƒ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž› †‹•–ƒ ‡† ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ˆƒ” ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ – –Š‡ •ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡›‹•‹•–‡†–Š‡‰ƒ‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡†‡•‹‰‡†‹•— Šƒ™ƒ›ƒ•–‘‘–ƒŽŽ‘™ ‘–Š‡”• –‘ ƒŽ–”‡ƒ– ‘” ’‡•–‡” –Š‡Ǥ Š‡”‡„› ‡š’”‡••‹‰ ƒ •‡Žˆ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ• •–‡™ƒ”†•ƒ†‰—ƒ”†‹ƒ•ǡ ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’‹‰•ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘” Š‘™ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ –”‡ƒ–‡†ǣDz™‹–Š”‡•’‡ –Ǥdz

—–™Šƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡Š—ƒ‰ƒ‡”•™‘—Ž†„‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘’ƒ›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”ˆƒ˜‘—”‹–‡’‹‰•–‘Ž‹˜‡ ‘ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ•‡‡‹‰–Š‡–ƒ‡ƒ™ƒ›ǡ”‡’Žƒ ‡†„›ƒˆ”‡•Š‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‹‰Ž‡–•ǫ—” ˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ†ƒ‹š‡†”‡•’‘•‡™Š‡™‡’—––Š‹•‹†‡ƒˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ǥ‡™ƒ•“—‹–‡ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ǣDz—”‡  ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡ƒǮ‰ƒ‡ˆƒ”‡”ǯǤ ™ƒ––‘ ”ƒ‹•‡ ’‹‰•ǡ ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‹ŽŽ–Š‡Ǥdz‘–Š‡”™ƒ•‘”‡•—•’‹ ‹‘—•‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘’‘•ƒŽǡ ™Š‹ Š “—‡•–‹‘•–Š‡ ‘”‡ƒ‹ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰ǣDz †‘ǯ–‘™Ǣ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ˆ‡‡Ž• ™”‘‰ Š‡”‡Ǥdz ‡ ™ƒ• ‘– ™‹ŽŽ‹‰ –‘ ”‡Ž‹“—‹•Š –Š‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”ƒ•†‹Ž‹‰‡–ˆ‘‘†’”‘†— ‡”Œ—•–›‡–Ǥ fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs185

7.2AnimalnatureͲcultures?

Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‹†‡‡†ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡††‹•”—’–‹˜‡–‘™ƒ”†• ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡƒ• ™‹–Šƒ› ‘‡–ƒ–‘”•‘—”’”‘’‘•ƒŽ–‘’”‘˜‹†‡’‹‰•™‹–Š†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‰ƒ‡•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† •–”‘‰Ž› †‹•‹••‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ  ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡Ž‡‡– ‹ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ”‹–‹“—‡ ™ƒ• –Šƒ–’”‘˜‹†‹‰–Š‡’‹‰•™‹–Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•‘–ƒƒ•™‡”ǡ„—–™‘—Ž† ‘Ž› ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”’”‘’‡”‡˜‹”‘‡–ǣ–Š‡‘—–†‘‘”•Ǥ

Dz †‘̵–‘™™Šƒ–‹–‹•„—––Š‡”‡‹••‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‹•–Šƒ–‹•†‹•‰—•–‹‰Ǥ ‘••‹„Ž› –Š‡’‘‹–‘ˆ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰–Š‹•–”‹˜‹ƒŽ •–‹—Žƒ–‹‘ ™Š‡ ”‡ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ –Š‡› Šƒ†‘”‡”‘‘‘—–•‹†‡ǡ™‹–Š‰”ƒ••ƒ†—†–Š‡›™‘—Ž†„‡— ŠŠƒ’’‹‡”Ǥdz ȋŠ”‘‹•ǡƒ–ǯƒ•Šƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘ǯȌ

—„‡”‘ˆ ‘‡–ƒ–‘”•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†‡˜‡‘”‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ”‹–‹“—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ ˆƒ˜‘—”‹‰–Š‡‘—–”‹‰Š–ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡’‹‰’‹‰•ƒ†–—”‹‰–Š‡‹–‘ˆ‘‘†ǣ

Dz‹‰•†‘ǯ–‡‡†˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡•ǡ–Š‡›‡‡†–Š‡‹”ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘Ž‹˜‡–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡•‹ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ™‹–Š‘—– „‡‹‰ ‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†ǡ Šƒ•‡† ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‡† „› Š—ƒ•Ǥdzȋ‹ ƒ”†‘ǡƒ–Ǯ ƒ”‡ʹ ƒ—•‡•ǯȌ

‹–Š „”‹‰‹‰ ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ”ǡ –Š‡•‡ †‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ †”ƒ™ ‹–‘–Š‡˜‹”–—ƒŽ™‘”Ž†‘ˆ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‰ƒ‡•Ǣƒ’Žƒ ‡™Š‹ Š„›ƒ›‹• ‘– †‡‡‡† ƒ Š‡ƒŽ–Š›‘‡ˆ‘”Š—ƒ•‡‹–Š‡”Ǥƒ™‡„ˆ‘”—‘™Š‹ Š ‘ ‡”‡†’ƒ”‡–•†‹• —•• –Š‡‹”™‘””‹‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‰ƒ‡•„›–Š‡‹” Š‹Ž†”‡•‘‡‘‡Žƒ‡–‡†ǣ

Dz‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Šƒ˜‡‘—” Š‹Ž†”‡•‹––‹‰„‡Š‹†• ”‡‡•ƒŽŽ†ƒ›ƒ†‘™–Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•‰‘–Š‡”‡–‘‘Ǥdzȋ —•–‹‡ǡƒ–Ǯ™‡‡–™ƒ–œ‡‰ƒ‡ǤŽǯȌ

‘—Ž†ƒ‰ƒ‡ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡’‹‰•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”–”—‡‹–‡”‡•–•ƒ†ƒ—–Š‡–‹ †‡•‹”‡•ǣ –‘‰‘‘—–•‹†‡ǡ‹–‘–Š‡—†ǫ

Naturallives ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹“—‡•–‹‘•†—”‹‰–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘ ‡••™ƒ•Š‘™–‘”‡Žƒ–‡–‘–Š‹•‹†‡ƒŽ ‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ǡƒ†Š‘™–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽȀƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ†‹ Š‘–‘›Ǥ–ƒ”–‹‰‹–Š‡ Žƒ–‡ ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ ƒ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–• Ž‡† „› ƒ˜‹† ‘‘†Ǧ —•Š ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡˜‹”‘‡– ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ Ǯ†‹„—”‰Š ‹‰ ƒ”ǯǤ › ’Žƒ ‹‰ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹ƒǮ•‡‹ƒ–—”ƒŽǯ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ–Š‡‹”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Šƒ– ‹ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ Š‘—•‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ –‘Ž„ƒ ƒ† ‘‘†Ǧ —•Š ͳͻͺͻȌǤ Š‡› ˆ‘—† ’‹‰•–‘•–‹ŽŽ„‡Šƒ˜‡‹™ƒ›•–Šƒ–†‡”‹˜‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”ƒ–—”ƒŽŠƒ„‹–ƒ–ǤŠ‡landrace’‹‰ǡ 186chapterseven

ˆ‘” ‡–—”‹‡•„”‡†‹–‘–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡‘™‘™ǡƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†–‘’‡”ˆ‘” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” –Šƒ– ”‡•‡„Ž‡† Ž‘•‡Ž› –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ‹–• —†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡† ‹Ǥ Š‡ •ƒ‡ Ǯ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡ǯƒ•–Š‡™‹Ž†„‘ƒ”‹‹–•ˆ‘”‡•–Šƒ„‹–ƒ–Ȃˆ‘”ƒ‰‹‰ǡ‡•–‹‰ǡ‡– Ȃ ™ƒ•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›•–‹ŽŽ‡š‹•–‹–Š‡‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž›”ƒ‹•‡†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡”‡„›–Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–”‡ˆ—–‡†–Š‡ȋ‘ˆ–‡‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ȍƒ”‰—‡––Šƒ–†‘‡•–‹ ’‹‰•‘Ž‘‰‡”Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ‡‡†•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǣ–Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ „‡ ‘‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡†–‘Ž‹˜‹‰‹ ‘ˆ‹‡‡–Ǥ†ƒ•ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡‹ƒ‰‹‡ǡ’‹‰•Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ˆ‘—†–‘•–‹ŽŽ‡Œ‘›ƒ‰‘‘†—†„ƒ–Šǡ™Š‹ Š–Š‡›†‹†•‹ ‡–Š‡‹”†ƒ›•‹–Š‡ ™‹Ž†ȋ”ƒ ‡ƒ†’‘‘Ž†‡”ʹͲͳͳȌǤ

‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰•— Š”‡•‹†—ƒŽƒ–—”ƒŽƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹Š‡”‡–†‡•‹”‡•‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›’‹‰• ‹••—„˜‡”•‹˜‡–‘ —””‡–ˆƒ”‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•‹ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›–Šƒ’Žƒ›‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹‰Š– „‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ• —†‡” —ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘—Ž†„‡—†‡” —–„›’‘”–”ƒ›‹‰–Š‡ƒ•“—‹–‡ƒ–Š‘‡‹‘—”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ –Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡˜‡Š‡‡–”‡•’‘•‡••–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–Dz’‹‰•„‡Ž‘‰‹–Š‡—†dz‘– ‘Ž›•–”‡••–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆƒƒ–—”ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”’‹‰•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘•‡‡•‘‡™Šƒ–’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆƒ —‹“—‡Ž›Š—ƒ•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›—•‡Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•ˆ”‘ƒ™‘””›–Šƒ– ‹˜‹–‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹–‘–Š‡‘”‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡Ž›•–‹—Žƒ–‹‰–‡””ƒ‹‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡„‡ ‘‡•ƒ‘”‡ ™‹†‡Ž› •Šƒ”‡† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ‘—Ž† ‡†ƒ‰‡” –Š‡ ‡š ‡’–‹‘ƒŽ •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—ƒǫ

Technologicallives ”ƒ–Š‡”‘”‡ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•‡––‹‰–‘•–—†›’‹‰•™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ ™Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡–‹•–•–ƒŽ‡›—”–‹•ƒ†ƒ†ƒ ‡”‘‡›•‡–—’ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ ™Š‹ Š–Š‡›–”ƒ‹‡†–™‘’‹‰•Ȃƒ‡†Ǯ ƒŽ‡–ǯƒ†Ǯ‡Ž‡––‡ǯȂ–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ƒ•‹’Ž‡ ‘’—–‡” ‰ƒ‡Ǥ ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹– ™ƒ• ƒ ‘–‘” ‘–”‘Ž ƒ† ‡‘”› –‡•–ǡ‹™Š‹ Š’‹‰• —•‡†Œ‘›•–‹ •–‘ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‡‘ƒ ‘’—–‡”• ”‡‡ǤͻͲŠ‡–‡•–•—„Œ‡ –•™‡”‡ˆ‹”•– •Š‘™ ƒ ”—†‡ †”ƒ™‹‰ ƒ† Žƒ–‡” –Š‡ •ƒ‡ †”ƒ™‹‰ ƒ‰ƒ‹ „—– –Š‹•–‹‡‡š––‘ ƒ‘–Š‡”‘‡ǤŠ‡–ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰•™ƒ•–‘’‘‹––Š‡Œ‘›•–‹ ‹–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ †”ƒ™‹‰–Š‡›Šƒ†•‡‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡Ǥ ˆ ƒŽ‡–‘”‡Ž‡––‡•— ‡‡†‡†ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡ ”‡™ƒ”†‡†™‹–Šƒ Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡–”‡ƒ–Ǥ‘–Š‡”˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹••›•–‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡†ƒ•ƒŽŽ †‘– –Šƒ– ‡‡†‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ Œ‘›•–‹  –‘ ƒ †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡† ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ –Š‡ • ”‡‡ǤŽŽ‡‰‡†Ž›ǡ–Š‡’‹‰•ƒƒ‰‡†–‘†‘–Š‹•™Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•ƒŽŽ–ƒ”‰‡– ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•ƒ†‘‰™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘•–‡‡”–Š‡Œ‘›•–‹ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ—”–‹•

90 See: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=RpzpUeJ9HA8#t=154 (accessed 12 March2014). fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs187  •–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡ Š‹’ƒœ‡‡• ƒƒŽ•‘„‡–ƒ—‰Š––‘†‘–Š‹•ǡ’‹‰•ƒ”‡— Š“—‹ ‡”–‘ ˆ‹†‘—–Š‘™–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡‰ƒ‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›Ǥͻͳ

’—„Ž‹ ‡†‹ƒǡ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ’‹‰™‹–Šƒ ‘’—–‡”Œ‘›•–‹ ƒ† ’‡‡”‹‰ ƒ– ƒ ‘‹–‘””ƒ‹•‡†ƒŽ‘–‘ˆȋŠ—ƒȌ‹–‡”‡•–ǤŠ‡‡™‘”‹‡•ƒ†‹”‡†ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†‡š ‹–‡†‡™•‹–‡•‘’‹‰•™Š‘‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ƒƒ –‹˜‹–›–Šƒ–•‡‡‡†ȋƒ––Š‡ ’‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ǯ‹–‡”‡–„—„„Ž‡ǯȌ–‘„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡‡’‹–‘‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–›Ǥ –™ƒ• Œ‘›ˆ—ŽŽ›‡„”ƒ ‡†ƒ•ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ‘”‘•–‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡– ƒ‹ƒŽ •’‡ ‹‡•Ǥ ˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›–Š‡›™‡”‡–‘Œ‘‹—•‘–Š‡Ǯ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•—’‡”Š‹‰Š™ƒ›ǯ ‘ ™Š‹ Š ™‡ ™‡”‡‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Š‡ƒ†‹‰‘ˆˆǤ—– ‘‡ –‹‰’‹‰•–‘–Š‡‹–‡”‡– –‘†ƒ› ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘†— ‡• †›•–‘’‹ƒ ‘ ‡”•ǡ ƒ• –Š‹• ‘‡–ƒ–‘” –‘ ‘—” ’”‘Œ‡ – ‡š’”‡••‡†ǣ

DzŠ‹• •‘—†• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ƒ–”‹šǡ ƒ• ‹ˆ ™‡ ‘—Ž† ƒ‡ ’‹‰• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‘’—–‡”•‹—Žƒ–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ‹ ‡Ž‹ˆ‡‘—–†‘‘”•ƒ†‹–Š‡ —† ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ”ƒ‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ†•–—ˆˆ‡†™‹–ŠŠ‘”‘‡•ƒ† ƒ–‹„‹‘–‹ •‹ƒ‡ƒ–ˆƒ –‘”›Ǥdzȋ™‡‡–™ƒ–œ‡‰ƒ‡ǤŽȌ  ‘—”‰ƒ‡ ‘ ‡’–™‡ Š‘•‡‘––‘–”›–‘˜‹•—ƒŽŽ›•‹—Žƒ–‡ƒ˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ Šƒ„‹–ƒ–‘ˆ’‹‰•ǡ‘”–Š‡‹”—†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡™‹Ž†„‘ƒ”Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡‘‡ ‘—Ž† †‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›’”‘Œ‡ –ƒˆƒ‹”›–ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”‡•–‹™Š‹ Š–‘•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”–”—ˆˆŽ‡•ǡƒ•ƒ˜‹”–—ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–› –Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ––‘Ǯ†‹”‡ –Ž›ǯƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‹”•—”˜‹˜‹‰’”‹‘”†‹ƒŽ†‡•‹”‡•ƒ† ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ‘—Ž†‘—”PigChase†‡•‹‰ Š‘‹ ‡Ȃ‘–ˆ‘”ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹ „—–ƒ”‡–”‘•–›Ž‡ ˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ Ȃ‹•–‹ŽŽ•‘‡•‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”ǦŠ—ƒ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰ǫ” †‘‡•‹–ƒ‡ˆ‘”ƒ‘–Š‡”‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–Š”‘’‘‘”’Š‹ ”‡†— –‹‘–‘ƒŠ—ƒǦŽ‹‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡–Šƒ–•‘‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‰—‡†–‘„‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‡†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ȋ‘” ‡ˆˆƒ ‡‡–Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ–ƒ‡•‹‘—” —Ž–—”‡ȋ—”–ʹͲͲͳȌǫ

Šƒ––Š‡ Žƒ••‹ ‰ƒ‡ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹  ƒ„‡•‡‡–‘‹’Ž›‹•–Šƒ–•ƒ”– †‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ‹ƒŽ• •— Š ƒ• ’‹‰• ‘Ž› •‡‡‹‰Ž› Ž‹˜‡ ‘—–•‹†‡ ‘ˆ ‘—” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ › ƒŽŽ—†‹‰–‘ƒ–Š”‘’‘‘”’Š‹•‹–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡†‡•‹‰™‡™‡”‡’”‘„‹‰ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡›„‡Ž‘‰ƒ†™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡•—’’‘•‡†–‘ †‘Ǥ‡––‹‰–Š‡‹ƒ‘˜‡”–Ž›–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•’ƒ ‡Ȃƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘”‡Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Š–Šƒ–Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‘ ”‡–‡ƒ†‡–ƒŽ„ƒ”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘ˆ‹‡‡–ȂƒŽŽ‘™•—•–‘‹ƒ‰‹‡Š‘™ –Š‡› ‘—Ž†„‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ— Š‘”‡ƒ –‹˜‡”‘Ž‡‹™Šƒ–‹•‘•–Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ’—”‡Ž› Š—ƒ†‘ƒ‹ǣŽ‡ƒ”‹‰–‘ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•ƒ†–Š‡’Žƒ‡†—•‡‘ˆ–‘‘Ž•Ǥ   91See:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOJJf_zoPDs(accessed12March2014).  188chapterseven

› ƒ––‡’– ƒ– ‹’”‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ ’Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ’‹‰• „› ”‡ƒ‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‡˜‹”‘‡– ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡–‘’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”•’‡ ‹‡••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ǡǮƒ–—”ƒŽǯ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”• •‡‡• •›’ƒ–Š‡–‹ Ǥ Š‘—Ž† ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•• „‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ‘–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‰—‹†‡• Š‘™ ™‡ –”‡ƒ– ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǫ” ‘—Ž†–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒƒ‹ƒŽ‹•–‘‡š‡” ‹•‡ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ•’‡ ‹‡• •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‹† ‘ˆ ˆŽ‘—”‹•Š‹‰ Ž‹ˆ‡ ȋ—••„ƒ— ʹͲͲͻǡ ͵͹ͲȌ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†Š—ƒ•ǫŠ‹•“—‡•–‹‘Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡’”‘‹‡–‹ †‡„ƒ–‡• ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ’”‘‘–‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‹ œ‘‘• ƒ† ‹” —•‡• ȋ‡—Žƒ”–œ ƒ† ™ƒ”– ʹͲͳʹǡ ͳ͵ʹȌǤ  –Š‡•‡ †‡„ƒ–‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‹• ”ƒ‹•‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” ™‡ ‡‡†–‘‘ˆˆ‡”‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‹‰•‹–Š‡™‹Ž† ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡Ǯƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›ǯ‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ‘™‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”’”‡†ƒ–‘”•–‘ Šƒ•‡–Š‡‹”ˆ‘‘†ƒ† ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡”•–‘•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”‹–ǡ‘”ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•‘ˆŠƒ˜‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǫ Š‘—Ž† ™‡ ‘ Ž—†‡ ˆ”‘ —”–‹•ǯ• ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǣ ’‹‰• ƒ ’Žƒ› ™‹–Š ‘’—–‡”•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡™‡•Š‘—Ž†‘ˆˆ‡”–Š‡ƒ‘”‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǫ

›‡„”ƒ ‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••™‡”‹•”‡†— ‹‰™Šƒ–™‡ ƒ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡ ƒ• ƒ—–Š‡–‹  ƒ‹ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” –‘ ‘Ž› ‹–• —†‡”Ž›‹‰ Ǯ”‡ƒŽǯ ™‹Ž† ƒƒŽ‘‰—‡•Ǥ ‹ƒŽ• –Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ••—„Œ‡ –•‘Ž›‹•‘ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‡‡”‹ •’‡ ‹‡••’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ™ƒ›Ǥ † ™‹–Š ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•• ‘ˆ–‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ’”‡ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰•ǡ–Š‹•‡ƒ•ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ‘–ƒ –‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ›–‘™ƒ”†•—•ǡƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘”—‹‰ ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ –Š‹•˜‹‡™ǡ‹ˆ™‡”‡ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ˜‹”–—ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”„‘”‡†‘ǡ ’‡”Šƒ’•‘Ž›ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –ǮMatrixŽ‹‡ǯˆ‘”‡•–•‹—Žƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž† ƒ–‡”–‘–Š‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••‘ˆˆƒ”‡†’‹‰•ƒ†„‡–Š‡‘Ž›™ƒ›ˆ‘”–Š‡–‘„‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‹ ƒ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘ˆ‹‡‡–Ǥ

˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ™‡ ƒ –Š‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘ˆ ’‹‰• „‡‹‰ ‘”‡ ‘” Ž‡•• ƒ–—”ƒŽǡ Ǯƒ–—”ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǯ ‹• ƒ ‡Ž—•‹˜‡ ‘–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ‘—Ž† †‡ˆ‹‡ ‹– ƒ• Dz„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” –Šƒ– ƒ‹ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡ƒ–‡†‡ ›–‘‡šŠ‹„‹–—†‡”ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•dzȋ”ƒ ‡ƒ† ‘’•–‡” ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ—–ƒ•‡‰‡”†ƒŠŽŠƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†ǡ

DzǮƒ–—”ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǯ‹•‘–’”‘’‡”Ž›ƒ„‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–ƒ•’‹”‡• –‘„‡‘‡ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡” ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ–‡†‡ ›–‘’‡” ‡‹˜‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Š ‡”–ƒ‹†‹ Š‘–‘‹‡•„‡–™‡‡ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ† Š—ƒǡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‘”†‡”• ƒ† ‹˜‡–‡† ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•Ǥdz ȋ‡‰‡”†ƒŠŽʹͲͲ͹ǡͳ͸͹Ȍ

ƒƒ‹ƒŽ•‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ›‡‰ƒ‰‡‹„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‘‘„˜‹‘—•‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–‹ –Š‡™‹Ž†ǫŠ‡”‡ƒ›„‡ƒ—††Ž‡†‰”‡›œ‘‡‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†‹ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–• –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† „‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ‹ ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ •‡––‹‰•–‘‘Ǥ‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–• fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs189

–‡†–‘†‡ˆ‹‡‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡‘•–Ž›‹–‡”•‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‹–‡••™‹–Š‹ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ Š‹•‡ƒ•‹– ƒƒŽ•‘„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ Šƒ‹••ˆ‘” ‘’‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡™ ‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǥ  œ‘‘ ‡”‹ Š‡– ‹” Ž‡•ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ȋŠ‡’Š‡”†•‘ ʹͲͲ͵ǡͺͷǢ‡—Žƒ”–œƒ†™ƒ”–ʹͲͲͻǡͳ͵ͷȌŠ‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›’‹‰ˆƒ”Š‘™‡˜‡”‹•‘– –Š‡‘•–‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡––‘Ž‡ƒ”–‘ ‘’‡™‹–ŠǤ ‘”‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ˆƒ”‡†’‹‰• •—”‡Ž› Ǯ”‡ƒŽ‹–› ‹• „”‘‡ǯ ȋ ‘‹‰ƒŽ ʹͲͳͳȌǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‰ƒ‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‹‰Š– ’”‘˜‹†‡ –Š‡ ™‹–Š ‹ ‡–‹˜‡ •–”— –—”‡• ƒ† †‹”‡ – ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†— Š‘”‡ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰Ž‹˜‡•–Šƒ–Š‡›†‘‘™Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ™Š‡ƒ’‹‰™‘—Ž††‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›—‘™™Š‹Ž‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰ ™‹–Šƒ ‘’—–‡”ǡ‹•ǯ––Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ—ˆ‘Ž†‹‰‹–•‘™Ǯƒ–—”ƒŽǯ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǫ ‘—Ž† ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ’‹‰• ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ †‡˜‹ ‡ –Šƒ– ‹• ‘”‡ ƒ† ‘”‡ ƒ––—‡†–‘–Š‡‹”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡‹”‘™†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ™Š‹ Š „”‹‰•‘—–‡™•‹†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’‹‰‰‹•Š‡••ǫ

‘–Š‡’‹‰•‡‡†–‘„‡†‡Ž—†‡†‹–Š‹‹‰‹–‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”ƒ‰‹‰™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡†‘‹‰‹ ‘”†‡”–‘ƒ––”ƒ ––Š‡–‘ƒ‰ƒ‡ǡ‘” ƒ–Š‡›„‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‹–‹•‡”‡Ž› ƒ ’ƒ•–‹‡ǡ ƒ •‹—Žƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†•–‹ŽŽ‡Œ‘›‹–ǡƒ•ǮŒ—•–ƒ‰ƒ‡ǯǫ‘—Ž†–Š‡›”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Šƒ––Š‡–Š‹‰• ’”‘Œ‡ –‡† ‘ –Š‡‹” ™ƒŽŽ ƒ”‡ ˜‹”–—ƒŽ ‘„Œ‡ –•ǡ ‘– •‘‡–Š‹‰ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‡†‹„Ž‡ǫ ‹ŽŽ –Š‡›„‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰™‹–Š•‘‡–Š‹‰–Š‡›ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ƒ••›„‘Ž‹ ǡƒ•ƒ•‹‰ǫ†™‹ŽŽ ‹– „‡ ’Žƒ›ǫ ‘–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•‘™–Š‡›ƒ”‡’Žƒ›‹‰ǡ‘”ƒ”‡–Š‡›Œ—•– —”‹‘—•ǡ †‹•–”ƒ –‡†ǫ ”ǡ ™Šƒ– †‘‡• ’Žƒ› ‡ƒ Š‡”‡ǫ Š‡ ‹ƒ† ‰ƒ‡ Cat Cat Revolutionǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Šƒ–ƒ„Ž‡–‹•‡ ƒ•‡†‹ƒ‘ Ǯ Š‡‡•‡ǯˆ”ƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ–’Žƒ›‡”‹•‹˜‹–‡†–‘ Šƒ•‡„—‰•”—‹‰„‡Š‹†–Š‡Š‘Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‡‡•‡ǡ‹•’”‡†‹ ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡•‹—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ȋ‘ˆƒ†‘‡•–‹ ‹†Ȍƒ•ƒ™ƒ›–‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘ˆ‡Ž‹‡‹•–‹ –•Ǥ‘‡•–Š‡ ƒ–Œ—•–™ƒ––‘‡ƒ––Š‡„—‰•‹œ‡†‘—•‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡†‘–Š‡‹ƒ†‹–Š‡ Š‡‡•‡ ƒ•‹‰ǡ –Š—• ‰”‘™‹‰ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‡†ǫ ” ™‘—Ž† –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ ‹†‡‡† Dz ƒ•– ƒ–• ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡dz ƒ• •‘‡ ƒ”‰—‡ ȋCat Cat Revolution: An InterspeciesGamingExperienceʹͲͳͲȌǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ—Ž–‹’Žƒ›‡”‘†‡‹™Š‹ ŠŠ—ƒ• ‘–”‘Ž –Š‡ ˜‹”–—ƒŽ ‘—•‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” •ƒ”–Ǧ’Š‘‡Ǥ ”‡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ›•‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹‰‹ ™Š‹ Š–Š‡ ƒ–‹•ƒ™ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŠ—ƒ ‘’‡–‹–‘”’”‡•‡–ǡ™‹–Š™Š‘Š‡‘”•Š‡‹• ’Žƒ›ˆ—ŽŽ›‡‰ƒ‰‡†ǫ

Š‡–Š‡”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒ‘—–•–‘’Žƒ›‹•‘–‡ƒ•›–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šǡƒ•’Žƒ›‹•‘–‘”‹‘—•Ž› †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘†‡ˆ‹‡Ǥ—–‘—”ˆ‘ —•‘’Žƒ›ƒ›‘ˆˆ‡”‰”‘—†•–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ• ‘”‡–Šƒ‘Ž›ƒ–—”ƒŽ„‡‹‰•ǡ‹ƒ”‡•–”‹ –‡†•‡•‡‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‰‘Ž›‹™ƒ›•–Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† —•‡ˆ—Ž ˆ‘” •—”˜‹˜ƒŽ ƒ† ’”‘ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ •‹ ‡ ’Žƒ› ƒ‘– „‡ ˆ—ŽŽ› —†‡”•–‘‘†‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ‹‹‰‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ•™‹–Š‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›—–‹Ž‹–›ȋ—––‘Ǧ‹–Š ͳͻͻ͹ȌǤŽƒ›‹‰‹•ƒŽ•‘‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘‘””‡ƒ Š‹‰‰‘ƒŽ•‘” 190chapterseven

”‡™ƒ”†•Ǥ ‘—Ž† ’‹‰• ‘ ‡‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ• ‡”‡Ž› ƒ ˆ— ‘„Œ‡ – –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ǫ —•– –‘ •‡‡ ‹ˆ ‹– ƒ „‡ †‡•–”‘›‡† ’‡”Šƒ’•ǫ ȋŠƒ– ‹• ƒ–›’‡‘ˆ’Žƒ›™Š‹ Š †—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‘—”’”‘–‘–›’‡•™‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†–‘„‡‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ˜‘—”‹–‡ ’ƒ•–‹‡•‘ˆˆƒ”‡†’‹‰•ǤȌ

7.3Testingandranking?

‹–ŠŠ‹•Œ‘›•–‹ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰’‹‰•ǡ—”–‹•ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‰ƒ‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡–‘–‡ƒ Š’‹‰•ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Š–Š‡› ‘—Ž†Ž‡–—•‘™™Šƒ––›’‡‘ˆˆƒ”Š‘—•‹‰™‘—Ž†„‡ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡–‘–Š‡Ǥ—––Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‘ ‡‹˜‡†‘ˆƒ•ƒǮ–‡•–ǯˆ‘” ’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽƒ–ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•–ƒ‰‡‘ƒ• ƒŽ‡‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡Ǥ—”–‹•ǯ• ‰ƒ‡‡†‡†—’•‹–—ƒ–‹‰’‹‰••‘‡™Š‡”‡„‡–™‡‡†‘‰•ƒ† Š‹’•Ǥ‘”‡”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ ƒ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰›‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ„”‹†‰‡Šƒ•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ ’‹‰•ǯƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘—•‡‹””‘”•Ȃƒ‘–Š‡”™‡ŽŽ‘™–›’‡‘ˆ–‡•––‘”ƒƒ‹ƒŽ•’‡ ‹‡•Ǥ ˆ–‡” ˆ‹˜‡ Š‘—”• ‘ˆ ‰ƒ‹‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ •‡˜‡ ‘—– ‘ˆ ‡‹‰Š– ’‹‰• ™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›—•‡ƒ‹””‘”–‘ˆ‹†ˆ‘‘†Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆŽ‘‘‹‰„‡Š‹†–Š‡‹””‘”ǡ–Š‡•‡ ’‹‰•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›™‡––‘Ž‘‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘‘†‹–Š‡”‹‰Š–’Žƒ ‡ǡ˜‹•‹„Ž‡‘Ž›˜‹ƒ–Š‡ ‹””‘”Ǥ • ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ ‘Ǧ‹””‘”Ǧƒ “—ƒ‹–‡† ’‹‰• ™Š‘ ˆ‹”•– Ž‘‘‡† „‡Š‹† –Š‡ ‹””‘”•ȋ”‘‘‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͻȌǤŠ‡ƒ„”‹†‰‡’‹‰•Š‘™‡˜‡”ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡–‡•––‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ‹ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Ǯ•‡•‡ ‘ˆ •‡Žˆǯǣ –Š‡ Žƒ••‹  Ǯ•‡ŽˆǦ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǯǤ ˆ”‘–‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‘”–Š‡›†‹†‘–‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡†›‡‘ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ ‡• –Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒ•Ž‡‡’Ǥ—––Š‹•™ƒ•–Š‘—‰Š–†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ – –Šƒ–’‹‰•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡Ǯ†‹”–›ǯǡ•‘–Š‡›ƒ”‡—•‡†–‘Šƒ˜‹‰Ǯ•’‘–•ǯ‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ ‡•ȋ‹Ž‹—• ʹͲͲͻȌǤ”’‡”Šƒ’•’‹‰•Œ—•– ƒǯ–„‡„‘–Š‡”‡†™‹–ŠŠ‘™–Š‡›Ž‘‘ǫ

 ’—„Ž‹  ‡†‹ƒ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǡ ”‘‘ ‡š’”‡••‡† Š‹• Š‘’‡ –Šƒ– ™‹–Š ‘—” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ’‹‰•–‘—•‡–‘‘Ž•‘” ‘’Ž‡š†‡˜‹ ‡•ǡ–Š‡‹”‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ–—• ™‘—Ž†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•—‹–ǣ

Dz‹ˆƒƒ‹ƒŽ‹•‘™–‘„‡ Ž‡˜‡”‹–‹•Ž‡••Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡–”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒˆ‘‘†Ǧ ’”‘†— ‹‰ƒ Š‹‡ƒ†‘”‡Ž‹‡ƒ•‡–‹‡–„‡‹‰Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• ‹™Š‹ Š’‹‰•ƒ”‡”ƒ‹•‡†ȏǥȐƒ›„‡‹’”‘˜‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡ •–—†›dz ȋ‹Ž‹—•ʹͲͲͻȌǤ

Š‹• Š‘’‡ •‡‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘–Š‡ ƒ••—’–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡” ‹• •—’‡”˜‡‹‡– ‘ ‹–”‹•‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘ˆ •’‡ ‹‡•ǡ –Šƒ–™‡ ƒ––”‹„—–‡‘”ƒŽ ”‡•’‡ – „ƒ•‡† ‘–Š‡‹” fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs191

”‡•‡„Žƒ ‡ –‘ Š—ƒ• ƒ† –Š‡ ‡š–‡– –‘ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ‡‡– ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ ȋ„‡•‹†‡• •‡–‹‡ ‡ȌǤ Š‡ ‹””‘” ‡š’‡”‹‡– ƒ’’‡ƒ”• –‘ ƒ••—‡ ƒ ƒŽ‘•–†‹•‡„‘†‹‡†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ ‘‰‹–‹‘ǡƒ•‹ˆƒƒ”–‡•‹ƒ ‹† ‹• ƒ‹‰ ‹‡” ’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–•‹†‡ ™‘”Ž†ǡ •‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ˜‹•—ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •‡Žˆ ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ –‡•– ‘”‡‘˜‡” ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡• –Š‡ ’‡•‹˜‡’”‘„‹‰‘ˆ‘‡ǯ•‘™ˆƒ ‡ƒ•–Š‡‡’‹–‘‡‘ˆ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹ › ‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡Šƒ• ”‹–‹“—‡†Dz–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–ƒ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ•‡Žˆ—•–„‡‡š’”‡••‡†„›ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’–‘‹””‘”•dzȋ ‡ƒ”‡ʹͲͲ͹ǡʹͲͲȌǤŠ‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡†‘‰•Šƒ˜‡ ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ‹‡ƒ†–Š‹‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•Š‘™‡˜‡”‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡‡š’”‡••‡† ‹ –Š‡‹” •‡•‡‘ˆ•‡ŽŽǤ

‡”–”ƒ† —••‡ŽŽ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘–‹ ‡† –Šƒ– • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” •ƒ›ƒ•— Šƒ„‘—––Š‡ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡‘„•‡”˜‡”ƒ•ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǣ

Dz –•‡‡‡†–Šƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡Šƒ˜‡‹ƒƒ‡”•Š‘™‹‰–Š‡–‹‰Š–‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ ™Š‘ ‘„•‡”˜‡• –Š‡Ǥ Š‹• †‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‰†‹• ‘˜‡”›Š‘Ž†•‘˜‡”ƒ™‹†‡”ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ –Š‡•‡˜‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡ˆ‡”‘ ‹‘—•ǡ„—–—†‡”–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ‘—••‡ƒ—–Š‡›„‡‰ƒ–‘ ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ›–Š‡ —Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Ž‡ƒ˜ƒ‰‡™Š‹ Š‡ƒ ‘ ƒ‡•ˆ—‘ˆ‹‹” ”ƒ ƒ—–Ǧ–‘Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ”‡‹‰ ‘ˆ —‡‡ ‹ –‘”‹ƒ ƒŽŽ ƒ’‡• ™‡”‡ ˜‹”–—‘—• ‘‘‰ƒ‹•–•ǡ „—– †—”‹‰ –Š‡ †‹••‘Ž—–‡ ̵–™‡–‹‡•ǯ –Š‡‹” ‘”ƒŽ• —†‡”™‡–ƒ†‹•ƒ•–”‘—•†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥdzȋ—••‡ŽŽͳͻͻͷǡͻͷȌ

‡‰‘‡•‘–‘†‹• —••Š‘™ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–™ƒ•ƒƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ˆ‹‡” ‡ †‡„ƒ–‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡• Š‘‘Ž–Šƒ–ƒ”‰—‡†ˆ‘”‹‡” ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† ‘–Š‡”• ™Š‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‹ƒ‘”‡”ƒ†‘–”‹ƒŽǦƒ†Ǧ‡””‘”–›’‡‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ǣ

Dz‹ƒŽ•‘„•‡”˜‡†„›‡”‹ ƒ•”—•Šƒ„‘—–ˆ”ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›—–‹Ž–Š‡›Š‹–—’‘ –Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘„› Šƒ ‡Ǥ‹ƒŽ•‘„•‡”˜‡†„› ‡”ƒ••‹–•–‹ŽŽƒ†• ”ƒ– Š –Š‡‹”Š‡ƒ†•—–‹Ž–Š‡›‡˜‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹‡” ‘• ‹‘—•‡••Ǥ  „‡Ž‹‡˜‡„‘–Š•‡–•‘ˆ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•–‘„‡‡–‹”‡Ž›”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ†–Šƒ–™Šƒ–ƒ ƒ‹ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ†‘†‡’‡†•—’‘–Š‡‹†‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡–Šƒ–›‘—•‡–„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹–Ǥdz ȋ—••‡ŽŽͳͻͻͷǡͻ͸Ȍ

Playastest? ‘Š‘™ƒ”‡™‡–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡™Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹‡•ǡ‹ˆƒ›ǫŠƒ––‡•–•ƒ”‡™‡–‘•—„Œ‡ ––Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘‹‘—” —Ž–—”‡ǫ‘ƒ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ›Šƒ•’”‘‘–‡†–Šƒ–™‡Ž‘‘„‡›‘†–Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘Ǯ†‘–Š‡›•—ˆˆ‡”ǯ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•‡–Š”ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‹ƒŽ‡–Š‹ ••‹ ‡ ‡”‡›‡–Šƒ 192chapterseven  ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‡–‡”‹‰‡”Ǥ—–™‹ŽŽ™‡‡”‡Ž›–”ƒ†‡‹–‹ˆ‘”ƒ‡™“—‡•–‹‘–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ•’‡ ‹‡•Š‹‡”ƒ” Š›ǣǮƒ–Š‹•ƒ‹ƒŽ’Žƒ›ǫǯ

DzŽƒ›‘ —”•‹‘Ž›ƒ•ƒŽŽ‹‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•‹ŽŽ‹‘‘”‘”‡ƒ‹ƒŽ •’‡ ‹‡•ǤȏǤǤǤȐƒƒŽ•ƒ†„‹”†•ǡƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•ƒˆ‡™ˆ‹•Š‡•ƒ†”‡’–‹Ž‡•ǡƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ‹†• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‘™ –‘ ’Žƒ›Ǥdz ȋ—––‘Ǧ‹–Š ƒ† ‡ŽŽ‡‰”‹‹ ͳͻͻͷǡʹͶȌ  ”‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–’Žƒ›‹• —””‡–Ž›–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆ™Šƒ–™‡ homoludens‹‘—”ludiccentury˜ƒŽ—‡‹Š—ƒ —Ž–—”‡ǡ‹–‹•‡ƒ•‹Ž›‹ƒ‰‹ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ‡™Š‹‡”ƒ” Š›‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ™‹–Š–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡–‘’–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–‹ ‘–”ƒ•––‘ –Š‡”‡•–™‘—Ž†‘–„‡•‡Žˆ‡˜‹†‡–Ž›Ǯ‹ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ǯȋ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ʹͲͲͺȌǤ”ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡƒˆ‘”‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š– ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‹‰Š– ‡‡”‰‡ –Šƒ– ‹• ‘– ƒ‹‹‰ –‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š•’‡ ‹‡• •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ˆ‘”ƒ• ”‹„‹‰‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ȋ‘‡ ‡Ž„‡”‰ŠʹͲͳʹȌǤ‹ŽŽ™‡”‡Ž‹“—‹•Š–Š‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”–Š‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹‰ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡Š—ƒǡƒ•–‘‘Ž™‹‡Ž†‹‰ǡŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‹‰ǡƒ„•–”ƒ ––Š‹‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽǫ††‘™‡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡‡† ‹ ‘—” ’”‘„‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ “—‡•–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ “—‡•–‹‘‹‰ ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ•ǡ Dz ƒ  Ž‡ƒ” –‘ ’Žƒ› ™‹–Š –Š‹• ƒ‹ƒŽǫdz ȋ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ› ʹͲͲͺǡʹʹȌǤŠ‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ‹•ƒ”‘Ž‡ˆ‘”‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰–Š‡Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•‹–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘‡–Š‹ •ǡ„—–‹–‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡•’—––‹‰‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ–•–ƒ‡Ǥ –‡”‡•–‹‰‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ‰ƒ‡•–Š‡†‘‘–ƒ‹–‘‡ƒ•—”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‹•‘Žƒ–‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ„—––‘•‡‡ ™Šƒ–‹†•‘ˆŠ—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘• ‘—Ž†„‡‡–‹ ‡†–‘‡‡”‰‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ  Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‡”–”ƒ† —••‡ŽŽ †‡• ”‹„‡† ™‡”‡ ‹†‡‡† ‘– ȋ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›Ȍ †—‡ –‘ ƒ ˆŽƒ™‡† ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’‡–‹‰• Š‘‘Ž•‹ ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ –Š‡ †‹•–‹ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‹‡” ‡–ƒŽ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘—–‡” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ –”‹ƒŽǦƒ†Ǧ‡””‘” ƒ „‡ ƒ”‰—‡† –‘ „‡ ‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘– •‘ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ǥͻʹ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ’‡• ™‡”‡ „”‘—‰Š– ‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒ†‡ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘† ™‹–Š ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•ǡƒ‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ––Š‡›†‘–”—‡ ˆ‘” –Š‘•‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•‘’‡•—’–Š‡‘–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ••Šƒ”‡‹‘—”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡•ƒ† ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǣƒ†‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ•‡”‡’ƒ••‹˜‡”‡ ‡’–ƒ Ž‡•‘ˆ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘ „›‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ‹‡–‹•–•ǤŠ‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹•‘––‘†‹•‹••–Š‹•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆǮ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‹‡•ǡ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǯƒ•‡”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‹•ǡ„—–‹–Š‡™‘”†•‘ˆ ‹ ‹ƒ‡‡•’”‡–ǣDz–‘‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡‡–Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ• ‘•–”— –‹‰Š—ƒ•ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–‘‰‡–Š‡”dzȋ‡•’”‡–ʹͲͲ͸ǡʹͲͻǢ ˆǤ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ͳͻͻͳǡ͵ͳȌǤ   92 See for instance Wemelsfelder’s (1993, 53) argument that empirically there is little support to clearly demarcateassociativefrominnovativestylesoflearning.  fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs193

7.4Symmetryandreward?

ƒ› ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ„Ž‡ ’‹‰ǦŠ—ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ †‡•‹‰• ™‘—Ž† ‡ƒ•‹Ž› Œ—•–”‡ƒˆˆ‹”–Š‡ •–ƒ–—•“—‘ǣ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ’Žƒ ‡‘ˆƒ†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡†’‹‰‹•–Š‡‹–‡•‹˜‡ ˆƒ”ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡Š—ƒ‹•‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›‘–‘’‘ˆƒ›‹ƒ‰‹ƒ„Ž‡ •’‡ ‹‡• Š‹‡”ƒ” Š›ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ•• ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‹‘• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡† ’‹‰• ‡”‡Ž› ‘•–‹–—–‡ ƒ ‹‡•‡—–ƒ’’‡†•‘—” ‡ˆ‘”Š—ƒ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–Ǥ ‘™–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‹•‘—– ‘‡ǫ  †‡•‹‰‹‰ ƒ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ ‡ ‘—–‡” „‡–™‡‡ Š—ƒ• ƒ†’‹‰•ǡ‹–‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ–‘–‘Ž›–‘ƒ‡•‘‡–Š‹‰•—‹–ƒ„Ž›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ˆ‘”’‹‰•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‘––‘ •–ƒ”–„›—™‹––‹‰Ž›‹• ”‹„‹‰™Šƒ–‘‡ƒ›ƒ••—‡–‘„‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹ ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆŠ—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ

„˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ••Š‘—Ž†‘–ˆ‹‰—”‡‹–Š‡‰ƒ‡Ǧ’Žƒ›ƒ•‡”‡ Ǯ”ƒ†‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‘”•ǯ‹–Š‡™ƒ›œ‘‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡•‘‡–‹‡•ƒ†‡–‘’—„Ž‹ Ž›’”‡†‹ ––Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡‘ˆˆ‘‘–„ƒŽŽƒ– Š‡•‘”–‘„‡ƒ–ˆ—†ƒƒ‰‡”••‡Ž‡ –‹‰•–‘ •‘–Š‡•–‘  ‡š Šƒ‰‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡‘•–‡•‹„Ž›’”‡–‡†‹‰–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†ƒ‰‡ ›‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ• •‡”‹‘—•Ž›ƒ• ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰ƒ„‘—–‘—”™‘”Ž†ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›”‡†— ‡†–‘ chance automataǤ ‘–Š‡” †‡–”‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ™‘—Ž† „‡ –‘ ‰”ƒ– Š—ƒ• ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡‡–•‘ˆƒ’‹‰ǤŠ‡–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘‡ƒŽ‹˜‹‰˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡ƒ˜ƒ–ƒ”‘’‡”ƒ–‡†„›ƒŠ—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”ǡ—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ”‡•‡„Ž‹‰–Š‡”‡‘–‡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ‘ ”‘ƒ Š–Šƒ–‘‡ ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡™‹–ŠƒRoboroach Š‘‡‘”†‡”‹––Šƒ– ‘‡•™‹–Š‹•–”— –‹‘•ˆ‘”’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ƒǮ„”‹‡ˆ •—”‰‡”›ǯ –‘ ‘‡ –‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•–‘‹–•ƒ–‡ƒ‡ǡˆ‘”‹‰ƒǮ‡—”ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ǯ ȋǮŠ‡ ‘„‘”‘ƒ Šǯ ʹͲͳͶȌǤ

‘”‡•›‡–”‹ ƒŽ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž‡Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ‡• ˆ‘” ƒ †ƒ—–‹‰ †‡•‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ •’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™Š‡ ™‡ ™ƒ– –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‘–Š„‡–”—Ž›ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡’‹‰•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”ƒƒ –‹˜‡ ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰•–‘Š—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ‘‡ˆ‹‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡•‡–—’• ”‡ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ†™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡™‘”‘ˆƒ–ƒŽ‹‡ ‡”‡‹Œ‡‘Ǥ ‘‡‘ˆŠ‡”‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘•ƒ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡‹• ‘•–”— –‡†–Š”‘—‰Š ™Š‹ Š ƒ Š—ƒ ƒ ‡–‡” ‹–‘ ƒ „‘†‹Ž› •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘•– ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ƒ‹ƒŽ Ȃ ƒ†Œ—•–‡† –‘ •‹œ‡Ȃ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǣ –Š‡ ”Š‹‘ ‡”‘• „‡‡–Ž‡Ǥ –Š‡” •‡–Ǧ—’• ƒ‹ –‘ ˆ‘•–‡” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒ•ƒ†—”„ƒ™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ•— Šƒ•ƒ†‡˜‹ ‡™Š‹ Š‡ƒ„Ž‡• ™‹Ž†„‹”†•–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡™‹–Š—•‡—˜‹•‹–‘”•ǡ„›’”‡••‹‰„—––‘•–Šƒ–’”‘†— ‡ ’”‡Ǧ”‡ ‘”†‡† –‡š–• –‘ „‡ ’Žƒ›‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‘—–†‘‘” –‡””ƒ ‡Ǥ ‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ „—––‘ Š‘•‡„›–Š‡„‹”†•ǡ–Š‡˜‹•‹–‘”•ƒ”‡‹ˆ‘”‡†ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‰ 194chapterseven  „‹”†• ƒ† œ‘‘‘–‹ †‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǡ ‘” ‡˜‡ —”‰‡† –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ •‘‡ „‹”†ˆ‘‘† ‹ ‘”†‡”–‘ ”‡†— ‡–Š‡”‹•‘ˆ–Š‹•‘ —””‹‰ǤŠ‡Žƒ––‡”„—––‘™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡—•‡†‘•–‘ˆ–‡Ǥ ‡”‡‹Œ‡‘ǯ•™‘”‡š’Ž‘”‡•™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•™Š‡Š—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡„”‘—‰Š– ‹–‘ƒ‘”‡‡“—ƒŽˆ‘”‘ˆ ‘–ƒ –ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•Šƒ”‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ ‘”‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ†‹––‡•–•‘—”ƒ••—’–‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡‹””‡Žƒ–‹‘•–‘—•Ǥ  –Š‡’‹‰‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –™‡’Žƒ‡†–‘Ž‹‡™‹•‡ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡•‡––‹‰ ‹™Š‹ Š—–—ƒŽƒ†Œ—•–‡–ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ƒ†‡™‘†‡• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽƒ†‡„‘†‹‡†ȋƒŽ„‡‹– ‡†‹ƒ–‡†Ȍ™ƒ›ǤŠƒ–•‡‡•–‘„‡”‡“—‹”‡†‹•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆsymmetricalŠ—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ’Žƒ›†‡•‹‰ǡ’”‘†— ‹‰Ǯ–”—‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǯ–Šƒ–‹•‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Žˆ‘”„‘–Š•‹†‡•ǡ’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž› •‘‡Š‘™‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›Ǥ  ‡”Šƒ’• •—”’”‹•‹‰Ž›ǡ –™‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ƒŽŽ—”‹‰ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‡†‹ƒ–‡† ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Šƒ˜‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ˆ‹•ŠȂƒ Ž‡ƒ”‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡• –‘ —’‡† ‘‘ •’‡ ‹‡• Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹‡•Ǥ ‡ ‹ƒŽ†‘ǯ• Augmented Fish Reality‹•ƒ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘™‹–Šˆ‹˜‡”‘„‘–‹ ˆ‹•Š„‘™Ž•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡ •–”‘‰Ž› –‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ‹ƒ‡•‡ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ˆ‹•Š–‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ˜‡”•‡ƒ•’ƒ ‡•Šƒ”‡†™‹–ŠŠ—ƒ• ȋ–‡”Ž‹‰ʹͲͳͲǢŽ‘‹ʹͲͳʹȌǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰‡˜‘‡•„‘†‹Ž›•–”—‰‰Ž‡•‘ˆ—‘™”‡•–Ž‡”•ǡƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹•Š ™‹–Š –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ƒ† Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡ ‡š–‡•‹‘•ƒ› ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ Š—ƒ• „› ’—•Š‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ•‹†‡Ǥ Š‡ ENKI ‡š’‡”‹‡– •‡– —’ „› –‘› ƒŽŽ ’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ‡˜‡‘”‡†‹”‡ –ƒ†‹‡”•‹˜‡‡ ‘—–‡”Ǥˆ‹•Š–ƒ‹•’”‡’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š •‡•‘”•–Šƒ–”‡‰‹•–‡”–Š‡•‹‰ƒŽ••‡–‘—–„›ƒ‡Ž‡ –”‘‰‡‹ ˆ‹•Šƒ†–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡–Š‡•‡ –‘ƒƒ—†‹‘Ǧ˜‹•—ƒŽ†‹•’Žƒ›ǤŠ‡Š—ƒ‡‰—Žˆ‡†‹–Š‹•˜‹”–—ƒŽȀ„‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–›Šƒ• Š‹•‘”Š‡”„‘†‹Ž›”‡•’‘•‡•ˆ‡†„ƒ –‘–Š‡ˆ‹•Š‹–Š‡–ƒǤͻ͵Š‡Š—ƒ‹•ƒ†‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹•Šǯ•„‹‘Ǧ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ† ƒƒ––‡’––‘‘†—Žƒ–‡Š‹•‘”Š‡”„‘†‹Ž› •‹‰ƒŽ• ‹ Ž‘•‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Ž‹ˆ‡ ˆ‘”Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ ˆ‹•Š ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ•’ƒ ‡ˆ‘”—–—ƒŽ‡ ‘—–‡”‹™Š‹ ŠŠ—ƒ ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ƒ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”–‡””‹–‘”›ǡ–Š‡ENKI„‹‘Ǧ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†Ž› ŠƒŽŽ— ‹ƒ–‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š „‘†‹Ž› ƒ† ‡–ƒŽ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•†‹••‘Ž˜‡ȋ ƒŽŽƒ† ƒ•‡ʹͲͳͲǢŽ‘‹ʹͲͳͳȌǤŠ‹•“—‹–‡†‹”‡ –ƒ†˜‡”› „‘†‹Ž› ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ —††Ž‡• †‹•–‹ –‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ ‹–‡”‹‘”‹–› ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ‹‰ ‹– — Š Šƒ”†‡” –‘ Ž‹‰ –‘ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ƒ† •‡‡‹‰Ž› ‘„˜‹‘—•‘–‹‘•‘ˆ Ǯ‹†ǯ ƒ† Ǯ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǯǤ ‡”‡„› –Š‡ ™‘” ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡• ƒ ‹† ‘ˆ—Ž–‹•’‡ ‹‡•   93See:http://www.antonyhall.net/ENKItech/introduction.html(Accessed12March,2014)  fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs195  ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ –Šƒ– ‘˜‡• „‡›‘† ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ –™‘ •‡Žˆ ‡˜‹†‡–Ž› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹œ‡† •—„Œ‡ –• ‡‡–‹‰ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ Š‡•‡ –™‘ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘•‡ƒ Š‹–Š‡‹” ‘™™ƒ›–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆƒ –‹‰ǡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰‘ˆ„‘–ŠŠ—ƒ ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ȋ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰Ȍ’Žƒ‡‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ  Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡šƒ’Ž‡•‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ–™‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆŠ‘™’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡•ƒ›—†—Ž›’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡Š—ƒ•‘˜‡”’‹‰•Ǣƒ†–Š‡›”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡‹••—‡™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡”‡‹‰Š–„‡™ƒ›•‘ˆ‡‡–‹‰‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǮŠƒŽˆ™ƒ›ǯǤ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š’‹‰•ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ —•‡ Œ‘›•–‹ • –‘ ‘–”‘Ž –Š‹‰• ’”‘Œ‡ –‡† ‘ ƒ • ”‡‡ǡ ƒ• ™ƒ• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† „› —”–‹•ǡ †—”‹‰†‡•‹‰‡‡–‹‰•™‡ƒŽ•‘†‹• —••‡†ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡•„‡–™‡‡ ’‹‰•ƒ†Š—ƒ•Ǥ  Ž—†‹‰ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡–Š‡MudTub†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›‘ ‡”Šƒ”†– –Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™•Š—ƒ•ȋƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȍ–‘ ‘–”‘Žƒ ‘’—–‡”„›‹‡”•‹‰ –Š‡‹”Šƒ†•‘”•‘—–•‹ƒ–—„‘ˆ—†ǤͻͶ•›‡–”‹ ƒŽ‰ƒ‡™‘—Ž†‘–†‡ƒ†‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹‰• –‘ ƒ†Œ—•– –‘ Š—ƒ•Ǥ Šƒ– •‡‡• –‘ „‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† ‹• –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ level playingfieldǡ‹™Š‹ ŠŠ—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡–‘ ‘’‡–‡ȋ‘” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡Ȍ‘ƒ’ƒ”Ǥ ’Žƒ›•’ƒ ‡‹•–‘„‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†‹™Š‹ ŠŠ—ƒƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ–•–ƒ‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ –Š‡ •‡– —’ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‡”‡Ž› ƒ‘–Š‡” Ǯ”‹‰‰‡†ǯ  –‡•– ˆ‘” ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‹‰ ’‹‰• ƒ• Ǯ•‘‡™Š‡”‡ „‡–™‡‡ †‘‰ ƒ† ƒ’‡ǯǡ Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ ‘‘ ƒ••—’–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– Š—ƒ “—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‘”ƒŽ •–ƒ–—• ‹–ƒ –Ǥ • ‹‘˜ƒ‹ Ž‘‹ Šƒ• ’‘‹–‡† ‘—–ǡ ƒ”–™‘”• ƒ †”ƒ™Š—ƒ•‹–‘ƒDzœ‘‡‘ˆ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›dzƒ†Ž‡ƒ†—•‹–‘Dzƒ—‘™ƒ”‡ƒǡƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ‘’‡–‡ ‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ’’‡ƒ”• –‘ „‡ ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆŠ—ƒ ‹ ‘’‡–‡ ‡dzȋŽ‘‹ʹͲͳʹǡ͹ͺȌǤŠƒ–‡‡”‰‡•‹•ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆƒ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ •’‡ ‹‡•ˆ”‘™Š‹ ŠŠ—ƒ•‹‰Š–‘–™ƒŽƒ™ƒ›ƒ•‘„˜‹‘—•˜‹ –‘”•Ǥ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –•–ƒ–‡††—”‹‰ƒ†‡•‹‰™‘”•Š‘’ǣ

Dzˆ ‘—”•‡Š—ƒ•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ––Š‡’‹‰•‹ƒ›‰ƒ‡ǤǤǤǤ”ǡ™‡ŽŽǡ’‡”Šƒ’•™‡ ƒǯ–„‡ˆ—ŽŽ›•—”‡ǡƒ•–Š‡’‹‰•†‘Šƒ˜‡ƒŽŽ†ƒ›–‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥdz

‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡’Žƒ›‹•‡ƒ•‹Ž›—†‡”•–‘‘†‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ–‡•–‹‰ƒ†”ƒ‹‰•’‡ ‹‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹ –Š‘—‰Šǡ–Š‹•–‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ••—‡†•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡Š—ƒƒ–•–ƒ‡ǤŠ‡‹ƒ‰‹‹‰ ‰”‡ƒ–ƒ’‡•–‘’‘••‹„Ž›†‡ˆ‡ƒ–—•‹ƒ‰ƒ‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹•—•‡––Ž‹‰ȋ‹”ƒ‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳͳȌǡ –Š‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆ„‡‹‰„‡ƒ–‡„›ƒ’‹‰™‘—Ž†ˆ‘”ƒ›•‡‡Ž‹‡ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ Š—‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ–Š‹•Šƒ’’‡•ǡ™‹ŽŽ™‡”‡†‡ˆ‹‡Ǯ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ǯ•‘–Šƒ–™‹‹‰ƒ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‡” ‘—–•ˆ‘”— Šǫ‘—Ž†‹–ƒ‡Š—ƒ•‘”‡Š—„Ž‡ǡ‘Ž‘‰‡” ƒ••—‹‰™‡ƒ”‡‘–‘’‘ˆƒ›‹ƒ‰‹ƒ„Ž‡Š‹‡”ƒ” Š›ǫ”™‘—Ž†‹–ƒ‡—•†‹• ƒ”†

  94SeefortheMudTubinterfacebyTomGerhardt:http://tomgerhardt.com/mudtub  196chapterseven  –Š‡‡–‹”‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•„ƒ•‡†‘•‘‡Š‹‡”ƒ” Š›‘ˆ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ǫ ‡ƒ’Š‘ˆ Šƒ• †”ƒ™ ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ ƒ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‡˜‡ ‘”‡ †‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Š‡‰ƒ‡ ƒ›’”‘†— ‡ǣ™Šƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡’‹‰•†‘ǯ–Ž‹‡–‘’Žƒ›™‹–Š—•ǫȋƒ’Š‘ˆʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

Definingplayforpigs:foodreward? Š‡‘•–‡š–‡•‹˜‡ƒ†”‡ —””‹‰†‹• —••‹‘•™‹–Š‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰–‡ƒ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ”‘—†‘—” Š‘‹ ‡–‘ƒ„•–ƒ‹ˆ”‘—•‹‰ƒˆ‘‘†”‡™ƒ”†–‘‡–‹ ‡–Š‡’‹‰•–‘’Žƒ›‘—” ‰ƒ‡Ǥ ƒ”‡”•ƒ†„‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–•‡’–‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰–‘—•–Šƒ––Š‡„‡•–™ƒ›–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ ‹–‡”‡•–™‹–Š–Š‡’‹‰•‹•–‘‘ˆˆ‡”–Š‡ˆ‘‘†Ǥ—––Š‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘‘†”‡™ƒ”†•™‹–Š ‘’‡”ƒ– ‘†‹–‹‘‹‰ ȋƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹•Ȍ •‡‡‡† †‡–”‹‡–ƒŽ –‘ ‘—”‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰•›‡–”‹ ƒŽ’Žƒ›ǤŠ‘—‰Š™‡‹‰Š–‰‡–’‹‰•–‘†‘ƒŽŽ‹†•‘ˆ–”‹ •ǡ–Š‡ †ƒ‰‡”™‘—Ž†„‡–Šƒ––Š‡•‡–”‹ •‡ƒ‘–Š‹‰ȋ‘”•‘‡–Š‹‰˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ȍ–‘–Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽǡƒ†–Š—•™‘—Ž†‘– ‘—–ƒ•’Žƒ›ǤŠƒ ‡•ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•™Š‘„‡Šƒ˜‡ ‹™ƒ›•–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”ˆ—›–‘Š—ƒ•†‘‘–‰‡––Š‡Œ‘‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡–Š‡‹” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹‰Š–‘–„‡’Žƒ›ˆ—Žǡ„—–ƒ‡”‡Ǯ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽǯ•‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž‡••Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ’”‘‘–‹‰‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡•‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ™‡‹‰Š–‹ƒ†˜‡”–‡–Ž›„‡ †”ƒ™–‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‘‡‡”•‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹•–ƒ‹ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰ǣ–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ –—”‹‰ Ǯƒ‹ƒŽ ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰› ‹–‘ ƒ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡ǯǡ ‰‡ƒ”‡† ƒ– Ǯ†‹• ‹’Ž‹‹‰ „Žƒ „‘š‡•ǯȋ”‡Žƒ†ƒ†”‡Žƒ†ͳͻ͸ͳȌǤ‹‰”‡••‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ”‡ –Š‡–ƒ‡–‘„‡•‹‰•‘ˆ”‡Žƒ’•‡‹–‘‹•–‹ –—ƒŽǮˆ‹š‡†ǯ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”’ƒ––‡”•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ‡š’”‡••‹‘•‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž†‡•‹”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽǤ

š–‡†‹‰‘—””‡“—‹”‡‡–‘ˆ•›‡–”›ǡ‹†‡ƒŽŽ›–Š‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ†‘Ǧ Š—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”••Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ‹‰–‘–Š‡‡š–‡––Šƒ–ˆ‘”„‘–Š•‹†‡•’‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ –Š‡‰ƒ‡‹•‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›–Š‡•ƒ‡ȋ‹ˆ–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†‡˜‡”„‡Ȍǡ„—–ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––Šƒ––Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‹•’Žƒ›ˆ—Žˆ‘”„‘–Šǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ„‡‹‰‡ƒ•‹Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•‘‡’Žƒ›‹‰–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡–Š‡ ’‹‰•™‘—Ž†„‡•‘Ž‡Ž›‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹‰ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‘‘†”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ„‡‹‰‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†–‘’Žƒ›ǡ Ž‡–ƒŽ‘‡–‘’Žƒ›™‹–Š—•ǡ–Š‹•™‘—Ž††‡•–”‘›–Š‡•‡•‡‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ‡–”ƒŽ‹ ‘‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘’Žƒ›‹•ˆ‘”‹––‘„‡Ǯ‹–”‹•‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡™ƒ”†‹‰ǯǤ Žƒ› ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› •—’’‘•‡† –‘ „‡ Ǯˆ—ǯ ȋ—––‘Ǧ‹–Š ͳͻͻ͹ǡ ͳ͹ͶȌǤ Žƒ›‹‰–Š‡‰ƒ‡•Š‘—Ž†‹–Š‹•˜‹‡™„‡–Š‡•‘Ž‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰•‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”‹– –‘ „‡ –”—Ž› ’Žƒ›Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š –Š‹• ‹†‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‹–”‹•‹  ƒ’’‡ƒŽ ƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘ˆ‘‘† ”‡™ƒ”†• Šƒ• ‰—‹†‡† ‘—” †‡•‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• •‘ ˆƒ”ǡ †‹• —••‹‘• ‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‹• ‹• ƒ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›”‡“—‹”‡‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘–‘„‡’Žƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‹ ‘—” ‘‰‘‹‰ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– „‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡Ǥ

 fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs197  ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ—‡”‘—•ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹ ƒ’–‹˜‹–›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–‡•–‡†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›’”‡ˆ‡”–‘ Ǯ™‘”ǯˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŒ—•–”‡ ‡‹˜‡‹–Ǯˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡ǯǤŠ‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡ǡ•‘‡ ‘’– –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ‘”‡ ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ –ƒ•• ˆ‘” ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰ ˆ‘‘† ‘˜‡” ‡ƒ•› ƒ ‡••Ǥ Š‹• ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‘ˆ •‘ ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯ ‘–”ƒǦˆ”‡‡Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ǯ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ‹–”‹•‹  ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–› –‘ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ ˆ‘‘†ǡ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ Ǯ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡‡†•ǯ –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ–—”ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•ǡƒ†ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰–Šƒ–‹• ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ȋŠ‡’Š‡”†•‘‡–ƒŽǤ ͳͻͻ͵Ǣ ‰Ž‹•ǡ ‘”ƒǡ ƒ† ƒœƒ”—• ͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ ‹‰• –‘‘ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ Ǯ ‘–”ƒˆ”‡‡Ž‘ƒ†ǯǡ –Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‡š–‡– –‘ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› †‘ †‡’‡†• ‘ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ™Š‡”‡„›‘”‡Ǯƒ–—”ƒŽǯˆ‘”ƒ‰‹‰–ƒ••ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘™‘”„‡•– ͻͷȋ‘—‰ƒ†ƒ™”‡ ‡ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ†‡ ‘‰‡‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͺȌǤ

Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–ƒˆ‘‘†”‡™ƒ”††‘‡•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆƒƒ –‹˜‹–› ‘’‡•—’–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ–™‡ ƒ„‘–Š”‡™ƒ”†ƒ†Šƒ˜‡‹–”‹•‹ ƒŽŽ›‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† ’Žƒ›Ǥ  †‹• —••‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘–”ƒǦˆ”‡‡Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ –Š‹• ˆ”‡‡ Š‘•‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–› –‡†• –‘ „‡ Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†Ǯ™‘”ǯǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•™‡™‡”‡–”›‹‰–‘‰‡–‘—”’‹‰•–‘’Žƒ›Ǥ—–™‡ ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘ –ƒ‡–Š‡’Š‡‘‡‘ƒ•—†‡”‹‹‰–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡Ǯ™‘”ǯƒ†Ǯ’Žƒ›ǯǤ †‹•–‹ –‹‘™Š‹ Š•‡‡•–‘„‡ƒŠ—ƒ‘„•‡••‹‘ƒ›™ƒ›ǡ‘”‡˜‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ’Žƒ›–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡†‘‹ƒ–‹‡•–‡”–Š‘—‰Š–•‹ ‡–Š‡ ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ

Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ› —‹œ‹‰ƒ ‘’‡‡† —’ –Š‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ› –‘ •‡”‹‘—•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘„›‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰‹–• ‡–”ƒŽ’Žƒ ‡‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥͻ͸ Š‹•HomoLudensǡ —‹œ‹‰ƒ†‡ˆ‹‡†’Žƒ›ƒ•ǣ

̶ƒ ˆ”‡‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–› •–ƒ†‹‰ “—‹–‡ ‘• ‹‘—•Ž› ‘—–•‹†‡ ̵‘”†‹ƒ”›̵ Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ• „‡‹‰ ̵‘–•‡”‹‘—•̵„—–ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ƒ„•‘”„‹‰–Š‡’Žƒ›‡”‹–‡•‡Ž› ƒ† —––‡”Ž›Ǥ –‹•ƒƒ –‹˜‹–› ‘‡ –‡†™‹–Š‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–ǡƒ†‘’”‘ˆ‹– ƒ„‡‰ƒ‹‡†„›‹–Ǥdzȋ —‹œ‹‰ƒͳͻͶͻǡͳ͵Ȍ

‹–Š–Š‹•ǡ —‹œ‹‰ƒƒ†‘’–‡†–Š‡ƒ”‹•–‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‘”–Šƒ–Ǯ‰ƒ‡•ƒ”‡–‘„‡’Žƒ›‡†ˆ‘” ‰ƒ‡•ǯ•ƒ‡ǯǡ•‡––‹‰’Žƒ›ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘‡˜‡”›†ƒ›‡š‹•–‡ ‡ȋ—––‘Ǧ‹–Šͳͻͻ͹ǡʹͲ͵ȌǤ Š‹• ‹• ƒ ”ƒ–Š‡” ”‡•–”‹ –‹˜‡ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‡• ’Žƒ› ƒ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –Š‹‰ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡„‡–™‡‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†ˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ—––‘Ǧ‹–Šȋͳͻͻ͹ȌŠƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†Š‘™–Š‹•   95ThatwasaccordingtoBreland&Breland(1961)whattheyrelapsedintoafterbeingconditionedtogather theirfoodmoredirectly. 96 Huizinga assumed culture to be uniquely human. From the fact that animals play he concludes ‘play precedesculture’.  198chapterseven  ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ› ƒ• —’”‘†— –‹˜‡ǡ †‹•‹–‡”‡•–‡† ƒ† ’—”‡ǡ ƒ‡• ‹– Šƒ”† –‘ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡‘†‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ›–Šƒ–‘ —”–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Š—ƒŽ‹ˆ‡ǡƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‘•‡ ‘–ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ǮŽ‡‹•—”‡ Žƒ••ǯǤ—–‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”Š—ƒ•™‡ ƒ „”‘ƒ†‡ ‘—” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ› –‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ‘Ǧ‹–”‹•‹  ”‡™ƒ”†•ǡ •—”‡Ž› ™‡ ƒ†‘•‘ˆ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘‘ǫͻ͹

 –‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‹•ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• •‡‡ –‘ Ž‹‡ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‹‰• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ ‘–Š‡” ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ†‘‡™‹–Š†ƒ‹”› ‘™•ǡ‡ƒ•—”‡†–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘„Ž‡ •‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰ ƒ ˆ‘‘† ”‡™ƒ”†™‹–Š‘—– ‘’Ž‡–‹‰ƒ–ƒ•Ǥš’‡”‹‡–ƒŽŠ‡‹ˆ‡”•–Šƒ–Šƒ† Œ—•– Ž‡ƒ”‡† –‘ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ƒ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† ˆ‡ ‡ •Š‘™‡† ƒ Š‹‰Š‡” Š‡ƒ”– ”ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‘”‡ ˜‹‰‘”‘—• ‘˜‡‡––‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ˆ‘‘†–‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡›Šƒ†‰ƒ‹‡†ƒ ‡••–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–Šƒ–Š‡ ‘–”‘ŽŠ‡‹ˆ‡”•™Š‘™‡”‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒˆ”‡‡’ƒ••™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›‡ˆˆ‘”–ȋ ƒ‰‡ƒ†”‘‘ ʹͲͲͶȌǤŠ‹• ƒ„‡–ƒ‡–‘‡ƒ–Šƒ– ‘™•Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡‘–Œ—•–‹ ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰ ˆ‘‘† ƒ† ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ –Š‡‹” ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡ˆ”‘ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ‘–Š‡” •‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ‰ƒ‡‹‰Š–„‡‘”‡–Šƒ‡”‡Ž›Ǯ†‹•–”ƒ –‹‰ǯƒ‹ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ ™Šƒ– –Š‡› –”—Ž›™ƒ––‘†‘Ȃ„‹–‡‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǯ•–ƒ‹Ž•ǡ‰‡–•‘‡ˆ‘‘†ǡ‡• ƒ’‡–Š‡’‡Ȃ„—––Šƒ––Š‡› ƒ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‰ƒ‡Ǧ’Žƒ›ƒ•‹Š‡”‡–Ž›”‡™ƒ”†‹‰ƒ†‡š ‹–‹‰Ǣ ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–‘™Š‹ Šƒˆ‘‘†”‡™ƒ”†‹–•‡Žˆ‹•‘– ‡–”ƒŽǤ

‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‘–ƒŽŽˆ‘”•‘ˆ–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ– ‘†‹–‹‘‹‰–Šƒ–—•‡ˆ‘‘†”‡™ƒ”†• ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›”‡•—Ž–‹ƒ•›‡–”‹ ƒŽ’‘™‡””‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†Š—ƒ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ ‘–Š‡”‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•‹Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‹•–Šƒ––Š‹• ƒ„‡ƒ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡†‘Ž’Š‹•ƒ”‡–”ƒ‹‡†–‘‰‘ „‡›‘†–Š‡‹”ƒ–—”ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”’ƒ––‡”•ƒ†‹˜‡–‡™–”‹ •ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡†‘Ž’Š‹•ƒ– Ž‹„‡”–› –‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” ‘™ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǡ –Š‡ ‹– ƒ „‡ •ƒ‹† Dz–Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ‹ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‹• –”ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ‹‡”–‘‰‹˜‡ˆ‹•Šdzȋ”›‘”ͳͻͺ͸ǡʹʹͷǢ ˆǤ‡‡Ž•ˆ‡Ž†‡”ͳͻͻ͵ǡͷͶȌǤ‘™ –Š‹• ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ› ƒ‰ƒ‹ „‡ –‘‘ ‘‡ •‹†‡†ǡ –Š‹• –‹‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‰ ƒŽŽ ’‘™‡” ƒ† ƒ‰‡ › ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ •‹†‡Ǥ ˜‡ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ› ƒ†‹–• –Šƒ– ƒ‰‹Ž‹–› –”ƒ‹‹‰ ™‹–ŠŠ‡”†‘‰†‘‡•‘–‘ —”‹•‘‡‹‘ ‡–•’ƒ ‡‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•›‡–”‹‡•–Šƒ– ƒ„‘—†‹Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ȋ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ʹͲͲͺǡʹ͵͹ȌǤ—–•–‹ŽŽǡ•‘‡Ž‡‡™ƒ›ˆ‘” ‘„‹‹‰”‡™ƒ”†ƒ†Ǯ‰‡—‹‡ǯ’Žƒ›•‡‡•–‘‡š‹•–Ǥ 

  97Whenplayisnotnecessarilyopposedtobeingusefulorsetapartfromeverydaylife,variouswaysinwhich humansandanimalscloselyinteractandcollaborate(thinkofguidedogsforinstance)arethenopentobeing interpretedasplayful(too),ratherthanasjustwork.  fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs199

Dothey(needto)knowtheyareplayingwithus? –Š‡ —””‡–’”‘–‘–›’‡ǡ™Šƒ–™‡‘ˆˆ‡”‹•‘–ƒ—–—ƒŽŽ‘‘ǡ•‘‘–”—‡‡ ‘—–‡”Ǥͻͺ Š‡”‡‹•‘™‘–Š‹‰‘–Š‡‹”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‘™’‹‰•–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Š‡›ƒ”‡’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Šǡ‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ǡƒŠ—ƒǤȋ”‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡ˆ”‘–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡†‘–‹• ‘˜‡†ǡ„—––Šƒ–ƒ›˜‡”›™‡ŽŽ„‡ƒ–‘‘‡ƒ‰”‡‘†‡‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤȌ

™Šƒ–—•–„‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒŽŽ›‡†‹ƒ–‡†Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ’Žƒ›ǡ‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ƒˆ”—•–”ƒ–‡†ƒ†‘˜‡”Ž›ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ƒ†”‹ŽŽŠ‘—•‡†‹ƒœ‘‘‹ ‘”–Žƒ†ǡ ”‡‰‘ ™ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡† ™‹–Šƒ ”—†‹‡–ƒ”› Ǯ ‘’—–‡” ‰ƒ‡ǯǤ ‘ †‹‹‹•Š –Š‡ ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘‹ƒ– ƒ†”‹ŽŽǡ ƒ †‡˜‹ ‡ ™ƒ• ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† –Šƒ– †‹•’‡•‡†ƒ•ƒŽŽƒ‘—–‘ˆˆ‘‘†™Š‡–Š‡‘‡›”‡•’‘†‡†ˆƒ•–‡”‹’—•Š‹‰ƒ Ž‹‰Š–‡†„—––‘–Šƒ‡‹–Š‡”ƒ˜‹•‹–‘”ǡ‘”‹–Š‡‹”ƒ„•‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ †‡˜‹ ‡‹–•‡ŽˆǤ •–Šƒ––—”‡†‘—––‘„‡“—‹ ‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡˜‹•‹–‘”ǡ–Š‡ƒ†”‹ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ ’Žƒ› ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š—ƒ ‘’’‘‡–•Ǥ ‡ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ™‘—Ž† •–ƒ† ™ƒ‹–‹‰ ‡š– –‘ Š‹• ‘•‘Ž‡ ‘ –Š‡ Ž‘‘‘—– ˆ‘” ‡™ ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’• ‹– ™ƒ• ‹†‡‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š—ƒ•‹–™ƒ•‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘‘„–ƒ‹ƒˆ‘‘†”‡™ƒ”†Ǥˆ–Š‡Š‡™‘‹ –™‘–Š‹”†•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒˆ–‡”ƒˆ‡™‘–Š•‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ȋƒ”‘™‹–œ‡–ƒŽǤ ͳͻͺͳǢŠ‡’Š‡”†•‘ʹͲͲ͵ǡͷͲȌǤ”ǡ™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ†”‹ŽŽ‡‡’‹‰ƒ‡›‡‘–Š‡Š—ƒ ’Žƒ›‡”•’‡”Šƒ’•–‘‡Œ‘›–Š‡‡š–”ƒ”‡™ƒ”†‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ„‡ƒ–‹‰•‘‡‘‡‡Ž•‡‹ ƒ‰ƒ‡‘ˆ•‹ŽŽǫ

‹–Š‡”™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘–Š‡Š—ƒ•‹†‡‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰• ƒ„‡‡š’‡ –‡† –‘„‡”ƒ–Š‡”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ˆ™‡‘–Œ—•–‰‡––‘Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‘‘ƒ––Š‡ǡ„—–‹ˆ™‡‡š Šƒ‰‡ƒ —–—ƒŽ‰Žƒ ‡ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ™ƒ›–‘”‡Ǧ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ˜‹•—ƒŽ ‘‡ –‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‡”‰‡”ȋͳͻͺͲǡʹͺȌ™ƒ•–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ’”‡Ǧ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŠ—ƒǦ ƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ›„‡ƒ™ƒ›–‘ƒ‰ƒ‹‡ ‘—–‡”–Š‡Ž‘‘ ‘ˆƒƒ‹ƒŽǤ†–Š‡‰ƒœ‡‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•†‹”‡ –‡†ƒ–—• ‘—Ž†„‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›’‡”•‘ƒŽǤŠ‡ Ž‘‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰™Š‘‹•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒ‰Žƒ ‡ƒ–ƒŠ—ƒ™‘—Ž†‘–„‡ƒ„Žƒ•–ƒ”‡ǡƒ• ‡”‰‡”Šƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡™ƒ›œ‘‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•ȋ†‘‘–ȌŽ‘‘ƒ–—•ȋ‡”‰‡”ʹͲͲͻȌǤ‹‰• ‹‰Š–ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›”‡•’‘†–‘‘—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ–Š‡”†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡†ˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ••— Šƒ••Š‡‡’ Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‘—†ƒ„Ž‡‘–‘Ž›–‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡’Š‘–‘•‘ˆ—’–‘ˆ‹ˆ–›ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‡‡’ǡ‡˜‡ ›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡›‡––Š‡ǡ„—––‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Š—ƒˆƒ ‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽȋ‡†”‹  ‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͳȌǤ

98AlreadyaoneͲwayvisualconnectiontoanimalsdoesgenerateanethicalspaceforhumanstoengagewith them,asisapparentinpracticesaroundwebcams(Kamphof2011;2013).Butthatparticularmodeof relatingtoanimalsseemspredicatedontheirbeingwild,andwebcamstocheckinonfarmanimalsarelikely tobemuchlesscaptivatingandgenerativeofaffect. 200chapterseven  ‹†‡ƒŽ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡•‰ƒ‡‹–Š‹•˜‹‡™™‘—Ž†‘–Œ—•–”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ƒ‡š Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ‰ƒœ‡• ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”—–—ƒŽ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ǤŠ‘—‰ŠƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹‡ƒ–‹ ’‘”–”ƒ›ƒŽ ‘ˆŽ‘‘•„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒDz”‡•Šƒ’‡–Š‡‘”†‡”•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†ƒ–—”‡dz ȋ—”– ʹͲͲʹǡ ͳͻ͸Ȍǡ ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ˜‹•—ƒŽ ‘‡ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ˆƒ” ƒ†Š‘‡ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘Ǥͻͻ ‡›‘† ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ‰ƒœ‡ǡƒ‹‹‰–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡’Žƒ›‹•‡˜‡‘”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ˆ‘” •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ ‘– Œ—•– „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ‘” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”‹‡”•‹˜‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–™‹–ŠǮˆ‘‘†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǯǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‘†‡‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‰‡—‹‡’Žƒ›™‘—Ž†‹˜‘Ž˜‡Ǥ

CrossǦspeciesmetaǦcommunication Žƒ›ƒ‘‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹•ƒ˜‡”› ‘’Ž‡š‘†‡‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ• ”‡‰‘”›ƒ–‡•‘Šƒ• ’‘‹–‡† ‘—–ǡ ’Žƒ› „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ‘– Œ—•– ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ „—– ‡–ƒǦ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡Š‡•ƒ™–™‘‘‡›•’Žƒ›Ǧˆ‹‰Š–‹‰‹ƒœ‘‘ǡŠ‡”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†–Šƒ– ’Žƒ›‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‘–‹—ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ –‘ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ– ƒ –• ™Š‹ Š ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ‹ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ƒ”‡‹ˆƒ –‡ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ǡƒ•’Žƒ›ǤŠ‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ› –Š—• Dz ‘—Ž† ‘Ž› ‘ —” ‹ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ– ‘”‰ƒ‹•• ™‡”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ †‡‰”‡‡ ‘ˆ ‡–ƒǦ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‘ˆ ‡š Šƒ‰‹‰ •‹‰ƒŽ• ™Š‹ Š ™‘—Ž† ƒ””›–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡Ǯ–Š‹•‹•’Žƒ›ǯdzȋƒ–‡•‘ʹͲͲͲǡͳ͵ͻȌǤŽƒ›‡‡”‰‡•ƒ•†‡‡’Ž› ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹ ƒŽǣ

Dz‘– ‘Ž› †‘‡• –Š‡ ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž ‹’ ‘– †‡‘–‡ ™Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† „‡ †‡‘–‡†„›–Š‡ „‹–‡ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š‹–•–ƒ†•ǡ„—–ǡ‹ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡„‹–‡‹–•‡Žˆ‹•ˆ‹ –‹‘ƒŽǤ‘–‘Ž› †‘–Š‡’Žƒ›‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•‘–“—‹–‡‡ƒ™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡•ƒ›‹‰„—–ǡƒŽ•‘ǡ–Š‡› ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰ ƒ„‘—– •‘‡–Š‹‰ ™Š‹ Š †‘‡• ‘– ‡š‹•–Ǥdz ȋƒ–‡•‘ʹͲͲͲǡͳͶͳȌ

’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹•Žƒ„‹Ž‡ƒ†Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡–‘„”‡ƒ†‘™ǡƒ•’Žƒ›ˆ—Žƒ –• ƒ ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‹•–ƒ‡ˆ‘”˜‹‘Ž‡–‘‡•Ǥ—–ˆ‘”ƒ–‡•‘ǡ–Š‹•‡ƒ•’Žƒ›‹•‡˜‡‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡šǡƒ•‹– ‡–”‡•‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘Ǯ‹•–Š‹•’Žƒ›ǫǯȋ ˆǤ—––‘Ǧ‹–Š ͳͻͻ͹ǡ ʹ͵ȌǤ

  99Incontrast,AnatPick(2011, 160) hasamore reservedpositionontheethicalimportofanexchangeof looks. For her, attentiveness as a mode of looking does not require reciprocity and recognition, while she envisagesethicsoutsidethe“levellingsymmetriesofvisualexchange”,wheresheexpectstheabsentgazeto “sharpendifferentsensibilities”.Inthiswaygoingbeyondthe“powerplayofsubjectivityandpersonhood” thatdemandstheothertolookatyou.Elsewhere,sheputsforwardcertain(cinematic)formsoflookingat animals as close to touching them (Pick 2013, 178), a form of contact with a different ethical import. This wouldmakePigChase,asacombinationofbothvisualcontactand(mediated)touch,holdthepromiseofa newtypeofmediatedethicalexperience.Thisthemewillbefurtherexploredinthenextchapter.  fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs201  †‡‡†ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–›‘— ƒ‡˜‡”„‡•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒ‡• ‡–‡”‹‰‹–‘ƒ’Žƒ›”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ–”—•–ǡƒ†–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–ƒ”‹•›ƒˆˆƒ‹” ȋ ˆǤ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ› ʹͲͲͺǡ ʹ͵͹ȂͻȌǤ ‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† ‘– ‘Ž› –‘ ’Žƒ› ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •ǡ „—– •‘‡–‹‡• ƒŽ•‘ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ Š—• –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‡–ƒǦ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ’Žƒ› ‹• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ ”‘•• •’‡ ‹‡• „ƒ””‹‡”• Ȃ ‹ ‘ˆ–‡ ‡˜‡ ‘”‡ ”‹•› •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ YouTubeƒ„‘—†•™‹–Šȋ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›Ȍ†‘‰• ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹’Žƒ›™‹–ŠŠ‘”•‡•ǡ ”‘™•ǡ‡˜‡ˆ‹•Šǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ–‹‡† †‘™•Ž‡††‘‰’Žƒ›Ǧˆ‹‰Š–‹‰™‹–Š™Šƒ–•‡‡•–‘„‡ƒ™‹Ž†ƒ†Š—‰”›’‘Žƒ”„‡ƒ”ǤͳͲͲ

›‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰‡–ƒǦ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡’Š‡‘‡‘‘ˆ’Žƒ› ‘—Ž†‘’‡ —’–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘‰‡•–—”ƒŽˆ‘”•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ”‡†— ‹‰ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Žƒ† ‘’Ž‡š ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‡š Šƒ‰‡•„‡–™‡‡ Š—ƒ•Ǥ Š‹•‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ™ƒ›–‘‹–‡”’”‡–‹––‰‡•–‡‹ǯ•†‹ –—–Šƒ–Dz ˆƒŽ‹‘ ‘—Ž†–ƒŽǡ™‡ ™‘—Ž†‘–—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‹dzȋ‹––‰‡•–‡‹ʹͲͳͲǡ ͵ʹ͹ȌǤ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‹ › ‡ƒ”‡ǡ ‹––‰‡•–‡‹ǡ‹‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡƒ‡•ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‹•–ƒ‡ ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǣ

̶Š‡ Ž‘˜‡Ž› –Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– Wittgenstein's lion ‹• –Šƒ– ‹––‰‡•–‡‹ †‘‡• ‘– Ž‡ƒ’–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ–Š‹•Ž‹‘‹•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡••ǡ‘Ž›–Šƒ–Š‡‹•‘––ƒŽ‹‰̶ȋ ‡ƒ”‡ ʹͲͲ͹ǡͳ͸͹ȌǤ

‘” ‡ƒ”‡ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡•‘‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•†‘Ǯ–ƒŽǯ–‘•‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ‘‰• ƒ‡˜‡Ǯ”‡ƒ†ǯ Š—ƒ‹–‡–‹‘•ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‘”•„‡––‡”–Šƒ™‡†‘Ǥ†Š‘”•‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹””‹†‡”• ƒŠƒ˜‡ ‘’Ž‡šǮ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•ǯ˜‹ƒ„‘†‹Ž›–‘— ŠǤ –Š‡•‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•ǡƒ‘˜‡”Žƒ’ ‘ˆ ‘• ‹‘—•‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ† Š—ƒ ‘ —”•ǡ ‹ ƒ ǮŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǯ ‘– ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† „› ™”‹–‹‰ƒ†ˆ”‘ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ•‘”‡–Šƒ•›„‘Ž‹ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘”‡”‡Ž›’‘‹–‹‰ƒ–‘„Œ‡ –•ǤŠ‹•ǡ ‡ƒ”‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ•ǡ Šƒ‰‡•™Šƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•ǡƒ† ™Šƒ– ‘• ‹‘—•‡••‹•Ǥ

—–‹•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‹•‹†‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘‹ƒ›™ƒ›’‘••‹„Ž‡‹PigChaseǫ ‘” ‘‡–Š‹‰ǡƒ‰ƒ‡ǡ„›‹–•‡Žˆǡ‹•‘––Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•’Žƒ›ȋ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ʹͲͲͺǡʹ͵ͺȌǤŠ‡”‡ƒ• ‰ƒ‡•–‡†–‘„‡•–”— –—”‡†ǡ ‘•–”— –‡†ƒ††‡ˆ‹‡†„›”—Ž‡•ǡ’Žƒ›‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡š ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ”—Ž‡• ȋ Žƒƒ‰ƒ ʹͲͲͻǡ ͳͳȌ ƒ† ƒ „‡ ƒ ‘”‡ ‘’‡ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ —– „‡›‘† –Šƒ–ǡ –‘ ȋ†‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›Ȍ ‘˜‡› –Š‡ •—„–Ž‡ ƒ„‹‰—‘—• ‡••ƒ‰‡• –Šƒ–ƒ‡ˆ‘”’Žƒ›‹•ƒ‹‡•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǤŠ‡‹‘—”‰ƒ‡Ǧ†‡•‹‰•‘‡Š‘™ƒ   100See‘Animalsatplayremake’https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KͲQBucBlNL4Seealso:‘Polarbearsand dogs playing’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEͲNyt4Bmi8 and ‘grizzly and wolf playing’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I49K_9pcIn8(Allaccessed12March,2014).  202chapterseven

ˆƒ”Ǧ‰‘‹‰–›’‡‘ˆ•›‡–”›ƒ†—–—ƒŽ‹–›™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†ǡ™‘—Ž†‹–ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”ƒ ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡•˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ǯ‡–ƒǦ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǯƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š’Žƒ›„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”–‘ ‘‡‹–‘‡ˆˆ‡ –ǫ

Butisitreallyplay? Š‡ ‹Š‡”‡– ƒ„‹‰—‹–› ‘ˆ ’Žƒ› ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‡ †‘ǯ– ‡‡† –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡• ˆ‘” ‹– –‘ „‡ ’Žƒ›ǡ •‹ ‡ ™‘†‡”‹‰Ǯ‹•–Š‹•’Žƒ›ǫǯ‹•‘–†‡–”‹‡–ƒŽ„—– ‡–”ƒŽ–‘–Š‡’Žƒ›’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ• Ž‘‰ƒ•™‡ ƒŠƒ˜‡”‡ƒ•‘•–‘•—•’‡ –‹–‹‰Š–„‡’Žƒ›ǡƒ™‡ŽŽ†‡•‹‰‡†symmetrical ‰ƒ‡ ‹†‡ƒŽŽ› ™‘—Ž† ƒŽŽ‘™ ˆ‘” –Š‹• ƒ„‹‰—‹–› –‘ ‡‡”‰‡Ǥ –‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ’Žƒ› –Š‡ ’”‘‹•‡• ƒ ‘†‡ ‘ˆ †‘‹‰ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘ǦŠ—ƒ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ –Šƒ– ƒ„‡–”ƒ ‡†„ƒ –‘ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹ Š‡Ž†‡‘–ƒ‹‰‡ƒ†Š‹•‡‹‰ƒ–‹  ƒ–ȋ —†‰‡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ƒˆƒ‘—•’ƒ••ƒ‰‡‹Š‹•‡••ƒ›•Š‡™‘†‡”•ǣ

DzŠ‡ ’Žƒ›™‹–Š› ƒ–ǡ™Š‘‘™•‹ˆ ƒ‘–ƒ’ƒ•–‹‡–‘Š‡”‘”‡–Šƒ •Š‡‹•–‘‡ǫdzȋ‘–ƒ‹‰‡ͳͻͷͺǡ͵͵ͳȌǤ

‡”‡–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘Ǯ‹•‹–’Žƒ›ǯƒ†’—œœŽ‡‡–‘˜‡”–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‰‹˜‡•”‹•‡ –‘ •‡Žˆ †‘—„–Ǥ  ’Žƒ›‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ‹ƒŽǡ ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹• —•–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†ƒ„‹‰—‘—•ǤŽƒ›‹‰‹˜‘Ž˜‡•’—––‹‰–Š‡•‡Žˆƒ–•–ƒ‡ǡƒ†„›‡š–‡•‹‘ –Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆŠ—ƒ‡š ‡’–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ“—‡•–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Žˆ™ƒ•†‹•„ƒ†‡† ƒˆ–‡”‘–ƒ‹‰‡Ǥ‘—Ž‹†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡Ǯ•Š‹ˆ–‹–Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ‘’‹‹‘ǯ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ †ƒ›•‘ˆ‘–ƒ‹‰‡ƒ†‡• ƒ”–‡•ǣ

Dz –Š‡ͳͷͺͲ•ƒ†ǯͻͲ•ǡ•‡’–‹ ƒŽƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ„‹‰—‹–›ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ†‹‡••–‘ Ž‹˜‡™‹–Š— ‡”–ƒ‹–›™‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǣ„›ͳ͸ͶͲǡ–Š‹•™ƒ• ‘Ž‘‰‡”–Š‡ ƒ•‡dzȋ‘—Ž‹ͳͻͻʹǡͶͶǢ ˆǤ‡Ž‡Š›ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ

‘–ƒ‹‰‡†‹†‘–•‡‡–‘•‘Ž˜‡Š‹•• ‡’–‹ ‹•‹ƒ“—‡•–ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹–›ǡƒ ‡”–ƒ‹–› ™Š‹ Š‡• ƒ”–‡•™‘—Ž†ˆ‹†‹Š‹•‘™‹†—„‹–ƒ„Ž›–Š‹‹‰‡‰‘ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”–‘”‡˜‡Ž ‹–Š‡ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡– Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‡ ‘—–‡”‹‰ƒƒ‹ƒŽǤ‘–ƒ‹‰‡ǯ•ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŠ‹• ƒ–•‡‡•–‘ƒ••—‡ƒœ‡”‘Ǧ•—‰ƒ‡ǡƒ––‡•–‹‰–‘ƒ•—•’‹ ‹‘ ‘ˆƒ•›‡–”›ǡ‘ˆ„‡‹‰’Žƒ›‡†„›Š‹• ƒ–Ǥ—––Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‘‡ ƒ‡˜‡”„‡•—”‡ ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ›”‡Žƒ–‹‘‹•‘”‡ƒ•‘‘––‘–ƒ‡’Žƒ›•‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‹• ƒ‡• ’Žƒ› ƒ• ƒ ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› •—‹–‡† –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ƒ†— ‡”–ƒ‹ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –Š‡’‘•–Š—‘—•ǡͳͷͻͷ‡†‹–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹• ••ƒ›•ǡ‘–ƒ‹‰‡Šƒ†‡š’ƒ†‡†–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡–™‹–Šƒˆ—ŽŽ›•›‡–”‹ ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ’Žƒ›„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽǡ™Š‘Dz‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”™‹–Š ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ‘‡›–”‹ •dzȋ‘–ƒ‹‰‡ͳͻͷͺǡ͵͵ͳǢ ˆǤ ”ƒ’–‘ʹͲͳʹǡͳͳ͸ȌǤ fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs203

Ž•‘ˆ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ’Žƒ›•‡‡•–‘„‡’”‡†‹ ƒ–‡†‘ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ•›‡–”›Ǥ –Ž‡ƒ•–•‘‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‘—†–‘Ǯ•‡ŽˆŠƒ†‹ ƒ’ǯ‹‘”†‡”–‘„‡ ‘‡‘”‡ ‡“—ƒŽ’Žƒ›‘’’‘‡–•ȋ ”ƒ†‹ƒ† ‘Š•‘ʹͲͲͻǡͳʹʹǢƒŽ ‘„‡ʹͲͲͻȌǤŠ‹•ƒ‰ƒ‹ ‹•ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹ ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†‹–ƒ––‡•–•–‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ ™‹‹‰ ƒ† Ž‘•‹‰ǣ ‹ˆ –Š‡ •–”‘‰‡•–ƒ‹ƒŽ• Ž‡ƒ˜‡ ‘ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”–‘Ǯ™‹ǯǡ–Š‡Ž‡•••–”‘‰‘”ƒ„Ž‡‘‡•™‘—Ž†‘Ž‘‰‡”„‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘’Žƒ›™‹–Š –Š‡Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•”‡˜‡ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ƒ‹ƒŽ• ’Žƒ› ‹• —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›‘–ƒ„‘—–™‹‹‰‘”Ž‘•‹‰ǤŠ‡›ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ƒ”‡Šƒ’’›–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ –Š‡•‡ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹ƒŽ‘†‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ›™‹–Š‘—–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›–”›‹‰–‘Ǯ™‹ǯǤŽƒ›‹–Š‹•™ƒ› ‹•‘”‡ƒ„‘—–•Šƒ”‹‰Œ‘›–Šƒƒ„‘—–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹‡•Ǥ ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ’Žƒ›‹• ‘–•‘•‡”‹‘—•ƒƒ –‘ˆ•‡Žˆƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒ••‡‡•–‘„‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‰ƒ‡•ƒ† •’‘”–•–Šƒ–Š—ƒ•–‡†–‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡ƒ‘‰•––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ

Š‡”‡‹•‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ƒ’”‘ˆ‘—†–‡•‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–‘ˆ•›‡–”›ƒ†‘—” ‹†‡ƒ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ ‡‡†• –‘ „‡ •‹–—ƒ–‡† ‘ ƒ ˆƒ”ǡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ•›‡–”›‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ȋ Š‹ –ƒœʹͲͲ͸Ǣ‹‡Ž‡ǡ—”†‘ Šǡƒ†‘‡ʹͲͲͷȌǤ  –Š‡ ™‘”†• ‘ˆ  ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡•• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ƭ „”ƒ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‘‹••‹‘ǡ”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‡PigChaseǣ

Dz ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ–‡”•ǡ–Š‡‰ƒ‡‹•ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘Ž‡ƒ”‡™ –Š‹‰• ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡•‘ˆŠ—ƒ•ƒ†’‹‰•ǡƒ†–Š‡Žƒ— Š ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‰ƒ‡ ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’•’ƒ”†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ†Š—ƒ•̵”‘Ž‡ ‹‹’”‘˜‹‰“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‡ǡ™‡ƒ”‡ƒŽŽƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž‡‡Ž‡’Šƒ– ‹ –Š‡ ”‘‘ǡ‘””ƒ–Š‡”̵‘–Š‡ˆƒ”̵Ǥ ƒ‰ƒ‡™Š‡”‡‘‡’Žƒ›‡”‹••‘‘Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ „‡•‡”˜‡†—’‘–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”’Žƒ›‡”̵•’Žƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”’Žƒ›‡” ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›•‡‡• –‘„‡‘”‡‡“—ƒŽ–Šƒ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”Ǥdzȋ—”‘’‡ƒ‘‹••‹‘ǣ ʹͲͳʹȌ

‘‡••‹–—ƒ–‹‰’Žƒ›‘ƒˆƒ”’”‡ Ž—†‡ƒ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž”‡Žƒ–‹‘ǫ

7.5Voluntaryandopen?

Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ–ƒŽ‹‡ ‡”‡‹Œ‡‘‹ƒ”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘‘—”’”‘Œ‡ – ƒŽŽ‡† ‹–• Ǯ ƒ’–‹˜‡ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ǯ ȋ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ‹• •— Š –Šƒ– ƒ ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡ ƒ› ‘– ‡‡–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ ‘‘†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•‘ˆ’Žƒ›ǣˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘–‘„‡ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› ȋ —‹œ‹‰ƒ ͳͻͶͻǡ ʹͺǢ ˆǤ  ‘‹‰ƒŽ ʹͲͳͳǡ ʹͳȌǤ ‹‡ •›‡–”›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–‘ˆ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹‡•••‡‡•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘‡‡–‘ƒ‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”ǤŠ‡’‹‰• 204chapterseven  Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘‘’–‘—–ǡƒ†’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž›‰‘‘—–•‹†‡ƒ†’Žƒ›‹–Š‡—†ǡ ™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ ‘†‹–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ—–—ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž’Žƒ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ ’ƒ”–™‡–ƒ‡–Š‹• ‹••—‡ƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ†‡•‹‰Ǥ ‘”•–ƒ”–‡”•ǡ„›ƒ‹‰•—”‡‹–‹•–Š‡’‹‰™Š‘‹‹–‹ƒ–‡•ƒ ’Žƒ›•‡••‹‘ƒ†–‡”‹ƒ–‡•‹–ǤŠ‡”‡„›–Š‡ƒ‹‹•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘––‘ˆ‹”•–ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‘•– ƒ–‡”–‘–Š‡Š—ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–ǡ„—––‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰•Ǥ  ”‘‘—”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‹’‹‰ˆƒ”•ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–•‡‡‘•–‹ ‡‡† ‘ˆ •‘‡ †‹•–”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ”‡ ’”‡‰ƒ– •‘™•ǡ ‘ˆ‹‡† ˆ‘” ™‡‡• ‘ ‡† ‹ ”ƒ’‡† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ Š‘Ž†‹‰ ’‡• –‘ ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡ ˆ”‘ ‹• ƒ””›‹‰ǤͳͲͳ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” Ž‹‹–‡† ”‘‘ˆ‘”ƒ‘‡—˜”‡ǡŽƒ ‹‰‡˜‡–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘–—”ƒ”‘—†ǡ–Š‡†ƒ‰‡”‘ˆ„‡‹‰ Ǯˆ‘” ‡†–‘’Žƒ›ǯŽ‘‘•Žƒ”‰‡Š‡”‡Ǥ‡ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘‡–ǡ™‡‹•–‡ƒ† Š‘•‡ˆ‘” ‘—” ’”‘–‘–›’‡ –‘ ˆ‘ —• ‘ ›‘—‰ ’‹‰• ‹ ‰”‘—’ Š‘—•‹‰Ǥ ‘‹‰ ƒ ”‘•• ƒ• ‹’”‡••‹‘ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†’Žƒ›ˆ—Žǡ–Š‡›•‡‡‡†ƒ‰‘‘†–‡•–’ƒ‡Ž–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•Ǥ  —–ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ ‘ˆ‹‡‡–ǡ–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆvoluntary’Žƒ›‡ƒ•‹Ž›‹‰‘”‡• “—‡•–‹‘•‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘„‡ˆ”‡‡ƒ†ƒ—–‘‘‘—•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‡Ž—•‹˜‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ›Ǥ ƒ†ƒ‡”ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ Šƒ• †‡• ”‹„‡† ’Žƒ› ƒ• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› Dz’Žƒ›‹‰–Š‡’Žƒ›‡”dzȋ ƒ†ƒ‡”ʹͲͳͲǡͳͲͺȌǤŽƒ›‡”•†‘‘–”‡Žƒ–‡–‘’Žƒ›ƒ•ƒ‘„Œ‡ –ǡ ‘”ƒƒ –‹˜‹–›–Š‡›’‡”ˆ‘”ǡ„—–‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ƒ–‘Ǧƒ†Ǧˆ”‘ǡƒ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡‘”†ƒ ‡‹™Š‹ Š ‹–‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•„—––Š‡†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡–ƒ‹‰ ‘˜‡” ȋ ˆǤ ‡”•–‡‹ ʹͲͳͳǡ ͳʹͳȂʹȌǤ Žƒ›ǡ ˆ‘” ƒ†ƒ‡”ǡ ‹• ƒ ƒ–‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ ƒ• ‹– †”ƒ™• ’Žƒ›‡”•‹–‘–Š‡‰ƒ‡ǡ™Š‡”‡„›’Žƒ›†‘‡•‘– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‡š‹•–‹–Š‡ ‘• ‹‘—•‡•• ‘” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‘ˆ ’Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ’Žƒ› ’”‡ ‡†‡• ’Žƒ›‹‰ •—„Œ‡ –• ȋ ƒ†ƒ‡”ʹͲͳͲǡͳͳͷȌǤǮŽ‘••‘ˆ•‡Žˆǯƒ†”‡Ž‹“—‹•Š‹‰‘‡ǯ•‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ ”—Ž‡• ƒ† •–”— –—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ •‡‡ ‡–”ƒŽ –‘ ™Šƒ– ‹– ‡ƒ• –‘ ’Žƒ›Ǥ ‰‡ ›ǡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†™‹ŽŽƒ”‡•—•’‡†‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡ –‹‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹ ƒŽŽ›–Š‡•’ƒ ‡‘ˆ’Žƒ› ƒ‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”ˆ”‡‡†‘–Šƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›Ž‹ˆ‡ ȋ—––‘Ǧ‹–Šͳͻͻ͹ǡͻͳȌǤ 

  101AccordingtoCouncilDirective2001/88/EContheprotectionofpigs,EUpigholdingswith10gestating sowsormoremayasof1January2013nolongerpermanentlyhousethesesowsinindividualstalls.Instead, gestatingsowsmustbekeptingroupsfromfourweeksafterinseminationuntiloneweekbefore theexpectedtimeoffarrowing.Thisofcoursestillmeansthesowsareindividuallyconfinedforasignifcant period. On the implications for farmer pig relations of the implementation of this directive see De Krom (forthcoming).  fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs205  Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆǮŽ‘••‘ˆ•‡Žˆǯ‹’Žƒ›ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‡‡•–‘‹’Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡•‡Žˆ‹••‘‡–Š‹‰ ‘™‡†„›ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ„‡ˆ‘”‡‡–‡”‹‰‹–‘ƒ‰ƒ‡Ǥ—–™Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ—”‰‡ –‘’Žƒ›ȋƒ†–Š—•–‘Ž‘•‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ȍ–Š‹•‹•‘”‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡‹‡” ‘ˆŽ‹ –‘ˆ –Š‡†‡•‹”‡–‘’Žƒ›•—’‡”•‡†‹‰–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǮ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǯ™‹ŽŽ†‹”‡ –‡†ƒ–‘”‡•‡”‹‘—• ’—”•—‹–•ƒŽ•‘ƒ›‘ —”™Š‡ˆƒ ‹‰ƒ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ’Žƒ›ǤŽ‡ –”‘‹  ‡••ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ’‹‰•™ƒ–‹‰–‘‹–‡”ƒ –ƒ›’‘•‡ƒ†‡ƒ†‘—••‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ‘–ƒ‹‰‡ǯ•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ„‡‹‰•—‘‡†–‘’Žƒ›„›Š‹•†‘‡•–‹ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ Š‡Dz ƒ‘–‡ƒ•‹Ž›”‡ˆ—•‡›†‘‰™Š‡Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”•–‘’Žƒ›™‹–Š‡ǡ‡˜‡ƒ–ƒ ‹‘’’‘”–—‡ ‘‡–dz ȋ‘–ƒ‹‰‡ ͳͻͷͺǡ ͵ͳͺǢ ˆǤ ”ƒ’–‘ ʹͲͳʹǡ ͳͳͶȂͷȌǤ  –Š‹• ™ƒ›•‡•‹‰Ǯƒ—”‰‡–‘’Žƒ›ǯ†‘‡•‘–†‡–”ƒ –ˆ”‘–Š‡’Žƒ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǤͳͲʹ  ƒ‡•—†‡”‹‡•‹’Ž‡‘–‹‘•‘ˆ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹‡••ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒŽ•‘‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ –Š‡Ǯƒ††‹ –‹˜‡‡••ǯƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡•Ǣ•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–ǡ ‘‡–ƒ–‘”•–‘ ‘—”’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ”‰—‡†ǡ‡š–‡†•–‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ  “ ‡– –Š‡ ƒ††‹ –‡† –‘ ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡• •‘ –Š‡› ‡˜‡” ™ƒ– –‘ ‰‘ ‘—–•‹†‡Ǥdz ȋǮ–”‘ŽŽ›̴ –”‘ŽŽ‡•–‡‹ǯƒ–„‘‹‰„‘‹‰Ǥ‡–ȌǤ  Šƒ–‡˜‡”‹‰Š–„‡Ž‡ˆ–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–‘‘›ƒ†Ȁ‘”ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹ Ž‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆˆƒ”‡†’‹‰• ‘—Ž†–Š—•„‡ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘’”‘‹•‡†„›‘—”‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡ •— Š–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘–— Š‡Ž•‡–‘†‘–Šƒ’Žƒ›‘—”‰ƒ‡Ǥ‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡•ǡ‡˜‡™Š‡ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰’”‘Ž‘‰‡†ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’Žƒ›‡”•ǡ†‘ ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘‘”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ —•–ƒ•‰ƒ‡•†‡•‹‰‡†ˆ‘” Š—ƒ• ƒ„‡”‹‰‹†ƒ†‹†—„‹‰Ǥ  FarmVilleandthedisappearanceoftheanimalinhumanstereotypy Š‡™‡„„ƒ•‡†ˆƒ”•‹—Žƒ–‹‘‰ƒ‡FarmVille‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›–Š‡„‡•–‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆŠ‘™ ƒ‹ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ disappeared ƒ‹†•– –Š‡‹” ‘˜‡”ƒ„—†ƒ ‡ ‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ˜‹•—ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ  –Š‹• ˆ”‹‡†Ž› Ž‘‘‹‰ ‰ƒ‡ǡ ’Žƒ›‡”• ƒ”‡ –‘ ”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž› –‹ŽŽ –Š‡‹” •‘‹Žǡ ’Žƒ– ”‘’• ƒ† „—› ƒ‹ƒŽ• –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ ƒ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ” ’”‘†— –•Ǥ ‹–Š–Š‡˜‹”–—ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡‡†• –Š‡ ’Žƒ›‡”• ƒ „—‹Ž† ƒ† ‡š’ƒ† –Š‡‹” ˆƒ” ƒ† ˆƒ”‹‰ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡•‹†‡•’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹Ž›•–”— –—”‡ƒ†ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆƒ‹‰‘‡ǯ•ˆ‹‡Ž†•’”‘†— –‹˜‡ǡ –Š‡‰ƒ‡•‡‡•‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‹„—‡†™‹–Šƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰‘”ƒŽ‹–›–Šƒ–’”‘‘–‡• ”‡‰—Žƒ” ƒ”‡ˆ‘”›‘—” ”‘’•ƒ†ƒ•‡•‡–Šƒ–›‘—‡‡†–‘•‘™„‡ˆ‘”‡›‘— ƒ”‡ƒ’Ǥ

  102Montaignedoesnotspecifywhetherhisurgewasduetoamoraldemandbythedog,oradesireintrinsicto theplayexperiencetoengageinplaywiththeanimal.  206chapterseven

FarmVille –Š‡”‡„› ƒ› ‘‡ ƒ ”‘•• ƒ• ƒ •‹—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ‹Ž› ”Š›–Š• ƒ† •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† ˆƒ” Ž‹ˆ‡ Ȃ ‘ˆ ˆ‡‡†‹‰ ƒ† ‹Ž‹‰ǡ ’Žƒ–‹‰ ƒ† Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰Ǥ—–‹–†‘‡••‘‹ƒ•–”‹ –Ž›’”‡†‡–‡”‹‡†ˆ‘”ǡ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ Š ”‘’‹•†—‡–‘„‡Šƒ”˜‡•–‡†ƒˆ–‡”ƒ•‡––‹‡ȋ—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒˆ‡™Š‘—”•ǡ—’–‘ƒ†ƒ›Ȍ ”‡“—‹”‹‰ –Š‡ ’Žƒ›‡” –‘ ”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž› ”‡–—” –‘ Š‹• ‘” Š‡” ˜‹”–—ƒŽ ˆƒ”Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”ǡƒ†‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ†ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ•ƒ†•‹‰Š–‘ˆ™‹–Š‡”‡†ƒ™ƒ› „—––‡”—– •“—ƒ•Š –Šƒ– ‘‡ Šƒ• ˆƒ‹Ž‡† –‘ Šƒ”˜‡•– ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ •‡– –‹‡ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ› •ƒ‹–‹œ‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆˆƒ”Ž‹ˆ‡‹™Š‹ Š‘ƒ‹ƒŽ‹•Šƒ”‡†ǡ‘ ‘™‹•‡˜‡” —ŽŽ‡† ƒ†–Š‡’‹‰•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡‘Ž›–‘’”‘†— ‡–”—ˆˆŽ‡•ȋ‹”ƒ —Ž‘—•Ž›™‹–Š‘—–‡˜‡”Šƒ˜‹‰–‘ ‰‘‹–‘ƒˆ‘”‡•––‘Ž‘‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ȌǤ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›ƒ†ˆ”‡‡‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ ‹• ”‡†— ‡†–‘ƒ ‘–‹—ƒŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡• ƒŽ‡‘ˆˆƒ”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†„—›‹‰–Š‹‰•–‘ ƒ†‘”–Š‡„ƒ”›ƒ”†™‹–ŠǤ

Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ǯ• ‹‡•‡ •— ‡•• •‡‡‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‹•–‹ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ —”‰‡ –‘ ”‡–—” ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†–ƒ••ǤȋŠ‹•‹•ƒ•‹†‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒŽŽ‘™• ˜‹”–—ƒŽ ‡‹‰Š„‘—”• –‘ –”‡ƒ– ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” ™‹–Š ˜‹”–—ƒŽ ‰‹ˆ–•ȌǤ ‡’‘”–•‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ˆ‘”•‘ˆƒ††‹ –‹‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹‡™•„Ž‘‰•ƒ––Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ ‹–•’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›ǡ™Š‡‘˜‡”͹Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡•ƒ‹†–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ƒFarmVilleˆƒ”Ǥ – Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‰ƒ‡–”‡ƒ–•‹–•’Žƒ›‡”•DzŽ‹‡”ƒ–•‹ƒSkinnerBoxǡŽ—ŽŽ‹‰ –Š‡‹–‘‡ƒ•›•–‹—Žƒ–‹‘„—–”‡“—‹”‹‰Ž‹––Ž‡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›dzȋ ƒ •‘ʹͲͳʹȌǤ‹–Š–Š‹• ‰ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘”—”ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ȋ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ ‘‘Ž› –Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•„‘”‹‰‹–Š‡‹”‘™”‹‰Š–ǡ–Š‡”‡„›‰”ƒ–‹‰ƒ•‡•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ‹• ƒ† ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ‹–›–‘–Š‡ƒ”†—‘—•–ƒ•‘ˆƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ƒFarmVilleˆƒ”Ȍ‹•–—”‡†‹–‘ƒ ”‹‰‹† ƒ† ˆ‹šƒ–‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ ’ƒ––‡” –Šƒ– ‹• ‘”‡ ƒ‹ –‘ ‘’—Ž•‹˜‡Ž› ”‡’‡–‹–‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” –Šƒ •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† „‡ ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯˆ”‡‡ ’Žƒ›ǯǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ ‘‡• Ž‘•‡–‘’”‘‘–‹‰–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆǮ•–‡”‡‘–›’‹‡•ǯ„›™Š‹ Šƒ‹ƒŽ• ‘’‡™‹–Š’”‘Ž‘‰‡† ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ǣ ƒ ’”‹‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘” ‘ˆ †‡„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ „‘”‡†‘ ȋ‡‡Ž•ˆ‡Ž†‡”ͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ

Rigidity,stereotypies,oropenness? ‘‡Šƒ˜‡Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†PigChaseǮ”‡ƒŽFarmVilleǯȋ •—ʹͲͳʹȌǤ ‘”†‡”‘––‘†‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ› ‹•–‹Ž„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡•ƒ‹–‘‡†Ž‡••Ž›’ƒ ‹‰—’ƒ††‘™ǡ”‡’‡–‹–‹˜‡Š‡ƒ† •™‹‰‹‰ǡ‘”„‹–‹‰‡–ƒŽ„ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹•–‘†‡•‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰‹–”‹•‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ† ‘–‹—ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‘„‘–Š–Š‡Š—ƒƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ •‹†‡Ǥ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–‘ˆ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹‡••ˆ‘”„‘–Š ’‹‰•ƒ†Š—ƒ•ǡƒȋ•‘‡™Šƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ȍ™ƒ›–‘ ‘ ‡‹˜‡‘ˆǮ–”—‡’Žƒ›ǯ ‘—Ž†„‡–‘ ƒ‡•—”‡–Š‡’Žƒ›•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹•Ǯ‘’‡ǯǤ fivecriteriaformeaningfulplaywithfarmedpigs207

„‘”ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ ‘ˆ‹‡‡– ƒ„‡†‡ˆ‹‡†‘–•‘— Šˆ‘” ‘–‘ —””‹‰‹–Š‡™‹Ž†ǡ„—–ˆ‘”Ž‘•‹‰‹–•˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›ƒ†ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ǡ ‹–• †‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‹–›ǡ„›„‡ ‘‹‰‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›”‡’‡–‹–‹˜‡ƒ†ˆ‹šƒ–‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ† ˆ— –‹‘ ȋ‡‡Ž•ˆ‡Ž†‡” ͳͻͻͻǡ Ͷ͹ȌǤ ‡•‹†‡• ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ‘–‹—ƒŽŽ› Šƒ‰‹‰ ‰ƒ‡ ™‘”Ž†ǡƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‹•†ƒ‰‡” ‘—Ž†„‡–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ•‡–—’–Šƒ–™‘—Ž† ƒŽŽ‘™‘”‡˜‡‹˜‹–‡‘–Š‡”—•‡•–Šƒ–Š‡• ”‹’–‡†‰ƒ‡Ǧ’Žƒ›Ǥ‘‘–‘Ž›‹•ƒ‰ƒ‡ ‘––‘„‡ ‘ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ•ƒǮƒ‹ƒŽ –‡•–ǯ™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ‡‹–Š‡”’ƒ••‘”ˆƒ‹ŽǢ ƒŽ•‘–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘’‡–‘‘’”‡• ”‹„‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ˆ‘” ‘†‡• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ† ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ™‡”‡‘–Žƒ‹†‘—–‹ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‰ƒ‡ ‘ ‡’–„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ‘”‡Šƒ’–‹  ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ™‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‘™Š—ƒ•‘–Œ—•––‘ ‘–”‘Žƒ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ„ƒŽŽ–Š”‘—‰ŠƒŠ‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ Ǯ• ”‡‡ǯǡ„—–™‡‹ƒ‰‹‡†–Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘ƒˆˆ‘”†Š—ƒ•–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘–‹ Ž‡ ‘”ƒ••ƒ‰‡’‹‰••–”‡– Š‹‰‘—–‘–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ

Highscores? ȋ‹†‡‘Ȍ‰ƒ‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ„•‘”„‹‰’Žƒ›‡”•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ‹‡”•‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Šƒ–‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ǡƒ•†‹• —••‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡƒŽ‘••‘ˆǮ•‡ŽˆǯǤ ‘‘Ž› Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡•ǡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ˆŽ‘™ ƒ† ‹‡”•‹‘ǡ ’”‘‘–‡ –Š‡ ‘”†‹ƒ”› ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǣ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ ‹ Š‹‰Š • ‘”‡ –ƒ„Ž‡•ǣ –Š‡ •‡Žˆ ƒˆˆ‹”‹‰ “—ƒ–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹ ƒŽ ‘”†‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–•Ǥ ‘‘ –›’‡•‘ˆȋ˜‹†‡‘Ȍ‰ƒ‡• ‘—Ž†„‡•‡‡ƒ•”‡‹˜‹‰‘”ƒ–‹‰–Š‹••‡•‡ ‘ˆ †‹• ”‡–‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•„‡Šƒ˜‹‰‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘‘–Š‡”•ƒ†™‹–Š‹ˆ‹š‡†•–”— –—”‡•‘ˆ”—Ž‡•ƒ† ’”‡•‡–‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ –‹•‘–ˆ‘”‘–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‡ˆ‡”–‘–ƒŽƒ„‘—–Ǯ’Žƒ›ǯǡƒȋ‡˜‡Ȍ‘”‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘†‡ˆ‹‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ–Šƒ–‹• ‘”‡‘’‡ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽƒ†ƒ„‹‰—‘—•Ǥ†–Š—•ƒŽ•‘ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–‹’Ž‹‡•ƒŽ‡•• ’”‡ˆ‹‰—”‡†•‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ‰‡ ›ǡƒ•‘–’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‰‘ƒŽ †‹”‡ –‡† ƒ† •‡Žˆ ƒˆˆ‹”‹‰ǡ–Š‹‹‰‹–‡”•‘ˆ™‹‡”•ƒ†Ž‘•‡”•ǡ‡– ǤŠ‡Pig Chase ‘ ‡’–ƒ• ’‘”–”ƒ›‡†‹–Š‡•Š‘”–ˆ‹Ž Ž‹’ ‘„‹‡†‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ„‘–Šǣ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–› ˆ‘”‡”‡Ž›‘˜‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‹‰‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ†”‡‰‹•–‡”‹‰highscoresǤ —– ‹ –Š‹• ‘ ‡’– –Š‡•‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ‘ ‡‹˜‡† ‘ˆ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ•‹‰Ž‡’Žƒ›‡”ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ

‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‹‰•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ‘’‡‹PigChase‹•™Š‡–Š‡”„‘–ŠŠ—ƒƒ†’‹‰ǡ‘” ‘Ž›–Š‡’‹‰ǡ‰‡–•–‘•‡‡–Š‡Ǯ–ƒ”‰‡––”‹ƒ‰Ž‡ǯǤ –Šƒ– ƒ•‡–Š‡Š—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”™‘—Ž† ‡‡†–‘ˆ‹‰—”‡‘—–ˆ”‘–Š‡‘˜‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡‰‘ƒŽ†‹”‡ –‡† ƒ† ™Š‡”‡ –‘ –”› ƒ† ‘˜‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ ’”‘†— ‹‰ ƒ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡‡† –‘–”ƒ‹Š—ƒ •‡•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”’‹‰‹–‡–‹‘•Ǥ‘—Ž†–Š‹•ǡ‘”–Š‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆ—Ž–‹’Ž‡’‹‰’Žƒ›‡”• ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ„‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•’”‡ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‰ƒ‡–‘Ǯ‹•‘Žƒ–‡ǯ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’‹‰•ǡ 208chapterseven  ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡•‡ ƒ› ƒŽ•‘ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ‹ Ž‘•‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‹ ƒ Ž‡•• „‘—† Ǯ‡ ‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ‹†ǯǫ –Š‡–Š‹”† Šƒ’–‡”‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ”–ǡ ™‹ŽŽ•’‡ —Žƒ–‡•‘‡‘”‡‘–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡•’Žƒ›ƒ›‰‡‡”ƒ–‡Ǥ 



  



Chapter8  Themoralityofmediatedinterspeciesplay: ondesigningamoralsubject   

8.1Genresandmorality 

—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‰‡”‡• ‘ˆ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ƒ† ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡– •— Š ƒ• Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡˆ‹Ž‘”˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡•ƒ”‡‘–Œ—•–˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹•—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡‡••ƒ‰‡•ǡ„—– ƒƒŽ•‘„‡ˆ‘—† –‘’”‘†— ‡„‘–Š’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ†’”‘‘–‡ ‡”–ƒ‹—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰• ‘ˆ ‹†ƒ†•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ǤŠƒ–†‘‡•–Š‹•‡ƒˆ‘”™Šƒ–’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•ƒ›†‘–‘—•ǫ  Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ •–”— –—”‡ ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘’Žƒ›‡”•ǯ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ†‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡–Š‡ ‰ƒ‡”‡•‘ƒ–‡•™‹–Š‡˜‡–•‘”’”‡‘ —’ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ›‡”Ǥ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ•‡ ‹• –Š‡ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹  †‹•‘”†‡” –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ”‡’‘”–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͻͺͲ• Žƒ„‡Ž‡† Dz’ƒ ‡ ˜ƒ†‡”•„•‡••‹‘dzȋ‘••ǡ ‹‡•–‘‡ǡƒ†ƒ˜‹ͳͻͺʹȌǤƒ”Ž›˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡–Š‡‘”‹•–• ‘ˆ–—•ƒ†‘ˆ–—•†”‡™ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡƒ† ‘˜‡‹‡–Ž› •—ƒ”‹œ‡†–Š‡ǣ  DzŠ‡˜‹ –‹•‘ˆ–Š‹•†‹•‘”†‡”™‡”‡‡ƒ„‘—––‘„‡ƒ””‹‡†ǡƒ†‹––‘‘–Š‡ ˆ‘”‘ˆƒˆ‘—”ˆ‘Ž†ȋ‘”‰”‡ƒ–‡”Ȍ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡’Žƒ›‹‰‘ˆ’ƒ ‡ ˜ƒ†‡”•‹ –Š‡ ˆ‡™ ™‡‡• ’”‡ ‡†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‡ ƒ ‡˜‡ ‹•‹•–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‘‡›‘‘„‡’‘•–’‘‡†ˆ‘”ƒˆ‡™Š‘—”••‘–Šƒ–Š‡ ‘—Ž†‰‡–‹ƒˆ‡™‘”‡ ‰ƒ‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”•ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• ƒ– –Š‡ —‡ ‹˜‡”•Ž–› ‡†‹ ƒŽ ‡–‡”ǡ ƒ••‡”–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‡Ȃ†‡ˆ‡†‹‰ƒŠ‘‡„ƒ•‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒŽ‹‡•Ȃ–‘‘‘ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ•›„‘Ž‹ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‹–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ‹’‡†‹‰ 212chaptereight  ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ ȋ – ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ”‡’‘”–‡† –Šƒ–ǡ ˆ‘” ™Šƒ–‡˜‡” ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ ‰ƒ‡’Žƒ›‹‰ †”‘’’‡††”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǤȌdzȋ‘ˆ–—•ƒ†‘ˆ–—•ͳͻͺ͵ǡͳͲͻȌǤ

 Interactivemedia,violenceandaggression–ofhumansandpigs ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘”‡•’‘†–‘‘—”’”‘Œ‡ –•‡‡–‘ƒ ‡’––Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡–‘”‡†— ‡ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆ’‹‰•ǤŠ‹•‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ǡƒ•‹–‹• ‘‘Ž› „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –Šƒ– ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡• ˆ‘” ȋƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–Ȍ Š—ƒ• ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ˜‹‘Ž‡– –‡†‡ ‹‡•Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘–‡–‹‘—• ʹͲͲͷ Ǯ‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ ‹‘Ž‡ ‡ ‹ ‹†‡‘ ƒ‡• ƒ† –‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ ‡†‹ƒǯ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ •› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ–ǣ  Dz–Š‡”‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”• –‘ „‡ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ –Šƒ– ‡š’‘•—”‡ –‘ ˜‹‘Ž‡– ‡†‹ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰• ‘ˆ Š‘•–‹Ž‹–›ǡ –Š‘—‰Š–• ƒ„‘—– ƒ‰‰”‡••‹‘ǡ •—•’‹ ‹‘• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‘–‹˜‡•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•ǡƒ††‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ƒ•ƒ‡–Š‘†–‘†‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥdzȋ‡”‹ ƒ•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ʹͲͲͷǡͳȌ  —–’‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‹•–Šƒ–‹ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡–‰ƒ‡• ƒƒ‡’‡‘’Ž‡˜‹‘Ž‡–ǡ‰ƒ‡• ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ƒ ˆ‘” ‡ ˆ‘” ‰‘‘†ǡ ‹ˆ †‡•‹‰‡† ‘”‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ —–—ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”‡„›‹•–‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ‡’ƒ–Š›ȋ‘‡ ‡Ž„‡”‰ŠʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‘‡ ‘‡–ƒ”‹‡•‘‘—”’”‘Œ‡ –‡ Š‘‡†–Š‹•‹†‡ƒǡ–Š‹‹‰‘ˆŠ‘™ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‰ƒ‡Ǧ’Žƒ›™‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹Š—ƒ„‡‡˜‘Ž‡ ‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ’‹‰•Ǥ ‘‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‡˜‡ ‘‡ –‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– Pig Chase™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ™ƒ›–‘ Ǯ”‡‰ƒ‹›‘—”Š—ƒ‹–›ǯƒˆ–‡”‹‡”•‹‰›‘—”•‡Žˆ‹˜‹‘Ž‡–˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡•ǡƒ•‘‡‘ˆ Dz–‡‰ƒ‡•–‘„ƒŽƒ ‡‘—––Š‡˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡‘ˆ ”ƒ†Š‡ˆ–—–‘ʹdzȋƒ”‹ Šƒ‡ŽʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ  Š‡–Š‡” –Š‹• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‰ƒ‡ †‡•‹‰• ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‹• •‘ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†‹•ˆƒ”ˆ”‘ Ž‡ƒ”ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‰ƒ‡•‘ˆ–‡‹•‹˜‡•–‡†™‹–Š™‹†‡”‘”ƒŽƒ†‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘”†‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• „‡›‘†–Š‡‰ƒ‡‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡— Š‘”‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ȋ ˆǤ —––‘Ǧ‹–Š ͳͻͻ͹ǡ ͳͲͲȌǤ ‘—Ž† ƒ ˜‹‘Ž‡– ‰ƒ‡ ’‡”Šƒ’• ˆ‘” ’‹‰• ȋ–‘‘ǫȌ„‡ƒ™ƒ›–‘•—„Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ‰‰”‡••‹‘‹•–›Ž‹œ‡†ƒ†•‹Žˆ—Ž‡š’”‡••‹‘‹ȋ™Šƒ– ƒŽ•‘–Š‡’‹‰••‘‡Š‘™ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ƒ•Ȍƒ˜‹”–—ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –‡†‹–Š‡‹”•’ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‘ˆ‹‡‡–ǫ ‹–Š‘—– ƒ••—‹‰ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ƒ™ƒ› –Šƒ– ’Žƒ›‹‰ ‰ƒ‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› •‘—‰Š–„›’‹‰•ƒ•ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘„‹–‹‰–Š‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’‡ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‹•‹•‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡‡• –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† „‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ˆ—”–Š‡”Ǥ Š—• –—”‹‰ –Š‡

 themoralityofmediatedinterspeciesplay213  ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ’‹‰ ˆƒ” ‹–‘ ƒ ‡–Š‘Ž‘‰› Žƒ„ ˆ‘” •–—†›‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ȋ‘ǦȌ ˜‹‘Ž‡– ‡†‹ƒ‘Ǯ‘†‡Žƒ‹ƒŽ•ǯ™Š‘•‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡•”‡•‡„Ž‡‘—”•ǤͳͲ͵  ‘” Pig Chaseǡ ‘—” ˆ‹”•– ’”‘–‘–›’‡ǡ ™‡ Š‘•‡ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‰ƒ‡‹ ™Š‹ Š Š—ƒ ƒ† ’‹‰ ’Žƒ›‡”• ƒ”‡ –‘ Ž‡ƒ” –‘ ‘˜‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ƒ† ”‡ƒ Š ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ ‹ —‹•‘Ǥ‡Ž‘™™‡‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”–Š‹‹‰–Š‹•ƒ›„‡ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ˆ‘”–‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡™Š—ƒǦ’‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  Genresofmoralimagination:waysofbeingsubversive,deliberativeandempathic? Š‡’‹‰•‹PigChaseƒ”‡‘–Ǯ˜‹”–—ƒŽǯȂ‡”‡’‹š‹Žƒ–‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ’‹‰•Ȃ„—– ”‡ƒŽǤ”ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ’‹‰•„‡Š‹†–Š‡•‘‡Š‘™”‡’”‡•‡–‡† Šƒ”ƒ –‡”•™‡ ‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†Š—ƒ•–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š‘• ”‡‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ ‘ˆ‹‡†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› Ž‹˜‹‰ ‹ –Š‹• —Ž–‹’Žƒ›‡” ”‡ƒŽ ƒ‡• ™‡ŽŽ ™‘” –”‘’‡• ‘ˆ ‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰•— Šƒ• Ǯ‰ƒ‡‘˜‡”ǯ”ƒ‡—’ƒ‡™‡ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‡‹”‘‹ ƒ†ƒ–‘•–ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ ˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡†‡ƒ–Š‹•–ƒ–Ž›‰‡–•ƒ ›‹ ƒŽ–™‹•–ǤŠƒ–™‘—Ž†–Š‡Š—ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹‰˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡•Ǯ†‘ǯ‹–Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǫŠƒ–‹†‘ˆ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘—Ž† –Š‡ ‰‡”‡‘ˆ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡•’Žƒ›Šƒ˜‡‘Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǫ  Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ› —–†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡”‡‘ˆ‡’‹•–‘Žƒ”›‘˜‡Ž•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’”‘†— ‡’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ ”‘••„ƒ””‹‡”•‘ˆ•‡š‘” Žƒ••ǣ  Dz‘˜‡Ž•ƒ†‡–Š‡’‘‹––Šƒ–ƒŽŽ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ›•‹‹Žƒ”„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ –Š‡‹”‹‡”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǡƒ†ƒ›‘˜‡Ž••Š‘™ ƒ•‡†‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–Š‡†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘” ƒ—–‘‘›Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ”‡ƒ†‹‰‘˜‡Ž• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ‡’ƒ–Š›–Š”‘—‰Š’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹–Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡dzȋ —–ʹͲͲͺǡ͵ͻȌǤ Š‡–Š—• Žƒ‹‡†ǡDz‡’‹•–‘Žƒ”›‘˜‡Ž•–ƒ—‰Š––Š‡‹””‡ƒ†‡”•‘–Š‹‰Ž‡••–Šƒƒ ‡™’•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Žƒ‹†–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ‡™•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”†‡”Ǥdz  Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›‰‡”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‡Žǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ —–ǡŠ‡Ž’‡†’”‡’ƒ”‡–Š‡‰”‘—†ˆ‘”ƒ ‘ ‡’–•— Šƒ•–Š‡—‹˜‡”•ƒŽǮ”‹‰Š–•‘ˆƒǯƒ†‹–•’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ Žƒ‹Ǥ‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ‹†† ƒ† ƒ•–ƒ‘ ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ ‡—”‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ „ƒ•‹• ˆ‘” –Š‹• ’”‘ ‡••ǡ ƒ• –Š‡› ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†‹‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ–‡•–•Š‘™”‡ƒ†‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›‘˜‡Ž•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•

  103 It should be noted that contemporary intensive farms do not provide for these social structures, which means,“onamodernfarmonlygoessofar”(Buller2013,162).  214chaptereight  ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –‘ •‡•‡ ™Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• ƒŽŽ –Š‡ Ǯ‡–ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡•ǯ‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•ǤŠ‹• ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ˆ‘” ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ Ǯ–Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‹†ǯǡ ‘ˆ •‡‡‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ Šƒ• „‡‡ Ž‹‡‡† –‘ ‡’ƒ–Š›ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ”‡ƒ† „‘†›ǦŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ  š–”ƒ’‘Žƒ–‹‰ —–ǯ•Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ–Š‡•‹•ƒ†‹††ƒ†ƒ•–ƒ‘ǯ•ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ™Šƒ–‘”ƒŽ ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹‰Š–„‡‹•–‘”‡‹–Š‡™ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡”‡‘ˆ˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡•ǡ ƒ†‹–•‡š–‡•‹‘–‘—Ž–‹•’‡ ‹‡•‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡’Žƒ›ǫ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‰ƒ‡•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ •–”— –—”‡ –‘‘ǡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ —• ‘ˆ •Šƒ”‹‰ –Š‹• ‰‡”‡ ‘ˆ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ƒ† ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•‹‰Š–‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‹†‘ˆ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ „›ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘‹ƒƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š”‡ƒ†‹‰‘˜‡Ž•™‡ƒ›•–ƒ”––‘ ‹ƒ‰‹‡–Šƒ–‘–Š‡”Š—ƒ•Šƒ˜‡Ǯ‹‡”Ž‹˜‡•ǯŒ—•–Ž‹‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•–Š‹• –‡†•–‘„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•— Š‘”‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ Ǥ



8.2Movingbeyondtheempathicsubjectanditsperspectivalmind 

•Š‘ƒ•ƒ‰‡ŽŠƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š™‡ƒ›ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ–‹†‡‡†‘Ǧ Š—ƒƒ‹ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ȃ–Š‡”‡‹••‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‹–‹•Ž‹‡–‘„‡ǡ •ƒ›ǡƒ„ƒ–Ȃƒ•’‡ ‹‡•„ƒ””‹‡”‹•–Š‘—‰Š––‘‡š‹•–„‡›‘†™Š‹ Š™‡ ƒ‡˜‡”‘™ ‡šƒ –Ž› Ǯ™Šƒ– ‹– ‹• Ž‹‡ǯ –‘ „‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ‹ƒŽ ȋƒ‰‡Ž ͳͻ͹ͶȌǤ ‘” ƒ ƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•— Šƒ•ƒ‰‡Ž–Š‹•™ƒ•ƒ–Š‘—‰Š–Ǧ‡š‡” ‹•‡–‘ƒ‡ƒ’‘‹–‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡‘Ž† Ǯ‹†Ȁ„‘†›’”‘„Ž‡ǯǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Ǯ‘–Š‡” ‹†•ǯƒ†–Š‡‹’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‹†‹‰‘—–™Šƒ–‹‰Š–„‡‹–Š‡Ǥƒ‰‡Ž ‡ƒ––‘‘’’‘•‡–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽ”‡†— –‹‘‹•–Šƒ–’”‡•—‡†–Šƒ––Š‹‰•™Š‹ Š ƒ‘– „‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡††‘‘–‡š‹•–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡—’•Š‘–‘ˆŠ‹•˜‹‡™‹•–Šƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ‹†ƒ†•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ„—–‹–Š‡•ƒ‡‘˜‡–Š‡•‡‰‡––‘„‡ †‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ›Ǯ‹ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡ǯǤͳͲͶ

  104 Nagel’s bat did inspire Donald Griffin, a pioneer of ‘cognitive ethology’ to (starting in the 1970s) boldly postulateanimalmentalinteriority(AllenandBekoff1999,142).Inaseriesofincreasinglydaringbookshe arguedfortheacknowledgementofasubjectiveworldofanimals:from‘thequestionofanimalawareness’ (Griffin 1976), to ‘animal thinking’ (1984), and ‘animal minds’ (1994) culminating in ‘animal minds: beyond cognitiontoconsciousness’(2001).AccordingtoBernardRollin,Griffin’spioneeringclaimthatanimalshavea mind was not based on any new scientific evidence, but consisted of a coherent presentation of existing  themoralityofmediatedinterspeciesplay215  —––Š‡•–—„„‘”“—‡•–‘ˆ‰ƒ‹‹‰ƒ ‡••–‘•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•‹ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡ Ȃƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ǯ‹‡”ǯƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹•–‹†Ȃ‹•„‘—†–‘ˆƒ‹Ž™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡–”‡ Š‡• ƒ •–”‹ – •—„Œ‡ –Ȁ‘„Œ‡ – †‹ Š‘–‘›Ǥ Š‡”‡„›–Š‡•‡‡ˆˆ‘”–••‡‡–‘‘Ž›”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡–Š‡ȋ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽȌ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹•–†‹•–‹ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ƒ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‡–ƒŽ”‡ƒŽƒ†‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ǡ™‹–Š‘Ž›–Š‡Žƒ––‡” ƒ’”‘’‡”ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†• Š‘Žƒ”Ž›†‡„ƒ–‡ȋ‡‘ˆˆƒ† ƒ‹‡•‘ ͳͻͻ͸ǡ ͹͸ͶǢ ͵Ͷ͸ȌǤ —– Š‘™ ƒ”‡ ™‡ –Š‡ –‘ ‘ ‡‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ‹†•ǡ •—„Œ‡ –•ǡ ƒ†ǡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•‡ǡ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǫŠƒ–Šƒ’’‡•‹ˆ™‡ˆ‘ —•‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– —Ž–—”ƒŽ‰‡”‡• –Šƒ–Š‡‘˜‡Žǫ

Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› ƒ• •‘‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ‹‡” ˜‘‹ ‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ ‘ ‘—–™ƒ”† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ —–™ƒ•’”‘‘–‡†„›–Š‡‡™‰‡”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›‘˜‡Žǡ ‘—Ž†„‡Œ—•–‘‡™ƒ›‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰™Š‘ƒ†™Šƒ–™‡ ƒ”‡ƒ†Š‘™™‡”‡Žƒ–‡–‘‘–Š‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ›˜‡”›™‡ŽŽ„‡‘–Š‡”™ƒ›•–‘ ‘ ‡‹˜‡‘ˆ ‹†•ƒ†•—„Œ‡ –•ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡„›‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ ”ƒˆ–‹‰‘”ƒŽ„‡‹‰•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ „‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‡š’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‹–‡”‹‘”‹–› –Šƒ– ‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”› ‘˜‡Ž ”‡ƒ†‡”••–ƒ”–‡†–‘–”ƒ‹–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ†‹ƒ‰‹‡‹‘–Š‡”•Ǥ  Filmandanimalsubjects ›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Šƒ†•–ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š›ƒ† ˆ‹Ž ƒ„‡•‡‡–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽƒ†–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ„‘–ŠŠ—ƒ ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡ ™Š‹ Š „‡ ƒ‡ ‡–”‡† ƒ”‘—† •‡‡‹‰ ȋ—”– ʹͲͲʹǡ ͵ͷȌǤ ‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ ƒ‡”ƒ•ǡˆ‹Ž•ƒ›’”‘˜‹†‡‡‹–Š‡” ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ •‹–—ƒ–‡†˜‹•‹‘‘”‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•‘‡‹†‘ˆƒŽŽǦ•‡‡‹‰‰ƒœ‡ȋ ˆǤ‘Žˆ‡ʹͲͲ͵ǡ͵ȂͶȌǤ—”– ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ–‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‹ƒ‰‡”›†‹†„”‹‰ƒˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡Ǯ‹–‡”‹‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ •‡‡‹‰ •—„Œ‡ –ǯǡ‹–†‹†•‘–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‡’Šƒ•‹•‘‡š–‡”ƒŽǡ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ •Š‹ˆ–‹‰ ƒ––‡–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ‹••—‡• ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› –‘ –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡ › ȋ—”– ʹͲͲʹǡ ͵ͺȌǤ ‰ƒ‹•– ‡”‰‡”ǡ ™Š‘ ‘Ž› †‹• ‡”• Ǯ„Žƒ •–ƒ”‡•ǯ ‘ˆ ‘†‡” ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ Š‡ ’‘‹–• –‘ –Š‡ ‹‡ƒ–‹ ˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ‡›‡ƒ†–Š‡ȋƒŽ„‡‹–‡Ž—•‹˜‡Ȍƒ‹‘ˆ ƒ •Šƒ”‡† Ž‘‘ „‡–™‡‡Š—ƒƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ

‹Žƒ† ‹‡ƒ–‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ –‡ Š‹“—‡••— Šƒ•–Š‡ Ž‘•‡Ǧ—’‹†‡‡†Š‡Ž’—•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Šƒ–‹‡”‡‘–‹‘• ƒ„‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†‘”•Šƒ”‡†„›”‡ƒ†‹‰ˆƒ ‡•ƒ†‘˜‡‡–• ‘ˆƒ –‘”•Ǥ‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹••‡‡•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‘”‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡‹–Š‡ •’ƒ‘ˆƒˆ‹ŽǢ‹ƒ› ƒ•‡ǡƒ‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ–‡ƒ”‡ ‹‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›’‘”–”ƒ›‡†‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–   findingsinthelightofthecommonsenseassumptionthatanimalsareconsciouslivingbeings(Rollin1998, 252–3).  216chaptereight

†‘‡•‘–’”‘‘–‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒˆƒ ‡ ‘‡•‡ƒ•›–‘—•ȋ—ŽŽ‡”ʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡˆ‘•–‡”‹‰–Š‡Š—ƒƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘”‡ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘•ƒ†„‘†›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‡‡•–‘”‡“—‹”‡‘”‡’”‘Ž‘‰‡†‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ ‹†‡ƒŽŽ›‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ƒ„‘†‹Ž›’”‡•‡ ‡ƒ‘‰ȋ‰”‘—’•‘ˆȌƒ‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹• ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ‡š–‡•‹˜‡„‘—–•‘ˆˆ‹‡Ž†‡–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‘”‘ˆ‹–‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ž‹˜‹‰ ™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•‘ƒȋ’”‡‘†‡”Ȍˆƒ”ǡ ƒ„‡”‡’”‘†— ‡†„›•‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡†‹ƒ–‡† ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ

Themoralcharacterofdigitalplay ”‡ ‘’—–‡”‰ƒ‡•‹–—”„‡ ‘‹‰™Šƒ–‘ ‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ˆ‹ –‹‘ƒ†‘”‡”‡ ‡–Ž› ˆ‹Ž™‡”‡ǣ–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‘†‡‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ‘–Š‡”•ǡƒ† –Š‡•‡ŽˆǫŠ‡‡™Ž›‡‡”‰‹‰ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‰‡”‡‘ˆ†‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›‡†‹ƒ–‡†’Žƒ› ‘—Ž†ǡƒ•‹– ‰”‘™• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› †‘‹ƒ–ǡ Ž‹‡™‹•‡ ‰‹˜‡ ”‹•‡ –‘ „‘–Š ƒ ‡™ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘”†‡” ƒ† ƒ ˆ”‡•Š—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ„‘–ŠŠ—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‘˜‡Ž•ƒ”‡„”‘ƒ†Ž› ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡†ƒ•‡–ƒŽŽ›Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ†ǡŽ‹‡‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆŠ‹‰Šƒ”–ǡ–‘†‹• Ž‘•‡‘—” ™‘”Ž†ƒ‡™Ǥ†ȋƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– ‡”–ƒ‹–›’‡•‘ˆȌˆ‹ŽŠƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘ ‘‡–‘„‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•ƒ ’”‹‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‰‡”‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ ƒ††”‡•• •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ƒ† ”ƒ‹•‡ ’—„Ž‹  ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡–”‹˜‹ƒŽǡ‘–Š‹‰‘”‡ –Šƒ‹†—„‹‰‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ƒ•—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‹’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡƒ‰ƒ‡”ƒ›ˆ‹†Š‹Ǧ‘”Š‡”•‡Žˆ•–— ‹–Š‡‘—Ž†‘ˆ’”‡•‡– ”‘Ž‡• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ Ǯˆ‹”•– ’‡”•‘ •Š‘‘–‡”ǯǡ ™‹–Š Ž‹––Ž‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”‰‡—‹‡•‡Žˆ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ǡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ • ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‰‡ƒ”‡† ‘”‡ –‘ †‹•–”ƒ –‹‘ –Šƒ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘‘ –›’‡ ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› ’”‘†— ‡† „› ƒ‹ •–”‡ƒ˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡••‡‡•–‘„‡”ƒ–Š‡”“—ƒ‹–ǡƒ•™‡•ƒ™™‹–ŠFarmVille‹–Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ

—– Ž‹‡ ‘–Š‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‰‡”‡•ǡ Ǯ‰ƒ‡•ǯ ‹• ƒ ˜‡”› „”‘ƒ† ƒ–‡‰‘”› ƒ† †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‰ƒ‡• ‘‡ ‹ ƒ› ‰‡”‡• ƒ† •Šƒ’‡•Ǥ ƒ‡• ƒ† Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘”‡‘˜‡” ƒ”‡‘––‘„‡ –Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•‘’’‘•‹‰ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•†‡ˆ‹‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡†‹ Š‘–‘‹‡••— Šƒ• ƒ –‹˜‡ ƒ† ’ƒ••‹˜‡ǣ ‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ ‘˜‡Ž ”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‹ƒ‰‹‹‰”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‡”‡ ’ƒ••‹˜‡ —†‡”‰‘‹‰Ǥ ƒ‡• ƒ› ‘–ƒ‹ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ† ƒ „‡ Ž‘•‡Ž› • ”‹’–‡†ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ’‘‡–”› ƒ „‡ ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž ȋ—––‘Ǧ‹–Š ͳͻͻ͹ǡ ͳ͵͹Ȍ ƒ† ƒ› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ǮŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‰ƒ‡•ǯƒ†Ǯ™‘”†’Žƒ›ǯȋ Žƒƒ‰ƒʹͲͲͻǡͳ͵͹ȌǤ

‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•‹†‡ˆ‹‹‰„‘–Š‰ƒ‡•ƒ†Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ •‘‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†•‡‡”‰‡–ˆ”‘‰ƒ‡•ƒ†ˆ”‘‘˜‡Ž•Ǥ  ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ •‡‡• –‘ „‡ –Šƒ– ™‹–Š ȋ˜‹†‡‘Ȍ ‰ƒ‡•–Š‡’Žƒ›‡”‹• ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ›‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡ƒ –‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡„›ȋƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹’ƒ”–Ȍ‹ themoralityofmediatedinterspeciesplay217  ’”‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ǤŠ‹•’”‘†— ‡•ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ„ƒ ƒ† ˆ‘”–Šǡ ‘ˆ ˆ‹‡Ǧ –—‹‰‘‡ǯ•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ  —Ž–‹’Žƒ›‡” ‰ƒ‡ ‘”‡‘˜‡” ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ †‹”‡ – ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ ‘–Š‡”•ǡƒ‹‰–Š‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‹–‹ƒ ›–Šƒ–•‘‡ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ‡†‹ƒ–‡†’Žƒ›ƒˆˆ‘”†˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†Ǯ‹‡”ǯ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ†‹‰Ǥ†ǡ‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–ˆ‘”‘—”’—”’‘•‡•ǡƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡Ž•ǡ ’Žƒ›‹‰ȋƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‘‡‹†•‘ˆȌ˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡•‹••‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–„‘–ŠŠ—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ Š‘•–‘ˆ‘–Š‡”ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‘—Ž†ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›–ƒ‡’ƒ”–‹ǤŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‹• ˆ‘”’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘ ‡’–‹‘•‘ˆ‹†•ƒ†™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‘—‰Š– –‘ ‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡ǫ  NonǦperspectivalsubjects ‘””ƒ‹‡ ƒ•–‘ ƒ› ‘ˆˆ‡” ƒ ”‘—–‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘†‡• ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ ‘Ǧ Š—ƒ‘–Š‡”•–Šƒ–ˆ‹–•‹™‹–Š—Ž–‹’Žƒ›‡”‰ƒ‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ǥƒ•–‘ ȋʹͲͲͷǡ ͶͲȌ ‘–‡•–•ƒ‰‡Žǯ• ‘ŽŽ—•‹‘‘ˆ‹†ƒ†•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›™Š‹ Šƒ••—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ•™‡” –‘ –Š‡ Ǯ™Šƒ– ‹–ǯ• Ž‹‡ –‘ „‡ ǤǤǤǯ “—‡•–‹‘ ‹• ƒ„‘—– Ǯ ‘• ‹‘—• ‡–ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡•ǯ ƒ† Ǯ–Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǯǡ ™Š‹ Š ‡‡†• –‘ „‡ ‹ƒ‰‹‡† ‹ƒ Ǯ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜ƒŽ ‘†‡ǯǤ  DzŠ‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ””‹‡• ™‹–Š ‹– ™‡‹‰Š–› ƒ••—’–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– ™Šƒ– ‹– ‡ƒ• –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‹†•Ǥ ‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ƒ ™‘”Ž† †‹˜‹†‡† —’ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ† –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ”‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡–Š‘†‘ˆ•›’ƒ–Š‡–‹ ’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘ǡ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ‘–Š‡”‹† ‘—Ž†‘Ž› ‡ƒ •‡‡‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ‘–Š‡”̵• ‡›‡• ȋ‘” •‡ŽŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ‘–Š‡”̵• ‘•‡ ‘” Š‡ƒ”‹‰™‹–Šƒ‘–Š‡”̵••‘ƒ”ǡ†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡•’‡ ‹‡•ȌȄ̶’—–›‘—”•‡Žˆ‹ Š‹•’Žƒ ‡̶dzȋƒ•–‘ƒ†‹–ƒʹͲͲͷǡͷʹȌǤ  Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ–‡–ƒ–‹˜‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ•Š‹ˆ–•–Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜ƒŽ‘†‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹œ‡†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǣ  Dz–Š‡Šƒ„‹–•‘ˆ‹–‡”‹‘”‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†„› ‡”–ƒ‹ˆ‘”•‘ˆ’‹‡–›Ǣ–Š‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ”‡ˆ‹‡† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡‹‰Š–‡‡–ŠǦ ƒ† ‹‡–‡‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”› ‘˜‡ŽǢ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ †”ƒ™ „‡–™‡‡ •‡•‘”› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ† •‡Žˆ „› •‡•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǣ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹•Ǣ–Š‡ —Ž–‘ˆ•›’ƒ–Š›ǡ™Š‹ Š‡š’ƒ†‡†–‘‡„”ƒ ‡ ˆ‹”•– Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›†‡‹œ‡•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”–‹‡•ƒ†’Žƒ ‡•Ǥ Šƒ–‡˜‡”–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽˆ‘” ‡•–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‰‡†‹–ǡ–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜ƒŽ‘†‡™ƒ• ‘•–†‡ ‹†‡†Ž›ƒ ”‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”›Ǥ –‹•‘–•‹’Ž›ƒ‘–Š‡”ˆ‘” ‘ˆ  218chaptereight  •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǣ ‹– ‹• –Š‡ ƒ’‘–Š‡‘•‹• ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› ƒ• –Š‡ ‡••‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹†Ǥdz ȋƒ•–‘ƒ†‹–ƒʹͲͲͷǡͷʹȌǤ  ‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹†‡ƒ• ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› ƒ† ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ‘†‡• ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ ƒ† ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‘’‡—’™Š‡™‡Ž‘‘ƒ–‹‡”•‹˜‡ƒ††‹”‡ –ˆ‘”•‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ‹ ‹ƒ‡‡•’”‡–Šƒ•†”ƒ™ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•‘˜‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ„‘–Š‹†ƒ† ‡’ƒ–Š›Ǥ‹• —••‹‰–Š‡Ǯ‹•‘’”ƒš‹•ǯ’Š‡‘‡‘‹Š‘”•‡”‹†‹‰•Š‡‡š’Žƒ‹•ǣ  Dz–ƒŽ‡–‡†”‹†‡”•„‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‘˜‡Ž‹‡Š‘”•‡•ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡Ž‡ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ –‹ƒ Š‘”•‡ǦŽ‹‡ ˆƒ•Š‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ› ‡š’Žƒ‹ Š‘™ Š‘”•‡• ƒ „‡ ‘‡ •‘ ™‡ŽŽ ƒ––—‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” Š—ƒ ”‹†‡”•ǡ ƒ† Š‘™ ‡”‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ˆ”‘ ‘‡ ƒ› •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ‹†— ‡ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” –‘ ‘˜‡Ǥ —ƒ „‘†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡† „› ƒ† ‹–‘ ƒ Š‘”•‡ǯ• „‘†›Ǥ ȏǤǤǤȐ Š‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡• ƒ† ™Š‘ ‹• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†ǡ‹–Š‹••–‘”›ǡƒ”‡“—‡•–‹‘•–Šƒ– ƒ‘Ž‘‰‡””‡ ‡‹˜‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ” ƒ•™‡”Ǥ‘–ŠǡŠ—ƒƒ†Š‘”•‡ǡƒ”‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǯ• ‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ ‘–Š ‹†— ‡ ƒ† ƒ”‡ ‹†— ‡†ǡ ƒˆˆ‡ – ƒ† ƒ”‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†Ǥ ‘–Š ‡„‘†›‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǯ•‹†Ǥdzȋ‡•’”‡–ʹͲͲͶǡͳͳͷȌ  ‡•’”‡– ‘ ‡‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‘•‡„‘†‹Ž›‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆƒ‹†‘ˆ‡’ƒ–Š›–Šƒ– ƒƒŽ•‘„‡ƒ†‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡™‹–Š‹• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ‹• —••‹‰–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ƒ „‡„‘†‹Ž›’”‡•‡–‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•–Š‡›•–—†›ǡ•Š‡’”‘‘–‡• –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‡’ƒ–Š›–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”‡„‘†‹‡†ˆ‘”•‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǣ  Dzƒ ‘ ‡’– ™Š‹ Š †‡• ”‹„‡• ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰Ȁ•‡‡‹‰Ȁ–Š‹‹‰ „‘†‹‡• –Šƒ– —†‘ ƒ† ”‡†‘ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”ǡ ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽŽ› –Š‘—‰Š ‘– •›‡–”‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• –Šƒ– ƒ––—‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• –‘ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‡’ƒ–Š› ‹• ‘– ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‘‡ǯ• ‘™ „‘†› ™Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” ”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆƒ‡„‘†‹‡† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥdzȋ‡•’”‡– ʹͲͳ͵ǡͷͳȌ  Sympathyvsempathy ‹–Šƒ†‡”‡‡Ž‡ȋʹͲͳͳȌ™‡ ‘—Ž†ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ––Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ˆ‹––‹‰ ™‹–Š–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‹•‘’”ƒš‹•‹•‘–‡’ƒ–Š›ǡƒ•‡•’”‡–’”‘’‘•‡†ǡ„—–•›’ƒ–Š›Ǥ Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ – –Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• ‹• ‘– ƒ ’—”‡ǡ †‹•‹–‡”‡•–‡†ǡ ƒŽ–”—‹•–‹ 

 themoralityofmediatedinterspeciesplay219  ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ –Šƒ– Ž‡ƒ˜‡•–Š‡ •‡Žˆ „‡Š‹† ™Š‹Ž‡ –ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–Š‡”ǤͳͲͷ ’ƒ–Š›‹–Š‹•˜‹‡™‹•‘––Š‡ȋ‘Ž›Ȍƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǤŠ‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•‰‡––‹‰‹–‘–Š‡‹†•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•ǡ–Šƒ–™‡ •Š‘—Ž†Ǯˆ‡‡Ž‘—”™ƒ›‹–‘ǯƒ‘–Š‡”„‡‹‰ǡƒ••—‡•™‡ƒ”‡Ǯ‘—–•‹†‡ǯ–‘„‡‰‹™‹–ŠǤ• ‹‘ ƒ‡•‹”‡‰ƒ”†–‘Š‹•†‘‰•—ƒ”‹œ‡•–Š‹•ȋ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”‹ƒȌ ”‹–‹“—‡ǣ  DzŠ‡”‡‹•‘“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ‡’”‘˜‹‰–Šƒ–•Š‡‹•ƒ‹†‡†‘–Š‡”ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ ƒ‡”‡–Š‹‰ǡ•‹ ‡Š‡”„‡‹‰ƒ‰‡—‹‡‘–Š‡”–‘™Š‘ ƒ”‡Žƒ–‡† ‹• ’”‡•—’’‘•‡†‹ƒ”‹‰‘”‘—•ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ›„‡‹‰Ǧ‹Ǧ–Š‡Ǧ™‘”Ž†Ǥdzȋ ƒ‡•ʹͲͲͻǡ ͶͲȌ  

8.3Genres,ethics,subjects,experience,mindsandscience:acoͲevolutionary ecology? 

‘—”•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‘†‡•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ Ž‘‘‹‰ ˆ‘” ™ƒ›• –‘ ‰‘ „‡›‘† –Š‹‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ȋƒ† Š—ƒȌ ‹†• ƒ• ‹‡”ǡ ‡–ƒŽǡ ƒ† ‹ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡ –‘ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ • ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ •–—†›‹‰ ‹† ƒ• ƒ ƒ––‡”‘ˆȋ•‘‡Š‘™‹†‹”‡ –Ž›Ȍ‰ƒ‹‹‰ƒ ‡••–‘•‘‡–Š‹‰‹–‡”‹‘”ȋƒ—”‹‡”ǡƒœ‡ǡ ƒ† —†‹ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ ‹ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ ‡’–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‹†• –Š‡•‡ ƒ „‡ •–—†‹‡† ‹ ‘’Ž‡š ‡˜‹”‘‡–• †—”‹‰ ”‹ Š ‘†‡• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ǡ ‹†• ƒ’’‡ƒ” ƒ• ‡ƒ –‡† ƒ† ‡‡”‰‡–ǡ ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ ‘” ‡–™‘”• ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹œ‡†•‹–‡•‘ˆǮ ‘‰‹–‹‘ǯǤ  Šƒ– ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ† ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› †‘‡• –Š‹• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†’”‘ ‡•• —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‹†‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ǫ‹–Š‘—”‰ƒ‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǡƒ†–Š‡‡•—‹‰”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘• ‘‹–•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡™‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‹†‡†„‡‹‰•ǡ™‡•‡‡–‘‰‡– ƒ—‰Š– —’ ‹ ƒ –‡•‹‘ǣ ‡–™‡‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘‡ Šƒ† ƒ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰ –Š‡ •‡Žˆ ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ ‘–Š‡”• ƒ• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –•ǤͳͲ͸†‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ƒ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘‹–‡––Šƒ–‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡•‹†• „‡›‘† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ Š—ƒ• ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ –‘ –Š‡ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ †‹••‘Ž˜‹‰ƒŽŽ‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡   105 Whereas empathy is often deemed to be a basically passive and spontaneous event of selfless feeling, sympathy includes a more active and contemplative element, in which the self is also present somehow, though not independently from the other. This seems to be a more interesting way to understand what happenswithidiosyncraticandambivalentsubjectsinmomentsofaffectiveencounter. 106Perhapseventhe‘subjectsͲofͲaͲlife’asdefinedbyRegan(2004)  220chaptereight  —††Ž‡ ‘ˆ „‘—†Ž‡•• „‘†‹‡• ƒ† ‡š–‡†‡† ‹†•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ‘’–‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘„‡‘‘ˆˆ‡”ǣ ‘™‹–Š–Š‡ǮŽ‹„‡”ƒŽ•ǯ–‘†‹• ‡”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –‘ „‡ ‰”ƒ–‡†‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•ǡ„—––Š‡”‡„›ˆƒŽŽ‹–‘–Š‡–”ƒ’‘ˆ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‹•‘Žƒ–‡†‹†•ǤŠ—• ƒ‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‘‡ ƒ ”‘•• ƒ• †‡ˆ‹ ‹‡– Š—ƒ•ǡ ’”‡ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ–‹•™‘†”‘—•ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‘—””‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡Ǥ”™‡ ‘—Ž†•‹†‡™‹–Š –Š‡ Ǯ’‘•–ǦŠ—ƒ‹•–•ǯǡ ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡ ƒ ‡–Š‹ • ‘ˆ ‹‡”•‹‘ ƒ† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹••‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ„—––Š‡”‡„›”‹•Ž‘•‹‰ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘” ‡˜‡ ƒ‰‡ › ƒ† •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ǤͳͲ͹PigChase•‡‡•–‘ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡‘†‡•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰ǣƒ– ˆ‹”•––Š‡‰ƒ‡‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡–‘Ž‡ƒ”–‘‘˜‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š‘—–•‡–‰‘ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡•‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”‘Ž›ƒˆ–‡”ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•ƒ––Š‡‡†ƒŽ•‘ȋŠ‹‰ŠȌ• ‘”‡•ƒ”‡‡’––”ƒ ‘ˆǡ ’‹’‘‹–‹‰–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆŠ—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”•ȋ‘”’‡”Šƒ’•Š—ƒǦ’‹‰–‡ƒ•ǫȌ  ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‹•–‡•‹‘‹•–‘ ‘•‹†‡”‹–ƒ•–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰‘”„‡‹‰‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǣ‡‹–Š‡”‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆˆŽ‘™ǡ‘ˆ •‹Žˆ—Žǡ ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”–Šƒ–‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ˆ—ŽŽ‹‡”•‹‘‹ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǯ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ǯ –Šƒ–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘—”‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ –‹‘‹–Š‡Ǣ‘”ǡ™Š‡–Š‹••–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ˆŽ‘™ „”‡ƒ• †‘™ǡƒ†™‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘” ‡†‘—–‘ˆ‘—”–Š‘—‰Š–Ž‡••Šƒ„‹–—ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡‡–‡”‹–‘ ƒ•—„Œ‡ –Ȁ‘„Œ‡ –”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†ȋ”‡›ˆ—•ͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ  Š‹• ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ „‡–™‡‡ †‡–ƒ Š‡† ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ƒ† ˆ—ŽŽ ‹‡”•‹‘ǡ ƒŽ‹‰• ™‹–Š –™‘ ‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Šƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡”‰‡”ǯ•‹†‡ƒŽ–›’‡‘ˆ„‡‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘’‹‰•™ƒ•–Š‡‹‡”•‹˜‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–ǡ™Š‘•‡•‹Žˆ—Ž•‡•‘”‹‘–‘”‘˜‡‡–• Ž‡†Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›–‘–Š‡ƒ –‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†—•‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‹•’‡ƒ•ƒ–†‘‡•‡ ‘—–‡” –Š‡•‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ„—–’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›„›Ž‹˜‹‰ƒǮ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǯˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š—†ƒ‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ ƒ –•Ǥ‹ ‡‹‡”•‹‘ƒ†ˆŽ‘™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†’”‹‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆȋ˜‹†‡‘Ȍ ‰ƒ‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ’Žƒ›‹‰Š–„‡ ‘†— ‹˜‡–‘‘†‡•‘ˆƒ––—‡‡––Š”‘—‰Š ™Š‹ Š‰ƒ‡”•™‘—Ž†”‡•‡„Ž‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡƒŽ•‘™‹–Š‡”‰‡”–Š‡”‡‹• ƒ –‡•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‹‡”•‹‘ ƒ† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ–‹‘ǡ „‡–™‡‡ †‹••‘Ž˜‹‰ •‡Ž˜‡• ƒ† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ–‹‰‡ ‘—–‡”•Ǥ‡”‰‡”Š‘™‡˜‡” ‘•‹†‡”•–Š‡•‡ƒ••–ƒ‰‡•‹ƒŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••ǣDzƒ„‡ ‘‡•ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆŠ‹•‡Žˆ”‡–—”‹‰–Š‡Ž‘‘dzȋ‡”‰‡”ͳͻͺͲǡͷȌǤˆ–‡” –Š‹•’”‹‘”†‹ƒŽŠ—ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ—–—ƒŽŽ‘‘‰‘‡•ƒ ”‘••ƒǮƒ„›••ǯǡ™Š‹ Š‹• ‘Ž›„‡–™‡‡–™‘Š—ƒ•Ǯ‹’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ǡ„”‹†‰‡†„›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǯǤŠ‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡• ‹• –Š‡ †‹˜‹†‹‰ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ˆ‘” ‡”‰‡”ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰Š‹–‘•–ƒ–‡ǣDz‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ‹”• ƒǡ ‡‹–Š‡” ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž› ‘” ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›dz ȋͳͻͺͲǡ ͷȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡   107ThisoppositionistosomeextentakintotheonediscussedbyBuller(2013)betweenrelatingtoanimalsas individualsandasmass (herd,flock,etc.),butdiffersasdissolutionandindividuationinthewaydiscussed herebothcanoccurinrelationswithanindividualanimal.  themoralityofmediatedinterspeciesplay221

Ǯ—•’‡ƒ‹‰ ‘’ƒ‹‘•Š‹’ǯ ȋͳͻͺͲǡ ͸Ȍ –Šƒ– ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‘ˆˆ‡” –‘ Š—ƒ•ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™• —• –‘ Ž‡ƒ†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽŽ‹˜‡•–Šƒ– ƒ„‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ƒ••‘‡“—ƒŽ‹ƒ–—”‡–Šƒ–Dz‘ˆ–‡‘‡ˆ‹†• –Š‡ ‘˜‹ –‹‘–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Žƒ ‡†–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘•’‡ƒ ™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ•dz ȋͳͻͺͲǡ͸ȌǤ

Individuationorimmersion:touchingorbeingtouched? Ž•‘ ‡‡Ž•ˆ‡Ž†‡” ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‡•‹‘ǡ „‡–™‡‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹‡”•‹‘ǡ ™Š‡ •Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡• ˆ‘” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ’Š‡‘‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹–‘ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ȋ‡‡Ž•ˆ‡Ž†‡” ͳͻͻͻȌǤ ‰ƒ‹•– Ž‘‘‹‰ˆ‘” ƒ—•ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹••‹™Š‹ Šƒ•–‹—Ž—• ƒ—•‡•ƒ”‡•’‘•‡ǡ•Š‡•–”‡••‡• –Š‡‡š‹•–‡–‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ™Š‡”‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆƒ „‘†›ƒ†’‡” ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ‹–•‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ”‡‹†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ ‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‹–‡”ƒŽƒ†‡š–‡”ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•ǡƒ†Ǯ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǯ‹•‹–•‡Žˆƒ ƒ—•ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ ȋ‡‡Ž•ˆ‡Ž†‡” ͳͻͻ͵ǡ ͸ͳȌǤ – –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ǡ ‹ –”›‹‰ –‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ ‡ Šƒ‹•–‹  ‘†‡• ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ ƒ—•ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡‡Ž•ˆ‡Ž†‡” †”ƒ™• ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ–‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹•• ‹ •’‘–ƒ‡‘—• ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ‘˜‹‰ „‘†› ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡• ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‘”‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡ ȋ‡‡Ž•ˆ‡Ž†‡” ͳͻͻ͵ǡ ͸ʹȌǤˆ–‡”„‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ†’Š‡‘‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–—›–‡†‹Œǡ•Š‡‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡••’‘–ƒ‡‘—• ƒ†˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǡ•— Šƒ•Š‡•‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•—”’”‹•‡Ǥ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘–‡š–•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” •–‹—Ž‹ ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ ƒ “—‹”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡ƒ‹‰• ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡˆ”‘ ™Š‹ Š —›–‡†‹Œ ‘ Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ –Š‡‹” ‡˜‹”‘‡– ƒ• ƒ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž™Š‘Ž‡ƒ†‘–ƒ•ƒ ‘ ‘ –‹‘‘ˆ‹•‘Žƒ–‡†•–‹—Ž‹ȋ—›–‡†‹Œͳͻͷ͵ȌǤ ‡ Šƒ†ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–ƒ‘ –‘’—•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–‘— Š‹‰ƒ†„‡‹‰ –‘— Š‡†ǤŠ—•ƒ‹ƒŽ•”‡Žƒ–‡–‘–Š‡‹”„‘†›ƒ•„‡‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡› ƒ‘˜‡ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‘Ž›ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘•–‹—Ž‹ȋ—›–‡†‹Œ ͳͻͷ͵Ǣ ‡‡Ž•ˆ‡Ž†‡” ͳͻͻ͵ǡ ͸͵ȌǤ  –Š‹• ™ƒ› –Š‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ƒ „‡ –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‡ •–‹—Ž—•Ȁ”‡•’‘•‡ –Š‹‹‰ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‹‡”Ȁ‘—–‡”ǡ „‘†‹Ž›Ȁ‡–ƒŽ †—ƒŽ‹•• ™Š‹ Š ‡™‡› ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› †‹•‹••‡† ‹ Š‹• ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ ͳͺͻ͸ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‘ –Š‡ ǮŠ‡ ‡ˆŽ‡š ”  ‘ ‡’– ‹ •› Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯ ȋ‡™‡› ͳͺͻ͸ȌǤ ‡™‡› ’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—‹–›‘ˆƒ –•ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Šƒ–‹•„‘–Šƒ –‹˜‡ƒ†’ƒ••‹˜‡ ƒ–•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰„‘–Š†‘‹‰ƒ†—†‡”‰‘‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽŽ›‘––‘„‡ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†Ǥ

‡‡Ž•ˆ‡Ž†‡” †”ƒ™• ‘ —›–‡†‹Œ –‘ ’‘•‹– –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ‘Ǧ Š—ƒ‹†•ǡ‰”ƒ–‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ••’‘–ƒ‡‘—••‡ŽˆǦ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ ‘„•‡”˜‹‰ ‡”‡ •–‹—Ž—•Ǧ”‡•’‘•‡ ‡ Šƒ‹••Ǥ ‘‡• –Š‹• Š‘™‡˜‡” ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ƒ †‹•–‹ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ •—„Œ‡ –• ƒ† ƒ‰‡–•ǡ „‡–™‡‡ „‡‹‰• ™Š‘•‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‹• ‘– ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›ƒƒ‰‡–ǡ„—–™Š‹ ŠǮŠƒ’’‡•–‘‹–ǯǫŠ‹•˜‹‡™‘ˆƒ‰‡ ›ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ 222chaptereight  ‡•’”‡–ǡ Dz•‡‡• –‘ „‡ •–‹ŽŽ ‡–ƒ‰Ž‡† ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ••‹  —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡ › ƒ• ‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽǡ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ†’”‡‡†‹–ƒ–‡†dzȋʹͲͳ͵ǡ͵͵ȌǤ  Dz‘‡• ƒ‰‡ › ”‡•– —’‘ –Š‡ ‘–”ƒ•– „‡–™‡‡ ‘˜‹‰ ‘‡•‡Žˆ ƒ† „‡‹‰ ‘˜‡†ǫ ‡–™‡‡ ƒ –‹‰ ƒ† „‡‹‰ ƒ –‡† —’‘ǡ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ –‹‰ ƒ† ”‡ƒ –‹‰ǫdzȋ‡•’”‡–ʹͲͳ͵ǡ͵͹ȌǤ  ‹–Š‡Ž‡—œ‡ƒ†ƒ–‘—”ǡ‡•’”‡–”‡•‹•–•–Š‡‘˜‡”Ž›‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‰‡ ›ǣ Dzƒ Š Ž‹˜‹‰ „‡‹‰ ”‡†‡”• ‘–Š‡” ”‡ƒ–—”‡• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ȋ‘ˆ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ ƒ† ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†Ȍǡ ƒ† –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‡–ƒ‰Ž‡†‹ƒ›”‹ƒ†‘ˆ”ƒ’’‘”–•‘ˆˆ‘” ‡•ǡƒŽŽ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡DzagencementsǤdzȋʹͲͳ͵ǡ͵͹ȌǤ Š‹• ‹• ƒ ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡ › ƒ• ƒ ƒŽ™ƒ›• —ˆ‹‹•Š‡† Dzƒ –‹˜‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ––—‡‡–dz ȋʹͲͳ͵ǡ͵ͺȌǤ  Dz• –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ™ƒ› –‘ –‘— Š ™‹–Š‘—– „‡‹‰ –‘— Š‡†ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘™ƒ›–‘ †‡–‡”‹‡™Š‘–‘— Š‡•™Š‘Ǥ‘— Š‹‰‡ƒ –•ƒ†‡•—„Œ‡ –‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘dzȋʹͲͳ͵ǡ ͵ͻȌǤ  Š‡–™‘‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘‹†‡†‘–Š‡”•–Š—•ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘ ‘‡†‘™–‘–Š‡‹••—‡ ‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”™‡•Š‘—Ž†•‡‡–‘†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š„‡–™‡‡–‘— Š‹‰ƒ†„‡‹‰–‘— Š‡†ƒ• –Š‡ŠƒŽŽƒ”‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡–•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡ‘”™Š‡–Š‡”™‡•Š‘—Ž†•–‹  –‘ ƒ †‡•—„Œ‡ –‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‡”‡„›–Š‹•†‹•–‹ –‹‘‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽǤ  Subjectingourselvestodesignexperiments:on(not)decidingwhetherwetouchorare beingtouched ‘™–‘ˆ—ŽŽ›”‡•‘Ž˜‡–Š‹•–‡•‹‘‘—–Ž‹‡†ƒ„‘˜‡‹•„‡›‘†–Š‡• ‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ – •‡‡• ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰ –Š‘—‰Š –‘ •‡‡ ™ƒ›• –‘ ‘˜‡ „‡›‘† –Š‹• †‹ Š‘–‘›Ǥ  ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ™ƒ›–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡•‡–‘ˆ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘•™‡ƒ”‡ ƒ—‰Š–—’‹Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†„‡ –‘ –”› ƒ† ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹  †—ƒŽ‹•• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‹’Ž‹‡†ǣ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡–Š‹ • ȋƒ† ‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰›Ȍ‘ˆ†‹•–ƒ ‡˜•‹‡”•‹‘ǡ‘ˆƒ„•–”ƒ –˜••‹–—ƒ–‡†–Š‘—‰Š–ǡ‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘˜• ‡„‘†‹‡–Ǥ Š‡ ™‡ ’‡”Šƒ’• ˆ‹† –Šƒ– ‹‡”•‹‘ ƒ† †‹•–ƒ ‡ ƒ› ‘– „‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž›‘’–‹‘•ǡ‘”–Š‡‘Ž›Ǯ’‘Ž‡•ǯ‹„‡–™‡‡™Š‹ Šƒƒ•™‡”‡‡†•–‘„‡•‘—‰Š– ƒ† ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ† ‹†• ƒ”‡ –‘ „‡ ‹ƒ‰‹‡†Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’• ™‡ ‘—Ž† ”‡–”ƒ ‡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘–ƒ‹‰‡ǣ ƒ “—‡•–‹‘‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡Žˆǡ „—– ‘– †‹”‡ –Ž› –‘ —††Ž‡ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‹••—‡ƒ›‘–‡˜‡„‡•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‡‡†• –‘„‡•‘Ž˜‡†‘”†‡ƒŽ–™‹–Š–Š”‘—‰Š’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥ 

 themoralityofmediatedinterspeciesplay223  †‡‡†ǡ ™‡ †‘ ‘– ‡‡† –‘ †‡ ‹†‡ Š‡”‡Ǥ ‡Ž˜‹‰ ‹–‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ †‹•–‹ –‹‘• ƒ† —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ™Šƒ– ‘—Ž†Šƒ’’‡„‡–™‡‡—•ƒ†’‹‰•‹•™Šƒ–™‡ ƒ‡š’Ž‘”‡ ‹ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›†‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ†–‹‡”‹‰™‹–Š‡†‹ƒ–‡†”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š’‹‰•Ǥ‡ ‘—Ž†•‡‡ –‘ƒ‡ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Š‡™ ‘ ‡’–‹‘•‘ˆ‹†•ƒ†‘”ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‘–Š‡”•ƒ› ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž˜‡™‹–Š‡†‹ƒ–‡†Š—ƒǦ’‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ƒ„‘˜‡•‡– ‘ˆ“—‡•–‹‘• ƒ–Š‡„‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡†„›‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰‡™‡˜‹”‘‡–•‹™Š‹ Š–‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡–™‹–Š‘†‡•‘ˆ„‘–Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ–‹‰ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‡š–‡†‹‰‹†•Ǥ  ƒ‡••‡‡‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‰‡‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‘ˆ„‘†‹Ž›ƒ†‡–ƒŽ‹‡”•‹‘‹ƒ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ„—––Š‡›‘ˆ–‡†‘•‘‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–’”‘‘–‡•ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ †‘‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–ˆ‹”•–•‹‰Š–PigChaseƒ›•‡‡–‘ƒŽŽ‘™Š—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”•–‘•–‡‡”–Š‡ ‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ’‹‰’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡƒˆˆ‹”‹‰Š—ƒƒ•–‡”›ƒ† ‘–”‘ŽǤ—–ǡ‹ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ ‘ ‡’–”‡“—‹”‡•Š—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”•–‘•–ƒ›‹–‘— Š™‹–Š–Š‡‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰ǤŠ‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ’Žƒ›ǡ „‘–Š ™‘—Ž† ‡‡† –‘ Ž‡ƒ” –‘ ‘˜‡ Ž‹‡ ƒ† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‘Ž‡ƒ†•ƒ†™Š‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǡ™Š‘–‘— Š‡•ƒ†™Š‘‹•„‡‹‰–‘— Š‡†ǡ ‹• ƒ„‹‰—‘—•‹–Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‹ŽŽ–Š‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹†‘ˆ‹•‘’”ƒš‹•‘—–Ž‹‡†„›‡•’”‡–ǫ‹ŽŽ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ –Š‹•ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ‘—––‘„‡‹‰ƒǮ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž™Š‘Ž‡ǯ–‘–Š‡’‹‰•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡” –ŠƒŒ—•–ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‹•‘Žƒ–‡†•–‹—Ž‹–‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ†‡–‘”‡•’‘†ǫ‘—Ž†–Š‹• „‡ ƒ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ‘‡ –‹‰ ‹†• ‹ ƒ ‹‡”•‹˜‡ •Šƒ”‡† ƒ –‹˜‹–› –Šƒ– —††Ž‡• ƒ••—’–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ–‹‰ „‘–Š ’Žƒ›‡”•ǫ ƒ™‡Šƒ˜‡„‘–Š–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ–‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ†ƒ•Šƒ”‹‰‘ˆ‹†•ǫ  Š‡”‡ƒ•”‡ƒ†‹‰‘˜‡Ž•ȋƒ†™ƒ– Š‹‰ˆ‹Ž•Ȍ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ–‹‰‹†• –Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”‡’ƒ–Š‹ ’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘‹–‘‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”›‘–Š‡”•ǡ—Ž–‹’Žƒ›‡”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‹•ƒ•–ƒ‰‡†‡ ‘—–‡”™‹–Šƒƒ –—ƒŽ‘–Š‡”ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ›’”‘†— ‡•›’ƒ–Š›„›‘˜‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ ’”‘‘–‹‰ ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰‡– ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› –Šƒ– †‘‡•‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡ Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡•‡Žˆ„‡Š‹†ˆ‘”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆƒŽ–”—‹•–‹ ‡’ƒ–Š›Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ȋˆ‘”Š—ƒ•Ȍ ’Žƒ›‹•–Š‡‘–•‘— ŠƒŽ‘••‘ˆ•‡ŽˆȂ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†‹’Ž›–Š‡•‡Žˆ™ƒ••‘‡–Š‹‰ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›Šƒ†ǡ’‘••‡••‡†ǡ‘Ž›Ž‡ˆ–„‡Š‹†™Š‡•–ƒ”–‹‰–‘’Žƒ›Ǥ —– ’Žƒ› ȋƒŽ•‘Ȍ ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•‡Ž˜‡•–‘‡‡”‰‡ǡ–‘„‡‡š’‡”‹‡–‡†™‹–Šǡƒ†–‘ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‘‡•‡Žˆƒ•ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ǡ’‡ —Ž‹ƒ”•‡ŽˆǤͳͲͺ   108AnemphasisoncreatingenvironmentsandsituationsformoralsubjectstoemergefitsinwithaDeweyan, pragmatist approach to ethics, in which moral responsibility is thought of to consist in actively seeking environmentsthatwillinduceustobecomeparticular‘good’persons.Thereisnoescapefromthecircularity of somehow deciding what kind of person to become, in seeking out particular environments in which to  224chaptereight  Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹•–‘†‡•‹‰–Š‹•ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ„‡‹‰ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ™Š‘ ‡ ‘—–‡”• ‹†‡† ‘–Š‡”• ƒ† ‘ˆ „‡ ‘‹‰ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ „‡‹‰ǡ •‹Žˆ—ŽŽ› ‘˜‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǤŠ‹•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ‘ˆ†‘—„–”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰™Š‘‘˜‡•™Š‘ǡ•‡‡•–‘„‡ƒ‹†‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹•• –Šƒ– †‘‡• ‘– Ž‹ˆ– –Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡‡†–‘†‡ ‹†‡‘–Š‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‹ƒ ›‘ˆ‡‹–Š‡” ‹•‘Žƒ–‡† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‡‹‰•ǤŠ‡ƒ‹‘ˆ‘—”†‡•‹‰™‘—Ž†„‡ –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‘–ƒ‹‰‡ƒŽ‹„‘ǡ–Š‡˜ƒ‰—‡•‡•‡–Šƒ–™‡ƒ›„‡—–—ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘‘Ž‹‰‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǣƒ ‹†‘ˆ‡–ƒǦŽ‡˜‡Ž”‡ ‹’”‘ ‹–›‹™Š‹ Š„‘–ŠŠ—ƒƒ†’‹‰ƒ”‡†‹Ž›ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ‘– „‡‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ›‹ ‘–”‘Žǡ„—–ȋƒŽ•‘Ȍ„‡‹‰‘˜‡†Ǥ‹‡’Žƒ›ǡ–‘— Š‹‰ƒ†„‡‹‰–‘— Š‡† ‹•‘–ƒœ‡”‘•—‰ƒ‡ǤŠƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ›„‡•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–™‡ ƒ ‘Ž› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹ ‘–”ƒ•–Ǥ Š‹• ™‘—Ž† ‡ƒ –Š‡ –‡•‹‘ ™‡ †‡• ”‹„‡† •Š‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ –ƒ‡ƒ•ƒƒ„•‘Ž—–‡‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ‘”‡˜‡ƒ•ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‰’Šƒ•‡•Ǥ –•‡‡•Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ‘Ž›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–‘— Š‹‰ƒ†„‡‹‰–‘— Š‡†™Š‡ „‘–Š‘ —”ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ•‹‰Ž‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ ˆ–Š‹•‹•–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡‘‡ ƒ‘Ž›„‡ ‘‡ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘‡•‡Žˆǡ‹ Ž‘•‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‘–Š‡”•Ȃ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› Š—ƒ•Ǥ 

8.4Playingwithpigsforanewmultispeciescommunity 

ˆ ‘—”•‡‹–‹•‘–•— Šƒ•’‡ –ƒ —Žƒ”‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•ƒ› ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡—• ‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‰‡”ǯ•’”‡‘†‡”’‡ƒ•ƒ–ǡ™Š‘ ƒ”‡• ˆ‘” Š‹• ’‹‰ ƒ† ‡ƒ–• ‹– –‘‘ǡŠƒ• „‡‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ ‰ƒ‹ ‰”‘—† ‘˜‡”–Š‡ Žƒ•– ˆ‡™ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š•‘‡™Šƒ–’‘•–‘†‡”—”„ƒ‹–‡•‹•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆƒ—–Š‡–‹ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘‡ƒ– ‘•—’–‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•„›Šƒ†”ƒ‹•‹‰ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™ˆ‘‘† ƒ‹ƒŽ•ȋƒ””›ʹͲͲͻȌǤ‘™Šƒ–‹†•‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‡ –•ƒ›’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•Šƒ˜‡ǫ‹ƒ–Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ‡š —”•‹‘•ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ™‡‘™Šƒ˜‡‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†•‘‡ˆ”‡•Š‹†‡ƒ•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘™Šƒ–’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•ƒ›†‘–‘—•Ǥ‘ˆƒ”–Š‡–‡”Ǯ—•ǯ™‡Šƒ˜‡—•‡†–‘ ‡‹–Š‡”‹†‹ ƒ–‡Ǯ—•ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•ǯǡ‘”ƒ–‘–Š‡”’‘‹–•Ǯ—•Š—ƒ•ǡ ƒ• ‘’’‘•‡† –‘

  experiencemoralconcerns.Ifthisprocessinvolvesmoralsubjectsactively‘workingonthemselves’,thiscan be seen as a continuation of a Foucauldian genealogy of the moral subject (Foucault 1988). This ‘later’ Foucaultunderstandsethics“astheactiveengagementofpeoplewithgoverningandfashioningtheirown way of being in relation to conditioning circumstances” (Dorrestijn 2012). As Jane Bennett (2001, 145) described,thecareoftheselfforFoucaultisaninherentlyambiguousprocess,inwhichitisunclearwhoitis thatdeploystechniquesoftransformingthemselvesintobecomingsubjects.  themoralityofmediatedinterspeciesplay225  ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǯǤ—––”›‹‰–‘’Žƒ›–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ›‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–—•ǡƒ‡™—Ž–‹•’‡ ‹‡• ‘—‹–›Ǥ  ‹‡Ž†’”‹ƒ–‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ”„ƒ”ƒ—–•†‡• ”‹„‡•‹Š‡”Ǯ‡ ‘—–‡”•™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ‹†•ǯ Š‘™•Šƒ”‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ™‹Ž†„ƒ„‘‘•ˆ‘”ƒ‡š–‡•‹˜‡’‡”‹‘† •Š‹ˆ–‡†–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŠ‡”•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǣ  Dz  ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ǡ › •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘• ‹‘—•‡•• •‡‡‡† –‘ ‡”‰‡ ™‹–Š–Š‡ ‰”‘—’Ǧ‹† ‘ˆ –Š‡ „ƒ„‘‘•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š Ǯ ǯ ™ƒ• •–‹ŽŽ ’”‡•‡–ǡ — Š‘ˆ› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‡† ™‹–Š –Š‹• Žƒ”‰‡” ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ ‡–‹–›Ǥ  ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ǡ –Š‡ –”‘‘’ˆ‡Ž–Ž‹‡Ǯ—•ǯ”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒǮ–Š‡ǯǤdzȋʹͲͲͳǡʹͻͻȌ  —–•†‘‡•‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›”‡Ž‹“—‹•ŠŠ‡”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ„—–„›‡–‡”‹‰‹–‘•Šƒ”‡†•’ƒ ‡• ™‹–Š Š—‹Ž‹–› ƒ† •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› •Š‡ Šƒ• –”ƒ‹‡† Š‡”•‡Žˆ –‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ‘–Š‡”•ȋ„ƒ„‘‘•ǡ†‘‰•Ȍƒ•—‹“—‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–Šƒ–‘‡ ƒ•–”‹‡—’’‡”•‘ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–ŠǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–•–‡’ˆ‘”–Š‹•–‘‘ —”™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒ„‘‘••Š‡•–—†‹‡†™ƒ•ˆ‘” –Š‡–‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡Š‡”ƒ•ƒ•—„Œ‡ –ƒ†‘–ƒ‘„Œ‡ –ȋ™Š‡”‡ƒ••Š‡’”‡–‡†‡†–‘„‡ ‘‡ ‹ ƒ ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ––‡’– –‘ „‡ ƒ ’”‘’‡”Ž› †‹•‡‰ƒ‰‡† • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‘„•‡”˜‡”ȌǤ Š‡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ •Š‡ ‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡•–‘”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘ƒ ’”‘ˆ‘—††‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ‹–‹ƒ ›‹™Š‹ Šƒ–‘‡–•‹–•‡‡•ƒ•‹ˆ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‹†‡–‹–‹‡• ‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ‡”‰‡‹–‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡„‡‹‰‘”•‹‰Ž‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ  ƒ–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ‹–‹ƒ ›„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†ƒŽ•‘™‹–Š Ž‡˜‡”‘Ǧ’”‹ƒ–‡••— Šƒ•’‹‰•ǫ —– Š„‹‘Ž‘‰‹•– ‡””‹–˜ƒ—––‡ǡ™Š‘‹–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•™ƒ•ƒƒ˜‡”‹  ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–ƒ† ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰’‹‰„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—””‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ǡ Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–ƒˆ–‡”•’‡†‹‰›‡ƒ”•ƒ‹†•–’‹‰• Š‡™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‹• ‡”ͶͲ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ‰”—–‹‰•‘—†•ǡ‡ƒ Š™‹–Šƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ•ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘–‡ƒ Š‹‰’‹‰•‡”‹ ƒ‹‰ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ„‘—– ’‹‰‹†•‹‰Š–„‡‡”‡Ž›ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰Š—ƒ•–‘•’‡†–‹‡™‹–Š’‹‰•Ǥ—– –Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‹•–‹‡†—”‹‰†‹‰‹–ƒŽ’Žƒ›‹••–‹ŽŽ— ‡”–ƒ‹ǤŠ‡ˆ‹‰—”‡‘ˆ –Š‡„‘†‹Ž›’”‡•‡–ˆ‹‡Ž†’”‹ƒ–‘Ž‘‰‹•––Šƒ–„‡ ‘‡•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ™‹Ž†ƒ‹ƒŽ ‘—‹–› ‹•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘‡—Žƒ–‡‘Ž‹‡Ǥ†ƒŽ•‘–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹Žˆ—Žǡ ”ƒˆ–Ž‹‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”‹•Šƒ”†–‘’”‘†— ‡˜‹ƒ†‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›‡†‹ƒ–‡†‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ  Disgustingandperverse?Onproducinganediblecommunity DzŠ‘™Š‘””‹ˆ›‹‰Ȃ‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡•‡’‘‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ•–—’‹† –‘‡‡’–Š‡ ̶‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡†̶—–‹Ž–Š‡›ƒ”‡•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‡†ǨǨǨ–Š‹•‹••‹ ƒ††‹•‰—•–‹‰ǨǨŠ‡›ǡ Š‡”‡̵•ƒ„‡––‡”‹†‡ƒȂŠ‘™ƒ„‘—–    

 226chaptereight   ̵     ǨǨǨ™Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‡ŽŽ ‹• ™”‘‰ ™‹–Š ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ †‘‡• ‹– ‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡‹” ‘• ‹‡ ‡ ‘™‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ˆ‘‘† ƒ „‡ ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ „‡‹‰ ‘•—‡†ǫǫǫ „ƒ”„ƒ”‹ ƒŽŽ› †‹•‰—•–‹‰ǨǨǨdzȋ‡””‹ǡƒ–Ǯ ƒ”‡ʹǤ ‘ǯȌ

DzŠ—ƒ•ƒ”‡’‡”˜‡”•‡Ǥdzȋƒǡƒ–Ǯ ƒ”‡ʹǤ ‘ǯȌ

‹–Š‘—”‰ƒ‡™‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›–”›–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ƒ‹†‘ˆ•›‡–”‹ ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ ‡–ƒǦ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡š Šƒ‰‡•ǡ •‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• –‘ –”—•– —•ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ ™‡ ‹–‡† –‘ ’Žƒ› ȋƒ–‡•‘ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ –Š‹•™ƒ›™‡ Š‘’‡ –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ƒ •Šƒ”‡† ƒ –‹˜‹–› –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ‡˜‡ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‹ƒ ›„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒƒ†’‹‰ǤŠ‹•‹‰Š–„‡™Šƒ–’”‘’–‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ ƒŽŽ‘—”’”‘Œ‡ –†‹•‰—•–‹‰ƒ†’‡”˜‡”•‡Ǥ‡ ‘—Ž†‘ˆ ‘—”•‡•‡ŽˆǦ”‹‰Š–‡‘—•Ž›’‘‹––‘ –Š‡’”‡•—‡†‘”ƒŽ‹ ‘•‹•–‡ ›‘ˆƒ› ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘‡–ƒ–‘”•™Š‘ƒ›Šƒ˜‡‘ “—ƒŽ•ƒ„‘—–‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ǯ–‡–Ǥ—–ǡ•–‹ŽŽǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡•‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡‘– ˜‡‰‡–ƒ”‹ƒ•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹‰Š–„‡•‘‡–Š‹‰–‘–Š‡‹” ”‹–‹“—‡Ǥ‡”Šƒ’• ‘—” ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ –‘ ’Žƒ›™‹–Š’‹‰•‹•”‡‹‹• ‡–‘ˆƒ ƒ–Ǯ’Žƒ›‹‰ǯ™‹–Š–Š‡‘—•‡•Š‡Šƒ• ƒ—‰Š–Ǥ ”‘ –Š‡‘—–•‡–‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–‘Š—ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡‡–ƒǦ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡•‹‰ƒŽ•–Šƒ–™‡ƒ›„‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –”ƒ•‹– ȂǮ–Š‹• ‹• ‘– •‡”‹‘—•ǡ ™‡ Œ—•– ™ƒ– –‘ ’Žƒ›ǯȂ ™‹ŽŽ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› „‡ „‡–”ƒ›‡†Ǥ —ƒ•ƒ†’‹‰•’Žƒ›‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡” ƒ„‡‡”‡Ž›ƒ™ƒ›–‘‡‡––Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•‘’‹‰’”‘†— –‹‘Ǣ–‘‘’–‹‹œ‡’‹‰„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹ ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘ˆ‹‡‡–Ǥ Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ‘– Œ—•– „‡–”ƒ› ‘—” ’”‡˜‹‘—• •‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰Ǯ–Š‹•‹•’Žƒ›ǯǡ„—– –Š‡”‡„› ƒŽ•‘ —†‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ› ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ† ‹–• ‘—ƒŽ ƒ† ‹†‡–‹–›ˆ‘”‹‰”‘Ž‡Ǥ• —‹œ‹‰ƒŠƒ•’—–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ǡ’Žƒ›‹•ƒ”‹–—ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ƒ† ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‰ ‘—‹–› ‡„‡”•Š‹’ǡ ƒ‹ –‘ †ƒ ‡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‘—ƒŽ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•ǣ  DzȏȐ’Žƒ›Ǧ ‘—‹–›‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›–‡†•–‘„‡ ‘‡’‡”ƒ‡–‡˜‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ ‰ƒ‡‹•‘˜‡”Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ‘–‡˜‡”›‰ƒ‡‘ˆƒ”„Ž‡•‘”‡˜‡”›„”‹†‰‡Ǧ’ƒ”–› Ž‡ƒ†•–‘–Š‡ˆ‘—†‹‰‘ˆƒ Ž—„Ǥ—––Š‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰‘ˆ„‡‹‰̶ƒ’ƒ”––‘‰‡–Š‡”̶‹ ƒ ‡š ‡’–‹‘ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘ˆ •Šƒ”‹‰ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ ‘ˆ —–—ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†”‡Œ‡ –‹‰–Š‡—•—ƒŽ‘”•ǡ ”‡–ƒ‹•‹–•ƒ‰‹ „‡›‘†–Š‡†—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ǤdzȋͳͻͶͻǡͳʹȌǤ  › Š‘”‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹‰ ’‹‰• †‡•–‹‡† ˆ‘” •Žƒ—‰Š–‡” ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‘•—‡”• –‘ ‘˜‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”‹™Šƒ– —‹œ‹‰ƒ ƒŽŽ‡†Ǯ–Š‡ƒ‰‹  ‹” Ž‡ǯǡ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›•ƒ ”‡†ƒ†”‹–—ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹•–—”‡†‹–‘ƒ ›‹ ƒŽŒ‘‡™Š‡–Š‡’‹‰”‡ƒ Š‡• ‹–• •Žƒ—‰Š–‡”

 themoralityofmediatedinterspeciesplay227

™‡‹‰Š–ƒ†‰‘‡•‘–‘„‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ›’”‘ ‡••‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ•›•–‡–Šƒ–‹•†‡•‹‰‡† –‘„‡—––‡”Ž›†‡˜‘‹†‘ˆ•ƒ ”‡†‡••ƒ†”‹–—ƒŽǤ

ƒ”‘Ž †ƒ• ȋʹͲͲͶȌ Šƒ• ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– ‡ƒ– ‡ƒ–‹‰ ”‡•‡„Ž‡• ’‘”‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǣ ˆ‘” Š—ƒ• –‘ ‡Œ‘› –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘•—’–‹‘ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‘– –‘ „‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ• •—„Œ‡ –•ǤŽƒ›‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‡™‹–Šˆ—–—”‡‘„Œ‡ –•‘ˆ‡ƒ––Š‡‡‹–Š‡”‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡†‡‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡–—ƒŽ’”‘•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ›ƒ–‡•ǡ‘”–Š‡‡Œ‘›‡–‘ˆƒ’‡”˜‡”•‡’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡ ‹ ‘•—‹‰ƒ –—ƒŽ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ •‹–’‡”˜‡”•‡–‘ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›•‡‡–‘”‡Žƒ–‡–‘–Š‡ ‘•—‡† ‘–Š‡”ƒ•ƒ•—„Œ‡ –ǡ‘”™‘—Ž†–Šƒ–„‡‘”‡™Š‘Ž‡•‘‡–ŠƒŽ‡––‹‰–Š‡†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‹–‘–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ‘’Ž‡šǫ‡”‰‡”ǯ•‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‡‡–‹‰–Š‡‰ƒœ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ ‘•—‡†„›–Š‡’‡ƒ•ƒ–•‡‡•–‘•—‰‰‡•––Š‡Žƒ––‡”Ǥ—––Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ ”‡ƒ‹• ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‹• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ „‡ Šƒ† –Š”‘—‰Š †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒ ƒ† •—’‡”ƒ”‡–•Ǥ  ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹†‹• —••‹‰–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ™‡’”‘’‘•‡†–‘—•‡–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ–”ƒ ‹‰ ƒ† –”ƒ ‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ– ’”‘†— –• –‘ ’”‹– ƒ ’‹‰ǯ• ǮŠ‹‰Š • ‘”‡•ǯ ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ ƒ‰‹‰ǡ –Š—• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ–ƒ† ‘‡ –‹‰‹––‘ƒ’Žƒ›ˆ—Žƒ†•‹Žˆ—Ž‹†–Šƒ–‹–‘ ‡ ‡„‘†‹‡†Ǥ

Conclusion:aprojectthatcritiquesitself? ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘—‡”‘—•‡ƒ‰‡”’Žƒ›‡”•‹“—‹”‹‰™Š‡”‡ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡› ‘—Ž††‘™Ž‘ƒ† –Š‡ƒ’’ǡ™‡ƒŽ•‘•ƒ™ƒŽƒ”‰‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ†–Š‡Pig Chase †‡•‹‰ ‘ ‡’–™‡’”‘’‘•‡†Ǥ •ƒ‰ƒ‡‘”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ǡ‘”‡˜‡”‹†‹ —Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ’Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž›”ƒ‹•‡†’‹‰•ǫ •‹–‹†‡‡†Ǯ†‹•‰—•–‹‰ǯƒ†Ǯ’‡”˜‡”•‡ǯǫ

‡ ƒ ƒ‰”‡‡ ™‹–Š ƒ› ‘ˆ ‘—” ‘‡–ƒ–‘”• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ‹• †‡‡’Ž› ƒ† ‹Š‡”‡–Ž›’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ Ǥˆ–‡”ƒŽŽǡ‹–™ƒ•‡ƒ––‘•‘‡Š‘™•—„˜‡”– ƒ† —•‡––Ž‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹•— Ž‡ƒ”ǡƒ•–‘ •‘‡‡š–‡–ƒ‰ƒ‡‹‰Š–‡”‡Ž›’”‘‘–‡–Š‡•–ƒ–—•“—‘‘ˆ’‹‰’”‘†— –‹‘™Š‹Ž‡ ‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡•—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‹’”‡••‹‘–Šƒ––Š‹‰•ƒ”‡‹’”‘˜‹‰Ǥ‡ ‘—Ž†•ƒ›‹–‹•Œ—•–ƒ ™ƒ›–‘‡˜ƒ†‡‘”ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ††‹”‡ ––Š‡‡›‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ‡š–”ƒ’‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–ˆ‘”’‹‰’‡‡”‹ Š‡– ˆ‡‡Ž ‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ Ž‡ƒ”‡••ƒ‰‡–Šƒ––Š‹‰•‡‡†–‘‹’”‘˜‡— Š‘”‡–Šƒ‹• ‘‘Ž› ‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†Ǥ‹–Š‘—–’”‡•‡–‹‰ƒ Ž‡ƒ” —–’”‘‰”ƒ†‡ˆ‹‹‰‹™Šƒ–™ƒ›ȋ‹ˆ‡˜‡”Ȍ–Š‡ ’‹‰ ‹†—•–”› ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‘” ‡˜‡ ‰‘‘†ǡ  †‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ††‹• —••‹‘•”ƒ‹•‡†ƒ†ˆ”ƒ‡†„›‘—”’”‘Œ‡ – ƒ„‡ƒ‰‘‘†™ƒ›–‘ Š‡Ž’”‡–Š‹’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ

Ž•‘ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹–‹“—‡• ˜‡–‡† –‘™ƒ”†• Pig Chaseǡ  ™‘—Ž† ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ƒ† ™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡ ’‹‰ǦŠ—ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‹• ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹’ƒ”–ƒ 228chaptereight  †‡•‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ •–Š‹•ƒ”ƒ–Š‡”‘˜‡”ƒ„‹–‹‘—•’”‘Œ‡ –?Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆƒ‹•‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‘†‡• ‘ˆ Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ ‡ ‘—–‡” ‡š’‘—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡” Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‘˜‡”„—”†‡•‘—”•–‹ŽŽ‘†‡•–‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ–”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ƒŽŽ‘™•‘‡‹†‘ˆ—–—ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡„‘”‡† ’‹‰• ƒ† Š—ƒ•ǤŠ‡’”‘–‘–›’‡‰ƒ‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹‘—” ‘ ‡’–˜‹†‡‘†‘‡•‘–‡‡–ƒ›‘ˆ ‘—” ‘™ ‡‡”‰‹‰ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ Œ—•– ›‡–ǡ ƒ• •‘‡ ‘‡–ƒ–‘”• Šƒ˜‡ ’‘‹–‡† ‘—– ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ‘—” •–ƒ–‡‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ ™‘—Ž† ǮƒŽŽ‘™ Š—ƒ• ƒ†’‹‰•–‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǯ• ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǯǣ

Dz ̵‘–•—”‡Š‘™–Š‹•‰ƒ‡Š‡Ž’•’‹‰•–‘̶‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Š‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•̶ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ•Ǥ Š‡› †‘̵– •‡‡ –Š‡‹” ’Žƒ›ƒ–‡Ǥ ‘”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –Š‹• ‰ƒ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ•‘‡–‹‡•ˆƒ‹Žˆ‘”‘ƒ’’ƒ”‡–”‡ƒ•‘ȋ ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡‹”—•‡‡’ƒ”–‡”ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰Ȍǡ™‹ŽŽǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‹‡”̵•‡š’‡”‹‡–•‘ ̵ƒ‰‹ ƒŽ –Š‹‹‰̵ǡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ’‹‰• ‹ ˆƒ—Ž–› ’‘•–ǦŠ‘  –Š‹‹‰ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰•—’‡”•–‹–‹‘••— Šƒ•™‡ƒ”‹‰Ž— ›’ƒ–•ǡƒŽ™ƒ›•†ƒ ‹‰ ‘ –Š‡‹””‹‰Š–Ž‡‰•„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ‰ƒ‡‘”—•‹‰Š‘‡‘’ƒ–Š‹ •–‡”‘‹†•ǤŠ‡–Š‡›̵ŽŽ „‡ ‹†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ Š—ƒ•ǤǤǤ ‘ ’‹‰‰› †‡•‡”˜‡• –Šƒ– ˆƒ–‡Ǥdz ȋ ‡” ƒ•‡”˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ–Ǯ˜‹‡‘Ǥ ‘ȀʹͻͲͶ͸ͳ͹͸ǯȌ

Š‡ƒŒ‘”†ƒ‰‡”‘ˆƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰•‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•‹•–Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž† ’‡”ˆ‡ ––Š‡‹”‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡›‡–ƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›–‘†‘‹ƒ–‡ƒ† ‘–”‘Ž ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ”‡†‡”‹‰’”‘†— –‹˜‡‘ƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡–Š‡‘Ž›Ǯ’ƒ”–ǯ‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰–Šƒ– ™ƒ• ‘– ›‡– —•‡†ǣ–Š‡‹” ‹†Ǥ  ‹† ™Š‹ Š –Š‡”‡„›™‘—Ž† „‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ† ‹•‘Žƒ–‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ –—”‡† ‹–‘ ƒ Ǯ —–ǯ Œ—•– Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” „‘†›Ǥ Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•‘ƒƒ••‹˜‡• ƒŽ‡™‹ŽŽ‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›„‡„‡‹‰Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‘•‡ –Šƒ–’”‘–‡•–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–ˆ‘”„‡‹‰’‡”˜‡”•‡ƒ††‹•‰—•–‹‰ƒ”‡‘–‘•‘‡–Š‹‰ǣ™Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‘—Ž† ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ǡ ’‡”Šƒ’• ƒˆ–‡” ƒ ˆ‡™ “—ƒŽ•ǡ †‡ ‹†‡ –Š‡› ƒ ‡Œ‘› ’Žƒ›‹‰ ™‹–Š‹†‡†‘–Š‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‰‘‘–‘‡ƒ––Š‡Ǥ–‹ ‹‰‹•–‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›œ‘‹‰‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Šƒ•–”‹ –’ƒ”–‹–‹‘‹‰‘ˆǮ–Š‘•‡™‡Ž‘˜‡ǡ –Š‘•‡™‡Šƒ–‡ƒ†–Š‘•‡™‡‡ƒ–ǯȋ ˆǤ ‡”œ‘‰ʹͲͳͳȌ‹‰Š–„‡•‡•‹„Ž‡ƒˆ–‡”ƒŽŽǤ

–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡƒ„‘—–ͳͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‹‰•Ž‹˜‡‘‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”•ǡƒŽ‘•–ƒ•— Šƒ• Š—ƒ ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•Ǥ —ŽŽ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ› ‡†‹ƒ–‡† ’‹‰’‡ ‡”‹ Š‡– ™‘—Ž†”‡“—‹”‡‡ƒ Š‘ˆ—•–‘•’‡†ƒ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›‘†‹•–”ƒ –‹‰ƒ„‘”‡†’‹‰Ǥ” ‹•‹–Š‹•™ƒ›’Žƒ›Ȃ–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ˜‡•–‹‰‡‘ˆ•’‘–ƒ‡‘—•ƒ†ƒ—–‘‘‘—•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆ „‘–ŠŠ—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȃ”‡†‡”‡†’”‘†— –‹˜‡ƒ†–ƒ‡—’‹–‘ƒ ƒŽŽ ‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰‹†—•–”‹ƒŽˆ‘‘†•›•–‡ǫ‡ ‘—Ž†™‘†‡”™Š›™‡•Š‘—Ž†–”›–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ –Š‹• gamification‘ˆŠ—ƒ’‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡‘–‰‹˜‡ƒˆ‘”ƒŽ

 themoralityofmediatedinterspeciesplay229  Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘—”†—–‹‡•‘”–Š‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ’‹‰•–‘’Žƒ›Ǥ›–ƒ‹‰–Š‹•ƒ••‡ŽˆǦ‡˜‹†‡–ǡ ™‡‡˜ƒ†‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽ‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•–‘Œ—•–‹ˆ›’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”™ƒ›•‘ˆ–”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ™‡ƒ”‡Š‘’‹‰–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Š’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ȋ‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‡†‹ƒ–‡†”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‘ǦŠ—ƒ‘–Š‡”•Ȍ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡› –Š‹’”‘˜‹†‹‰‘”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž‹˜‡•ˆ‘”’‹‰•‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ––Š‹‰–‘†‘Ǥ

‹–Š–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••‘‘—”’”‘–‘–›’‡‰‘‹‰•Ž‘™ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒŒ‘”†‡•‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• •–‹ŽŽ–‘‘˜‡” ‘‡ǡ–Š‡”‘ƒ†ƒŠ‡ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‹•’”‘Œ‡ –‹•— ‡”–ƒ‹Ǥ—”—Ž–‹ƒ–‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ –‘ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ ƒ –”—‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’Žƒ› †‡•‹‰ǡ „› ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ ‘’‡ •‘—” ‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡ȋ–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•Ȍ –‘ –”› ‘—– ‡™ ‘†‡•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘–‘‡–‹ ‡’‹‰•–‘’Žƒ›ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž†„‡‘‡™ƒ› ‘ˆ •–ƒ”–‹‰ –‘ •Šƒ”‡ ‘—” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ǡ „”‹‰‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ȋ„ƒ Ȍ ‹–‘ ‘—” ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ƒŽŽǦ–‘‘Ǧ Š—ƒ ‘—‹–›Ǥ—–ƒ•™‡Šƒ˜‡•‡‡ǡƒŽ”‡ƒ†›–Š‡†‡•‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–• ™‘”‡† ƒ• ƒ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘’‹‡ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ™‹†‡ƒ””ƒ›‘ˆ ‘‡–ƒ–‘”•Ǥ”‡–Š‡”‡™ƒ›•–‘ ‘–‹—‡ ‘—”’”‘Œ‡ ––Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‘™—•–‘ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—• ”‹–‹“—‡•˜‡–‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘—”‰ƒ‡Ȃƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘–‘‹•–‹Ž†‡„ƒ–‡‘’‹‰’”‘†— –‹‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ ƒ‡™ˆ‘‘–‹‰ǫ

DzŠ‹•‹•–Š‡•–—’‹†‡•–ˆȏ̴̴Ȑ‹‰•Š‹– Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”•‡‡Ǥ ǤŠƒ––Š‡ ˆȏ̴̴Ȑ‹•™”‘‰™‹–Š›‘—Š—ƒ•ǫ‘—•Š‘—Ž†„‡ˆȏ̴̴Ȑ‹‰ƒ•Šƒ‡† ‘ˆ ›‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ  ƒ‘Ž›Š‘’‡–Šƒ–›‘—ƒ”‡‘‡†ƒ› ƒ‰‡†™‹–Š–Š‹•̶‰ƒ‡̶ˆ‘” ‘–Š‡”•–‘’Žƒ›•‘›‘—–‘‘ ƒŠƒ˜‡ƒ̶‡–‡”–ƒ‹‹‰̶ƒ†̶ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰̶ Ž‹ˆ‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ›‘— ƒ”‡ ‘•—‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ••‡•Ǥdz ȋ ȏ̴̴Ȑ–Š‡’‹‰ Šƒ•‡‰ƒ‡ǡƒ– Ǯ–”‡‡Š—‰‰‡”Ǥ ‘ǯȌ







PartIV

Conclusion

Š‹• ˆ‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”– ‡š’Ž‹ ƒ–‡• –Š‡ •–”—‰‰Ž‡–‘ ‘ Ž—†‡ƒ™”‹––‡–Š‡•‹• ‹ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› –Šƒ– ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› Ǯ™ƒ–•ǯ –‘ „‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‡Ž•‡Ǥ ‘™ –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‘ˆƒ”‰—‹‰ˆ‘” ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘†‡• ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡–Š‹ • ™Š‹Ž‡ •–‹ŽŽ „‡‹‰ •–—  ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‘”› •–›Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ’”‘•‡ǫ ‘™ –‘ ™”‹–‡ ƒ ‘ Ž—•‹‘–Šƒ–™ƒ–•–‘•ƒ›‡–Š‹ • •Š‘—Ž†„‡†‘‡‘—––Š‡”‡‘ˆƒ”• ƒ† ˜‹ƒ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ –‹‡”‹‰ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ™”‹–‹‰ Ž‘‰ ™‹†‹‰ Œƒ”‰‘ ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†–‡š–•ǫ

ˆ–‡” —ŽŽ‹‰ –Š‹• “—‡•–‹‘ ‘˜‡” ‹ Šƒ’–‡”ͻǡ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•‹• ‘ Ž—†‡†‹ Šƒ’–‡” ͳͲ „› –”ƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”• ‹ˆ‘”‡†ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–ƒ‡ ‘–Š‡Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š‹‰•†‡•‹‰ ’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ• –Š‡ Ǯ–”—‡ǯ ‘ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•Ǥ ˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–Š‡‡’‹Ž‘‰—‡ǡ™‡‘˜‡ „ƒ –‘–Š‡ˆƒ”–Šƒ–™‡•–ƒ”–‡†‘—– ‘Ǥ      



Chapter9

Show,don’ttell?Theconclusionofthisthesisisnot(just)atext   Conclusion Š‹•–Š‡•‹••‘ˆƒ”Šƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆƒ––‡’–•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‰‡”‡•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ǡ•— Šƒ•‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡ ƒ•‡•–—†‹‡•ǡ’Š‘–‘‘–ƒ‰‡ƒ† ‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰Ǥ–Š‹ •‹•–Š‡–Š‘”‘—‰Šƒ†•›•–‡ƒ–‹ Ȃ‘””ƒ–Š‡”–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Žƒ† ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ‘”ƒ›„‡†‹•”—’–‹˜‡ƒ†‹””‹–ƒ–‹‰Ȃ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘™Šƒ––‘†‘‹ ‡”–ƒ‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘™ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ȋ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽȌ †‡’–Š ‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‹–”‹ ƒ–‡ ‘”ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘•ǡ‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǫ  ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‰‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‹ •ǡ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ”‘•‡‘ˆŠ‘™–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘™Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–› ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž˜‡‹†‡‡’Ž›‹–‡”–™‹‡† ™ƒ›•Ǥ  ‡ ƒ ‘ Ž—†‡‘™–Šƒ–‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡’—”’‘•‡ˆ—Ž„—––‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‹‰‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ ƒ‡• ˆ‘” ƒ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ˆ‘” –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ •’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™Š‡ ‘„‹‡† ™‹–Š ‘‰‘‹‰ •‹–—ƒ–‡† ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹  †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ †‡•‹‰ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‘†‡‘ˆ‘–Œ—•– ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰‘”ƒŽ‹••—‡•„—–ƒŽ•‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰‘–Š‡Ǥ‘––Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹ Ž—•‹˜‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‰‡”‡ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‰”‘—’• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ ‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ› ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ †‡„ƒ–‡•ȋˆƒ”‡”•ǡƒ†‡˜‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȍ ƒƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•ƒ –‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ  Š‡ —’•Š‘– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡– ‘ˆ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ‹• –Š—• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ† ’—„Ž‹ Ž›†‡„ƒ–‡††‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –• ‘•–‹–—–‡ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹“—‹”›ǤŠ‡•‡†‡•‹‰• ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‹•‘–Œ—•–„›„‡‹‰†‹• —••‡†‹™”‹––‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ’—„Ž‹  †‡„ƒ–‡•ǡ „—– ȋƒŽ•‘Ȍ ‹ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ• ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡–Š‡•‹••Š‘™ ƒ•‡•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š–Šƒ–‹•ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡–‘ƒ ™‹†‡ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ ƒ† Ž‡†• ‹–•‡Žˆ –‘ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹“—‹”› ‹–‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ™‘”Ž†• –Šƒ–ƒ”‡„”‘—‰Š–‹–‘–Š‡’”‡•‡––Š”‘—‰Š‡˜‹•‹‘‹‰ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ†–‹‡”‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡•‡Ǥ 234chapternine

‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ™ƒ• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –‘ „‡ ‘– Œ—•– ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ —–—ƒŽ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ „ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›†‹• —”•‹˜‡‡–Š‹ •Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• Šƒ‰‡• ‹ „‘†‹Ž› ‘’‘”–‡–ǡ Šƒ‰‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ƒ ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –ǡ Šƒ‰‹‰•‹–‡•ƒ† ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ‡‡–‹‰‘–Š‡”•ǡ Šƒ‰‡•‹™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘ƒ‡ ƒƒ”‰—‡–ǡ–‘ƒ‡•‡•‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹•ƒ–•–ƒ‡‹ƒ‹••—‡ǡƒ† –‘ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž› †‡• ”‹„‡ƒ†‰‡–ƒŠƒ†Ž‡‘ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ‡–Š‹ •‹–Š‹• ™ƒ› ‹• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‹–‡”•’‡”•‡† ‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ ‘– ƒ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ǡ ”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‡ Žƒ›‡” ™Š‡”‡ •›•–‡ƒ–‹ –Š‘—‰Š–‘ —”•‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›‘ˆ–Š‡ȋǮ†‹”‡ –Ž›ǯȌ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡• –Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†—’‘Ǥ ‡”‡ǡ–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘–Šƒ–•‘‡ƒ‡„‡–™‡‡‘”ƒŽ‹–›ƒ† ‡–Š‹ •ǡ„‡–™‡‡‡˜‡”›†ƒ›—”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡‘”ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ ‘Ž‘‰‡”ƒ’•‘–‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ˜•–Š‡–‡š–—ƒŽ‘”Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ Ǥ

Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•–Š‡”‡„› ‘‡•†‘™–‘ƒ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ ƒŽŽ–‘ ‘•‹†‡” ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǡ‹ˆ‘– ‡–”ƒŽǡ‹‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š ‘”ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ‹ ƒ –Š‘—‰Š–ˆ—Ž ƒ† ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ƒ‡”ǣ –‘ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡† ‘ ‡”•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ˆ‘‘†’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–”›‹‰–‘‰‡–ƒ ‰”‹’‘–Š‡ȋ Šƒ’–‡”ͳȌǢ–‘‰‘ƒ†˜‹•‹–ƒˆƒ”ƒ†„‡ƒ––‡–‹˜‡–‘™Šƒ–ˆƒ”‡”••ƒ› ƒ††‘ǡƒ•‹‰ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•™Š‹Ž‡„‡‹‰‘’‡–‘ˆ‘”•‘ˆŒ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ› ‘–•‡‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ–ˆ‹”•–ǤŽ•‘ˆ”‘ƒƒ™ƒ”‡‡••–Šƒ––Š‡˜‹•‹–™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ™Š‡ ‹– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• •Šƒ”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ” ™‘” ȋ Šƒ’–‡” ʹȌǢ–‘‹ƒ‰‹‡–Š‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰•ǡˆ‘”–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ† ‹–•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ›‘—”•‡Žˆƒ•Ȍƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‘”ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –ǡ ™‹–Š‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•ƒ†„‘†‹Ž› Šƒ‰‡•‹š‡†™‹–Š ‘‹–‡–• –‘ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ȋ Šƒ’–‡” ͵ȌǢ –‘ ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ™ƒ›•‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‹’Ž› ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘”ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ƒ‹ƒŽ•ȋ Šƒ’–‡” ͶȌǢ –‘ Ž‘‘ ƒ– ȋƒ† –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡ –‘Ȍ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘–‹—ƒŽŽ› ”‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ‹ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –•ƒ•ƒ –‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‡•Šƒ’‹‰‘ˆƒ•Šƒ”‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ȋ Šƒ’–‡” ͷȌǢ ƒ†ǡ ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –‘ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡” ‡™ ȋ‡†‹ƒ–‡†Ȍ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•™‡—•‡ǡ‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ––”‡ƒ–•–Š‡ƒ•‹†‡†ǡ‹†‹‘•› ”ƒ–‹ ǡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ† ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ȋ Šƒ’–‡”͸ƒ†͹ȌǢ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆŠ‘™’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‰‡”‡•‘ˆ ‡†‹ƒ–‹‰ƒ†‡˜‘‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•’”‘‘–‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›‹ ȋƒ†„‡–™‡‡Ȍ—•ȋ Šƒ’–‡”ͺȌǤ

”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ‡†ǡ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ™ƒ–‡†–‘„‡ ‘‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰‡Ž•‡ǤŠ‡–›’‡‘ˆƒ”‰—‡––Šƒ– Œ—•–Žƒ‹†‘—–‹•‹ †ƒ‰‡” ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ —†‡” —–„›ƒ††‹‰‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡™‘”†•ǤŠ‡–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•™‘—Ž† ‘•‹•–‘ˆƒ•‡–‘ˆ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ Šƒ’–‡”• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ‡–Š‹ • ‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ ˆ”ƒ‡† „› ƒ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ† ‘ Ž—•‹‘ –‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡ – ‘ –Š‘•‡ ”‡ƒŽ ™‘”Ž† ”‡’‘”–• ‹ ‘”‡ show,don’ttell235  –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‹• ™‘—Ž† ƒ––‡•– –‘ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ –Šƒ– ‡–Š‹ • ƒ† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ”‡ƒ†‘Ž› ƒ„‡ƒ‹†‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š™”‹––‡ ‡š —”•‹‘• ‹–‘‡–Š‹ •ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ƒ„‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡƒ†™‡”‡•‘ˆ‘”‹ˆ‘”‹‰–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǡ‹– ™‘—Ž††‡–”ƒ –ˆ”‘ƒ†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›—†‡”‹‡–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–’”‘’‘•‡†Š‡”‡–‘•‘Ž‡Ž› •–‹ –‘–Š‹•‰‡”‡‘™Ǥ  Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡•‹•ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹• ‘–ƒ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ †‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•’‘•‹–‹‘‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‘–Š‡”’‘•‹–‹‘•‹–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‘”†‘‡•‹– ‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ•‡–‘ˆ’‘Ž‹ ›”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•†‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‰Š‘™–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡–Š‡Ž‹˜‡•–‘ •‡ –‘”Ǥ ‘” ƒ •—’’‘•‡†Ž› ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ”‰—‡– ‘ ™Šƒ– †‡ ‹•‹‘• ™‡ •Š‘—Ž† ƒ‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ ƒ† ‡ƒ–‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ  ’”‘’‘•‡ –‘ ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ‘‰‘‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–•‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆƒ”‡†’‹‰•ƒ†Š—ƒ ‘•—‡”•ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹Ǯ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǯ‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ’”‘ ‡••–Šƒ– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ’‹‰•ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ”‡•’‘•‡•Ǣƒ••— Š‹–‹•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‘ˆ ™‘”–Šƒ– ƒƒŽ•‘„‡†‘‡—†‡”–Š‡„ƒ‡”•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ ‡–Š‹ ‹•–‘”’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”Ǯ’—ŽŽ‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡ȋ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹˜‡Ȍ•–”‹‰•ǯǤ  Theeffectsofwriting:Socratictechnologyassessment ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ™Šƒ–†‘‡•ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–™”‹–‹‰‘‡–Š‹ •ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›†‘ǫŠƒ––›’‡‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– †‘‡• ‹– ’”‘‘–‡ǡ ™Šƒ– ‹†• ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ‡ˆˆ‡ –• †‘‡• ‹– Šƒ˜‡ǫ Š‡ ƒ „‘‘ Žƒ‹• –‘ „‡ ƒ„‘—– Ǯˆƒ”‡”•ǯ ‡–Š‹ •ǯǡ ™‹–Š Ž‹––Ž‡ Šƒ ‡ ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ”‡ƒ†ȋƒ„Ž‡Ȍ„›‘•–ȋ‹ˆƒ›Ȍˆƒ”‡”•ǡͳͲͻ‹––Š—••ƒ›•ˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ˜‡‘ˆ—ŽŽƒ ‡••–‘ –Š‡‹”‘™‡–Š‹ •Ǥ  ––‡’–• –‘ „”‘ƒ†‡ –Š‡ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• „‡›‘† ˆ‘”ƒŽ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡– •‡‡Šƒ’Ž‡••™Š‡’—–‹–Š‡‘—Ž†‘ˆ–Š‡–‡š–ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡–‘‘ƒ›„‘‘•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› –Šƒ– Šƒ’–‡”ƒˆ–‡” Šƒ’–‡”†™‡ŽŽ‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆŽ‹˜‡†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ‘ˆ‡„‘†‹‡†‡ ‘—–‡”•ǡ‘ˆ‰‡––‹‰‘—––Š‡”‡™‹–Š›‘—”ˆ‡‡–‹–Š‡—†ǡ –Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•‘ˆ™Š‹ Š”‡ƒ‹•‡‡‹‰Ž›—ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Žˆ†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŠ‘™ ƒ Ž‡ƒ”‡† •–›Ž‡ ‘ˆ ™”‹–‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ „‘‘ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‹˜‹–‡•ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‘”•ƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘†‡‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘‘”ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥˆ‘”–Šƒ–‹•†‡–ƒ Š‡†ǡ ‡”‡„”ƒŽƒ†™‹–Šƒ’‡ Šƒ––‘™ƒ”†•ƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹’Ž‹ ‹–‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒŽ   109Whichofcourseisnottosayfarmerscannotreadbooks.ThepointIamtryingtomakeisaboutthegenre ofphilosophicalethics,orsocialtheory,thatinexorablyseemstocomewithapenchantfortheoreticaljargon. Towhichthisthesisisnoexception:eventhoughforinstanceanearlierversionofChapter4waslabelledby ananonymous revieweras‘refreshinglyjargonfree’,theotherreviewers ofthejournaldemandeda more thoroughengagementwiththeoreticalpositions.  236chapternine  –”—–Š•–Šƒ–‘‡ ƒŽ‡ƒ”„›‡”‡Ž›”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ”‡ƒ†›–‘ƒ’’Ž›•‘‡™Š‡”‡ǡ™Š‡”‡˜‡”Ǥ Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ –Š‹‰ •‡‡• —––‡”Ž› ”‹†‹ —Ž‘—•Ǥ ‡ ƒ ™”‹–‡ Ǯ‡„‘†‹‡† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǯ Š‘™‡˜‡”ƒ›–‹‡•ǡ‹–Š‡‡†–‘‘— Š™”‹–‹‰ƒ†”‡ƒ†‹‰–—”•—•‹–‘„”ƒ‹• ‘•–‹ •Ǥ  Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ‘‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘ˆ ”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆ–Š‡™”‹––‡™‘”†Ǥ‘ ”ƒ–‡•ǡƒˆ–‡”ƒ–Š‘”‘—‰Š ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ†‡ ‹†‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–†‡’Ž‘›‹‰–Š‡ƒŽ’Šƒ„‡–ǡ–Š‡–‡ Š‹“—‡‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰–‡š–•Ǥ ‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‹•–‘„‡ƒŠƒ”ˆ—Ž–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›–Šƒ–™‘—Ž††‡•–”‘›’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ ‘˜‡”•‡ǡ‡‘”‹œ‡ǡƒ†–‘Šƒ˜‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹–Š‡•‡•‡‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡—†‡”•–‘‘†‹–Ǥ ‡™ƒ•™‘””‹‡†ƒ„‘—–’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‘•‹‰–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘„‡‡Ž‘“—‡–‹ƒ•’‘–ƒ‡‘—•™ƒ›ǡ ‰‡ƒ”‡†–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  DzȏǤǤǤȐ ƒ† ‘™ ›‘—ǡ ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ˆƒ–Š‡” ‘ˆ Ž‡––‡”•ǡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ Ž‡† „› ›‘—” ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‘–‘ƒ• ”‹„‡–‘–Š‡ƒ’‘™‡”–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡‘ˆ–Šƒ–™Š‹ Š–Š‡›”‡ƒŽŽ› ’‘••‡••Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•‹˜‡–‹‘™‹ŽŽ’”‘†— ‡ˆ‘”‰‡–ˆ—Ž‡••‹–Š‡‹†•‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ƒ”–‘—•‡‹–ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ‘–’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Š‡‹”‡‘”›ǤŠ‡‹”–”—•– ‹ ™”‹–‹‰ǡ ’”‘†— ‡† „› ‡š–‡”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‘ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ™‹ŽŽ†‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘™‡‘”›™‹–Š‹–Š‡Ǥ‘— Šƒ˜‡‹˜‡–‡†ƒ‡Ž‹š‹”‘–‘ˆ‡‘”›ǡ„—–‘ˆ”‡‹†‹‰Ǣƒ†›‘—‘ˆˆ‡”›‘—” ’—’‹Ž•–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ™‹•†‘ǡ‘––”—‡™‹•†‘ǡˆ‘”–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ†ƒ› –Š‹‰• ™‹–Š‘—– ‹•–”— –‹‘ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ •‡‡ –‘ ‘™ ƒ›–Š‹‰•ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•–’ƒ”–‹‰‘”ƒ–ƒ†Šƒ”†–‘‰‡–ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Šǡ•‹ ‡ –Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–™‹•‡ǡ„—–‘Ž›ƒ’’‡ƒ”™‹•‡dzȋŽƒ–‘ƒ† ‘™Ž‡”ͳͻͻͲȏŠƒ‡†”—• ʹ͹ͷƒǦ„ȐȌǤ  ‘ ”ƒ–‡•ƒ”‰—‡†Š‘™–Š‡ƒŽ’Šƒ„‡–‹ ‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ‹†™ƒ•ˆƒ”ˆ”‘‡—–”ƒŽǤͳͳͲŠ‡ ‹’ƒ –• ‘ˆ ™”‹––‡ ™‘”†• ™‘—Ž† ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› „‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹–‹‰’”‡••Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•™‡–‡†–‘–Š‹‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ• ˆƒ –•‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†‹–‡š–„‘‘•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–™‹•‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘™ƒ† ƒ ‡š’Žƒ‹ ‘˜‹ ‹‰Ž›–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ—†‹‡ ‡•Ǥͳͳͳ 

  110 Socrates’ critique could be thought to imply a rather internalist and individualist notion of mind and wisdom,whichstandsatoddswithunderstandingsofmindandthoughtinchapter8;thoughsomewhatless soifwisdomisconceivedofasnecessarilyembodiedandemergentin(Socratic?)dialoguewithothers. 111 One could argue Socrates was selfͲinterestedly defending his academic business model and educational methodforteachingtheliberalartsagainstmuchcheapercompetitorsofferingspeechwritinganddistance learning.Thishoweverwouldnotmakehispositionnecessarilylessconvincing.  show,don’ttell237

Thedreamofdirectaccess ”ƒ–‡†ǡ‘–‘Ž›‹•–Š‡”‡‹”‘›‹“—‘–‹‰‘ ”ƒ–‡•‘–Š‹•ǡ‹ƒ–‡š–ǡƒŽ•‘‹–‹•ƒŽ‹––Ž‡ ˆƒ”ˆ‡– Š‡†–‘–”›ƒ††‹•‹••–Š‡•—„•‡“—‡––™‡–›ˆ‹˜‡ ‡–—”‹‡•‘ˆ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ™”‹–‹‰ƒ•ƒŽŽƒ†‡–”‹‡–ƒŽˆ‘”‘ˆ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǤŠ‡”‡‹•–Š‡†ƒ‰‡” ‘ˆ ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ‹•–‡ƒ†ƒ—™”‹––‡ǡǮ†‹”‡ –ǯƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǣƒ†ƒ‰‡”–‘™Š‹ Šǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‘”–›ǡ„‘–Šƒ–ƒ† ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”‹–Š‡‹”‘™™ƒ›•— —„‡†Ǣ„›ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‘”ƒˆ‹ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡƒ‘˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰‘†‡‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–ǡ•‡‡‹‰–‘‡šŠ‹„‹–Ǯ–Š‡•–”— –—”‡‘ˆƒŽŽ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǯǡ ‘” ‰”ƒ•’‹‰ –Š‡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ ’‘‡–”› ‘” ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ ”‡‡™‘”†ȋ‘”–›ͳͻͺʹǡͻ͵ȂͶȌǤ”‹–‹‰–Š‡•‡‡•‡”‡Ž›Ǯƒ—ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡ ‡ ‡••‹–›ǯǣ

DzŠƒ–‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›™ƒ–‡†‹•–‘•Š‘™ǡ–‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ǡ–‘‡šŠ‹„‹–ǡ–‘ƒ‡‘‡ǯ• ‹–‡”Ž‘ —–‘”•–ƒ†ƒ–‰ƒœ‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡™‘”Ž†dzȋ‘”–›ͳͻͺʹǡͻͶȌǤ

‹•‹••‹‰–Š‡†”‡ƒ‘ˆ—‡†‹ƒ–‡†ƒ ‡••–‘‡–‡”ƒŽ–”—–Šǡ‘”–› ‹•–‡ƒ† •‹†‡• ™‹–Š‡””‹†ƒǯ•’”‘Œ‡ –‘ˆ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘‡†Ž‡••”‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ǣƒ’”‘Œ‡ ––Šƒ–Šƒ• ‘ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ„‹–‹‘–Šƒ‡†Ž‡••Ž›ƒ††‹‰‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡™”‹–‹‰Ǥ ’’‘•‹‰ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ’—”‹ˆ›‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘‰‡–†‘™–‘–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡ǡ–”—‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒ‹•–‘ ƒ‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Dz‘”‡—’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽǡˆ—‹‡”ǡ‘”‡ƒŽŽ—•‹˜‡ǡ•‡š‹‡”ǡƒ†ƒ„‘˜‡ƒŽŽǡ Ǯ‘”‡ ™”‹––‡ǯǤdz Šƒ– ˆ‹ƒŽ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‹ ‘”–›ǯ• Ž‹•– ‹• ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ƒ’‹–›ǤŠ‡˜‹•—ƒŽ ‡–ƒ’Š‘”•Ǯ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ǯƒ†Ǯ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‰ǯ–Šƒ–‘”–›’”‘–‡•–•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ˆ‘”•‡‡‹‰ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ •‘‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ Ǯ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ǯ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ƒ ƒŽ•‘ ˆ— –‹‘ ‹ Ž‡•• ƒ„‹–‹‘—• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ‘ˆ‡†Ž‡••‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰™‹–Š‡™˜‹‡™•‹‡™”‡†‹–‹‘•‹ƒ™ƒ› –Šƒ–‹•‘”‡ƒƒŽ‘‰‘—•–‘–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡™”‹–‹‰–Šƒ–‘”–›ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‹‰• ƒ„‡ ƒ†‡ Ǯ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–ǯ ƒŽ•‘ „› ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ –™‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ† ”‡†‡•‹‰‹‰ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒŽ•‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰™‹–Š‹•›•–‡•‘ˆ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ˜‹•—ƒŽ‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Ǥͳͳʹ

Š‡†”‡ƒ‘ˆǮ†‹”‡ –ƒ ‡••ǯ–‘ƒ•‡•—‘—•lifeworldȋ„”ƒͳͻͻ͹Ȍǡƒ—‡†‹ƒ–‡† ‘‡ –‹‘–‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ”‘—†—•ǡ‹•‹†‡‡†‡Ž—•‹˜‡–‘‘Ǥ‘–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ”‡ƒŽ‹–›‹•‡ƒ•‹Ž›•‡•‡†Ǥ Ž‘„ƒŽ‹••—‡••— Šƒ• Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• –Šƒ– ‘Ž› „‡ ‘‡ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ǡ ”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ –‡ Š‘Ǧ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•–‘„‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†ƒ†‡†‹ƒ–‡†‹–‘•‘‡–Š‹‰™‡ ƒ•‡‡‘”ˆ‡‡Ž‘”‰”ƒ•’ –Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆǤ‡™‡›ƒ‘–‹‘‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹•‘”‡Š‡Ž’ˆ—ŽŠ‡”‡ǡƒ•–Š‹•†‘‡•

112Whenwetakeupthebasicartisticcriterionof‘show,don’ttell’inthismoreperformativeway,ratherthan asultimatetruthclaimthatdemandsarevealingofwhatisreallythere,thesayingdoesnotcomewiththe metaphysical baggage it has in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. There ‘sagen’ and ‘zeigen’, saying and showing or indicating,areopposedandmutuallyexclusive(Wittgenstein,Klossowski,andRussell1983). 238chapternine  ‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡ƒ†‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡’ƒ••‹˜‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘Ǥ†ǡ ™‡ ‘—Ž†ƒ††ǡ‘”‹ˆ–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†–Š‡•›„‘Ž‹ ǡ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ–‘—”ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆƒ‘„Œ‡ –•’”‹‰•„‘–Šˆ”‘–Š‡•›„‘Ž‹ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–ƒ›‰‹˜‡ ”‹•‡ –‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ ‡• ‹– ’”‘˜‹†‡•ǡ ‘” –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‹– ’”‘‘–‡•Ǥ  Ethicsbeyond(just)writing – ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ‘˜‡”Ž› ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ —††‹• avant la lettre–‘ƒ”‰—‡™‡•Š‘—Ž† †‹•„ƒ† ™”‹–‹‰ ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥͳͳ͵ † ’‡”Šƒ’• •–”‡– Š‹‰ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ Ž‡•• ™”‹––‡‘”‡˜‡‘Ǧ†‹• —”•‹˜‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹•—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ ƒ– Š‘ǤŠ‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•–‡† –‘ •‡‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• ƒ—–Š‘”• ƒ† ”‡ƒ†‡”•Ǣ •’—””‡† ‘ „› –Š‡ †‡ƒ†• ‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ ƒ†‡‹ƒ–‘’”‘†— ‡‡˜‡”‘”‡’ƒ’‡”•Ǥ‡–Š‹•ƒ•‹– ƒ› ˆ‘” ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡˆ‘”‡–Š‹ •‘”‡‹•ƒ–•–ƒ‡Ǥ–Š‹ •‹•–Š‡‰‡”‡‹™Š‹ Š™‡ƒ”‡–‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –ǡ ƒ”‰—‡ƒ††‡ ‹†‡™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡”‹‰Š––Š‹‰–‘†‘ƒ†™Š‡”‡–‘’—–‘—”’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡ –Šƒ–‹•™‹†‡Ž›†‡‡‡†–‘„‡‘Ž›ƒ†‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ‹†‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰Ȃƒ†ƒ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ†‘ˆ–‡”ƒ–Š‡”‹ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡‹†‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰ƒ––Šƒ–Ȃ–Š‹••‡”‹‘—•Ž›—†‡”‹‡•‘– ‘Ž›–Š‡ƒ ‡••–‘™‘”‹Ǯ‡–Š‹ •ǯˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ„—–‹–ƒŽ•‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡• –‘ ƒ —Ž–—”‡ –Šƒ– †‹•‹••‡• •‹–—ƒ–‡†ǡ ‹‡”•‹˜‡ ƒ†‡„‘†‹‡† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ— Š‘ˆ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•ǡ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ–‹‡”‹‰ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡•‹‰ǡƒ†‡ ‘—–‡”•™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ•‹–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘Š‘™™‡‘—‰Š––‘ „‡Šƒ˜‡ǤŽŽ–Š‡•‡•‹†‡•–‘‘—”‘”ƒŽŽ‹˜‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‘Ž› ‹ˆ •‘‡Š‘™–ƒ‡—’‹–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ ƒ†‡‹ ’ƒ’‡”•ǡ‘”‹ˆƒ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹ ›”‡’‘”–•ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›• Š‡‡•Ǥ  – ‹• ‘– Œ—•– Dz‘”ƒŽ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”‹‡•dz –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ Žƒ‰‰‹‰ „‡Š‹† ”ƒ’‹† Šƒ‰‡•‹‘—” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ȋ‡ ”‹‡• ͳͻͻͻǢ ™‹‡”•–”ƒ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ —– –Š‡ ˜‡”›‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ™Šƒ– ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ ƒ† Š‘™ –Š‡› ƒ „‡ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‡† ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‡† •‡‡• –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ‹‡†ˆ‹š‡†ȋ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–„‘—†™‹–Š‹–Š‡‡†‹—‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰Ȍ‡˜‡”•‹ ‡Žƒ–‘ǤͳͳͶ   113Itmaybestrangetoargueagainstreadingandinfavourofdigitalgamesatatimewhenreadingbooks rapidlygiveswaytomuchmoretransientactivityonsmartphonesandtablets.Butbesidesonlylamentingthis developmentasnecessarilyonlyalossofphilosophicaldepth,otherresponsesarepossible.Instead,wecan explorenewwaystoattainthatdepth.WithinacoͲevolutionaryoutlook,thissearchforalternativeformsof beingphilosophicalislikelytoinvolvealsoshiftsinwhatthinkinglookslikeandachangingappreciationofhow criticalthoughtcanbeexpressed. 114Thisisalsonottosaythattheseemingclarityandunambiguityofmaps,photos,plottedmeasurementsand calculated indicators offer a more direct access to relevant realities; For instance a medium such as cartographybringsitsownimplicitideologiesofempire,travel,landownershipandmodesofgoverningland, peopleandanimals.Butthistosomeextentcanbeengagedwithbymakingalternativemapsthatdisclose  show,don’ttell239

Š‡™‡‘™Ž‘‘„ƒ ƒ–Š‹•“—ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒŽ’Šƒ„‡–ǡ‘ ”ƒ–‡•ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ† — ŠŽ‡••’”‘„Ž‡•™‹–Š’Š‘–‘‘–ƒ‰‡ƒ†‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰ǡƒ•–Š‡•‡ƒ›ˆ— –‹‘‹ ‘”‡’—„Ž‹ ™ƒ›•ƒ• ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘’‹‡ ‡•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ’”‘†— ‡–Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ™‹•†‘Ǥ —– ™Šƒ– ‘ ”ƒ–‡• ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡• ƒ† Photoshop‹• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ƒ–‘‘ƒƒ Š”‘‹•–‹ “—‡•–‹‘–‘•’‡†— Š–‹‡‘Ǥͳͳͷ†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ™‡ ‘™ǡ‘ ”ƒ–‡•ƒ†Š‹••–—†‡–•™‡”‡‘–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ǡ •Šƒ”’Ž›†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰„‡–™‡‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†ƒ –‹‰ǡ™‹–Š‘Ž›–Š‡Žƒ––‡””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ˆ‘” ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ •ȋ Š–‡”Š—‹•ͳͻͻͺǡʹͳ͸ȌǤ

Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ‡–Š‹ •‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ƒȋ”ƒ–Š‡”‹ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡Ȍˆ‘”‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰ǡ „—–‡˜‡”›„‘†›‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡‹•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡‘†‡‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰™‹–ŠƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǤŠƒ–™‡‡‡†–Š‡‹•–‘ˆ‹† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–•‘ˆƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǯ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”‹‡•ǯƒ†Ǯ‰”ƒƒ”•ǯǢ‡™ ‘†‡•‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰ǡ‘”†‡”‹‰ƒ†‡š’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‰ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ›•‘ˆŽ‹˜‹‰ǤŠ‡ –Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆ•‘‡‹†™‹–Šƒ‹ƒ†ƒ†ƒˆƒ”‡”‹Ž‹‰Š‡” ‘™•„‘–Š„‡ ‘‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–™ƒ””ƒ–•–Š‡‹†‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›†‡‡’‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ”‹–‹“—‡–Šƒ– ƒ•‡Ž‡ –ˆ‡™ƒ ƒ†‡‹ •‘–Š‡”™‹•‡”‡•‡”˜‡ˆ‘”Œƒ”‰‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†–‡š–•‹‘”ƒŽ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥ

—”‡Ž›ǡ™‡™ƒ–‘—”‡–Š‹ •Ȃƒ†–Š‡‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‘—†—•Ȃ–‘„‡ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ–‘ „‡‘’‡–‘ƒ–›’‡‘ˆ†‹• —••‹‘–Šƒ–‹•„ƒ•‡†‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ™Š‹•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™‡–‡†–‘‡“—ƒ–‡–Š‘—‰Š–ˆ—Ž”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡™”‹––‡ ˆ‘”–‘•— Šƒ‡š–‡––Šƒ–‹–‹•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ ‘ ‡‹˜‡‘ˆethical”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ•ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‡Ž•‡–Šƒ™”‹–‹‰Ǥ—–”‡‡„‡”–Š‡ Š‹Ž†”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰ˆƒ”‡” ‹ Šƒ’–‡”ʹǡ™Š‘ ”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘‡–‡”–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡„ƒ ›ƒ”†™Š‹Ž‡‹–Š‘—•‡†’‹‰•‹ƒ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹–‡•‹˜‡•›•–‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡›•–ƒ”–‡†‰‘‹‰‹ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹”ˆƒ”‹‰’ƒ”‡–• Šƒ‰‡† ‹– ‹–‘ •–”ƒ™ „ƒ•‡† ‰”‘—’ Š‘—•‹‰Ǥ ‹–Š‘—– ƒ ‡‡† –‘ •ƒ› ‘” ‡š’Žƒ‹ ƒ›–Š‹‰ǡ–Š‡•‡ Š‹Ž†”‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹”’ƒ”‡–•ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒˆ‹”•– ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹–—‹–‹˜‡ǡ —‡š’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ǡ Ǯ„‘†‹Ž›ǯ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‹• ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‡”‡Ž› ”‘—–‹‡ǡ Šƒ„‹–—ƒŽ ƒ† — ”‹–‹ ƒŽǤ ˜‡”›†ƒ› ‘”ƒŽ‹–› ‹• ‘– ‘Ž› –—”‡† ‹–‘ ‡–Š‹ • ’”‘’‡” ƒˆ–‡” „‡‹‰ ‡š’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ† –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ ‹•–•Ǥ

howmapsandmappingtechniquesthatweareusedtoinpracticedirectourgaze,discourseandthoughtin certainways.Writingisnottheonlywaytobecriticalandreflect.Philosophersandothersatthewritingside of the ‘two cultures’ should realize they are using a technology too, which allows for certain things to be communicated,andothersnot. 115 Even though games are now widely believed to ‘spoil the young’, a similar accusation to the one that becamefataltoSocrates. 240chapternine  ‘‘ ‘ˆ–‡ ‹– ‹• ƒ••—‡† „› —• ™”‹–‹‰ ˆ‘Ž• –Šƒ– Ǯ•’‡‡ Š ƒ –•ǯǡ–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆŽ‹‰—‹•–‹ —––‡”ƒ ‡•ǡƒ”‡‹ˆƒ ––Š‡‘Ž›ƒ –•–Šƒ–”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ––‡”Ǥ† –Šƒ–ǡ‘–‘’‘ˆ–Šƒ–ǡ™”‹–‹‰‹•ˆƒ”•—’‡”‹‘”–‘•’‡‡ ŠǢ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› „‡ ƒ—•‡ ™‡ ˆ‡‡Ž ‹– ƒŽŽ‘™•ȋ‹–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆƒ„Ž‡™”‹–‡”•Ȍˆ‘”’”‡ ‹•‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ƒ†„‘–Š‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ† Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘””‡ – ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡‹‰ •–—  ‹ –Š‡ ǮŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  –—”ǯǡ ‹ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‹–•‡‡•‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ƒ••—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘•–‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž™ƒ›•‘ˆƒ –‹‰‹•–‘ Ǯ†‘–Š‹‰•™‹–Š™‘”†•ǯǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ†‘‹‰–Š‹‰•™‹–Š–Š‹‰•–‘‘Ǥͳͳ͸Ž‘–‘ˆȋ™”‹–‹‰ǨȌ ‡ˆˆ‘”–‹•‘™”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ƒ‡—•ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ––‡”•‹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ȋƒ””›ʹͲͲͳǢ”ƒ—ƒ†Šƒ–‘”‡ʹͲͳͲǢǤ‘Žǡ‘•‡”ǡƒ†‘Ž• ʹͲͳͲȌǤ  Readinganimals  ‘Ǧ’Š‡‘‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ˜‹†„”ƒŠƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–™”‹–‹‰ˆ— –‹‘•–‘†‹•–ƒ ‡—• ˆ”‘ƒ–—”‡ǡ•‡––‹‰Š—ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”ƒ‹ƒŽ•‘—†•ȋ„”ƒʹͲͳͲǡ ͳ͹͸ȌǤ”‹–‹‰ƒ†”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ•ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ‹‰‡‡”ƒŽ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹•– ƒ††‹•–ƒ ‡†ǡƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ž‹•–‡‹‰–‘‘”ƒ–‘”•ǡ ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•–Š‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ”‡‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ  ”‹––‡–‡š–•Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡ƒŽŽ„ƒ†Ǥ †‡‡†–Š‡›ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡Ž›•Šƒ”‹‰‹†‡ƒ•ƒ† –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘‘ ‘˜‹ –‹‘•Ǥ —– ™‡ ƒ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Šƒ– ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ –‡š–• ‹ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ’”‘•‡ –‡† –‘ ƒˆˆ‘”† ‡†Ž‡•• • ‡’–‹ ‹• ƒ† ’”‘„‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ„‹‰—‹–‹‡• ™Š‹Ž‡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ƒ ȋ‘˜‡”Ȍ˜ƒŽ—‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘•‹•–‡ › ȋ–‡™ƒ”–ǡ ƒ’‡‡ǡƒ†ƒ‘Ž‘ʹͲͳͲǡʹ͸ȌǢŠ‘—‰Š‘ˆ ‘—”•‡™”‹–‹‰ƒŽ•‘ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”•‹‹‰ ƒ†•‹’’‹‰ǡˆ‘”•Š‡Ž˜‹‰ƒ†‹‰‘”‹‰Ǥ 

  116 In fields such as science and technology studies and (moreͲthanͲ) human geography the critique of languageastheonlyformofcommunicationandcontemplationisgainingterrain.Seeforinstancetheworkin STSon‘materialsemiotics’foranalternativeapproachthatfocusesonthesymbolicfunctioningofmaterial artefacts(Keane2003;Bell2003;Bettany2007;JohnLaw2009)andotherformsofmaterialunderstandingsof politics (Law and Mol 2008; Braun and Whatmore 2010) and ‘political machines’ (Barry 2001). But, with exceptionsofcourse,there’sadangerfor(alsothese)authorstoremainjustthat,authorsofevermorebooks and papers, the success of which now tends to be solely defined in terms of citations in other books and papers.Howmany(e)bookson‘newmaterialism’doweneedbeforeweventureoutandtryanothergenreas a serious vehicle for inquiry, critique, and contemplation? Or, if we are writing to inform and enthuse practitionersofvariouskinds,includingartistsandtechnologists,whatalternativegenresofwritingoranalysis wouldbestcatertothem?Infairness,theserenownedauthorsmayinspirenumerousotherstoindeeddoso, butforamerePhDstudentitseemslesssensibletojoininthechorus.  show,don’ttell241  ƒ”ƒ™ƒ› Šƒ• †”ƒ™ ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘—–•‹†‡ ‘ˆ Ǯ™”‹–‹‰ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǯ ȋʹͲͲͺǡ ʹͳȌǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒŽ•‘ †‡• ”‹„‹‰ ‘†‡• ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ‰‘ „‡›‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ•— Šƒ•Dz–Š‡‹˜‡–‹˜‡’‘–‡ ›‘ˆ’Žƒ›dz–Šƒ–Dz”‡†‘‡•„‡‹‰•‹™ƒ›•–Šƒ– •Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡ ƒŽŽ‡†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡„—––Šƒ–†‡•‡”˜‡–Š‡‹”‘™ƒ‡•dzȋʹͲͲͺǡʹ͵͹ȌǤŠ‡•‡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘†‘‘–”‡†— ‡•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••ƒ† ‘‰‹–‹‘ –‘ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ȋʹͲͲͺǡ ͵͹ͳȌǡ ƒ† –Š‹‹‰ ‹• –Š‡‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‘” —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ‹ ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ••—‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ™”‹–‹‰ ƒ•–Š‡’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡† ‡†‹—‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘–ƒ‹‘ ‡– Š‘‹ ‡ǤŠ‹•‹• –Š‡ ƒ•‡™Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Šƒ†‡‡’Ž›’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ†Šƒ†•‘–›’‡‘ˆƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ•— Š ƒ•ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ„—–‹–‹•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›•ƒŽ‹‡–™Š‡–Š‹‹‰ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰ ƒ„‘—– Š—ƒǦƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  Genresandstyles ‡––‹‰—’ƒƒ„•‘Ž—–‡‘’’‘•‹–‹‘„‡–™‡‡™”‹–‹‰ƒ†”‡ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ‘”–‡š–•ƒ†‘–Š‡” ‡†‹ƒǡ ‘” ‡˜‡ •’‘‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ •‡‡• —Š‡Ž’ˆ—ŽǤ Š‡”‡ ‹‰Š–„‡™ƒ›•–‘•ƒŽ˜ƒ‰‡„‘‘•ƒ†–ƒŽ‹ ‡”–ƒ‹ˆ‘”•Ǥ’‘‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ‰ƒ‹–Š‡’Š‡‘‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ˜‹†„”ƒǡ‹‹†‹‰‡‘—•‘”ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†‘–ƒ•ƒDz‡š Ž—•‹˜‡’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆŠ—ƒ•ǡ„—–ƒ’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•—‘—• Ž‹ˆ‡™‘”Ž†dzȋ„”ƒͳͻͻ͹ǡͳͷͶȌ.†‘‡™ƒ›‘ˆ†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‘˜‡”Ž›Š—ƒ‰‡”‡ ‘ˆ ™”‹–‹‰ ‹• –‘ Žƒ‹ ‘–Š‡”• •— Š ƒ• ƒ‹ƒŽ• ™”‹–‡ –‘‘ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ „› Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž–”ƒ ‡•‹–Š‡Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ȋ ‹ ŠŽ‹ˆˆ‡‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͷǡ͸Ͷ͹ȌǤ  ƒ”‹‘—•‰‡”‡•ȋ‘˜‡Ž•ǡ’‘‡–”›ǡ”‹††Ž‡•ǡŠ‹’Š‘’•‘‰•Ȍ‘ˆ™”‹––‡ƒ†•’‘‡™‘”†• ‡š‹•– „‡›‘† ™Šƒ– ‹• ‘‘Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‡† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ’”‘•‡Ǥ ‡”‡• –Šƒ– ƒ› ƒˆˆ‘”†—•–‘Ǯ•Š‘™ǯ”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŒ—•–Ǯ–‡ŽŽǯǢ–Š‹‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‡’‹•–‘Žƒ”›‘˜‡Ž•‘ –Š‡‘”ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͳ͹–Š ‡–—”›”‡ƒ†‡”•ǡƒ•†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‹‰‡‡”ƒŽ™‘”†ƒ†Ž‹ˆ‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•ƒ†‹ Š‘–‘›ǡƒ•„‘–Š –‡š–•ƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ„‡‹•—”‰‡–ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽȋŠ‹Ž‘ʹͲͳʹȌƒ† •Š‘—Ž†–Š—•‘–„‡•‡‡‹‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘•‘‡‹†‘ˆ‘”‡”‡ƒŽ™‘”Ž†–Šƒ–‹•Ž‹˜‡† ™‹–Š„‘†‹Ž›’”‡•‡ ‡ǤŠ‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ—•‡‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ‘”languagegamesǡ ƒ‘Ž›„‡ —†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆformsoflife™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ͳͳ͹ȋ‹––‰‡•–‡‹ ʹͲͳͲȌǤŠ‡”‡„›ǡ–Š‡‡†‹—‹•‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡ǤŽ•‘–Š‡ƒŽ’Šƒ„‡–•Š‘—Ž†‘– „‡•‡‡‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ ”—†‡Ǯ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹‹•ǯǡ„—–ƒ••—„Œ‡ ––‘ ‘Ǧ

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 244chapternine  ‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒ”–‹•–‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆƒ–—”‡ˆ‹Žǡ‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡‘†‡•‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆƒ–—”‡Ǥ  ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ”‡ƒ†‹‰‹•ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–‘‘ǤŠ‡‰‡”‡ ”‘••‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”••— Šƒ•‹‰‡” ƒ† ‘‡”†‹• —••‡†‹ Šƒ’–‡”ͳ•‡‡–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†”‡ƒŽƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡™‹–Šƒ›”‡ƒ†‡”•ǤŠ‡ƒ‹’‘‹–Š‡”‡‹•–Šƒ–™‡ ‘—Ž††‘‘”‡–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘•‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ˆƒ”‡”•Ǣƒ†™‡•Š‘—Ž†•‡‡ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ–‡š–—ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ‘– Œ—•– Šƒ’Šƒœƒ”† ƒ––‡’–• ƒ– ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ƒ†‡ ‹ ™”‹–‹‰ǡ „—– ƒ• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‰‡”‡• ‘ˆ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‹• ƒ ƒ˜‡ƒ– –‘ ƒ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› Šƒ’–‡”ʹ‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǣŠ‘™•‡•‹„Ž‡ ‹• ‹– –‘ –”› ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›•—’’‘”–‡†ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™Šƒ–ˆƒ”‡”•™‘—Ž†ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡ ™ƒ–‡†–‘•ƒ›ǡ‘”™”‹–‡ǫ  Towardsamultisensoryethics ‘”ƒ ‹ƒ‘† ȋͳͻͺͺȌ ™ƒ• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ™‘””‹‡† ƒ„‘—– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ǮŽ‘•‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‘ ‡’–•ǯǡ –Š‡–‡”•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡› ‘—Ž†—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‹”‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Ȃƒ†‘–•‘ ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Ȃ Ž‹˜‡• ƒ† –Š‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘• –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ƒ‹‰Ǣ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ•‡–‹‘‡†‹ Šƒ’–‡”ʹǤ—–‘–‘Ž›–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–•„›™Š‹ Š™‡™‘—Ž†„‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‡š’”‡•• ‘—” ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ƒ”‡ ‡†ƒ‰‡”‡†Ǥ Ž•‘ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹–•‡Žˆ ‘ˆǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ „‡‹‰ ƒ‘‰ Š—‰‡ǡ •Ž‘™ ‘˜‹‰ǡ ‹“—‹•‹–‹˜‡ǡ ‘” †—ŽŽ †ƒ‹”› ‘™• ‹• „‡ ‘‹‰”ƒ”‡ǤŠ‡ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆƒ”–‹•–•”‡ ‡–Ž›‡„ƒ”‡†‘ƒ’”‘Œ‡ ––‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ Ǯ–‘ƒ•–‹‡ǯȋŠƒƒ† Š‡‡•‡•ƒ†™‹ ŠȌȋ‘•–‹ ƒ„”‹‡ʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‹‰•–Š‡•‡ ›‘—‰—”„ƒ‹–‡•–‘–Š‡‹”•—”’”‹•‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†™ƒ•–Šƒ–Ǯ ‘™•ƒ”‡Š—‰‡ǯƒ††‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š–Š‡ ƒŠ—”–Ǥͳͳͻ  ˆ–‡–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ†‹”‡ –‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š‘”ƒŽ‹••—‡•‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡ǡƒ††‘‡• ‘– ”‡“—‹”‡ ‘’Ž‡š ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘” • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ – ‹• ˆƒ‹”Ž› •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –‘ ‘‹– –‘ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‘””‹ˆ‹  •‡ŽŽ‘ˆ‹–‡•‹˜‡’‹‰ ˆƒ”•Ǥ‘–Œ—•–ˆ‘”‹ƒ‰‹‹‰–Š‡‘”†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•™Š‘‘Ž›„”‡ƒ–Š‡ˆ”‡•Šƒ‹” ‘–Š‡‹”™ƒ›–‘–Š‡•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”Š‘—•‡Ǥ‘”‘Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ”™‘”‡”•–Šƒ–•’‡†–‹‡ ‹ –Š‹• —Š‡ƒŽ–Š› •—””‘—†‹‰•Ǥ ‘” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡‹‰Š„‘—”•ǡ ‘” –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘–Š‹•‹†‹ ƒ–‡•Ǥȋ† ƒ‘–‡˜‡–Š‹‹‰‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ– ƒ›„‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›Šƒ˜‹‰‰”‘™ˆ‘”•‹š‘–Š•‹ƒ—„‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡•–‡ ŠǤȌŠ‹•–›’‡ ‘ˆ •‡•‘”› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ‘”†‡† ƒ •‡”‹‘—• •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ ‘”‡ †‹”‡ –Ž›   119Leadingthesenovicedairyfarmerstopostselfiesoftheircowinflictedbruisesonsocialmedia.  show,don’ttell245  ‹ˆ‘”‹‰Š‘™™‡•Š‘—Ž†ˆ‡‡Žƒ„‘—––Š‹•‘†‡‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ ›‘™”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‘‹ƒ ‹• “—‹–‡ ‡–”ƒŽǡ ‹ˆ ‘Ž› ˆ‘” ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‘—”• ‡‹––‡† „› •Š‘‡• ‘” ƒ‡”ƒ• ™‡‡• ƒˆ–‡” ƒ ˜‹•‹–Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡƒ™Š‹ˆˆ‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—”•‡ŽŽ‘ˆ ‘™ˆ‡‡†‹•–ƒ–Ž›„”‹‰•„ƒ  ˆ‘†‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ›Ǯ„‡ ‘‹‰ǯƒ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”Ǥ –‹‰Š–„‡ƒ•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•ƒ› ‘–Š‡” ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‡ ‹†‡ ‘ Š‘™ –‘ †‡•‹‰ ˆƒ”• „ƒ•‡† ‘ Š‘™ –Š‡› •‡ŽŽǤ ‹• —••‹‘•–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž˜‡ƒ”‘—†™Š‡–Š‡”’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•‡ŽŽ•ƒ”‡‘„–”—•‹˜‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ‡‹••‹‘•‘”„‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡ ‘—–”›•‹†‡Ǥ  Š‡‰‡”‡‘ˆ†‡•‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‘‘–‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ•‡•—‘—•‡„‘†‹‡† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ†•‹–—ƒ–‡†‘™Ž‡†‰‡Šƒ•ƒ—‹–‡†‡†”‹†‹ —Ž‘—••‹†‡–‘‹–Ǥ”‰—‹‰ ˆ‘”ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž‘ ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹‡–Š‹ •ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ›‡ƒ•‹Ž›Œ—•–”‡ƒ‹™”‹–‹‰ǡ ƒ† ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š  Šƒ˜‡ ‡– •‘‡ ƒƒœ‹‰Ž› ˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ –Š‘•‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ –‹‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ”‡ƒ† •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ’”‘•‡ ƒ”‡ —Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ‰‘ ‘—– ‹ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰ –‘ ‹Žƒ Š‡”† ‘ˆ ‘™•Ǥ ȋ‡”Šƒ’•ƒ”‘„‘–™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’–Š‡ˆ”‡‡—’–‹‡ˆ‘”–Š‹•–Š‘—‰ŠǫȌŠ‡‹†‡ƒ„‡Š‹† –Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹•Š‘’‹‰–‘‹•’‹”‡‘–Š‡”•–‘‰‘‘—–‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ††‘–Š‹‰•ǡ–‘Šƒ˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‘Ž›”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡Ǥ†‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ‘—–• –‘ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–‘‘ǡ‹–Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ƒ”ƒ–Š‡”†‘‹ƒ–‘‡‹”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ ‘ ™Šƒ– ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ‹–›–‘–ƒ‡•‡”‹‘—•ƒ•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘†‡ ‹†‡‘–Š‹‰•Ǥ †‘‘–™ƒ––‘•ƒ› –Šƒ–’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ‘–„‡”‡ƒŽ‘””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǡŒ—•––Šƒ–™Šƒ–™‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ ƒ†‡‹ • ‘‘Ž› ‘•‹†‡”–‘„‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡–Š‡‡š Ž—•‹˜‡™ƒ›‘ˆ –”›‹‰–‘•–—†›ƒ†–ƒ Ž‡–Š‡Ǥ  ˆ ‘—”•‡™‡ ƒ‘–‡–Šƒ–ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽƒ†‡–Š‹ ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ȃ‡š––‘ ™‘” ‹ ȋ‘”‡Ǧ–ŠƒǦȌ Š—ƒ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡ ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ”—”ƒŽ •‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ •–—†‹‡•ǡ • ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› •–—†‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‡† ˆ‹‡Ž†• ƒ††‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•Ȃ™ƒ• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡– ‘ˆ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹•Ǥ —– •‘ ™‡”‡ ˆ‹Ž•ǡ ƒ”–™‘”• ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡•‹‰•Ǥ ‘ǡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡ƒ†‡”‹‰ Šƒ’–‡”ǡ ™Šƒ–  ƒ”‰—‡ˆ‘”‹•ƒ–›’‡‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰ƒ††‘‹‰‡–Š‹ •–Šƒ–‹•„‡•–’”ƒ –‹ ‡†‹ Ž‘•‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘‘–Š‡”‰‡”‡•‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‹“—‹”›ǡ•— Šƒ•ƒ”–‹•–‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ•‡‡‹‰‘—–‡„‘†‹‡† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ˜‹•‹‘ƒ”› –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡•‹‰ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ –‹‡”‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ  ‘”†‡” ˆ‘” –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ‘– –‘ „‡ ˆ—ŽŽ› •‡ŽˆǦ†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ Šƒ’–‡”™‹ŽŽ‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –™ƒ•–Š‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ ƒ† ‘–‹—‡• –‘ „‡ ‹ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘” ‹ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹•Ǥ Š‡”‡„› –Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ƒ›’”‘˜‹†‡ǡ‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‹•‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ–‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ Ǯˆ‹‡Ž† ‰—‹†‡ǯ ‘” ǮŠƒ†„‘‘ǯˆ‘”†‘‹‰‡–Š‹ •–Š”‘—‰Š†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‹‡”‹‰‹’—„Ž‹ Ǥ 



  



Chapter10

Aconclusioninthemaking   

10.1Ontheveryideaofageneralconclusioninsituatedethics  ‘™‹–ǯ•–‹‡–‘–ƒ‡•–‘ ƒ†”‡–—”–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•’‘•‡†‹–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǣ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ™‡•‹–—ƒ–‡‡–Š‹ •ƒ†™Š‡”‡ƒ”‡™‡–‘Ž‘‘ˆ‘”‡–Š‹ ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ǫ ‘™ ƒ ™‡ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡‡–Š‹ •‘–Š‡ˆƒ”ƒ†–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Šˆƒ”‡”•†‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ”‘–‡†™‹–ŠǫŠƒ–‰‡”‡•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‹“—‹”›ƒ”‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ†Š‡Ž’ˆ—Žȋ‘”‹””‹–ƒ–‹‰ƒ††‹•”—’–‹˜‡Ȍˆ‘” ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ǫ ‘™ƒ”‡™‡–‘ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆˆ‘”• ‹™Š‹ Š‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ›‡‡”‰‡‹‘—” ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Šˆ‘‘†•›•–‡ǫ † Š‘™ ƒ ™‡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ”‡Žƒ–‡ –‘ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡•ƒ†•‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•—•‡––Ž‡‘”ƒŽ‘”•ǫ  Š‡•‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ „‡ –Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ› ‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡†ǡ ‡˜‡ ‘”‡ •‘ –Šƒ ‹ƒ‰‹‡†ƒ––Š‡‘—–•‡–Ǥ†‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†’”‘‹•‹‰–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š–Š‡„›Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ †‡•‹‰Ǥ Š‹• †‘‡• ‘– ‡ƒ •‹–—ƒ–‹‰ ƒŽŽ ‡–Š‹ • ‹–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† Ǯ†‡•‹‰‡”ǯǣ ƒ ‹† ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ‰‡‹—• ƒ† •‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ‡š’‡”– ™Š‘ ƒ• •‘‡ ‰‘†ǦŽ‹‡ ǮüberǦƒ‰‡–ǯ ‡˜‹•‹‘• ƒ ˆ—–—”‡ ™‘”Ž†ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‹–• ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–• –Šƒ– ‘‡ ™‹–Š ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ƒ† •‡ŽˆǦ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ƒŽŽˆ—ŽŽ›• ”‹’–‡†„›–Š‹•‘”ƒŽƒ•–‡”‹†Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ†‡•‹‰Š‡”‡‹•ƒ— Š‘”‡ –‡–ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••‹™Š‹ Šƒ‰‡ ›‹•†‹•–”‹„—–‡†ƒ‘‰˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡š’‡”–‹•‡ ƒ†‹ˆ‘”‡†„›‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ™Š‹ Šȋ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‘”ƒŽ‹–›Ȍ ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—†–‘‡‡”‰‡™‹–Š‹–Šƒ–‘‰‘‹‰’”‘ ‡••Ǥ  –Š‡’”‡ ‡†‹‰ Šƒ’–‡”•™‡Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ƒ ”‘••ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ† †‡•‹‰•ǣ†‡•‹‰•„›•–‡ ‡ŽŽ• ‹‡–‹•–•‘”•›•–‡‹‘˜ƒ–‘”•’Žƒ‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ™‘”Ž† ™‹–Š‘—–ˆƒ”•Ǣ†‡•‹‰ǡ‘”bricolageǡ‘ˆƒ”•ǡ„›ˆƒ”‡”•–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ† 248chapterten  –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•Ǣ ƒ† †‡•‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ” „› ƒ”–‹•–‹  †‡•‹‰‡”• ƒ†ƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ǡ –ƒ‹‰ǡ„‡•‹†‡•ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡȋ ‘•—‹‰Ȍ•—„Œ‡ –•‹–‘ƒ ‘—–ƒ•—•‡”•ƒ† ‘Ǧ†‡•‹‰‡”•Ǥ Š‹• ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —Ž–‹ˆƒ ‡–‡† ƒ† †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ ’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆbricolageƒ††‡•‹‰ƒ†‡™”‹–‹‰ƒ–Š‡•‹•‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡ƒƒ –‹˜‹–› –Šƒ–•‡‡‡†–‘‹••–Š‡’‘‹–ǡ–‘†‡–”ƒ –ˆ”‘‹–•‘™ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǡƒ• †‹• —••‡†‹ –Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ‘”‡–Šƒƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ƒ‹•–‘„‡ƒ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘–Šƒ–‰‘‡•„‡›‘†–Š‡™”‹–‹‰‘ˆƒȋ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ȍ„‘‘Ǥ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡ Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š‹‰•’”‘’‘•ƒŽŠƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒƒ‰‡†–‘”‡ƒ Šƒ„”‘ƒ†ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ǤͳʹͲ –‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‹•’‘’—Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘‹•‘––‘„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒ†—„‹‰†‘™ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‘ˆ › ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž› ‘ ‡‹˜‡† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š–•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‹• ’—„Ž‹ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™ƒ•‹–•‡Žˆ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘”‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡‹†‡ƒ• ™‡”‡ ‘– Œ—•– ‘—‹ ƒ–‡† „—– ”ƒˆ–‡†ǡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š †‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ „‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†’‹‰•Ǥ  Ž•‘ǡ™Š‡•‡‡‹–Š‹•Ž‹‰Š–ǡ–Š‡–Š‡•‹• ƒ„‡”‡ƒ†ƒ•ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆȋ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽȌ•–‡’•’”‘’‘•‹‰–‘‡˜‡”‘”‡™‹Ž†Ž›”‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ†‡š’ƒ†–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹  †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǣ –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ•ǡ ‡„‘†‹‡† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•ȋ Šƒ’–‡”ʹȌǢ–‘‹ Ž—†‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽŽ›‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰•ƒ•‘ ƒ•‹‘•ˆ‘” ‘’‡‹‰ —’ †‡„ƒ–‡• ‘ ˆƒ”‹‰ ȋ Šƒ’–‡” ͵ȌǢ –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ‘‡– ‘ˆ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ƒ† ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ ƒ ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘ ˆƒ”• ƒ• ’”‘‘–‹‰ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ƒ††‡„ƒ–‡ƒ‘‰•–ˆƒ”‡”•ȋ Šƒ’–‡”ͶȌǢ–‘–Š‡ƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ• ƒ –‹˜‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡•‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ •›•–‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –‹‡”‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•ȋ Šƒ’–‡”ͷȌǢƒ†–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹•— Šƒ™ƒ›ƒ•–‘ ‹•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ȋ Šƒ’–‡” ͸ ƒ† ͹Ȍǡ –Š‡”‡„› ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‡•‹‰‡”• ȋ‘– Œ—•– ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•Ȍ ƒ† ƒ ™‹†‡” ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘”†‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‘– ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ ‘ǡ Ž‡– ƒŽ‘‡ †‡„ƒ–‹‰ǡƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ ™‡ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– ‡˜‡ –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ •—„Œ‡ –• „‡ ƒ‡ˆŽ—‹†‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ȋ Šƒ’–‡”ͺȌǤ 

  120PublishedinDecember2011,twoandahalfyearslater(July2014)thevideo(http://vimeo.com/29046176) hadbeenviewedover120,000times,whiletheprojectwebsite(www.playingwithpigs.nl)hadreceivedover 60,000 hits. A wide array of public media have reported on the project or interviewed us: Chinese, South American,andRussiangameblogs,French,Dutch,andGermanradiostations,DanishbreakfastTV,aBelgian popular science TV show and late night talk show, magazines on digital culture such as Wired, environmentalist weblogs such as Treehugger, and several North American and Dutch newspapers (NRC, Volkskrant,AD).  aconclusioninthemaking249  •–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– •‡‡• ƒ ‹Š‡”‡–Ž› •‡ŽˆǦ†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ––‡’– –‘ ‡† –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• „› †”ƒ™‹‰ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘ Ž—•‹‘• ‘ ƒ ‘”‡ ƒ„•–”ƒ – –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž –Šƒ– ƒ‹ –‘ –”ƒ• ‡†–Š‡‹––›Ǧ‰”‹––›‘ˆ‰‡––‹‰ ‘™•–‘‹Ž–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†’‹‰•–‘’Žƒ›™‹–Š —•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘ Ž—†‹‰ Šƒ’–‡”‡š’Žƒ‹•Š‘™–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‡†‡ƒ˜‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ƒ ’”‘’‡” ‘ Ž—•‹‘–‘–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ› ™‹ŽŽ†”ƒ™–‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡‹•–ƒ ‡•‘ˆ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘–Šƒ–™‡”‡‡ ‘—–‡”‡†‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•’Žƒ ‡•ƒ†’—––‹‰–‘—•‡–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—• Ž‡••‘•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ‹ƒŽ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡–Š‹ •‘–Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥ 

10.2Ongoingeffortstowardsplayingwithpigsasaconclusion  Š‡Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š‹‰•’”‘Œ‡ –†‡• ”‹„‡†‹ Šƒ’–‡”•͸ǡ͹ǡƒ†ͺ„—‹Ž†•—’‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ• ‹‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”•ǤŠ‹•‹•‘––‘•ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‹•–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† —Ž‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ͳʹͳ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–‹–ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ˆ‘”ƒ‘”‡Šƒ†•Ǧ‘ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹–Š‡•‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” Šƒ’–‡”•Ǥ Š—•ǡ–‘‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡ Žƒ‹–Šƒ–†‡•‹‰ ƒ„‡ƒ™ƒ›–‘”‡Žƒ–‡–‘–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ •‘ ‹‘Ǧƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ‹ ƒ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ› •‹–—ƒ–‡† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••ǡŽ‡–ǯ•‘™•‡‡Š‘™–Š‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‰”ƒˆ–‡†—’‘–Š‡‘–Š‡” ƒ•‡•‹–Š‡ –Š‡•‹•ƒ›–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡–‘–Š‹•‘‡Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‹•‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ǡ‹•‡ –‹‘ͳͲǤ͵ǡ ™‹ŽŽ†‹• —•• ‘–Œ—•––Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘ ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ†”‡‹˜‹‰‘”ƒ–‡‡–Š‹ •ǡ„—– ƒŽ•‘’‘••‹„Ž‡’‹–ˆƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”†‘‹‰’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ†‡–Š‹ •‹ƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‘†‡Ǥ 

1–Openingupethicsasagenre  Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ† ‘ˆ Ǯ‡–Š‹ ‹•–•ǯ ƒ• ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‰‡”‡™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘‹••—‡•‹ƒ‹ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰ǫ ‘™†‘‡•‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹“—‹”›”‡Žƒ–‡–‘ ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›•‘ˆ†‹• —••‹‰ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•ǫ‹–Šƒ‰ƒ‡–Šƒ–‹•’Žƒ›‡† ™‹–Š’‹‰•ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‹ ‹•–†‘‡•‘–†‡ ‹†‡‘”‡˜‡ƒƒŽ›•‡ ‡–”ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ•ƒ‘”ƒŽ‡š’‡”–ǡ ™Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡŠ‡‘”•Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ǡƒ˜‹˜‹† ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘’‹‡ ‡ǡ–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡’—„Ž‹ –‘‹ƒ‰‹‡ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ ƒ†‘–Š‡”™‹•‡‰”ƒ’’Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡•‡“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ 

  121Aclaimoflinearlearningandknowledgeapplicationthatcaneasilybedismissedbecauseofthefactthat most of those previous chapters (all apart from chapter 2) were (re)written after the game project had started.  250chapterten  Š‡‰ƒ‡Ȃ‘””ƒ–Š‡”ƒ‡†Ž‡••˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡’‹‰ȂŠ—ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡–Ǧ—’•Ȃ ‘—Ž† ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•ƒ‡™ ”‹–‹ ƒŽǮ‰‡”‡ǯǡ’”‘‘–‹‰ƒ”‡‡™‡†Ž‘‘ƒ–‡š‹•–‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ† ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ Š‡”‡„›ǡ †‡„ƒ–‡•ǡ ‹ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ •ǡ ƒ „‡ ™‹†‡‡† –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ • ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –Š‹ ƒŽ ‘’‡–‡ › ȋ‘” ’‡”’Ž‡š‹–›Ȍ ƒ „‡ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–‘„‡™‹†‡Ž› †‹•–”‹„—–‡†Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡‰ƒ‡ǡƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘Ǯ†‘‡–Š‹ •ǯ ƒƒŽ•‘ „‡‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž‡••ǡƒ†‡™‘†‡•‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ‹– ”‡ˆ”ƒ‹• ˆ”‘ –ƒ‹‰ —’ ƒ ‘˜‡”–Ž› ƒ –‹˜‹•– ƒ† ƒŽƒ”‹•– ”‘Ž‡ǡ –Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š †‘‡• ‘– ƒ‹ ƒ– ‘˜‹ ‹‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘”ƒŽ –”—–Š•Ǥ ‘”ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‘‡•‹– Žƒ‹–Š‡•–”‹ –‡—–”ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŒ—•–’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ‡”‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ – ‹• Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  †‡•‹‰• ˆ‘” Š—ƒȂ’‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹ŽŽŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ•’‡ –•ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ–Š‹ • Š‡”‡‹•–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ’”‘˜‘‹‰ƒ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ǡ ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘‹‡™™ƒ›•ǡƒ††‹• —••‹‰‹‰”ƒ‹‡†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ  •’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰ƒacceptableƒ‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ–ƒŽŽǫŠ‹•‹•ƒ˜‡”› ‘’Ž‡š“—‡•–‹‘ ™Š‡–ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ‡†Ž‡••ƒ””ƒ›‘ˆ•—„Ǧ“—‡•–‹‘•‡‡”‰‡•ǣ‘ –Š‡‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Š—ƒ•ǡ‘™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘ˆƒ ˆƒ”‡†’‹‰ ƒ„‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘‘ˆˆ•‡–‹–•’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡‹Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ‘™Š‡–Š‡”†‡ƒ–Š‹•ƒŠƒ”–‘ –Š‡ ’‹‰ ‹ˆ ‹– ‘—Ž† „‡ ’ƒ‹Ž‡•• ƒ† ‹•–ƒ–ƒ‡‘—•ǡ ‘” ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ „”‹‰‹‰ ‹–‘ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡”’‹‰ƒ‡•—’ˆ‘”•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‹‰‘‡ȋ•‡‡‹•ƒʹͲͳͳȌǤŽƒ›‹‰ƒ ˜‹†‡‘ ‰ƒ‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ’‹‰ ™‘—Ž† ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ “—‡•–‹‘• ‹ ƒ ‡™ ƒ† –‘ •‘‡ ‡š–‡– ‘”‡ †‹”‡ – ȋƒŽ„‡‹– ‡†‹ƒ–‡†Ȍ ™ƒ›Ǥ ƒ†˜‡”–‡–Ž›ǡƒˆ–‡”„‡‹‰•‡†— ‡†‹–‘–Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡Š—ƒ‰ƒ‡” ƒ›ƒ–•‘‡’‘‹–•–ƒ”––‘ƒ••‡••™Š‡–Š‡”Ž‹ˆ‡‹–Š‡’‡‹•™‘”–Š„‡‹‰‹ŽŽ‡†‹–Š‡ ‡†Ǥ‘‡•–Š‡’‹‰‘‡‹–‡”ƒ –•™‹–Š ‘‡ƒ ”‘••ƒ•‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†–‘Ž‹˜‡ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡ ‡Œ‘›‹‰Š‹•‘”Š‡”Ž‹ˆ‡ǫ •–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰‹ƒ‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”ƒˆƒ‹”„ƒ”‰ƒ‹ǫȋ”‹• –Š‹•ƒ‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡“—‡•–‹‘ǫȌ‘™‡ǡ„›’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ǡ”‡ˆ”ƒ‹ˆ”‘—•‹‰–Š‡ ’‹‰•ƒ• ‡”‡‡ƒ•ǫ † ‘—Ž†–Š‡•‡ˆ‡™Ǧ‘–Š•Ǧ‘Ž† ƒƒŽ• „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡ†‡•‹”‡•ǡ‘–‹˜‡•ǡƒ†‡‘”›ǡƒ†–Š—•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡„‡‹‰ƒǮ•—„Œ‡ –‘ˆƒ Ž‹ˆ‡ǯȋ‡‰ƒʹͲͲͶȌǫŠƒ–ƒ”‡‘—”†—–‹‡•–‘™ƒ”†•‘ǦŠ—ƒ•–Šƒ– ƒ„‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆ ƒ• ƒ‰‡–• ȋƒŽ†‡™ƒ‹Œ ʹͲͳ͵ȌǢ ƒ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡ › –Š‡› ƒ› ”‡˜‡ƒŽ ‹‘—”‡†‹ƒ–‡† ‡ ‘—–‡”•ǫ  –Š‹‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ‹ƒŽ‡–Š‹ •“—‡•–‹‘•™Š‹Ž‡’Žƒ›‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡’‹‰• ƒ’’‡ƒ”™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘’Žƒ›ƒ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‹• ‘„‹‡†‘”ƒŽȀ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ‘•‘‡ ‡š–‡–ǡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ’‘•‡† Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† ƒ• ‘˜‡”Ž› ƒ„•–”ƒ –ǡˆ‘”ƒŽǡƒ†

 aconclusioninthemaking251  †‹•–ƒ ‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡’Žƒ ‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡› ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•™‡”‡†‹—ƒ ‡†ǡˆ‹‡Ǧ‰”ƒ‹‡†ǡ ƒ† ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡– ™ƒ›•Ǥͳʹʹ Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ’Žƒ› ƒ› ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”•‘ˆƒ• ”‹„‹‰ƒ‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•–Šƒ–‹•‘––Š‘—‰Š––‘•—’‡”˜‡‡ ‘ ‡”–ƒ‹“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ‡’‹‰•‹•‘‡™ƒ›‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› Ž‘•‡ –‘ Š—ƒ•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ• ’”‘Ž‘‰‡† ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘—Ž† ‰‹˜‡ ”‹•‡ –‘ ƒ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› —‹ƒ‰‹‡† ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”Ǥ  Š‡‰‡”‡‘ˆƒ‰ƒ‡ƒŽ•‘•–ƒ†•‘—–‹ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘–Š‡–™‘ȋ—•–”‹ƒȌ †‘ —‡–ƒ”‹‡•‡–‹‘‡†‹–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹–Š‡ ‡”ƒǦ •’‡ƒ‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ•depriǦkinoǤŠ‘Ȃ™Šƒ–‹†‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –Ȃ ‹••—’’‘•‡†–‘ ‘‡–‘–Š‡ ‹‡ƒ–‘—†‡”‰‘–Š‹•†‡’”‡••‹‰‰‡”‡ǫ ‘•—‡”• ™Š‘ ˆ‡‡Ž –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ ”‡’‡– ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ •‹• ƒ† —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡ ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ‰—‹Ž–ǫ ‘ ‡”‡† ‹–‹œ‡• ‹ˆ‘”‹‰ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ —””‡– •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ’‡”Šƒ’• ‹ ’ƒ”– ƒŽ•‘ Ž—”‡† „› –Š‡ ’”‘‹•‡ ‘ˆ •—„Ž‹‡ ‹ƒ‰‡”›ǫ Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡ƒƒ‰‹‰ƒ— ƒ›‹š–—”‡‘ˆ ”ƒˆ–‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‘”ƒŽ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹Ž‡ ”‡˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‹ Š‘””‘”Ǥ ‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Š› ‘•– ’‡‘’Ž‡“—‹–‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ‡ƒ‡ˆˆ‘”–‘––‘–Š‹ƒ„‘—–•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”Š‘—•‡•†—”‹‰ ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Ž‹˜‡•ǡ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ™Š›•‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›†‘‰‘˜‹•‹– ‘‡‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰Ǥ ”‘›‘™‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ  ƒ‘–†‡›–Šƒ––Š‹•ƒ›„‡ƒ‘†† ‹š–—”‡‘ˆŠƒ˜‹‰ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ†—–›–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‘—”ˆ‘‘†•›•–‡ǡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š —”‹‘•‹–›ǡˆƒ• ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†”‡’—Ž•‹‘Ǥ  Willtherealmoralsubjectpleasestandup? • ‹ –Š‡ †‘ —‡–ƒ”‹‡•ǡ ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –• ƒ „‡ ‹ƒ‰‹‡†ǡ •–ƒ‰‡†ǡ ƒ† ‡ƒ –‡† ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•ȋ ˆǤƒ™ƒ†‘ŽʹͲͲͺȌǤ‹‡–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•†‹• —••‡†‹ Šƒ’–‡”ʹǡ™‡ ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ—††Ž‡†ˆ‹‰—”‡•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š‹š‡†‡‘–‹‘•Ǣƒ–‡ƒ Š‘‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ› Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ†‘ƒ‹•ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡƒ†•›„‘Ž‹ ‘”†‡”•Ǥ—– ‘•–‘ˆ—•ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘œ‘‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•‹–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‘‹–‡–•ƒ†‘”ƒŽ”‘Ž‡•ǡ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ Ǯ‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ ™‘”–Šǯ ‘ˆ ‘Ž–ƒ•‹ ƒ† Š‡˜‡‘– –Šƒ–  Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –‡† ‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ”Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• ‘‘Ž› Žƒ‡–‡† „› ƒ›‘‡Š‘’‹‰–‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹•–Š‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ ‹–‹œ‡•ƒ† ‘•—‡”•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ’’‡ƒ”•ƒ•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡•–ƒ–‡†ƒ†”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǣ„‡–™‡‡™Šƒ–ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡•ƒ›–Š‡›™ƒ–‹Ǯ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡ǯƒ†

  122 Which, however, does not necessarily mean that the situation and the attending practice cannot be questionedintheirentiretyfromamoresituatedposition,cf.Diamond(1978).  252chapterten  ™Šƒ–‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›„—›‹•—’‡”ƒ”‡–•ȋ”‘‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͸Ǣ‡‹Œ„‘‘ǡ‹•ƒǡ ƒ†”‘ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ  Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ’”‘’‡”Ž›‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –ǡ–Š‡ǡ•‡‡•–‘„‡–‘•‘‡Š‘™ –—”‹†Ž‡•• ‘•—‡”•‹–‘”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ‹–‹œ‡•ǤŠ‹•„”‹‰•Š‘‡–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ– „—›‹‰ƒ†‡ƒ–‹‰‡ƒ–ƒ††ƒ‹”›ȋ‘”ƒ›–Š‹‰ǡˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”Ȍ‹•‡˜‡”ƒ’—”‡Ž› ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–Š‹‰Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ‹•Ž‡‹•—’‡”ƒ”‡–•–‡†‘––‘™‡‹‰Š—’ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‘•–• ƒ† „‡‡ˆ‹–• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’”‘–‡‹ •‘—” ‡•Ǥ „‘†‹‡†ǡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽǡ ‘—ƒŽǡ•›„‘Ž‹ ǡƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–›’‡•‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡–‘‘Ǥ ‡•‹†‡•‘—””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†‘”ƒŽŽ›ƒŽ–”—‹•–‹ „”ƒ‹ ȋ™Š‹ Š ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ˆ‹‰—”‡• •‘‡™Šƒ– ‹ –Š‡ „ƒ ‰”‘—†ǡ ‡†‹‰ ’”‹‘”‹–› –‘ –Š‡ ƒ†Š‡”‡ ‡ –‘ †ƒ‹Ž› ”‘—–‹‡•Ȍǡ–ƒ•–‡ǡ•‡ŽŽǡƒ†‹†‡–‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘™‡‹‰Š‹ǤŠ‹•‹•™Šƒ–ƒ‡•—• ‘•—‡”••— Šƒ˜‘Žƒ–‹Ž‡Ž‘–Ǥ—–™‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‹•™ƒ›‘ˆ ‘ ‡‹˜‹‰ –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ‘•—‡”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–™‡Ǯƒ• ‹–‹œ‡•ǯ ƒ”‡™‡ŽŽǦ‹ˆ‘”‡†ǡŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹•–‡–ǡƒ†ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘‹––‡†–‘‹†‡ƒŽ•‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡ƒ† ‘Ǧ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡Ǥ  ‘ǡ–Š‡’‘‹–™‘—Ž†„‡‘––‘ƒ––‡’––‘–—”–Š‡•‡–™‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ˆ‹‰—”‡•‹–‘‘‡ ‘Š‡”‡– ‘”ƒŽ ƒ‰‡–ǡ ƒ ‹˜‹  ‘•—‡” ™Š‹ Š ™‘—Ž† „”‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡™‘”†•‡š’”‡••‡†‹‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ„›ƒ‹‰—• ‹–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ‰‡–• ‘‹––‡† –‘ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹•–’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǣ‘” ’‡”Šƒ’• ƒŽŽ‹‰—’‘‘—” ‘• ‹‡ ‡‹‘”‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ™ƒ›•ǤŠ‡‰ƒ‡‹•‡ƒ––‘ †‘•‘‡–Š‹‰‡Ž•‡Ǥ –ƒ††•ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡƒ–Š‹”†ǡˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ•‘‡‘‡–‘™Š‘’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š ’‹‰••‘—†•Ž‹‡ˆ—ǡ„—–™Š‘ǡ—’‘ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‹†•Š‹Ǧ‘”Š‡”•‡Žˆ‹ƒ „”ƒ†‡™”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽȀ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‘”ƒŽ ‘—†”—Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ƒ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ – ‡‡”‰‡•–Šƒ–‹•ƒ‘”‡‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‘’Ž‡š‹š–—”‡‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ‹–‡”‡•–‡†ƒ†ƒŽ–”—‹•–‹  †‹•’‘•‹–‹‘•ǡ ‹ ƒ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ Ž‹‹‰ Šƒ„‹– ƒ† ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ† ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ  Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•ǡ–Š‡ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹†‘ˆ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘–‘ǡ‘”•‡†— –‹‘‘ˆǡ ™Šƒ–ƒ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –‹•–‘ Š‘‘•‡–‘—†‡”‰‘–Šƒ™Šƒ–‹•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†„›†‘ —‡–ƒ”‹‡• •— Šƒ•OurDailyBread‘”WeFeedtheWorldǤ‘–˜‹ƒ†—–‹ˆ—Ž”‡˜‡ŽŽ‹‰‹’”‘’Š‡ ‹‡• ‘ˆ †‘‘ ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ †‡•–”— –‹‘ǡ „—– –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹† ‘ˆ ”Š‡–‘”‹ Ǥ ‡ –Šƒ– Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‘” ”ƒ–Š‡” Ǯƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ›ǯǡͳʹ͵’Žƒ›•‘ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ†‡„‘†‹‡† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•™‹–Š‘—–ˆ—ŽŽ›’”‡• ”‹„‹‰Š‘™‘‡‹•–‘ˆ‡‡Žƒ†™Šƒ––Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡   123Orperhapsvirtually(foraminuteassumingthisdistinctionstillmakessense).  aconclusioninthemaking253  ™‹ŽŽƒ‘—––‘ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ†‡–‘”‡ƒ‹‘’‡Ǣ‘‡”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡™‡ǡ–Š‡ ƒ‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‡ǡƒ”‡‘–”‡ƒŽŽ›•—”‡‘ˆŠ‘™–‘ˆ‡‡Žƒ„‘—–ˆƒ”‹‰’‹‰•ǡŽ‡–ƒŽ‘‡ ƒ„‘—–’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡Ǥ  Š‡‰ƒ‡ȋˆ‘”‘™‡”‡Ž›ƒ•ƒ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Š‘—‰Š–‡š’‡”‹‡–Ȍ ‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒ„”‡ƒ Š ‹™Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘”ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‡†–™‘•–”‹ –Ž›•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǣ’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š›‘—” ’‡–ǡ ƒ† ”ƒ‹•‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ˆ‘” ˆ‘‘† ȋ ˆǤ ‘”–ŠƒŽ• ʹͲͲʹǢ ‡”œ‘‰ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ ‘™ ‘‡ ‘•‹†‡”•–Š‹•‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘†‡’‡†•‘‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†Š‘™™‡ ƒ”‡–‘ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”‘”ƒ–‹˜‡•–ƒ–—•Ǥ ƒ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–‡–Š‹ •ǡ™‡†‘‘–‡‡†–‘ ƒ••—‡‡š‹•–‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–‘„‡Ǯ‰‹˜‡ǯƒ†‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•–ƒ–‹ ǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰ ƒǡ–Š‡ǡ „‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•ƒ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹•‡‡‹‰–‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡–˜ƒ”‹‘—•’‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽƒƒ‰‡ –‘ ƒŽ‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‹ –Š‡•‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ‡™ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‘”‡•–ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘”ƒ•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡••‘—” ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ‰‘‘†ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡”‹‰Š––‘’”‘–‡•–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‹•—†—‡‹š‹‰‘ˆ™Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†„‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ‡ƒ Š™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‘™‹–”‹•‹ ƒ‹•ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰• Ȃ ƒ• ‹ ƒ ‘ ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•— Šƒ•–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ –›”‡ȋʹͲͳ͵Ǣ‡—Žƒ”–œ‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲʹǡʹͷʹȌǤ  ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡƒȋ„ƒ†Ž›†‡•‹‰‡†Ȍ‰ƒ‡ ‘—Ž†˜‡”›™‡ŽŽ†‡ˆŽ‡ ––Š‡•‡”‹‘—•“—‡•–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ —””‡– ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ gamifiedǡ ˆ‡‡ŽǦ‰‘‘† ˆƒ ƒ†‡ –‘ ™Šƒ– ‘‡ ƒ› ˆ‹† ƒ Š‘””‹ˆ‹ ‹†—•–”›ǡˆ— –‹‘‹‰ƒ•ƒ‡™–‘‘Ž‹ ‘‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘ˆǮ‘–™ƒ–‹‰–‘ ‘™ǯǤͳʹͶ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†ƒ‰‡”–Šƒ–—”„ƒ ˆ‘Ž™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘”—”ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•™Š‡ˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ•„‡ ‘‡ Ǯƒǯ•„‡•–ˆ”‹‡†ǯ–‘‘Ǥ—––Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•–Šƒ– –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ †‡ ‹†‹‰‘–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›‘ˆƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ȃƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡‹–•ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘Ȃ ‹• ‘– •‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”‡‡†•–‘†‘ǡ‘”–Šƒ–‹• ‘ ‡‹˜‡†‘ˆƒ•ƒ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆˆ‹†‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š–ƒ”‰—‡–•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡƒ‡–‹”‡‰‡”‡‘ˆ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹• ‘’‡‡†—’ǡ™Š‹ ŠƒŽŽ‘™•—•–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š ‡–”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•–Šƒ–‘–Š‡”™‹•‡–‡†–‘ „‡‹‰‘”‡†Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•ƒ‰‘‘†‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—„˜‡”•‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ„‹‰—‘—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ –Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‹•–Š‡•Š‡‡”˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‡•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒˆ–‡”’”‡•‡–‹‰‹––‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ—†‹‡ ‡•Ǥ Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›“—‡•–‹‘‡†ˆ‘”ȋ‘––‘•ƒ›ƒ —•‡† ‘ˆȌ –—”‹‰ ƒ •‡”‹‘—• ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǦ• ƒŽ‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‹–‘ ƒ Œ‘‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘ƒ‘–Š‡” ‘ ƒ•‹‘•‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡†”‡™–Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡›‡‡†‡†–‘„‡ ‘‡˜‡‰‡–ƒ”‹ƒ•Ǥ 

  124Cf.VanderWeele(2013)foradiscussion(inDutch)ofthecomplexitiesofthemoralselfanditsrelationto undesiredknowledge.  254chapterten  2–AhighǦtechmediatedfarmvisit  Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰• ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ™ƒ›–‘„”‹‰ƒǮ˜‹”–—ƒŽǯˆƒ”˜‹•‹––‘ƒ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡”ƒ–Š‡” ‹ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘•‡ –‘”ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž†„‡ƒˆƒ”˜‹•‹––Šƒ–‹•‘–”‘‘–‡† ‹‘•–ƒŽ‰‹ƒǡ„—––Šƒ–‡‰ƒ‰‡•™‹–Š–Š‡’‡ —Ž‹ƒ”‹š–—”‡‘ˆƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ǡ ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š –‡ Š ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™Š‹ Šȋ•–‹ŽŽȌ ƒ‡—’ˆƒ”Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ –Š‹•”‡•’‡ –ǡ–Š‡‰ƒ‡‹‰Š–†”ƒ™ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‘’Ž‡š‹–‹‡•ƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•‹†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ƒ†’‹‡ ‹‰–Š‡•‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹–‘ƒ ‘Š‡”‡–‘•ƒ‹ ǤŠ‡”‡„›ǡ‹– „—‹Ž†•‘–Š‡ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†‡• ”‹„‡†‹ Šƒ’–‡”ʹǡƒ†‘ –Š‡‹” Ǯ‹š‡† ‘–‹˜‡•ǯ ƒ† –Š‡ Ǯ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‘•ǯ –Š‡› ˆ‹† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‹ ȋ™Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—–•‹†‡ȌǤ  ‡ ƒ•ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘”‡‹••—‡‹ƒ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‡–Š‹ • ‘‡•†‘™–‘–Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Š‘•‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‘” •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ‘”†‡† –Š‡ •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ‹“—‹”›ǫ † ˆ”‘ –Š‹•ǡ ‘–Š‡” “—‡•–‹‘• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǡ •— Š ƒ• ™Šƒ– ‘—–• ƒ• ƒ ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ†ǡ‹‘—”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡–Š‹ •ǡ™Š‹ Šˆƒ”‡”•ǯ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ”‡ ™‡‰‘‹‰–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–ǫŠ‡ˆƒ”‡”™Š‘‡ƒ Š‡˜‡‹‰‰‘‡•–‘Š‹•–‹‡•–ƒŽŽ–‘•’‡† •‘‡–‹‡™‹–ŠŠ‹• ‘™•ǫ”–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”™Š‘”‡˜‡Ž•‹–Š‡’”‘†— –‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘‘–ŠˆŽ‘™‘ˆƒ Š‹‡”›ƒ†ƒ™‡ŽŽǦ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰†ƒ‹”›Š‡”†ǫ‘–Šǫ  ‡’‡†‹‰ƒŽ•‘‘–Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡‰ƒ‡™‘—Ž†‘ˆˆ‡”ƒˆ—”–Š‡”‰Ž‹’•‡‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ ‘–Š‡ˆƒ”ǡ™‡ƒ›„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ™‹†‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ˆƒ”‡”• Šƒ˜‡ǡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹• —””‡–Ž› ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ„•‡– ˆ”‘ ’—„Ž‹  †‡„ƒ–‡‘”‹•‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†— ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‡ ‘—Ž††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡™ƒ†‘”‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ‘–‹‘•‘ˆ ƒ”‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ„‹‰—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–‹••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –‘–Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡™‡ ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘“—‡•–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‹•–›’‡ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž Š—ƒȂƒ‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘ ƒ ”‡‰—Žƒ” ’‹‰ ˆƒ”†‘‡•‘–‡š‹•–ǡ ™‘—Ž†„‡”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Žƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘‹‘—”’‘•–‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ‹•–‘‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽ‘†‡‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹“—‹”›–Šƒ–‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›†‹•‹–‡”‡•–‡†’—„Ž‹ ‹ƒ‹š–—”‡‘ˆ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆŒ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘–‹˜‡•ǡƒ†‡‘–‹‘•Ǥ  Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‡ˆ‘”ˆƒ”‡†’‹‰•ǡƒ–ƒˆƒ”ǡŠƒ•‡ƒ–•’‡†‹‰–‹‡ ƒ–ˆƒ”•‘–‘Ž›™‹–Š’‹‰•„—–ƒŽ•‘™‹–Šˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ –’”‘˜‡†ƒ‰‘‘†‡š —•‡ȋƒŽ„‡‹–ƒ– ˆ‹”•–‘‡–Šƒ–”ƒ‹•‡••‘‡‡›‡„”‘™•Ȍˆ‘”•’‡†‹‰ƒˆ‡™†ƒ›•‹–Š‡’‡Ǥ‡Šƒ†ƒ ǮŒ‘„ǯ–‘†‘–Š‡”‡ǡ‘‡–Šƒ–™‡‡‡†‡†–‘ Ž‘•‡Ž›‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡ƒ† ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”•ǤŠ‡ˆƒ”‡”•‡‡†‡†–‘•‡‡•‘‡‹†‘ˆ„‡‡ˆ‹–ˆ‘”Šƒ˜‹‰—•–Š‡”‡ǡ‡‹–Š‡”  aconclusioninthemaking255  „›‰‡––‹‰’ƒ‹††‹”‡ –Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡–”‘—„Ž‡ǡ‘”„›•‡‡‹‰–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ‹–›ƒ† „‡‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ ƒ––‡’–• ƒ– ‹’”‘˜‹‰ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‡›‡ǡ ‘” ‡˜‡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰‘—”‰ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ’‹‰ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹‘Ǥ‹ ‡™‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘—”’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ˜‡‰‘–‹–‘— Šǡ ƒ•‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”™‡ ‘—Ž† ‘‡ƒ†–‡•––Š‡‰ƒ‡ƒ––Š‡‹”ˆƒ”ǡ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰Š‘™ –Š‡‹” Š‹Ž†”‡™‘—Ž†Ž‘˜‡–Šƒ–Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡‘’–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰ƒ‡ǡƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›–Š‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹Ž†”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž›ǯ• ˆƒ”‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ™ƒ• Šƒ‰‡†ǡ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š  †‹• —••‡†‹ Šƒ’–‡”ʹǤ ƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰–Š—•ˆ— –‹‘‡†ƒ•ƒ™ƒ›–‘ ƒ‡–Š‡‡š–‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ȋ–Šƒ–‹–Š‡‡›‡•‘ˆƒ›’ƒ”‡–••‡‡• Ž‘•– –‘ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒȌ‹–‡”‡•–‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹‹™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•ƒ––Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘•‹–‡‹–Š‡‹”„ƒ ›ƒ”†ǡ ’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡–ƒ‡‘˜‡”–Š‡ˆƒ”‘‡†ƒ›Ǥ  —–‘—”•™ƒ•ƒŒ‘„–Šƒ–™ƒ•”ƒ–Š‡”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘”‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‹• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–‡•‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ†‡ˆ‘”‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‡™‡”‡†‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ„—––‘—•–Š‡›ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹ƒ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‹‰Š–ǣ‘‡ˆ—ŽŽ‘ˆ ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›Ǥ—”‘—–Ž‘‘”‡˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ”‘—† ‘’‡‡•• –‘ •—”’”‹•‡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ •–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ –”›‹‰ –‘ ‘–”‘Ž „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ ™‡ ™‡”‡ –”›‹‰ –‘‹–‡”’”‡––Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”™ƒ›•‘ˆ’”‘‘–‹‰—‡š’‡ –‡†‘˜‡•Ǥ ‡ ™‡”‡ Ž‘‘‹‰ ˆ‘” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –”›‹‰ –‘ ‡‡– –Š‡‹” †‡ƒ†•‰‡‡”‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‘–Š–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘ ‡••ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‡–—ƒŽ’Žƒ›‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‡ ‹’Ž› ƒ ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰ ’‹‰•ǣ „‡‹‰ ™‹–Š ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’‹‰• — Š Ž‘‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽˆƒ”™‘”‡”™‹–ŠŠ‹•‘”Š‡”•–”‹ ––‹‡„—†‰‡–Ǥˆ–‡”ƒ†ƒ› ‹–Š‡’‡•‡––‹‰—’‘—”’”‘–‘–›’‡ǡ–Š‡ —”‹‘—•’‹‰•Šƒ†„‡‡•‹ˆˆ‹‰ƒ† Š‡™‹‰ ˆ‘”Š‘—”•‘–Š‡•‡Ǯ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ••ǯ–‡’‘”ƒ”›ˆƒ”™‘”‡”•ǡƒ‹‰—•–Š‡Š—ƒ• –Š‡›Šƒ†‘•–‹–‡”ƒ –‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ  Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•‹•–Š—•‘•–•—„˜‡”•‹˜‡„›—††Ž‹‰–™‘†‘‡•–‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘”ƒŽŽ› ‡’– •–”‹ –Ž› •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ǣ ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ ’Žƒ›Ǥ ‹ŽŽ –Š‡ ‡™Ž›‡–ƒ‰Ž‡†ˆƒ”’”ƒ –‹ ‡Š‡Ž’ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ǮŽ‘•‹‰‘—” ‘ ‡’–•ǯǡƒ•‘”ƒ‹ƒ‘† ȋͳͻͺͺȌ ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘”ǡ ‹ ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ‘Š ‡”‰‡”ǯ• ‡˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’‡ƒ•ƒ– Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ Š—ƒ•ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘‘† ‘—Ž† „‡ ‡š’”‡••‡† •‡ŽˆǦ ‡˜‹†‡–Ž›ǫ  ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ ‘‡ ‘—Ž† ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› ˆ‡™ Ǯ ‘ ‡’–•ǯŽ‡ˆ––‘ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ Š‘™ˆƒ”‡”Ȃ’‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‹‹–‡•‹˜‡‡‰ƒǦ„ƒ”•ƒ”‡–‘„‡ˆ—ŽŽ›‘’–‹‹œ‡†ƒ†–Š—• ‹‹‹œ‡†ǡ ‡”‰‡”ǯ• ’‡ƒ•ƒ– ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰ •‡‡• —––‡”Ž› ‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ǡ ”‘ƒ–‹ ‹œ‡†‘•–ƒŽ‰‹ƒǤŠ‡‘Ž›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‘”†‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ• ‘‡–‘†‘‹ƒ–‡ ƒŽŽ‡ƒ‹‰‹–Š‡•‡•‹–‡•‹•‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǡ™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ––‡†‹‰‘”•‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ƒ†

 256chapterten  ‘•–”‡†— –‹‘Ǥ‹‰•‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆˆ‡‡† ‘˜‡”•‹‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‰‡‘–›’‡Ǥ Ž› •–ƒ–‡Ǧ‡ˆ‘” ‡† ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ƒ”‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŠ‡”‡–‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹™Š‹ Šˆƒ”‡”•–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ ‡”‡Ž›ƒ•”‡Ž— –ƒ–„ƒ””‹‡”•–‘‹’”‘˜‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ  •–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ • ‹ ‘‹––‡‡• ƒ† ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ †‡„ƒ–‡ǡ ’Žƒ›‹‰ ™‹–Š ’‹‰• ‹ –Š‹• •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ› ƒ‡ ˆ‘” ”‡‡™‡† ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ†Š‡Ž’‰ƒ‹‡™ ‘ ‡’–•ǡ‘” ‘–”ƒ•–•ǡ ˆ‘” ˆƒ”‡”• –‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡ – ‘ –Š‡‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Šƒ– ™Š‡ ‹ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ˆƒ”‡”Ȃƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Žǡ ƒ† ’‹‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‹• ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‡‹–Š‡”ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹  ‹’Ž‹ ‹– Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‹ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ•Šƒ”‡†Ž‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”‹•Ž‘•–Ǥ‘™‡Žˆƒ”‡‹’”‘˜‡‡– ƒ› „‡ ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ƒ‡ —’ ˆ‘” –Š‹• ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‹–‹ƒ › ƒ† ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ’”‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ˆƒ”‹‰ ȋ ˆǤ ‹œ‡ŽŽ‡ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ  ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ‘– Œ—•– ‘ ‡’–• –‘ †‡• ”‹„‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ƒ”‡ Ž‘•–Ǥ ‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ ‘Š ‡”‰‡”ǯ• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–†ƒ‹Ž›’‡ƒ•ƒ–Ȃƒ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ ƒ›†‡‘”‹‡”ƒ••ǣ  DzŠ‘™„‡•––‘‡ ‘—–‡”–Š‡–‡š–—”‡•ƒ† › Ž‡•‘ˆ™‘”–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ˜‡ ƒ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ”‡’Ž‡–‡ ™‹–Š ‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ‹‰Š– „‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡† –‘ ”‡ƒ‹ƒ–‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡” –‡’‘”ƒ”‹Ž›ǡ –Š‹• ‡„‘†‹‡† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ†ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǫdzȋ Ǥ‘”‹‡”ʹͲͲ͸ǡͷͲͶȌ  ƒƒ˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡ ‘•–‹–—–‡ƒ™ƒ›–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‡™‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†•‘‡Š‘™ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ ‡†‹ƒ–‡† ‡„‘†‹‡† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ •‹–—ƒ–‡† †ƒ‹Ž› ”Š›–Š• ƒ† ”‘—–‹‡•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šˆƒ”‹‰ǫ”™‘—Ž†–Š‹•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡†‹ƒ–‡†’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘†‡–”ƒ –ˆ”‘ƒˆƒ”˜‹•‹––Šƒ–•–‹ŽŽ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ‘”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›‡„‘†‹‡†ƒ† ‘”‡ †‹”‡ –Ž› ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡ ‘—–‡” Ȃ ‡˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‹• ‘Ž› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• •Šƒ”‹‰ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‰‰‹‰ •‡ŽŽ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ› ˆƒ”‡† ’‹‰ ‡†—”‡• ™‹–Š‘—– ‘™‹‰ ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‡Ž•‡ǫ ‘˜‹‰ƒˆ‹‰‡”‘˜‡”–Š‡• ”‡‡‘ˆƒ–ƒ„Ž‡– ‘’—–‡”–‘ ‘‡ ––‘ƒƒ‹ƒŽ‹•‘– –Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•–”›‹‰–‘Šƒ†Ž‡ƒ ‘™‘”ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ’‹‰Ž‡–•ǤŠ‡•‡Žƒ––‡”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ™‹ŽŽƒŽ‘•– ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡”‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘™ƒ†‹–•ƒ••‹˜‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽ’”‡•‡ ‡ –Šƒ–‘—–™‡‹‰Š•—•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǡˆ‘”„‡‹‰ƒ„Ž‡–‘Šƒ†Ž‡–Š‡•‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ  ‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‹•‘”‡‹‡”•‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‰ƒ‡Ǥ‹ŽŽ’Žƒ›‹‰‹––—”Ǯ ƒ” ƒ••‡•ǯ‹–‘Ǯ’‡–•ǯǡ–Š‡‘Ž› –™‘”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡‹‘†‡”‹–›ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‡”‰‡”ȋʹͲͲͳȌǫ ” ‘—Ž†‹–„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘†‡•‹‰™Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡–”—‡‡ ‘—–‡”• ™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ”‡‰ƒ‹‹‰ ‘” ‡™Ž› ˆ‹†‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘ ‡’–• ˆ‘” –Š‹‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ‘—” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• –‘

 aconclusioninthemaking257  ’‹‰•ǫ‹ŽŽ–Š‹•’”‘‘–‡–Š‡ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ǡ‘”‘Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ǡ ‹ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ˆƒ”‹‰ǡˆƒ” ”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘ƒ›–Š‹‰™‡ƒ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ•‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŠ—ƒȂƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǫ ”ǡ‹ˆ‹–†‘‡•ˆ‘•–‡”ƒ†‡‡’‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ǡ™‹ŽŽ‹–„‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ† ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‡‘—‰Š ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• –‘ ”‡ ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǫ Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡Š—ƒȂ’‹‰‰ƒ‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ›‹•’‹”‡•›•–‡‹ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž› ‘–ƒ•ƒ•‡–‘ˆ’—”‡Ž›–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ„—–™‹–Š‘”ƒŽ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ–‡˜‡”› –—”Ǥ 

3–Disclosingmoralworldsbygamedesign  ‡‘†‡‹™Š‹ Š–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰• ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž˜‡™‹–Š‡–Š‹ •‹•–Š”‘—‰Š™Šƒ–‹ Šƒ’–‡” ͵ ™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯ™‘”Ž† †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ǯǤ ’‡ –ƒ —Žƒ” †‡•‹‰• ƒ› •–‹” –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ȋ‘ •‡ ‘† –Š‘—‰Š–•Ȍ ƒ —•‡––Ž‡ ‘‘ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ Ž‘‘‹‰ ƒ– ‡š‹•–‹‰‡˜‡”›†ƒ›’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤŠ‹•†›ƒ‹ ’”‘ ‡••™ƒ••Š‘™ǡ‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡•‘ˆ‹˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ–ƒ†Š‹‰ŠǦ”‹•‡’‹‰ˆƒ”•ǡ–‘™‘”‹ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––Š”‡‡™ƒ›•Ǥ ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡƒ‹‰ƒ †‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –’—„Ž‹ ǡ‡˜‡„‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡˆ— –‹‘•ƒ•ƒ‘ ƒ•‹‘ˆ‘” †‡„ƒ–‡ǤŠƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡„ƒ–‡‘–Œ—•–‘™Š‡–Š‡”–‘ƒ ‡’––Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‘”‘–ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‘–Š‡™‹†‡”‹••—‡–Š‡†‡•‹‰‹•‡ƒ––‘‹–‡”˜‡‡‹ǡ‹ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ —””‡–Ǧ†ƒ›‹–‡•‹˜‡’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰•‡––‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‹•†‡„ƒ–‡ ƒ „‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽŽ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǡ™‹–Š‡™ƒ –‘”•ƒ†•—”’”‹•‹‰ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘•‡–‡”‹‰–Š‡• ‡‡Ǥ ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ †—”‹‰ –Š‹• †‡„ƒ–‡ǡ –Š‡ –‡”• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ƒ› Šƒ‰‡ǡ‘”•Š‹ˆ–‹‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ†ǡ–Š‹”†Ž›ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ –‘”• ƒ „‡ ”‡–Š‘—‰Š– —†‡” –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ †‡•‹‰ ’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ•Š‹ˆ–‡†ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡„‘†‹‡–ǡ‡‘–‹‘•ǡƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ ƒ†–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‘”ƒŽ ‘‹–‡–•ǤŠ‡”‡„›ǡ‡˜‡™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•–‘ „‡ƒ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ – ƒ„‡•‡‡–‘ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ ƒ ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‡Ž‘™ǡ–Š‡•‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹• —••‡†‘”‡‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ  ’‡ –ƒ —Žƒ” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” †‡•‹‰ ƒ”‡ ‘– –Š‡ ‘Ž› ˆ‘”•‹™Š‹ Š‘”ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†•ƒ”‡†‹• Ž‘•‡†Ǥ•†‹• —••‡†‹ Šƒ’–‡”͵ǡ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ™‘”Ž††‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ–‡ Šƒ’’‡•‹ ‘•‘ƒ ‡™‹–ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‡™‡˜‘ ƒ–‹˜‡™‘”†•Ȍƒ†ȋˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ ˜‹•—ƒŽȌƒ”–™‘”•Ǥ—––Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•Ž‹˜‡†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡƒ›ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –ǤŠ‹‘ˆ–ƒ‹‰’ƒ”–‹ƒǮ˜‡‰ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǯ ƒ†–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Šƒ––‡’–‹‰–‘ ‘•—‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ˜‡‰ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†ˆ‘”ƒ ™‡‡‹••ƒ‹†–‘’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž› Šƒ‰‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘†— –•‹‘—”•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–„›˜‹•—ƒŽ‡ƒ•™ƒ•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†„›–Š‡„‘‘

 258chapterten  ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰—‹‰–Š‡•–—ˆˆƒ”‘—†—•–Šƒ– ‘–ƒ‹••—„•–ƒ ‡•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘’‹‰•ǯ„‘†‹‡•ǡ „› Š”‹•–‹‡ ‡‹†‡”–•ƒ ȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ ƒ”–• ƒ† ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‰‡”‡• ‘ˆ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š›ƒ†ˆ‹Žǡ†‹•ƒ•–‡”•ƒ† ”‹•‡• ƒƒŽ•‘†‹• Ž‘•‡‘”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†•Ǣ–Š‹‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ– Š‹‰ ‡†‹ƒ ”‡’‘”–• ‘ —”‘’‡ƒ‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ– Ǯ•–ƒ’‹‰‘—–ǯ•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•‹–Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•Ǥ—–’—„Ž‹  ‡š’‡”‹‡–• ƒƒŽ•‘„‡™‘”Ž††‹• Ž‘•‹‰Ǥ‘•‹†‡”ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡŠ‘™–Š‡‘•–˜ƒƒ”†‡”•’Žƒ••‡ Ǯ”‡™‹Ž†‹‰ǯƒ”‡ƒŠƒ•‡–Š”ƒŽŽ‡†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹—– Š†‡„ƒ–‡•‘ƒ–—”‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‘”‹‡”ƒ†”‹‡••‡ʹͲͳͶȌƒ†ˆ‘”•ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Žƒ–‹–Š‡•‹•–‘ ‘‘‹†‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ ˆƒ” ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ȋ‘”‹‡” ƒ† ”‹‡••‡ ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ ‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡•‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–• ƒ”‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†„›‘ǦŠ—ƒ•ǡ•— Šƒ•‹’‘’—Žƒ”‡†‹ƒ•–‘”‹‡•‘ˆƒ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ ‘™ ™Š‘„”‡ƒ•Ž‘‘•‡Œ—•–ƒ••Š‡‹•ƒ„‘—––‘„‡•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‡†ƒ†ǡ‹ƒ”ƒ”‡‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‡˜‡ ƒƒ‰‡•–‘•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ˆŽ‡‡ƒ†Ž‹˜‡‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›ȋƒ Š‹”ƒ–ʹͲͳͳǢ™‹‡ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ Š—•ǡƒ‹ƒŽ•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ„›„‡Šƒ˜‹‰‹ ‡”–ƒ‹™ƒ›•ƒ†”‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ ‡ ‘—–‡”•™‹–Š—•ǡ ƒƒŽ•‘„‡ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ™‘”Ž†Ǧ†‹• Ž‘•‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ǥ‘ƒŽ†•‘ ƒ†›Ž‹ ƒƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‡”‡’”‡•‡ ‡‹’—„Ž‹ •’ƒ ‡•ǡ ƒ„‡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡• ƒ† ƒ‰‡–• ‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡ ȋ‘ƒŽ†•‘ ƒ† ›Ž‹ ƒ ʹͲͳͳǡ ͳͳͶȌǤ —– ‘”‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‡ ‘—–‡”• ™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ ‡˜‹†‡–Ž› „‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† Ž‹ˆ‡ Šƒ‰‹‰ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–”ƒ•‹–‹‘•‹™ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ —•– –Š‹‘ˆ‘–ƒ‹‰‡ƒ†Š‹• ƒ–Ǥ Ž•‘ǡ ‘”ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› –‡š–• ƒ ƒ‡ —• Ž‘‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹ ƒ– ‘—” Š‡”‹•Š‡† „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ –ƒ›‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘‡†‘™–‘Œ—•–’‘•–ǦŠ‘ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡƒ• “—‘–‡†ˆ”‘‘‡–œ‡‡‹ Šƒ’–‡”ͳǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ™Š‡–Š‡•‡ –‡š–•ƒƒ‰‡–‘Ž‡†ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹†‡ƒŽǡƒ—–‘‘‘—•ǡƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡•—„Œ‡ – –Šƒ–‹• ‘‹––‡†–‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†‘”ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ•‹•‹Š‡”‡–Ž›–Š‡ ƒ•‡‹ ƒ› ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ™‘”Ž† †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ǡ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹‹‰ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒŽ•‘ Ž‘•‡• ‘ˆˆ ƒ† ”‡†‡”• ‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ‘–Š‡” ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ™‘”Ž†• ƒ† ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡˆ‡‹‹•– ”‹–‹“—‡•‘ˆ ‘ ‡’–•‘ˆ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†Œ—•–‹ ‡Šƒ˜‡†”ƒ™ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘ Š‘™–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‹–›ƒ›•‡”˜‡‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘•ǣ„› ƒ•‹‰Š‘™’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”†‘‹ƒ–‰”‘—’• Žƒ‹—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ǣ ƒ† „› Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‹‰ Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹ ƒŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ •–”— –—”‡•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ”‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹–›ǡƒ†–Š‡„‘†›–‘–Š‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡”‡ƒŽȋ‘—‰ʹͲͳͳǡͻ͸ȌǤ  ™‘”Ž†Ǧ†‹• Ž‘•‹˜‡†›ƒ‹  ƒ„‡•‡‡ƒ–™‘”‹–Š‡’‹‰‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ‡˜‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‰ƒ‡‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡƒ•‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡’‹‰–‘™‡”ƒ†‹˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ–Ǥ†‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•ǡŠƒ˜‹‰ƒ‘’‹‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡‰ƒ‡Ȃ™Š‹ Š ƒ› ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž› †‘ Ȃ ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ ‡ƒ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ ȋ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘” ‡š’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†Ȍ‘’‹‹‘ƒ„‘—–’‹‰•ǡƒ„‘—–’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ•ƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡƒ†ƒ„‘—– —””‡– ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”’‹‰•Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ†‹”‡ –‹˜‡‹–•‡ŽˆƒŽ”‡ƒ†›™‘”•–‘†‹• Ž‘•‡

 aconclusioninthemaking259  –Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰ˆƒ”ƒ‡™Ǥƒ›‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹  ™Š‘ Š‡ƒ” ƒ„‘—– –Š‹• †‹”‡ –‹˜‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‹‡ ȋ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‘—” †‡•‹‰ ’”‘Œ‡ –Ȍ ‡š’”‡•• ƒƒœ‡‡–ƒ„‘—––‘›•ˆ‘”’‹‰•„‡‹‰ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›”‡“—‹”‡‡–ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡•‡ ‡”‹ Š‡– ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• †‘ ‘– ‡š‹•–Ǥ —– ƒŽ•‘ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘—” ’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘’‡‡† —’ ‡™ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ Ž‘‘‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ Ž‡ˆ– ˆ”‡‡ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’•‘Ž—–‹‘•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†•–ƒ”–‡†–‘‡š’‡”‹‡–™‹–Šǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ Šƒ‹•ǡ ”‘’‡•ǡ ƒ† ’Žƒ•–‹  ’‘Ž‡•Ǥ  –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ‡‡–‹‰ –Š‹• ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ™‹–Š ’‹‰ „‘”‡†‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†ǡˆƒ”‡”••–ƒ”–‡†–‘‘„•‡”˜‡–Š‡‹”’‹‰•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ǡƒ• ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›’Žƒ›ˆ—Žƒ‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–‡‡†–‘„‡‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡†ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•–‘†‹• —•• ƒ‘‰•– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ† ™‹–Š ‘—–•‹†‡”• ™Šƒ– –‘ †‘ –‘ ‡‡– –Š‡ ’‹‰•ǯ †‡•‹”‡ ˆ‘” Ǯ†‹•–”ƒ –‹‘•ǯǤ  Occasionsfordebateswithothersthantheusualsuspects ‡•‹‰‹‰ ƒ ‰ƒ‡ „”‘—‰Š– –‘‰‡–Š‡” ’‡‘’Ž‡ ˆ”‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—†• ƒ† †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•Ǥ –Š‡’”‘ ‡••ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡Ž‡†–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‹”‘”ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘•‡š’Ž‹ ‹–ƒ† –‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹ ‘” ”‡‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”‡•–• ƒ† ˜‹‡™•Ǥ ˆ–‡” ’—„Ž‹ ‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ˜‹†‡‘ǡ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•––‘ƒ—‡š’‡ –‡†˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ’—„Ž‹  ‡†‹ƒǤ  –Š‹• •‡•‡ǡ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ †‡•‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› •–ƒ”–‡† –‘ ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ• ƒ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ”‡ƒǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ — ‘‡ –‡† Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† ˆ‹‡Ž†•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ‰ƒ‡ †‡•‹‰ ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ ƒ‹ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‘•‡‡–‡”‹‰–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡™‡”‡‘–Œ—•– –Š‡ —•—ƒŽ •—•’‡ –•Ǥ ” ‹ˆ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘‘ ”‘Ž‡• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‹••—‡•‘ˆ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰™‡”‡•‘‡™Šƒ–•—„˜‡”–‡†ǣˆƒ”‡”•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ••‘‡˜‡‰ƒƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‹•–• ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†— ‡”–ƒ‹™Šƒ––‘–Š‹‘ˆ–Š‹•’ŽƒǤ  Š—•ǡ‹–•‡‡‡†’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›†‡•‹‰ƒǮ„‘—†ƒ”›‘„Œ‡ –ǯȋ–ƒ”ƒ† ”‹‡•‡‡” ͳͻͺͻǢ‘ŽʹͲͲʹǡͳ͵ͺȌ–Šƒ–ˆ— –‹‘•–‘„”‹†‰‡‘” ‘‡ –†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‘”Ž†•„› „‡‹‰‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‹‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ”ǡ‹ˆƒ –ǡ–‘†‹• Ž‘•‡ƒ‡™™‘”Ž†ǡ™‹–Š‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘‡ƒ†–Š‡ˆƒ”ǡƒ†‘ˆ‹–‡•‹˜‡’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†ƒ”–‹•–‹ †‡•‹‰ǡ—‡ƒ•‹Ž› Œ—š–ƒ’‘•‡†ǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹•–‘ǡ–Š‡ǡƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‹•—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ‹–›‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰•ǡ ƒ†–‘–‹‡”™‹–Š–Š‡•‡•›„‘Ž‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‹‘”†‡”–‘’”‘‘–‡†‡‡’‡‹‰‘ˆ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ††‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  Newkindsofargumentsandchangingissueunderstandings  ”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‹•„‘—†ƒ”›‘„Œ‡ –ǡƒ‹••—‡‹•‡™Ž›†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡†ǡˆ‘”•‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ”‡”‡†‡”‡†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǡƒ†’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”’—„Ž‹ •„”‘—‰Š–‹–‘”‡Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‘‡”‡•’‘†‡†–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘’‘•ƒŽ„›ƒ••‡••‹‰‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•‹–•’”‘•ƒ†

 260chapterten  ‘•Ǥ –‡”•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”•‘ˆƒ’’Ž‹‡†‡–Š‹ •ǡ“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ›‡‡”‰‡ƒ„‘—– ™Š‡–Š‡”–‘ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ƒ—–‘‘›‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‰•‹•‹’”‘˜‡†„›Šƒ˜‹‰ ‡”–ƒ‹–›’‡•‘ˆ ‰ƒ‡•ƒ•‡”‹ Š‡–ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡„›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡‹” ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡” –Š‡‹” ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ” ’‡”Šƒ’•ǡ ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”› ‘ˆ •‡ƒ” Š‹‰ ˆ‘” ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• –‘ ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ• ‡”‹ Š‡–ǡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ Ǯƒ—–‘‘›ǯǡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡ‹‰Š–„‡ˆ‘—†–‘ Šƒ‰‡‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ  –‹• Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡†‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡†‹ƒ–Šƒ– †‹• —••‹‰–Š‹• ‰ƒ‡‹•‘–ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆƒ••‡••‹‰–Š‡‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆ”‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘”ƒŽŽ›‡—–”ƒŽ‘”’‡”ˆ‡ –™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰’”‘’‘•ƒŽ–Š‡”‡„›‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒ•’ƒ ‡‹ ™Š‹ Š –‘ ’—„Ž‹ Ž› †‹• —•• –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ ’‹‰ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ™Š‡”‡ ‡™ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”‰—‡–• „‡ ƒ‡‘”‡ ‡–”ƒŽǤŠ‡ȋ‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒȌ’‹‰‰ƒ‡ ‘—Ž†ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– „‡ Šƒ” ‹ –Š‹‹‰ ‘ˆ ’‹‰ Š‘—•‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ‹’Ž‹‡† ƒ ‘”ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–Ǥ‘–‘Ž›†‹†–Š‡†‡•‹‰ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ƒˆ‘ —•‘ „‘”‡†‘ ƒ• ƒ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‹••—‡ǡ „—– –Š‡ ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ‰ƒ‡ ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ ȋ™Š‹ Š ‹ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ ‹œ‡† ‘ ‡’– ˜‹†‡‘ •‡‡‡† Ž‹‡ ƒ ‰‹‰ƒ–‹  –‘— Š • ”‡‡Ȍ ƒ†‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‡”‹ Š‡– ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•˜‡”›’‘‘”Ǥ  ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆǮƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ǯƒ•ƒ‹†‡ƒŽˆ‘”’‹‰™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘—Ž† „‡“—‡•–‹‘‡†‘”‹–‡”’”‡–‡†‹‡™™ƒ›•‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› •— ‡••ˆ—Ž ‰ƒ‡ǡ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•†‹•’Žƒ›‡™„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž›‡˜‡ˆ‹† ‡™ ‘†‡• ‘ˆ ‡š’”‡••‹‰ –Š‡‹” ƒ‹ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ ‹• —••‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‡‹‰Š–˜‡”›™‡ŽŽ‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–’‹‰’•› Š‘Ž‘‰› •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ Ǯ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯǢ ™‡ǯ”‡ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ‘– ™‹–Š ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ „—– ™‹–Š ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ ›‘—‰ ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’• –Š‡›ƒ”‡„‡•– —†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•ƒƒŽ‘‰‘—•–‘Ǯ Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ–Šƒ–‡‡†ƒ—’„”‹‰‹‰ǫ  † ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ Š‡Ž’‡† ”‡†‡ˆ‹‡ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‹‰ ’‹‰• ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ”ƒ‹•‹‰ “—‡•–‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰Š—ƒȂƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†‘–Œ—•–„‡‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ †—–‹‡• –‘ ”‡Ž‹‡˜‡ •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ• ‘” ‘”• ‘ˆ •›‡–”› ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–”‹•‹ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘–‘’Žƒ›–Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡†ˆ”‘–”›‹‰–‘ƒ‡—–—ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ‰ƒ‡•ƒ›ƒ–•‘‡’‘‹–Ǯ–”‹ Ž‡†‘™ǯ–‘„‡ ‘‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‘ˆˆƒ” •›•–‡• †‡•‹‰Ǥ ƒ–”—Ž›•›‡–”‹ ƒŽ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘’”‘ ‡••ǡ–Š‡•‡‹•‹‰Š–•™‘—Ž†‘–„‡‘Ž› ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ Šƒ‰‹‰‘”ƒŽ˜‹‡™•‘–Š‡–”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ’‹‰•ǡ‘”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǡ „—– ™‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” ƒ ”‡‡™‡† Ž‘‘ ƒ– ‘—” ‹†‡ƒ• ‘ Š—ƒ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡŠ—ƒȂƒ‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ›Ǥ  

 aconclusioninthemaking261  Newmoralsubjects Š‡†‡•‹‰‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ‹‰ƒ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –‡‡”‰‡–Šƒ–†‹†‘–‡š‹•– „‡ˆ‘”‡ǣ ƒ ”‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ’Žƒ›ǡ †‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ› ‘‡ –‡†ǡ •‡ŽˆǦ ‘• ‹‘—•Ž› Ǯ„‘”‡†ǯ •—„Œ‡ – ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›’”‡’ƒ”‡†–‘’‘†‡”ˆ‘‘†Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‘”ƒŽ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—–‹•ƒ„‘—––‘ ‘‡ –‹ƒ‡™™ƒ›–‘•‘‡‘–Š‡”„‡‹‰ǡ‘”ƒŽŽ›‘Ž›‡ ‘—–‡”‡†‘ƒ’Žƒ–‡Ǥ —†‰‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹  ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ˜‹†‡‘ǡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—ƒ ’Žƒ›‡”• ‡ƒ‰‡” –‘ ‡–‡” –Š‹• ˆƒ”Ȁ‰ƒ‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘—Ž† ˜‡”› ™‡ŽŽ „‡ Ǯ—‡š’‡ –‹‰ǯ‰ƒ‡‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–•Ǥ –™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘ˆ‹†‘—–Š‘™’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š ”‡ƒŽ’‹‰•‹‰Š–†”ƒ™‹–”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡’Š‡‘‡‘‡–‹‘‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‘ˆƒ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǯ‘–™ƒ–‹‰–‘‘™ǯǤ  ‡”‡Ž›–‘‹ƒ‰‹‡Ǯ’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š›‘—”ˆ‘‘†ǯƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›—•‡––Ž‡•–Š‡‘”†‹ƒ”›‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –ǡ™Š‘‘Ž‘‰‡”‡ƒ•‹Ž›‡‡’•ƒ’ƒ”–Š‹•‘”Š‡”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ•‡ƒ–‡ƒ–‡”ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”ǤŠ‡•‡”‘Ž‡•ƒ”‡‘™•—’’Ž‡‡–‡†™‹–Šƒ‡™”‘Ž‡ǣƒ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ‰ƒ‡” ™Š‘ ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ „‡ ‘‹‰ ’‹‰’‡ ‡”‹ Š‡–ǡ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ ‡ ‘—–‡”ƒƒ‹ƒŽ‹ƒ–Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ›‡™•‡––‹‰™Š‹ Š™‡ƒ”‡‘”ƒŽŽ›‘–‡ƒ– –‘‡–‡”ǤŠ‹•‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ ––Šƒ–‹•’Žƒ›ˆ—ŽŽ›‹˜‹–‡†–‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡Š‹Ǧ‘”Š‡”•‡Žˆ™‹–Š –Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•‹‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”‹‰†‘‡•‘–”‡ƒ‹ƒ‘—–•‹†‡‘„•‡”˜‡”ǡ„—– ‹•–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–„‘†‹Ž›ƒ†‡–ƒŽŽ›‹‡”•‡†‹–Š‡‡™Ž›‡†‹ƒ–‡†‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰’”‘ ‡••‹•–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ––‡’–•–‘Ž‡ƒ” ™Šƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ž‹‡–‘†‘ǡƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡–‘‰‡–ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡™‘”Ž†Ž‘‘•Ž‹‡ –‘ƒˆƒ”‡†’‹‰Ǥ—––Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡•–”‘‰‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ–ǤŠ‡‹–‡†‡† ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› ’”‘ ‡•• ‹•–‹‰ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ‘—Ž† ‹ Ž—†‡ ”‹•‹‰ ‘—” ‘™ —””‡– ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡–ƒ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ •‡Žˆǡ ‘”‡ „”‘ƒ†Ž› †‹•–”‹„—–‹‰ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‹‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ȋ’Žƒ›ǡ –‘‘Ž —•‡ǡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ „‡‹‰•Ȍ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘†‡ƒ” ƒ–‡—•ˆ”‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ  Heideggeriandangers? ”‹•–Š‡‰ƒ‡ƒ’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž›’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”‹ƒ–›’‡‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ™‘”Ž† †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ǫ –”ƒ††Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ”ƒ–Š‡” ™‹†‡ †‹˜‹†‡ „‡–™‡‡ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ ƒ”–™‘” ƒ† ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‡˜‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ› •Š—––Ž‹‰ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ˆƒ” ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ”– • Š‘‘Žǡ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ”‡•‡„Ž‡• „‘–Š ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ– ƒ†–Š‡’‹‰–‘™‡” • Š‡‡Ǥ—–‹ˆ‹–„‡ ‘‡•ƒˆ—ŽŽ›‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡŽƒ›‹‰™‹–Š‹‰• ™‘—Ž†‘Ž‘‰‡”„‡‡”‡Ž›ƒ‹‘ ‡–ǡ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹ƒ’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡Ǥ‘‡• –Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ–Š‡ǡ‡Ž‹•–„‘–Š’‹‰•ƒ† ‘•—‡”•‹ƒǮ–‘–ƒŽ‘„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ǯǡ‡š’Ž‘‹–‹‰

 262chapterten

‘– Œ—•– –Š‡‹” „‘†‹‡• „—– ‡˜‡ –Š‡ ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡– ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ’‹‰•ǫ ”‡ ™‡ǡ –Š‡ǡ ’”‘†— ‹‰ ƒ ’‘•–‘†‡”ǡ Ž—†‹  ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”‹ƒ Gestell,‹™Š‹ Š ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ‹• –‘ „‡ ƒ†‡ ’”‘†— –‹˜‡ ƒ† —•‡ˆ—Ž Ȃ ‹ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž ƒ† ‘•—ƒ„Ž‡ǫ ”‡ ™‡ ’‡”ˆ‡ –‹‰ ƒ –‡ Š‘ ”ƒ–‹  †›•–‘’‹ƒ ™‹–Š ƒ „”ƒ† ‡™ –‘–ƒŽ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‡–ƒ’Š›•‹ •‘ˆgamification–Šƒ–‹•‘–ƒ•‘’‡–‘˜‹˜‹†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ•–Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ǯ”Š‡–‘”‹ •‘ˆ’Žƒ›ǯȋ—––‘Ǧ‹–Šͳͻͻ͹Ȍƒ›Šƒ˜‡‹–ǫ

Š‹•‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ†ƒ‰‡”‘ˆ–”›‹‰–‘†‡•‹‰ˆ‘”™‘”Ž†Ǧ†‹• Ž‘•‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ• Ž‘‰ƒ•‹–‹•Ǯ‡”‡Ž›ƒ”–ǯǡ‹–‹•‡ƒ•‹Ž›†‹•‹••‡†ƒ••‘‡™Šƒ–‡Ž‹–‹•–ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•ˆ—ǡ„—– —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ǥ –‹•‹ ”‘••‹‰–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›–‘„‡‹‰”‡ƒŽȂƒƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽŠ‘ƒšȂ–Šƒ–‹–•™‘”Ž†Ǧ†‹• Ž‘•‹˜‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘‡•‘—–‹ˆ—ŽŽǣ‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡƒ›‘”‡’‡‘’Ž‡•‡‡‡ƒ‰‡”–‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘ƒ†˜‡–‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ‘•‘‡™Š‡”‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ”–ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ• ‡”–ƒ‹ •–”ƒ†•‘ˆ’Žƒ›†‡•‹‰ƒ”‡‘™ǡ‹‰Š–„‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‰‡”‡ˆ‘” ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‹–‹ ‹• ‹• ˆ‘—†ǣ ƒ ‰‡”‡ –Šƒ– ‹• ‹˜‹–‹‰ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ —•‹‰ǡ Ž‡ƒ˜‡• –Š‹‹‰ ȋƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ’ƒ”–Ž›Ȍ–‘–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡ ‡„—–•Šƒ’‡•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ†ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•‹•— Šƒ™ƒ›ƒ•‘– –‘ Ž‘•‡†‘™‡‡”‰‹‰‡ƒ‹‰•’”‡ƒ–—”‡Ž›Ǥ

–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ ––Š‡”‡™‡”‡•‹‰•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ ‘–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›„‡ ‘‡‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•Ǥ

Dz‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ„‡‹‰‹‰‘”ƒ––‘Š‘™–Š‡•‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ž‹˜‡ƒ†‰‡–•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‡†‹• ™Šƒ– ‡‡’• ‡ ‡Œ‘›‹‰ ‡ƒ–Ǥ  ˆ‹† –Š‡ Ž‡••  ‘™ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ’’‹‡”  ƒǤ Žƒ›‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ǡ‘Ž›–‘‹ŽŽƒ†‡ƒ––Š‡ǡ †‘ǯ–‘™ǡ  ƒǯ– Š‡Ž’„—–Š—ƒ‹œ‡–Šƒ–‹†‡ƒǡƒ†Š‘™•‹ ‹–•‘—†•Ǥ—––Š‡ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ ‰—‡•• ‹ˆ›‘—ǯ”‡†‡•–‹‡†–‘†‡ƒ–Š›‘—‹‰Š–ƒ•™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡•‘‡ˆ—™Š‹Ž‡›‘—ǯ”‡ ƒŽ‹˜‡Ǥdzȋ̵ƒ˜‹†‘‡Ž̵ǡ ‘‡–ƒ–”‡ ‡–‡ʹͲͳʹȌ

 –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‡ƒ–ǡ •‘‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† Š‘™ –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ ‡™ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ• ƒ† ‡š‹•–‹‰ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–—• ™‡ ƒ”‡ ™‹ŽŽ‹‰ –‘ ‰”ƒ––‘ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†„‘†‹Ž›”‡ƒ –‹‘•ǣ –•‘—†•†‹•‰—•–‹‰ǡ„—–™Š‡›‘—–Š‹‘ˆ ‹–ǡ–Š‹•™‘—Ž†‡ƒ–Š‡‡†‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ǡ‡– Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ ™‘”Ž†Ǧ†‹• Ž‘•‹‰ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒŽŽ‘™—•–‘ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›”‡–Š‹–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‘—”‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡ™Š‹ Š ‹• –Š‡ ‘”‡ ‘’‡Ž› –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• –Šƒ– ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡• „‡–™‡‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ› ‡†‹ƒ–‡†ǡ‡„‘†‹‡†ǡƒ†ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‡•–‘‡™–Š‹‰•ƒ†‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡ƒ ‘”‡ˆ‘”ƒŽǡ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹•–‘”ƒŽ•‡ŽˆǤ aconclusioninthemaking263  4–IntensifyingthecoǦevolutionofethicsandtechnology  ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‡ƒ•ǡƒ•™‡•ƒ™‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—••‡ –‹‘ǡ–Šƒ–ȋ Šƒ‰‹‰Ȍ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ‘ˆˆ‡”‘‡–•‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ—––Š‹•‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ†‹• Ž‘•‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†•‹ƒ’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡‘•’‡ –ƒ —Žƒ”’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘Šƒ’’‡•Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹ •‡‡‹‰Ž›‘”‡‘†‡•–ˆ‘”•‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ†–‹‡”‹‰Ǥ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ‡• ˆ‘” ‘‡–• †—”‹‰ ™Š‹ Š ‡–”ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–• ‰‡– ‡™ ‡ƒ‹‰• ƒ† ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‡š’‡”‹‡–™‹–Š‡™‘†‡•‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ‡– Ǥ  Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ƒ ‹† ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡–‡”‹‹•ǡ ™‹–Š †‡˜‹ ‡• ‹Š‡”‡–Ž›’”‡• ”‹„‹‰‘—”ˆ‘ —•‘ˆƒ––‡–‹‘ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡•‡ Šƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡’‹‰‰ƒ‡’”‘Œ‡ – ‘—Ž†„‡•‡‡–‘„—‹Ž†—’‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–‹‘•–Šƒ–™‡”‡‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹ • ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–•ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆˆƒ”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–‘‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘‡™‡–Š‹ ƒŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•ƒ†’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•ȋˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡–Š‡ ”‘„‘–• ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ˆ‘” ‘™•Ȍ ƒ† –‘ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘ ‡••‡•‹™Š‹ Š ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‹‡”‹‰ƒ”‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ǡ’”‘ ‡••‡•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•’Žƒ›ƒƒ –‹˜‡ ”‘Ž‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–ǡ‹–•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘—Ž†„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†–‘•‘‡‡š–‡– ‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ•Š‹ˆ–‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡˆ”‘ ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘” ‘™•–‘ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡–‘ ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡƒ’”‘ ‡••–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†’‡”Šƒ’•„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•‘˜‹‰ –‘™ƒ”†•ˆ‘”•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ǡ‘”’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡ƒ†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ™‹Ž†‡••Ǥ Š‡•‡ ”‡‹ƒ‰‹‡† ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ƒ „ƒ ‰”‘—† –‘ ‹–”‹ ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ„‘—–•Ž‹‰Š– Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”Ǥ Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •Š‹ˆ–‹‰ ˆ‘ —• ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‹ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –‹‡ •–ƒŽŽ –‘ –Š‡ ‘„‹Ž‡ ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–ǡ •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ƒ ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ǯ‹’”‘˜‡†ǯ‘”Ǯ„‡•–ǯƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•†‡’‡†‡–‘ ‘–‡š–•ǡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ Š‘‹ ‡‘ˆ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ„”‘ƒ†‡” ‘•‡•—•‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ’‹‰•‹ „ƒ””‡Š‘—•‹‰™‹–Š‘—–ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡‡”‹ Š‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‘‡‹†‡–‡”‹ƒ ›‹•’ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡••ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‡‰‡”†ƒŠŽʹͲͲ͹Ȍ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Š‘” ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Ǯƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽǯ‡”‹ Š‡–‘ˆ’‹‰Š‘—•‹‰Ǥ  • ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–ǡ ‹ˆ—•‹‰ ˆƒ”’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ™‹–Š ‘”‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ›•‡‡–‘’”‘‘–‡ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‹‰‘ˆŠ—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”  264chapterten  „‘–ŠǤ ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•™Š‘™‡™‘”‡†™‹–Š‘–Š‡˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹–Š‡’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Š‹•™ƒ•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǣ–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –‘–‘Ž›’—–• –Š‡†‡•‹‰‡”•‹ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘–‘–”›ƒ†‰ƒ‹”ƒ’’‘”–™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ„—––Š‡ˆƒ”‡”• ™‹–Š™Š‘™‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†•–ƒ”–‡†–‘Ž‘‘‘”‡ Ž‘•‡Ž›ƒ––Š‡’Žƒ›„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆ –Š‡‹”’‹‰•Ǥ  Theculturalcharacteroffarmedcowsandpigs Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• „‡–™‡‡ †ƒ‹”› ‘™• ƒ† ˆƒ––‡‹‰ ’‹‰•Ǥ –ǯ• –‡’–‹‰ –‘ •ƒ› –Šƒ– ‘™•™‘”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡’‹‰•’Žƒ›ȋ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•†‹•–‹ –‹‘‹• —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›Žƒ†‡ƒ† ƒ„‡†‡ ‘•–”— –‡†ǡƒ•™‡•ƒ™‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”•ȌǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡ ‘™••‡‡–‘ „‡‰‡––‹‰‡˜‡”‘”‡ —–‘ˆˆˆ”‘†‹”‡ –Š—ƒ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ–Š‡’‹‰‰ƒ‡’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ‹•–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡’‹‰ȂŠ—ƒ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡƒŽ„‡‹–‘ˆƒ ‡†‹ƒ–‡†‹†Ǥ ‘” ‘™•ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–‘Ž‘‘•‡Š‘—•‹‰ȋƒ†–Š‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹• ƒŽ‡Ȍ‘–‘Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡†–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆŠ‘”•ǡƒ• †‹• —••‡†‹ Šƒ’–‡”ʹǤŠ‡ ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹Š‡”†•‹œ‡ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ––Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ‡•‹‡š Šƒ‰‡ ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹‹‰ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ—– Š†ƒ‹”› ‘™•™‡”‡‰‹˜‡ƒ‡• •— Šƒ•Ǯ–Œ‡͵ǯǡ‘”Ǯ‡”–Šƒ͹ǯǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹”„”‡‡†‹‰Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡™Š‹Ž‡ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‡‹‰’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ–‹Ž–Š‡ͳͻͷͲ•‹–™ƒ•‘–— ‘‘ˆ‘” †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• –‘ Šƒ˜‡ †‹‡” ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ •’ƒ ‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘™•Ǥ ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•ǡ „‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ ‘ˆ–‡ǦŠ‡ƒ”† ˆ”ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ Š‹‰ŠǦ›‹‡Ž†‹‰ †ƒ‹”› ‘™• ƒ• Ǯ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–ŠŽ‡–‡•ǯǡ ‘™• ƒ„‡•‡‡ƒ•”‘„‘–‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•ƒ•Ǯ™‘”‡”•ǯǤŠ‹•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ”‹‰Š– –‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ Š‹‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ —–—ƒŽ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡Š—ƒƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–‹• ‘‘ƒ‘‰•–†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ  ‡Š›’‘–Š‡–‹ ƒŽ™ƒ›‘ˆ—•‹‰ƒ‘„‹Ž‡‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘––Šƒ––Š‡‰”‘—’‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•‹ Šƒ’–‡” ͷ †‹• —••‡† ™ƒ• ˆƒ”‹‰ †ƒ‹”› ‘™• ‹ ƒ–—”‡ ”‡•‡”˜‡•ǡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒˆƒ”‡” ƒ† ˆ—”–Š‡” •Š‹ˆ–• ‹ ‘”ƒŽ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ ƒ”‡Ǥ‘˜‹‰‹–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡†‹”‡ –‹‘–‘–Š‹•ˆ‘”‘ˆǮ†ƒ‹”›Š‡”††‡Ǧ†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‹‘ǯǡ ‘”’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡rewildingǡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ’‹‰ȂŠ—ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‹‰Š–„‡’—„Ž‹ Ž›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹ǤŠ‹•‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹–Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‰‘‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ • ƒŽ‡• ƒ† ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– Šƒ• ”‡†— ‡† –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”ǯ• –‹‡ „—†‰‡–’‡”ƒ‹ƒŽ–‘‡ƒ”Ž›‹ŽǤ‹ŽŽ–Š‡’‹‰•–Šƒ–’Žƒ›™‡ŽŽ„‡‰‹˜‡ƒ‡•–‘‘ǫ† ™‹ŽŽ–Š‡›”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡•‡ǡƒ•–Š‡ ‘™•—•‡†–‘†‘ǫ  Š‡“—‡•–‹‘–Šƒ– ‘‡•—’Š‡”‡‹•–‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡–™‡ ƒǡƒ†•Š‘—Ž†ǡ’”‘‘–‡ ‘Ǧ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǯ„›†‡•‹‰ǯǤƒ™‡†‘–Š‹•‘’—”’‘•‡ǫ††‘™‡–Š‡‹–‡”˜‡‡ˆ”‘ •‘‡‹†‘ˆ’”‡ ‘ ‡‹˜‡†‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ‰‘‘†™ƒ›–‘”‡Žƒ–‡–‘’‹‰•‹•ǫ ‘™ ƒ™‡  aconclusioninthemaking265  ”‡Žƒ–‡–‘ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›–”›‹‰–‘”‡•‡––Š‡–‡”•‘ˆ†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†–‘ƒ‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡ ™‹†‡”’—„Ž‹ Ž‘‘ƒ–’‹‰•ƒ‡™ǫŠ‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”™ƒ”†™‘—Ž†„‡–‘ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘‘–ƒ••‘‡–Š‹‰™‡•Š‘—Ž†ƒ•™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—–•‹†‡„—–ˆ”‘‹•‹†‡–Š‡ †‡•‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡•‡‹†‡ƒ•ƒ”‡–‘„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡††—”‹‰†‡•‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǡƒ†„› ‹ƒ‰‹‹‰ ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰ ‘–Š‡” †‡•‹‰•ǡ •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ ‡”‡‹Œ‡‘ǡ ƒ• †‹• —••‡† ‹ Šƒ’–‡” ͹Ǥ Š‡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‘ˆ ‡–‡”‹‰ ‹–‘ –‡ Š‘Ǧ‘”ƒŽ ‘Ǧ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ƒ› ”‡ƒ–‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ‘”ƒŽ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ• ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ †‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ ƒ†Š—ƒ’Žƒ›‡”• ƒŠƒ˜‡ƒ‹†‘ˆ„ƒ Ǧƒ†Ǧˆ‘”–Š‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‘˜‹‰„‡–™‡‡ –™‘•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǣˆƒ”•™‹–Š‘”™‹–Š‘—–ƒ‰ƒ‡ ‘‡ –‹‘Ǥ 

5–Playfulanimaldeliberation  Š‡‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰‹•‡ƒ––‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™•’ƒ ‡ˆ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ‹ƒŽ• „‡–™‡‡ Ǯ†‘‹ƒ ‡ ƒ† ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‘ǯ ™‹–Š‘—– ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ’‡–• ‡‹–Š‡”ȋ ˆǤ—ƒʹͲͲͶǢ‹–ŠʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ—– ƒ’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•ƒŽ•‘„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ• ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆ‘”‡Ǧ–ŠƒǦŠ—ƒ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǫŠ‡’‹‰‰ƒ‡‹•‘ ƒ– ˆŽƒ’ǡ–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰Ȃƒ†ƒŽ•‘’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹œ‹‰Ȃ†‡˜‹ ‡ˆ‘”’—––‹‰Š—ƒȂ ˆ‡Ž‹‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‘ƒ‡™ˆ‘‘–‹‰Ǣ–Š‘—‰Š‘—”‰ƒ‡‹•‡ƒ––‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”‹† ‘ˆ‘–ƒ‹‰‡ƒ™‘†‡”ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹ƒŽ‘–‹˜‡•ƒ†‹‡”Ž‹˜‡•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ‡”–ƒ‹–›ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”‡–ƒŽƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•Ǥ†Ž‹‡–Š‡ ƒ–ˆŽƒ’ǡ’Žƒ›‹‰ ™‹–Š ’‹‰• ‘—Ž† ”‡˜‡ƒŽ —‡š’‡ –‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”• –Šƒ– ”‡“—‹”‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ™‘” ȋƒŽ•‘Ȍ ‘ –Š‡ Š—ƒ •‹†‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ™‹ŽŽ –‘ •‘‡ ‡š–‡– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ”‡ƒ‹‹ ‘ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡ‡˜‡‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›•‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡›ƒŽ•‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰‘—” ‹†‡ƒ•ƒ„‘—–‘—”Š—ƒ•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ  •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ•‡ƒ” Š‹‰ˆ‘”‘˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰‰‡‡”‹ ‘”•ǡ™‡ ƒ‹•–‹‰ƒ–‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹“—‹”› ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‘–Œ—•–„› ‘–”ƒ•–‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ȋƒ‹ƒŽȌ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ•— Š ƒ•ƒ–—”‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ††ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ„—–„›‡”‰‹‰–Š‡‹–‘‘‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š‹•‘–•‘‡ƒ•›–‘‡–Š‹ ƒŽŽ›‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ƒ†’‘•‹–‹‘‘‡•‡Žˆ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Ǥˆ–‡” ‹‹–‹ƒŽ†‹•‹••ƒŽƒ†”‡Ž— –ƒ ‡™Š‡™‡•–ƒ”–‡†‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‰ƒ‡‹†‡ƒǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ˆƒ”‡”•™Š‘™‡”‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘†‹• —••‹–•–ƒ”–‡†–‘†‡• ”‹„‡–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’‹‰•ǤŠ‡› ƒ‡—’™‹–Šƒ‡ †‘–‡•ƒ„‘—– Ž‡˜‡”‘‡•—Ž‘ ‹‰‰ƒ–‡•ƒ† Šƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† ˆ‡‡†‹‰ •›•–‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ Ž‘‘‹‰ Ž‘•‡Ž› ƒ– –Š‡‹” ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ǡ ‘– ‡”‡Ž› ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” Š‡ƒŽ–Š •–ƒ–—• ƒ† ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ •‡‡‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ• ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ —”‡Ž›ǡ ƒ› ˆƒ”‡”•ƒŽ•‘–‘Ž†—•–Šƒ––Š‡‹”’‹‰•ƒ”‡‘Ž›‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹ˆ‘‘†Ǥ—–‘—”‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ”‡

 266chapterten  ‡ƒ––‘‡š’Ž‘”‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‹•‹•‹†‡‡†–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡƒ†‹ˆ•‘™Šƒ–‹–‡ƒ•ˆ‘”™Šƒ– ™‡ ƒƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ƒ†‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ’‹‰•Ǥ  Š‡ Pig Chase †‡•‹‰ ‘ ‡’– ˆ—”–Š‡”‡† –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ‡š’‡”‹‡–‡† ™‹–Š ˜‹ƒ –Š‡ ’Š‘–‘‘–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘„‹Ž‡ ”‘„‘– ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡‘†‡” ƒ––Ž‡’ƒ‹–‹‰Ǥ‘–Š™‡”‡ƒ––‡’–•–‘ƒ‡’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‡™Š‡–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ Š—ƒȂƒ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡ ƒ„‡”‡†‡”‡† ‘Š‡”‡–‹‡™™ƒ›•ǡƒ† ™Š‡–Š‡”‘”Š‘™–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆȋƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ȍ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ• ‘—Ž†„‡ –”ƒ•’‘•‡†–‘ƒ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Š‡˜‹”‘‡–ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ‹“—‹”›‹•‘––‘ „‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†‘Ž›‘•‘‡‹†‘ˆ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰’”‘ ‡••‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•ƒ •—•–ƒ‹‡†“—‡•–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡•‹•–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•ǣ‹ŽŽ‹–„‡–”—Ž›’Žƒ›ǫ‘–Š–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‡–—ƒŽ‰ƒ‹‰”‡“—‹”‡ –Š‡ ‘–‹—ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‘˜‡•ƒ†—–—ƒŽƒ––—‹‰‘ˆ ‘˜‡‡–• ƒ† ’ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ †‡ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ „‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡• ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ –Šƒ– ‡ƒ„Ž‡• –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹‡™™ƒ›•Ǥ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Š“—‡•–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡’ƒ”–Ž›’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ•‘„‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†ǡ•— Šƒ•™Šƒ–‹•’Žƒ›ǡƒ†™Š‡ƒ”‡™‡‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ›‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰ ™‹–Šƒ‘–Š‡”•’‡ ‹‡•ǫ  ‘‡•–Š‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ‘—––‘•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡ ƒŽŽ‡†Ǯ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǯ ‹ ƒ —Ž–‹•’‡ ‹‡•†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǫ—”‡Ž›ǡ‘•–‡š‹•–‹‰†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•‘ˆ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡†‡‘ ”ƒ › ‡š Ž—†‡ ƒ –‹˜‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹ ƒ› –›’‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ —– –Š‡ ‘‘”‡Ž— –ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰ƒƒ –‹˜‡ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹‘—”•–”‹ –Ž›Š—ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‘‡—˜”‹‰ǡ‡˜‡‹‡ƒ”Ž›ƒŽŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†‘”ƒŽ –Š‡‘”›–Šƒ–‹•‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†–‘‡†‘”ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ǡ”‡ƒ‹••–”‹‹‰Ǥ  ‡•‹‰‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ†™‹–Š’‹‰•ƒ•ƒ –‹˜‡„‡‹‰•–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–‰‹˜‡•–Š‡ƒ˜‘‹ ‡Ǥ”ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•–†‘‡•‘”‡–Šƒ‰”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡Ǯ–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘”‡ƒ‹•‹Ž‡–ǯǤ –‹•‰‘‘†–‘„‡ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ›ǯ•ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ‘— ƒ—Ž†‹ƒ ”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• ‘—”•‡•—””‘—†‹‰–Š‡‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–ƒ•Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‘™•ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‹”–”—‡„‘˜‹‡•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› –‘ ‘‡ ‘—–Ǥ Š‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–†‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ‹ƒŽ•™Š‘ǡ†—‡–‘–Š‡‹”‡‘–‡›ǡƒ”‡‘”‡‡ƒ‰‡”–‘ ’Žƒ›–Šƒ–Š‡‹”ƒ†—Ž–™‹Ž†„”‡–Š”‡ǡ•Š‘—Ž†‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”–”—‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ˜‹ –‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘™ǮˆƒŽ•‡ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••ǯǤ—–™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡ ‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ˆƒ”‡†ƒ†ˆ‡‡† ‘˜‡”•‹‘”ƒ–‹‘‘’–‹‹œ‡†Žƒ†”ƒ ‡’‹‰•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‡ƒ• ’Žƒ›ˆ—Žƒ•–Š‡›Ž‘‘ǡƒ†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‹”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ‘—–•–‘™Šƒ–™‡ˆ‡‡Ž’Žƒ›‹•ƒŽŽ ƒ„‘—–ǡ•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡ƒ••—‡†ƒ––Š‡‘—–•‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™Š‡™‡•‡‡–Š‡‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰ ȋ‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ǮŽƒ–‡”ǯ ‘— ƒ—Ž–Ȍƒ•™‘”‹‰‘Ǯ–‡ Š‹“—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Žˆǯ–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Š „‘–Š Š—ƒ• ƒ† ’‡”Šƒ’• ’‹‰• ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ™‹–Š ‡‡”‰‹‰ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹

 aconclusioninthemaking267  —–—ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ–Š‹•‹‰Š–„‡ƒ‰‘‘†•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–ˆ‘”‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘’‡Ǧ‡†‡† •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ› ”‡˜‡ƒŽ ‡™ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ† †‡•‹”‡•Ǥ  Šƒ– Žƒ‹‹‰–Š‡Ǯ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǯŽƒ„‡Ž†‹†ǡ‹ƒ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ •‡•‡ǡ™ƒ•–‘”‡‹†—•–‘ ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒŠ‹‰Š•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘ˆǮ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”›ǯ†‡•‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‘’‡–‘ƒ ‘”†‡ƒ‹‰–‘ •—”’”‹•‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•Ǣ™Š‹ Šƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡•ƒ„‹‰—‹–›‹–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰•™‡ ƒ›ƒ––”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡•‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•Ǣƒ†™Š‹ ŠƒŽ•‘‹–‡†•–‘’—–‘—”‘™ƒ••—‡† •–ƒ–—• Ȃ ƒ• ’Žƒ›‡”•ǡ †‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ „‡‹‰•ǡ ƒ† Š—ƒ•Ȃƒ–•–ƒ‡Ǥ†‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ’Žƒ›ͳʹͷ†‡•‹‰ǡ‘”‡–Šƒ™‹–Š”‘„‘–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ƒ‹‡††‹”‡ –Ž›ƒ–’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰‡ ›‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ„‡‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ƒ•‘–Œ—•–”‡•‹•–‹‰ǡ„ƒ”‰ƒ‹‹‰ǡƒ†‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‰ǡ„—–ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•‹ ™Š‹ Š™‡—–—ƒŽŽ›ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”–‘Ž‹˜‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹ ȋ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›Ȍ —Ž–—”‡ǡ‹–‹•‘”‡‘„˜‹‘—•–Šƒ–ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ•”‡•’‘•‹˜‡ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ”‡ƒ–—”‡•ǮŠƒ˜‡ǯ —Ž–—”‡ƒ† ƒ’ƒ”–ƒ‡‹ƒ•Šƒ”‡†‘‡™‹–Š—•Ǥ  ‹ŽŽ†‡•‹‰‹‰‰ƒ‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒŽŽ‘™—•–‘†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡™‹–Š’‹‰•‘–Š‡ƒ ‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰–Š‡ǫŠ‹•‹•”ƒ–Š‡” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡Ǥ—–‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ ‹ ƒ ‘Ǧ †‹• —”•‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ—–—ƒŽƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹‰Š–„‡ƒ•‰‘‘†ƒ•ƒ›‘–Š‡” ‡–Š‘†ˆ‘”‰”ƒ’’Ž‹‰™‹–Š–Š‹•“—‡•–‹‘ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡–Š‹•‹•†‘‡‹’—„Ž‹ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡•„”‘ƒ†Š—ƒƒ—†‹‡ ‡•ǤŠ‡‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†‹–• ‘–‹—‡† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ„‡ƒ‡™™ƒ›‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰™‘”‹–‘ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡•ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ •ǡ ƒ† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‘ˆ ‹†Ǥ ‹ƒŽ• ƒ› –Š‡ ‰ƒ‹ ƒ ˜‘‹ ‡ „‡•‹†‡• –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”‡•–•„‡‹‰”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›‡š’‡”–•ƒ†ƒ”‰—‡–•–Š‘—‰Š–—’„›’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”• ‘–Š‡‹”„‡ŠƒŽˆǤ    

  125Eventhough‘games’couldbeseenasreinvigoratingthissenseofdiscreteindividualsbehavinginresponse toothersandwithinfixedstructuresofrulesandpresetgoals,itisnotfornothingthatmostpeopleinthe fieldprefertotalkabout‘play’:anactivitythatis(even)moredifficulttodefineandonethatismoreopen, experimental,andambiguous.Playthusisatermthatimpliesalessprefiguredsenseofthenatureofagency as not primarily goal directed and selfͲaffirming, nor necessarily means thinking in terms of winners and losers,etc.ThePigChaseconceptcombineselementsofboth–offeringanopportunityformerelymoving together,whilealsoprovidinggoalsandregistering‘highscores’.  268chapterten  10.3Pitfallsandprospects  Pigsarecute? Š‡’‘”–”ƒ›‹‰’‹‰•ƒ•„‡‹‰ǡˆ—›ǡƒ†’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž ”‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ–Š‹•‹•ƒ–‘††•™‹–Š ‘‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ •’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒˆ–‡” ˆƒ”‡”• ™‡”‡ ƒŽŽ‡† —’‘ –‘ •–‘’ ƒ•–”ƒ–‹‰ƒŽ‡’‹‰Ž‡–•ǡ Šƒ˜‡Š‡ƒ”†’‹‰„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”„‡‹‰†‹• —••‡†‹ƒ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜‡‹Ǥƒ”Ž›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•™‹–Š— ƒ•–”ƒ–‡†’‹‰•”ƒ‹•‡†–Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹‰• Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ‹Š‡”‡–Ž›‡˜‹Ž Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ǤŠ‡”‡‹•–ƒŽ‘ˆǮ‰ƒ‰”ƒ’‡•ǯ„›„‘ƒ”•ǤŠ‹•‹•‹ Ž‹‡™‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”•–‘”‹‡•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•„‡‹‰‡ƒ–‡ƒˆ–‡”•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘ƒŠ‡ƒ”–ƒ––ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ’‡Ǥͳʹ͸ ‘ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ǯ• ‡ƒ‹‰ ‹ Ž—†‡• ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ™ƒ›–‘ ‘–”‘Žƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›†‡‡’Ž›ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ƒ‹ƒŽǤ›’”‘˜‹†‹‰‡”‹ Š‡–ƒ† ‘–Š‡”‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡’‹‰•ǯ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡˆƒ”‡”•ƒ›ˆ‹†–Š‹•ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ’‹‰•–‘„‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹’ƒ”––Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǡ ’‡”Šƒ’• ‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡‹” ‹„”‡† ‰‡‡–‹  ’”‡†‹•’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ „‡ Š—‰”›Ǥ • ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’—”’‘”–‡† Žƒœ› ‘™• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰ ”‘„‘–ǡ –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ƒ› ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ–‘Ǧƒ†Ǧˆ”‘‘ˆ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ ƒ—•ƒŽŽ‹ƒ‰‡•„‡–™‡‡ƒ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ† –Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡‡’–Ǥ  Thestatusofexperience,skill,andsituatedness ‹–—ƒ–‹‰‡–Š‹ •™‹–Šˆƒ”‡”•†‘‡•‘–‹’Ž›–Šƒ–•‹Žˆ—ŽŠƒ†Ž‹‰ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘ˆ‡”• Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ › –‘ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰–Š‡› †‘Ǥ ‘‡ ˆƒ”‡”• –ƒ‡ ’”‹†‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ™ƒ›–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ƒ•–”ƒ–‡’‹‰Ž‡–•ǡ™Š‹ Š†‘‡•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ‡‹–ƒ„‡‹‰ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡Ǥ ‘” •Š‘—Ž† ™‡ ˆ‘ —• ‘ ˆƒ”‡”• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› •‘‡Š‘™ǡ‹ƒ ”—†‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•‡•‡ǡŠƒ˜‡ˆ—ŽŽƒ††‹”‡ –ƒ ‡••–‘”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǥƒ‹‰•‡”‹‘—•Ž›–Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ƒ† ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ› „‡ ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ „‡ ‘‹‰ –‘‘ ‡„‡††‡†ǡ ‘ˆ Ǯ‰‘‹‰ ƒ–‹˜‡ǯ „› ƒ ‡’–‹‰ ‘‘ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† †‡‡’Ž› ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ Ǥ ’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰ ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› Ž‹˜‡† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ –‘ ‰‡– ƒ– ™Šƒ–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Š‘™–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Šƒ–†‘‡•‘–’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ•‘Ž‹† ȋŠ‘™‡˜‡” •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ† –”ƒ•‹‡–Ȍ „ƒ•‹• ˆ‘” ‘”ƒŽ ƒ† ‡’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘” ‡˜‡ ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Žƒ‹•Ǥ š’‡”‹‡ ‡• –‡† –‘ „‡ Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹’Žƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† ™‹–Š‹ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” –‹‡ ˆ”ƒ‡Ǥ Š‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯ•Š‹ˆ–‹‰ „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ •›†”‘‡ǯ ȋƒ—Ž› ͳͻͻͷȌ –Šƒ– ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ˆ‹•Š‡”‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ•

  126Whenyoustandinthemiddleofapigpen,suchasduringthetestingofthegameprototype,pigsquickly grow accustomed to your presence and start nibbling harder and harder on your legs. This tends to lead farmersandotherhumanvisitorstoengageinakindofdancetogentlybutfirmlykeepthepigsatbay.  aconclusioninthemaking269  •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘ǡƒ•–Š‡›–‡†–‘ ‘’ƒ”‡ —””‡–ˆ‹•Š•–‘ •™‹–Š ƒ– ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•™Š‡ –Š‡›•–ƒ”–‡†ˆ‹•Š‹‰ǡ‘–™‹–Š–Š‘•‡‘ˆ‘‡‘”–™‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǥ  ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ‹–†‘‡•‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– •‹–‡ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘Ǥ † –Šƒ– ‹–‡”˜‡‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ ‡‡† –‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ƒ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡‹”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ”‡–ƒ‡•‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǡ ƒ† ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ –‘ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡ ƒ„‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ‹œ‡†ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›–‘‘ƒ”‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒ† ‘–‹‰‡–Ǥ –Š‹ •–Š‡„‡ ‘‡•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ•‡‡‹‰‘—–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ‹ƒ‘‰‘‹‰ •‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”Š‘™–‘”‡Žƒ–‡–‘ˆ—–—”‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ǥ‡‡‹‰‘” ”‡ƒ–‹‰’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‡–ƒ‹Ž• ƒ ˆ‘ —• ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ Š—•ǡ Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š‹‰•Šƒ• Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†“—‡•–‹‘••—””‘—†‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡ǡƒ†Š—ƒȂƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ›†”ƒ™‹‰ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡„‘”‡†‘ƒ† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡‹”™‡Žˆƒ”‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹•’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ•–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‹••—‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  –‘ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡Ǥˆ—”–Š‡”ȋ†‡•‹‰Ȍ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‹ŽŽ„‡–‘™‹†‡‹–•ˆ‘ —•–‘‹ Ž—†‡ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒ‹‰ ’”‡•‡–ƒ†—”‰‡––Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ  Situated,butmorethanlocal Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ•‹–—ƒ–‡†‡–Š‹ •ǡ‘–Š‡ˆƒ”ǡ†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ƒ‘Ž›„‡ —†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ†„‡•–•‘Ž˜‡†Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹ˆ‘”‡†‘Ž›„›–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ž‘ ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹Š‡”‡–Ž› ™‹•‡ ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡‡† ™ƒ›• –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ Š‘™Ž‘ ƒŽ Š‘‹ ‡•Šƒ˜‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‹•‹–‡•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‰Ž‘„‡Ǥ”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•–Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ‘‡ –‡† ‹ ‡™ ™ƒ›• –‘ ˆƒ”ƒ™ƒ› ’Žƒ ‡•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‹–”‹ ƒ ‹‡• ‘ˆ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ ‘ˆ–‡ „‡ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡† „‡––‡” ™Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆ‘—–•‹†‡”•ǡƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹‘‡†‹™Šƒ–‹• ‘‘Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘ „‡–Š‡˜‹‡™’‘‹–‘ˆƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ‘‘Ǥ–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‹•ǡ–Š‡ǡ‹†‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ„ƒ Ǧƒ†Ǧˆ‘”–Š ‘˜‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ ‹•‹†‡ ƒ† ‘—–•‹†‡ǡ „‡–™‡‡ ‹‡”•‹‘ ƒ† †‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ† „‡–™‡‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆˆŽ‘™ƒ†‘ˆ†‹•”—’–‹‘Ǣƒ’”‘ ‡••‹™Š‹ Š‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ›‰‡‡”ƒ–‡Ǯ„”‡ƒ Š‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǯͳʹ͹–Šƒ–’”‘˜‹†‡‡™‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ ‘ˆ”‘–‹‰—•™‹–Š‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‘”†‡”•‹’Ž‹ ‹–‹‡˜‡”›†ƒ›•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ– –Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡•‡’”‡˜‹‘—•‘†‡•‘ˆ†‘‹‰ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•Š‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›†‹• ƒ”†‡†‹–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ   127 A disruptive technique of sociological inquiry developed by Harold Garfinkel (1964) as a form of ‘ethnomethodology’, aiming to foster an imaginative look at takenͲforͲgranted, everyday background expectations, in order to demonstrate: “the extent to which normative order penetrates the momentͲtoͲ momentaccomplishmentofsituatedsocialactions”(LynchandPeyrot1992,114).  270chapterten  Šƒ– ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ •‡‡ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ –Š‡•‹• ‹• –Šƒ– ™Š‡ ‘‡ †‡Ž˜‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ˜‡ ‹••—‡•‹ˆƒ”‹‰‘”‡ Ž‘•‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡•‡‘Ž‘‰‡”ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹–Š‡•Šƒ’‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”ǡ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† Ǯ–‡ Š‘Ǧ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǯ †‹Ž‡ƒ• „‡–™‡‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹  ƒ† ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ǡŽƒ”‰‡Ǧƒ†•ƒŽŽǦ• ƒŽ‡’”‘†— –‹‘ǡˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ˆƒ”‹‰ǡŽ‘ ƒŽƒ† ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•‘—” ‹‰ǡƒ†Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Šƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡•‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ ™Šƒ– ƒ’’‡ƒ”• –‘ „‡ ƒ ‘”‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ™ƒ› –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š ‘”‡ ‘ ‡”•‹•–‘ƒ‡‡™ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ȋ•‡‡‹‰Ȍ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰•–ƒ–‹ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ†’”‹ ‹’Ž‡†’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰ǡ™‡ ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–™‹–ŠƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ›•–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ǡ‘” ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– —††Ž‡ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‡–”‡ Š‡† †‹ Š‘–‘‹‡•ǣ ™‹–Š Ž‘™Ǧ›‹‡Ž†‹‰ ‘™• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ”‘„‘–‹ ƒŽŽ›‹Ž‡†™Š‹Ž‡†‹•’‡”•‡†‹ƒ–—”‡”‡•‡”˜‡•Ǣ™‹–Šƒ”–‹•ƒƒŽ‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–ǡ ™‹–ŠŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Š‘”‰ƒ‹ ˆƒ”•Ǥ†™Š‡™‡Ž‘‘ƒ–Ǯ–Š‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆǯ–Š‡•‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ –Š‹‰•ǡ ‹– „‡ ‘‡• Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ”‡ —Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ †‹”‡ –Ž› ‹’Ž‡‡– ‡™ ™ƒ›•‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–‡ Š‘Ǧ‘”ƒŽ„Ž—‡’”‹–•–Šƒ–ƒ‹–‘ •ƒ˜‡–Š‡™‘”Ž†‰‡‡”‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ –™‘—Ž†„‡‘”‡Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž–‘‹ˆ‘”‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‡• „›ƒ‘†‡‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •–Šƒ–‹•Šƒ†•Ǧ‘ƒ† ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰Ǥ–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•–Š‡‡–Š—•‡ Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‘—• ‘—‹–‹‡•–‘ˆ‹†‡™™ƒ›•‘ˆ†‘‹‰„‡––‡”Ȃ™‹–Š‘—–†‡ˆ‹‹‰ƒ– –Š‡‘—–•‡–™Šƒ–„‡––‡”™‘—Ž†„‡ǡ‘”Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰–Š‹•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡–›’‡‘ˆ ‡š’‡”–‹•‡ƒ†„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–‹ ‘”†‡”‹‰Ǥͳʹͺ  ‡ †‘ ‘– Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ‰‹˜‡ —’ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ‘—” ‘”‡ ‰‡‡”‹  ƒ† ‘˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰ ‘”ƒŽ ‘‹–‡–•Ǥ  ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ› ™‡ ƒ› ™ƒ– –‘ •–‹  –‘ Šƒ”†Ǧ‘•‡† ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ƒ† ‰—‹†‹‰˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ†–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‹ŽŽ‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡ƒƒŽŽǦ”‘—†ˆ”‹‡†Ž› ƒˆˆƒ‹”™‹–Š‘Ž›™‹Ǧ™‹•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ‘‡–‹‡•ǡƒ‰‘‹•–‹ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ • ‹™Š‹ Š ‘•‡•—•‹•Šƒ”†–‘”‡ƒ ŠȂƒ†•Š‘—Ž†‘–‡˜‡„‡ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”Ȃƒ›„‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‹“—‹”›ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡™‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•–‘ †‡ˆ‡† –Š‡ subaltern ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ’‘™‡”ˆ—ŽǤ ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› —††Ž‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ† ˆ‹†‹‰ ƒ ‹††Ž‡ ‰”‘—†ǡ •‘‡ ™‹ŽŽ ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– –ƒ‹‰ ˆ‹”ǡ — ‘’”‘‹•‹‰’‘•‹–‹‘•‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡”‡•—Ž–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‘”‡Œ—•–Ǥͳʹͻ‡”‡Ž›‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŽ‡ƒ˜‡•   128 See for instance (Bos and Grin 2008; Elzen et al. 2012) for examples of agricultural design efforts that shuttle between formulating ends in the form of blueprints and adjusting these during phases of practical realization. 129ThedebateaboutGMOsmightbeacaseinpointinwhichprincipledoppositiontomoreopenformsof ‘experimenting’withnewtechnologieswassuccessfulinmakingseveralpoliticalargumentsandpreventing powerfulinterestsfrompushingthroughaparticularagendawithoutcriticalaccountability.Although,evenin thiscase,itcouldbearguedthatmoremuddledandcomplexunderstandingsofformsofgeneticinterventions inorganismscouldhaveinformedamoreinterestingsocietaldebateorlearningprocess;Alearningprocess whichcurrentlyseemstodevelopanywaybutlargelyoutsideofthepublicview.  aconclusioninthemaking271  —””‡–ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ•‹–‹•ǡ™‹ŽŽ‘–•—ˆˆ‹ ‡–‘•‡”‹‘—•Ž› ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Šƒ–‹–‡”•‡ –ƒ– ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›•‹–‡•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ —–ǡƒŽ•‘‹–Š‡•‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡŽ‡ƒ”‹‰–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š™Šƒ–ƒ––‡”•‹••–‹ŽŽŽ‹‡Ž›–‘„‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘ ‡••Ȃ‹†‡ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š•‘‡‹†‘ˆ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ȃ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ ‘‡Ǧ‘ˆˆ†‡ ‹•‹‘–‘Ǯ†‘–Š‡”‹‰Š––Š‹‰ǯǤ  Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹•‰—‹Ž–›‘ˆ’”‘‘–‹‰ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡–‘ˆ”‡†— –‹˜‡†‹ Š‘–‘‹‡•ǣ•‹–—ƒ–‡† ˜•ƒ„•–”ƒ –‡–Š‹ •ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ˜•†‹• —”•‹˜‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡƒ†™”‹–‹‰’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› –‡š–•˜•˜‹•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”˜‡‹‰‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ †‹ Š‘–‘‹‡• ƒ”‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–‡ƒ––‘•–‹ˆŽ‡†‡„ƒ–‡‹‡™™ƒ›•ǡ„—––‘‹•–‹Ž ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡–‡•‹‘•ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‡”’”‘˜‘ ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ”ƒ‡•ˆ‘””‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ›Š‡Ž’–‘—•‡––Ž‡‡š‹•–‹‰‹†‡ƒ•‘ ™Š‡”‡ –‘ •‹–—ƒ–‡ ‡–Š‹ • ȋ‘” Š‘™ –‘ •‡‡ ‹– ƒ• •‹–—ƒ–‡† ƒ– ƒŽŽȌ ƒ†Š‘™–‘‹–‡”’”‡– ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ȋ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ••—‹‰‹––‘„‡†‹• —”•‹˜‡‘Ž›ȌǤ  Howcanweviewthe‘impacts’ofthePigChasegameconcept? ƒ ™‡ ˜ƒŽ‘”‹œ‡ ƒ† ƒ••‡•• –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ‹ ’—„Ž‹  †‡„ƒ–‡ǡ ‘” ’‡”Šƒ’• ‡˜‡‡ƒ•—”‡‹–•‡ˆˆ‡ –•“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǫ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š’‹‰•ƒŽ•‘”‡•’‘†‡† –‘ ‘—” ’”‘–‘–›’‹‰ ƒ† ’Žƒ›Ǧ–‡•–‹‰ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ —• –‘ ”‡ ‘•‹†‡” ‘—” ‹†‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ƒ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‰ƒ‡ˆ‘”„‘–Š’‹‰•ƒ†Š—ƒ• ‘—Ž†„‡ǡ–Š‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡PigChase ’”‘Œ‡ –Ȃ‘•–‘–ƒ„Ž›‹–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–˜‹†‡‘ȂŠƒ•–Š—•ˆƒ”„‡‡‘—•‡––Ž‹‰Š—ƒ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ’‹‰•ƒ†‘—””‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡Ǥ‡•‹†‡•–”ƒ ‹‰†‹• —••‹‘•‘ –Š‡ ™‡„ –Šƒ– ‘‡– ‘ ‘—” ’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ ™‡ †‹† ‘– ‘†— – ƒ •—”˜‡›‘”—•‡•‘‡ ‘–Š‡” ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡‡–Š‘†–‘–”›ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡–Š‡ȋŽƒ•–‹‰ǫȌ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‘Š—ƒƒ––‹–—†‡•‘”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•Ǥ‡”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‹•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –‹•‘–ƒ‹‹‰–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘–ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ ‘”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ’‹‰™‡Žˆƒ”‡–Šƒ–‘–‹˜ƒ–‡•–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ†–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‘—Ž† ‡‡† –‘ „‡ —†‰‡† –‘™ƒ”†•Ǥ —– ‡‹–Š‡” ‹• –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‡”‡Ž› ‘‡ ‘ˆ Ǯ”ƒ‹•‹‰ “—‡•–‹‘•ǯ‘”Ǯƒ‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡–Š‹ǯǤ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‹–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–Š‡•‡ ƒ „‡ ˜‡‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ‰‘ƒŽ• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‘‘Ž› ƒ‹‡† ˆ‘” „› •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽŽ› ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ȋ„‹‘ǦȌ ƒ”–ǡ ‹– ™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’‹–›–‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡‹–ƒ––Šƒ–Ǥ”–‹•–•ƒ††‡•‹‰‡”•‘•–Ž›–”›–‘•–ƒ› Ž‡ƒ”‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ˆ‡ƒ”–Šƒ–‹–™‹ŽŽƒ‡–Š‡‹”™‘”‘‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽǤ š’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‰‘”ƒŽ‹–‡–ǡ–Š‡›–Š‹ǡ™‘—Ž†—†‡”‹‡–Š‡ƒ„‹‰—‘—•ƒ†—•‡––Ž‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹”™‘”ǤŠ‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆŠ‘™–‘„‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‘ˆ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ™‹–Š‘—– Ǯ‰‹˜‹‰ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ƒ•™‡”•ǯ ”‹‰Š– ƒ™ƒ› ƒ „‡ –ƒ‡ ‘ „› ‘”‡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‡˜‹•‹‘‹‰–Š‡‹†‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ†•›„‘Ž‹ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•–Š‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹•–‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡Ǥ–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ–Š‡™‘”‹–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆǮ‡”‡Ž›”ƒ‹•‹‰“—‡•–‹‘•ǯ ‘—Ž†•Ž‹†‡ ‹–‘Ǯ”‡ƒ†›‹‰ǯ–Š‡‹†•ƒ†„‘†‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ˆ‘”‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡƒ•

 272chapterten  †‡• ”‹„‡† „› ‘ ‡Ž‘”‡ ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ˆ–‡” –‘‘ ƒ› Ž‹‰Š–Ǧ‡‹––‹‰  „—‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ ”‡ ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹‰Š–„‡—„‡†‹–‘’Žƒ‹ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‹•‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹•ƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡Ȃƒ Žƒ••‹ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥ ‡”‡ǡ–Š‹•™ƒ•‘– ƒ––‡’–‡† „› „”‹‰‹‰ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ Žƒ”‹–› ‹–‘ ƒ •‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› Šƒ‘–‹  ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ „—– „› ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‡™ǡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡„› ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‡™ ‹†• ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡–‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘ƒ†‡š’”‡••–Š‡‹”‹†‡ƒ•‘–Š‡‹••—‡ǡƒ†„›Š‡‹‰Š–‡‹‰ƒ•‡•‡ ‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ƒ‘‰•––Š‘•‡”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘‹–ǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‘”‡Ǧ–ŠƒǦ Š—ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ •‹‹–•‡Žˆ‘ˆˆ‡”•‘‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–™‡ƒ›ˆ‡‡Žƒ‡•‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ƒ† †‡‡’Ǥ – ‹• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ‹ƒ‰‹‡’‡‘’Ž‡’Žƒ›‹‰•‘‡‰ƒ‡™‹–Š’‹‰•ƒ•—”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ•‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡„—› ‡ƒ–ƒ††ƒ‹”›’”‘†— –•‹ƒ•—’‡”ƒ”‡–Ǥ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡™‡„†‹• —••‹‘•–Šƒ– ‡‡”‰‡† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ Pig Chase ˜‹†‡‘ ™‡– ’—„Ž‹  ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† ƒ „”‘ƒ† ‹’ƒ – ™Š‡™‡ ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ •Š‡‡” ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ† “—‹–‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘•– ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘•‡ŽˆǦ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ› ™‡ŽŽǦ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†’‘•‹–‹‘‘–Š‡‹••—‡Ȃˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†˜‡‰ƒ•Ȃ‡š’”‡••‡†— ‡”–ƒ‹–› ƒ†ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡Ǥ  •™‡•ƒ™‹ Šƒ’–‡”͸ǡ‘–Š‡”•”‡•’‘†‡†‹‡˜‡‘”‡‹–‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘ˆŽ‹ –‡†™ƒ›•ǡ ”ƒ‹•‹‰ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– ™Šƒ– ‹– ‡ƒ• –‘ „‡ ƒ ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –‹ƒ Šƒ‰‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒŽ•‘™Šƒ–•‡‡•–‘‡‡”‰‡ˆ”‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–‘’—„Ž‹ ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘‹˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘”˜ƒ†‡” ‡‡Ž‡ȋƒ†‡”‡‡Ž‡ƒ†”‹‡••‡ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ‡‘’Ž‡”‡Žƒ–‡‹ ‘’Ž‡š™ƒ›•–‘–Š‡‹” ‘™’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹˜‹‡™‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡‘”•ǡ‡š’‡ –‡† —Ž–—”ƒŽ•Š‹ˆ–•ǡƒ† Ǯˆ—–—”‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǯǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ––‘•–—†›‡–Š‹ •‹ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ǡ ™‡ •Š‘—Ž† ‘˜‡ „‡›‘† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ”‡’‘”–‹‰ ‘ –Š‡‹” —””‡– ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ†ƒ––‹–—†‡•‹ƒ•‹’Ž‡‘†‡Ž‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  MoralagencyincoǦevolutionarytinkeringandtheroleofphilosophy ‹–Š–Š‡‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰‹–•‡Žˆ ‘•–‹–—–‹‰ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‹“—‹”›‹–‘‡–Š‹ •ǡ Š‡”‡ ‡–”‹‰‘Š‘™–‘ƒ‡–Š‡’‹‰•‡‡”‰‡ƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ‡™ Š—ƒȂ’‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Šƒ– ”‘Ž‡ †‘‡• ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡” •–‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ǫ Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ –ƒ‡•—•‹— ‡”–ƒ‹ †‹”‡ –‹‘•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›•‹ ‡–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ†‹–••‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡ –•ƒ”‡ǡ–‘ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† —‘™ ‡š–‡–ǡ —ƒƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ‹• ‘ Ž‘‰‡” Œ—•–ƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ Š–Š‡•‹•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ƒ†•—’‡”˜‹•‘”• ƒ„‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘ ‘–”‘Ž‡˜‡”›•–‡’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡– ȋ–Š‘—‰Š Š‘™ ƒ –Š‡•‹• ‹• ”‡ƒ† ‹• ‘– ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ‡‹–Š‡”ǡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ȌǤ„‘—–ƒ†‘œ‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•–ˆ‡™›‡ƒ”•Šƒ˜‡ǡ‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•ǡ„‡‡  aconclusioninthemaking273  ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ƒ† „—‹Ž†‹‰ —’‘ –Š‹• ‹†‡ƒ –‘ –”›ƒ†”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ƒ ‹–‡”•’‡ ‹‡•‰ƒ‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰•‘‡ǡ‘•–Ž›• ‡’–‹ ƒŽ„—–•‘‡–‹‡• ˜‡”› ‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹ ǡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ‡“—ƒŽŽ› • ‡’–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† —”‹‘—•ǡ –Š‘—‰Š ˜‡”› —”—Ž›ǡ ’‹‰•Ǥ ˆ–‡”’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•ǡƒ‡†‹ƒˆ”‡œ›•’”—‰—’‹™Š‹ Š™‡ Šƒ† –‘ ”‡‹˜‡– ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – –‹‡ ƒ† ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ ‘ –Š‡ •’‘–ǡ ‘•–ƒ–Ž› ‰”ƒ’’Ž‹‰–‘”‡ƒ†Œ—•–‘—”‹†‡ƒ•ƒ††‡•‹‰†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ  Š‹•†‹Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ›ƒ‰‡ ›‹•‘––‘•ƒ› ™‘ǯ–„‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘–ƒ‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘” –Š‡‘—– ‘‡•ƒ†–”›–‘ƒ†Œ—•–‘—”’”‘Œ‡ –‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ‹•Ǥȋ‘—•‡‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹• •–‹ŽŽ‘”ƒŽƒ‰‡ ›‹–Š‹•ˆŽ—šǡ’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡‘”‡•‘–Šƒ‹ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ™‹–Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘Ž›ǨȌ –‡”ƒ –‹‘• ™‹–Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ƒ† „‡‹‰ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› ‘–Š‡”• †‘ ‘– †‹‹‹•Š ‘”ƒŽ ƒ—–‘‘›ǡ „—– ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘‹–ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‘”ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›™‡Ž‹˜‡™‹–Š‹•‘–ƒ•–ƒ„Ž‡–Š‹‰ǡ „—–”‡“—‹”‡• ‘•–ƒ– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ†‹’”‘˜‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ”ǡƒ•ƒ”‘‡ ‡Ž„‡”‰ŠŠƒ• ƒ”‰—‡†ǡ‡–Š‹ •‹•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆǮ‰”‘™‹‰‘”ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǯǡƒ‹Š‡”‡–Ž› •‹–—ƒ–‡†ǡ ‡„‘†‹‡†ǡƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡š‡” ‹•‡ǡ‹™Š‹ Š„‡ ‘‹‰ƒ‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –‹•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ ‘‰‘‹‰‹‡”•‹˜‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ȋ‘‡ ‡Ž„‡”‰ŠʹͲͳʹȌǤ  Isitjustart,orisitforreal? ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹••–‹ŽŽ— Ž‡ƒ”™Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –‹•Ǥ •‹–Œ—•–ƒ”–ǡ ƒ ‘‡Ǧ‘ˆˆ ‘ ‡’– ˜‹†‡‘ǡ ƒ† –Š—• ‹ ƒ ™ƒ› ƒ ǮŠ‘ƒšǯǫ ” †‘ ™‡ ‡ƒ –‘ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡‹–ǡƒ†‡˜‡• ƒŽ‡‹–—’–‘‹’Ž‡‡–•‘‡˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ‹–‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡ˆƒ”•ǫ Š‡ Pig Chase’”‘Œ‡ –Šƒ•„‡‡Š‡”ƒŽ†‡†ƒ•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆǮŠ‘™ƒ”– ƒ•ƒ˜‡–Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǯȋ ‡˜‡”•ʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š•‡‡•–‘ˆ”ƒ‡‹–ƒ•ƒ‘‡Ǧ‘ˆˆǡ‡˜‘ ƒ–‹˜‡’‹‡ ‡‘ˆƒ”–Ǥ —–‹–ƒŽ•‘™ƒ•ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†‹ƒ”‡ ‡–„‘‘‘Ǯ—•–ƒ‹‹•ǯǡƒ•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆǮ—•–ƒ‹‹•– ‡•‹‰ˆ‘”‘ ‹ƒŽŠƒ‰‡ǯǡ–Šƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘ƒǮ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ǯ„›„”‹‰‹‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡‹–‘ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š–Š‡’Žƒ ‡•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡‹”ˆ‘‘†‹•’”‘†— ‡†ȋ Š™ƒ”œƒ† ”ƒ„„‡†ƒʹͲͳ͵ȌǤŠ‡ƒ––Š‹•„‘‘Žƒ— Š‡˜‡– •ƒ™–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ‘—”’‹‰• ‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‰‹ƒ––‘— Š• ”‡‡‡š––‘ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘Œ‡ – ƒŽŽ‡†Ǯ ƒ‹”’Š‘‡ǯǡ ™Š‹ Šƒ‹•–‘ƒ‡•ƒ”–Ǧ’Š‘‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘”‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ†Œ—•–ǡͳ͵Ͳƒ”ƒ–Š‡” †‹• ‘ ‡”–‹‰‘”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†™ƒ•†‹• Ž‘•‡†Ǥ –•—††‡Ž›†ƒ™‡†‘‡–Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž† „‡‘–Œ—•–”‹†‹ —Ž‘—•„—–’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž›•‹ ‡‹‰–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘ˆ‹‡†’‹‰•™‹–Š‹ƒ†• ƒ••‡„Ž‡†„›‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†Š‹‡•‡ˆƒ –‘”›™‘”‡”•ƒ†ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‡•‘—” ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡†—‰—’„›‘‰‘Ž‡•‡‹‹‰•Žƒ˜‡•ǤŠ‡’”‘Œ‡ –™‘—Ž†ƒƒ‰‡ –‘ Ž‹ –Š‡ †‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒœ‘‹ƒ”ƒ‹ˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‘”‰”‘™‹‰’‹‰ˆ‡‡†™‹–Šˆ—‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‹˜‹Ž™ƒ”   130See:http://www.fairphone.com(accessed2February,2014).  274chapterten  ‹ˆ”‹ ƒƒ†’‘ŽŽ—–‹‰–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–‹Š‹ƒǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰‘–‘Ž›–Š‡ Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆ’‹‰•ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘˜‡”ǡ„—–‡˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘–Š‡†‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆ‘—–ƒ‹‰‘”‹ŽŽƒ•Ǥ—†‹ ƒŽŽ›‡Šƒ ‡†‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”‹‰™‘—Ž†–Š—• ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ǡ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ†‡•–”— –‹‘‹‡™ƒ† —‹ƒ‰‹‡†™ƒ›•Ǥ  Designassocialmovementandpublicdebate Š‡Œ—š–ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ›‹‰™‹–Š‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ‘‡ –‡†–‘ ’”‘†— –• ƒ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ƒŽ•‘„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ‘ ƒ•‹‘–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒˆƒ‹”˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆPigChaseǡ’‘••‹„Ž›‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š ƒ‹”’Š‘‡ǤŠƒ–™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’—•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Šƒ–‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Šˆƒ”•ƒ”‡‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›ˆƒ• ‹ƒ–‹‰•‹–‡•ǡ™‡ƒ›ˆ‹† ‘ ƒ•‹‘• ˆ‘” ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡–‘‘Ǥ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ’”‘†— ‹‰ƒ •ƒ”–’Š‘‡ ™‹–Š‘—– ‡š’Ž‘‹–‹‰ ™‘”‡”• ‘” †‡•–”‘›‹‰ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ˆƒ ‡• ‹‡•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘„‘–ŠŽ‘‰‹•–‹ •ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡƒ•‹–”—•‹–‘ƒŽŽ‹†• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ „ƒ””‹‡”•Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‹”’Š‘‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• –Š‡ •›•–‡ƒ–‹ „—–ƒŽ•‘•‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡‡”‡Ž›—”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†—‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡”‡ƒ•‘• „‡Š‹†‘”ƒŽŽ›’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘˜‡”ǤŠ‡ ƒ‹”’Š‘‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”• ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›†‘‘–†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡‹”‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŒ—•–‹ ‡‘ˆƒ’”‘†— –‹‘ Šƒ‹„ƒ•‡†‘ •‘‡‹†‘ˆTenCommandments‘ˆˆƒ‹”‡••Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆˆƒ‹”‡••‹••‡‡ƒ•ƒ ’”‘ ‡••ǡ ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ‘‰‘‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ† †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘ ‡•• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‰ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡†–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽǡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ǡƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•Ȃ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰™‹–Šƒ‘”ƒŽ ‘•—‡” ™Š‘ ‹• Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ™Šƒ– ‹• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ‘”ƒŽŽ› †‡ƒ† ƒ† ™Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ †‡ƒ†•‡–ƒ‹Ž‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡†‡•‹‰–Šƒ–‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–ƒ•‘—–Ž‹‡† ‹–Š‡—•–ƒ‹‹•–‡•‹‰‰—‹†‡ǡ‹•–Š‡Ǯ‘—–†‘‘”„”‡™‡”›ǯ„›ƒ”–‹•– ‡”‹‡––‡ƒƒŽǤŠ‹• ‹•ƒ‘Ǧ•‹–‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”„”‡™‹‰„‡‡”—•‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽ•—”ˆƒ ‡‘”‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”ǡ™Š‹ Š ‹˜‹–‡•’‡‘’Ž‡–‘Ǯ–ƒ•–‡–Š‡‹”Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ǯǤŠ‡„”‡™‡”›’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Šƒ– Š‡Ž’•—• ‘–‡’Žƒ–‡‘–Œ—•––Š‡™ƒ–‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ”‘—†—•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ ’Žƒ ‡Ǧ„‘—† Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •–Šƒ–™‡ ƒƒ –—ƒŽŽ›–ƒ•–‡ǡ–Š—•‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰‡™ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰ƒ† ‘‡ –‡†‡••Ǥ‡‡‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‹•‹•ƒ— Š‘”‡—†ƒ‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Šƒ–Š‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ‡š–”ƒ’‘Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†—•‡––Ž‹‰’”‘’‘•ƒŽ••— Šƒ•Š‹‰ŠǦ”‹•‡’‹‰ˆƒ”•ƒ†Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š ‹‰•Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡ƒ –‘ˆ†”‹‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡”Ȃ’—”‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ „”‡™‹‰’”‘ ‡••„—–•–‹ŽŽ‘ˆˆ‡”‡†Ǯƒ–›‘—”‘™”‹•ǯȂ‹•ǡƒ•ƒ ƒ –—ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ ‘”‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ–Šƒ‹–ƒ›•‡‡ƒ–ˆ‹”•–•‹‰Š–Ǥ – ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ‘‡––‘ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡–‘ –Š‡ ȋ•—•’‡ –‡†Ȍ ‹–ƒ‡ ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ˜› ‡–ƒŽ• ƒ† Š‘”‘‡• ȋ–Š—• ‘‡ –‹‰ –‘ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰–‘‘ǨȌǤŠ‹•’”‘Œ‡ –ƒŽ•‘•Š‘™•Š‘™–Š‹•  aconclusioninthemaking275  –›’‡‘ˆ†‡•‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡†‘‡•‘–‡‡†–‘„‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ†Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Šǡ„—– ƒŒ—•–ƒ•™‡ŽŽ „‡„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‹˜‡–‡†ƒ––Š‡†ƒ™‘ˆ‘—” ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ  Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ Œ—•– –™‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡šƒ’Ž‡• –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ‘™ ˆ‘” ‡™ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† ’‡”Šƒ’•‡„‘†‹‡† ‘‡ –‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡›”‹ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• –Šƒ– ‘‡ ™‹–Š ‘—” ’ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ ‘•—’–‹‘ ƒ† Žƒ† —•‡Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ” –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ›‹‰ ™‹–Š‹‰•’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ–Š‡•‡„‘–Šˆ— –‹‘ƒ•‡”‡ ‘ ‡’–•ǡ‘ƒ˜‡”›•ƒŽŽ• ƒŽ‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒŽ•‘ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ ™‹†‡” ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ† ’‘Ž‹ › •‡ –‘”• †—‡ –‘ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›„‡‹‰–ƒ‡‹–‘’”‘†— –‹‘Ǣ‹„‘–Š ƒ•‡• ƒ–ƒŽ›•‹‰‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡”‡–Š‹‹‰ ‘ˆ‘—”•‹–—ƒ–‡†‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ  Personalmotivationfordoingphilosophy,or,indefenceoftheridiculous ‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡™”‹–‹‰‘‹••—‡••— Šƒ•–Š‘•‡†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ƒ”‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† „› ‘’ƒ••‹‘ǡ‘”‡˜‡‘”ƒŽ‘—–”ƒ‰‡Ȃ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ•–”‘‰•‡•‡‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ”‹‰Š–ƒ† ™”‘‰Ȃ™Š‹ Š–Š‡›–Š‡–”›–‘„ƒ —’ƒ†ˆ—”–Š‡””‡ˆ‹‡„›–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰Ǥ–Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡ ƒ‘”‡‡—–”ƒŽ•–ƒ ‡ǡ–”›‹‰–‘•‘”–‘—–”‡ƒ•‘•ƒ†ƒ”‰—‡–•‹ ‘Š‡”‡–•‡–•ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ –‡”•Ǥ ‘‡ ‡˜‡ Ž‘‘ ˆ‘” ™ƒ›• –‘ •‘‡Š‘™Ǯ‰”‘—†ǯ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‰—‡–•‘•‘‡ƒ„•–”ƒ –‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹†‡ƒǣƒ•‹‰Ž‡–Š‡‘”› –Šƒ–™‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ‘—”‘”ƒŽŒ—†‰‡–•ǤŠ‡‹”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ›„‡‘‡‘ˆ™‘†‡”ǡ‘” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡƒ†–Š‡Œ‘›–Š‡›‰‡–ˆ”‘–”›‹‰ –‘ –Š‹ –Š”‘—‰Š˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‹‡•‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰‹••‘‡–‹‡• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ•‘Ž˜‹‰’—œœŽ‡•Ǥ ›‘™™‘”‘–Š‡•‡–Š‡‡•†‘‡••Šƒ”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–™‘‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘†‡• ‘ˆ™‘”‹‰ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹•ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘‡Ǥ‡•‹†‡• ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹Š‘™’‡‘’Ž‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒƒ‰‡–‘”‡Žƒ–‡–‘ ‡–”ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•‹–Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‡•ǡ–Š‹•™‘”‹•ƒŽ•‘‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†„›ƒ•—•–ƒ‹‡†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹†‹ —Ž‘—•ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ› Š—ƒ •–”‹˜‹‰•ǡ ƒ ”‹†‹ —Ž‘—•‡•• ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡† ™Š‡ –Š‡•‡ •–”‹˜‹‰•ƒ”‡’”‡••‡†‹–‘–Š‡‘—Ž†‘ˆƒ ƒ†‡‹ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǤŠ‹•Šƒ•‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†•‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–•‘‡†‡’Ž‘›•ǡ–Š‡‘†‡•‘ˆ‹“—‹”›‘‡—•‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡•–›Ž‡ ‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰‘‡™‘”•‹Ǥ‘•–Ž›ǡ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ™‘”‘‡–Š‹ •‹•“—‹–‡ƒ•‡”‹‘—•‰‡”‡ ȋƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‹Žƒ”‹‘—•Ž›ˆƒ”Ǧˆ‡– Š‡†–Š‘—‰Š–‡š’‡”‹‡–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ•’”‹‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ ƒ•‡•ȌǤŠ‡”‡•‡‡•–‘„‡ƒ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†•‡•‡ –Šƒ– ‹ˆ •‘‡–Š‹‰‹•ˆ—›ǡ‘”‡ƒ––‘„‡•‘ǡ‹–‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒ‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡™ƒ›–‘”‡Žƒ–‡–‘ –Š‡‰”ƒ˜‡‹••—‡•™‡ƒ”‡ˆƒ ‡†™‹–Šǡ„—––Š‡”‡„›ƒŽ•‘‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ•ƒ‘†‡‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰Ǥ  —‘—”ǡŒ‘‡•ǡ’”ƒ•–‡”‹•ǡƒ†‡–Š‹ •–Š—••‡‡‘––‘„‡ƒˆ‡Ž‹ ‹–‘—•ƒ– Šǡƒ– Ž‡ƒ•–‹—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ•ƒ•‘Ž‡ƒˆˆƒ‹”–Šƒ–ƒ•••‡”‹‘—•“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ„‘—– ”‡ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰Šƒ”ǡ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ǡƒ†‹••—‡•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ††‡ƒ–ŠǤ—”PigChase ‘ ‡’–˜‹†‡‘–‡†•–‘”ƒ‹•‡Žƒ—‰Š–‡”™Š‡• ”‡‡‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒˆ”‡•Šƒ—†‹‡ ‡Ǥ‡  276chapterten  –Š‘—‰Š–Ǧ’”‘˜‘‹‰ ”‹–‹“—‡  ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ƒˆ–‡” ’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ’‹‰ ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒ– ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—Ž–‹†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡™ƒ•–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž›™”‘‰ –‘„‡Žƒ—‰Š‹‰ƒ––Š‡•‹‰Š–‘ˆ‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž› ‘ˆ‹‡†’‹‰•ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‹•‹†‡‡†ƒ ƒ––‡”‘ˆƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‰ƒ”‘—†–Š‡†ƒ‰‡”•‘ˆ‡”‡Ž›–—”‹‰–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ’‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹–‘ •‘‡–Š‹‰ –‘ Žƒ—‰Š ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‹†‹ —Ž‘—•‡••‹•ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‘—‰Š–Ǧ’”‘˜‘‹‰ƒ†‡˜‡Ǯ™‘”Ž†Ǧ †‹• Ž‘•‹‰ǯˆ‘” ‡ȋ ˆǤ”‹– ŠŽ‡›ƒ†‡†‡”•–”ڏʹͲͳͲȌǡ–Š‡‡–Š‹ •™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›”‡ƒ•‘ –‘ •‹Ž‡ •‡‡• †”› ƒ† ‘– ‘‡ –‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆŠ—ƒȋƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽǫȌ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒ†–Š‘—‰Š–Ǥ  ”‹•–Š‹•‘’–‹‰–‘–‡ŽŽƒ„ƒ†Œ‘‡™Š‡‹–‹•‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ȋ ‘‡” ʹͲͳͲǡ ͻͳȌǫ ‡–ǯ• ‡† ‘ ƒ ‘”‡ •‹ ‡”‡ ‘–‡ǡ –Š‡Ǥ › ‘™ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†• ™ƒ• •‘‡™Šƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –‘ –Š‘•‡ †‡’‹ –‡† ‹ –Š‡ depriǦkino†‘ —‡–ƒ”‹‡•†‹• —••‡†‹ Šƒ’–‡”ͳǤ‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡ •‡•‡‘ˆƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘™Š‡‡–‡”‹‰ƒ Š‹ ‡•Š‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ȋƒ†•‡ ‘†Ȍ–‹‡ƒ† ƒ‹‰ ͳͲǡͲͲͲ „”‘‹Ž‡”• Š—””› –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ” •‹†‡Ǥ  ”‹–‹ ƒŽ •‡•‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ—”–Š‡” ™Š‡ ™ƒ• › Ž‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”ƒ„ƒ– ‘—–”›•‹†‡™‹–Š–Š‡•–‹‰‹‰ •‡ŽŽ ‘ˆ ƒ‘‹ƒ‡‡”‰‹‰‡˜‡”›ˆ‡™Š—†”‡†‡–”‡•ˆ”‘ƒ‘›‘—•ǡ™‹†‘™Ž‡•••Š‡†•ǡ ƒ •‡ŽŽ –Šƒ– ƒ‡• ›‘— ™‘†‡” ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‰ ‹ŽŽ‹‘• ‘ˆ ’‹‰• ‹ ƒ •ƒŽŽ ‘—–”›Ǥ ” ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ •ƒ†‡•• ‡‡”‰‡• ™Š‡ǡ Žƒ† ‹ ™Š‹–‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ• ƒ† ’Žƒ•–‹  •Š‘‡ ‘˜‡”•ǡ ™‡ ™‡”‡ ™ƒŽ‹‰ ’ƒ•– ‡†Ž‡•• ”‘™• ‘ˆ ’‹‰•–‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ›•ǣDzŠ‡”‡‹•‘’‘‹–‹ƒŽ•‘–ƒ‹‰ƒŽ‘‘‹–Š‡‘–Š‡” ŠƒŽŽ™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡›ƒŽŽŽ‘‘–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥdz”ƒ–ƒ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”ǡ•‡‡‹‰•Šƒ› ƒŽ˜‡•‘ˆƒˆ‡™†ƒ›• ‘Ž†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ›Š‘—•‡†‹ƒ”‘™‘ˆ™Š‹–‡’Žƒ•–‹ Ǯ‹‰Ž‘‘•ǯ‡š––‘–Š‡„ƒ”™Š‡”‡–Š‡‹” ‘–Š‡”•™‡”‡‹Ž‡†ǤŠ‡›•‡‡‡†„‘–Š —”‹‘—•ƒ†• ƒ”‡†ǡ’‡‡‹‰‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘’ƒ”–‡–•ǡ•‘‡–‹‡••—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘ƒƒ‡‹ƒ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ„‡‹‰ ™‹–ŠŠ‡Ž†‹”‘Ǧ”‹ Šˆ‡‡†ǡ‘”Šƒ˜‹‰•–‘ƒ Š’”‘„Ž‡•†—‡–‘‘–„‡‹‰‰‹˜‡‡‘—‰Š ”‘—‰Šƒ‰‡ǡƒ•–Š‡›™‘—Ž†„‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†–‘ƒ ƒŽˆǦˆƒ––‡‹‰ˆƒ”•Š‘”–Ž›Ǥ†–Š‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ˜› –”— • ™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡‡† –Šƒ– ’ƒ•• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ”‘ƒ† „‡Š‹† –Š‡ ƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ‘ ‹ƒŽ  ‹‡ ‡• †‡’ƒ”–‡– ‡˜‡”› ˆ‡™ ‹—–‡•ǡ –”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰ ƒ •‡‡‹‰Ž› ‡†Ž‡•• ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ȋ’‡”Šƒ’•Ȍ ƒœ‘‹ƒ •‘› –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ Š‹ ‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǯ˜ƒŽŽ‡›ǯ‡ƒ”„›Ǥ  —–™Š‡ ™ƒ• › Ž‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š ”‹‡•Žƒ†ƒ–†ƒ™ǡ‘–Š‡™ƒ›–‘„”‡ƒˆƒ•–ƒˆ–‡” Šƒ˜‹‰‹Ž‡†͸Ͳ ‘™•ǡ–Š‡•‡•‡‘ˆ„‡‹‰’”‘†— –‹˜‡‹”Š›–Š•ƒŽ‹‰‡†™‹–Š–Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ‘–Š‡”Ž‹˜‹‰„‡‹‰•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ˆ‘” ‡†ƒ†‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†–Š‡›’‡”Šƒ’•ƒ›„‡ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ •Šƒ”‹‰ ‹ –Š‹• ™‘” Ž‹ˆ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡•‡ ‘™• •‡‡• –‘ ƒ‡–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‹‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‹•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒ‰Ž‹’•‡‘ˆƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‹‰

 aconclusioninthemaking277  ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ™Š‹ Š „”‹‰• †‘™ “—‡•–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • –‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ† Š‘™ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ƒ† ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†•‘‡Š‘™‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Žƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•‡˜‡„‡‹‰Ǥ

   

   



Epilogue

Backonthepigfarm    Š‡ˆƒ”‡”™Š‘‘ ‡Œ‘‡†‘ˆ—•‹‰ƒ‹–‡†‘‹‹ƒ•‡”‹ Š‡–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–Š‡ ’‹‰’‡™ƒ•”ƒ–Š‡”•—”’”‹•‡†™Š‡ ’Š‘‡†–™‘›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ– Šƒ†‰‘‡‘ –‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡Š‡”‹†‡ƒǤ‹ ‡™‡ˆ‹”•–‡–ƒ–Š‡”‹– Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ•Š‡ƒ†Š‡”Š—•„ƒ†Šƒ† •‘Ž†‘ˆˆ–Š‡‘Ž†ˆƒ”ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆƒ•ƒŽŽ–‘™ǡƒ†”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ”‡ƒ ȋLandbouwontwikkelingsgebiedȌǤ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡œ‘‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–‡ƒ– –‘ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”•‹•‹–‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡‹’ƒ –•‘ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–•™‘—Ž†„‡ ”‡†— ‡†ǤŠ‡ˆƒ”‡” ‘—’Ž‡™ƒ••‡‡‹‰™ƒ›•‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‡™ˆƒ”ǡ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ƒ‡ –‘ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ ™‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ •‡––‹‰ —’ –Š‡‹” ‘™ ’”‘†— – ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ†‘—–Ž‡–Ǥ –Š‡‹”‡™„ƒ”ǡ™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š •–”ƒ™ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ’‹‰• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ‰‘ ‘—–†‘‘”•ǡ –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ’”‡’ƒ”‡† ƒ •’ƒ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ‰ƒ‡–‘„‡‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†Ǥ  Š‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‡†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ† ˜‹•‹–Š‡”‹ʹͲͳ͵ǡ–Š‡„ƒ”•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ‡’–›ǡƒ• –Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†Šƒ†’”‘–‡•–‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡’Žƒ•‘ˆŠƒ˜‹‰’‹‰•‘—–†‘‘”•ǤŠ‡”‡ ƒ”‡ƒˆ‡™’‹‰•–Š‘—‰ŠǤ‡š––‘–Š‡Š‘—•‡ǡƒ•ƒŽŽˆ‹‡Ž†‹•ˆ‡ ‡†‘ˆˆǡ™Š‡”‡ˆ‘—”’‹‰• Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ‰‡†–‘—’”‘‘–‡˜‡”›‹ Š‘ˆ•‘‹ŽǤŠ‡™‡ ‘‡ Ž‘•‡”–Š‡›• —””›ƒ”‘—† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ —†ǡ ƒ‹‰ ‰”—–‹‰ •‘—†•Ǥ ‡ ƒ‰”‡‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ‘–„‡’—–„ƒ ‹–‘ƒ‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ†Š‡”Š—•„ƒ† Šƒ˜‡‘–†‡ ‹†‡†›‡–™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•‡™‹ŽŽ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›‰‘–‘–Š‡„—– Š‡”ǡ ‘” ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘•–ƒ›ǡƒ•‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡Ǣ “—ƒ”–‡”ƒ•–‡”•ǡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰ Œ‘›ˆ—Ž ’‹‰‰‹•Š‡•• –‘ –Š‡ ‡‹‰Š„‘—”•Ǥ‡•‹†‡••‡––‹‰—’ –Š‡ˆƒ”ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡƒ•‡”‹‘—• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘‰‡–‘—”‰ƒ‡–‘™‘”‘•‹–‡•‡‡•–‘„‡–Š‡ Žƒ ‘ˆŠ‹‰Š•’‡‡†‹–‡”‡–‹”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ  ‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ ƒ ƒŒ‘” —Ž–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ” ‡“—‹’‡– ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡” Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ •Š‘™ ƒ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‘—”’”‘Œ‡ –ǤŠ‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒƒ‰‡”ǡƒ„‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ†–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ 280epilogue  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ‡ ‘˜‡” –‘ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†• ˆ‘” ƒ –ƒŽ –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‹”ˆ‹”•–“—‡•–‹‘™ƒ•ǣǮ •–Š‹•Œ—•–ƒ”–ǡ‘”‹•‹–”‡ƒŽǫǯŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ ‘’ƒ› Šƒ• Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ› „‡‡ ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ† ƒ‘™„‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡•–ƒ–—•“—‘‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ‹–•„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž”‡“—‹”‡•–Š‡–‘Ž‘‘ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒŠ‡ƒ† –Šƒ‘•–‘–Š‡”•‹–Š‡ˆƒ”‹‰•‡ –‘”ǤŽ”‡ƒ†›ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ†„‡‡ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡ Ǯ’‹‰ˆƒ”‘ˆʹͲ͵ͲǯǤ†–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ•‡•‡–Šƒ–•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹ƒŽ—•‡ ‡‡†–‘„‡–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ ‘—–Ȃƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹‡•–‡”—”‘’‡Ǥ  Š‡’Žƒ›‹‰™‹–Š’‹‰•™‘—Ž†„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆƒŽƒ”‰‡”system innovation‹™Š‹ Š „”‘ƒ†‡”‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ‹••—‡•ƒ”‡ƒ††”‡••‡†ǡ‹–•‘‰‘‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’’”‘‘–‡ƒ˜‹‡™‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ƒ•ƒ’”‘ ‡••‹™Š‹ Š’‹‰•ǡƒ•‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡– ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ”‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ ƒƒ –‹˜‡Ž›–ƒ‡’ƒ”–Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡‰ƒ‡’”‘Œ‡ –ƒŽŽ‘™• —•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ƒ†—ƒŽ–”ƒ ‘ˆ„‘–ŠǮ–‘’Ǧ†‘™ǯƒ†Ǯ„‘––‘Ǧ—’ǯ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹  Šƒ‰‡ǡˆ‘•–‡”‹‰‡™Ž‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰ǡ†‘‹‰ǡƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ ‘•—‡”•ǡƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ†•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡•Ǥ  Sowhatisameaningfulroleforphilosophersonthefarm? –ƒ›„‡ ‘ Ž—†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•–Šƒ–‡–Š‹ •‹•‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡‘–Š‡ˆƒ”ǡ„—––Šƒ– ‹–”‡“—‹”‡•—•–‘ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡‘†‡•‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‹‰ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘‘”ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ Ž‡•• ‘‘‹‘–Š‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘‡–Š‹ •ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‹‰Ǥ†–Šƒ–‹––ƒ‡••‘‡ ‹‡”•‹‘ƒ†•‘‡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›–‘„”‹‰–Š‡•‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •‘—– ˆ‘” ’—„Ž‹  †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‡–Š‡•‹•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ–†‡•‹‰ƒ›‡–ƒ‹Ž –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –• ƒ† ‡™ ‘†‡• ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡„›‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‹‘„‡–™‡‡Ǯ‘”ƒŽƒ‰‡ ›ǯ ƒ† Ǯ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ˆ‹šǯ ‹• ‘– ƒ• Ž‡ƒ”Ǧ —– ƒ• ‘ˆ–‡ –Š‘—‰Š–Ǥ † –Šƒ– –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆˆ‡”• ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ †‡„ƒ–‡ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘Ž› „‡‹‰ ƒ —•‡‡•‹–‡‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•ƒ‹†‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡–Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†–Š‡ ƒŽ•‘„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•‘ˆƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ•‹–—ƒ–‡†ǡ–‹‡”‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ  –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘ ‡••ǡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”• ‘—Ž† ’Žƒ› ƒ ”‘Ž‡ǡ ‹ˆ ‘Ž› –‘ ƒ†ƒ’– ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‹†‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ •ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡƒ†‡š’‡”–‹•‡–‘™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•‘–Š‡‰”‘—†Ǥ—––Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ™‘”‹• Ž‘•‡ –‘ ƒ† ƒ „‡ ‘’Ž‡‡–‡† „› –Š‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ”‘Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”–‹•–•ǡ †‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ ȋ‘”‡Ǧ–ŠƒǦȌ Š—ƒ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”• ƒ† •‹‹Žƒ” ‘”‡ Ǯ‘—–‰‘‹‰ǯ –›’‡•Ǥͳ͵ͳ

  131Indeed,likethepigfarmer,Ihavealsomovedandnowworkasaculturalgeographer.    

    

   



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 286bibliography  ‘Šƒǡ ƒ‡•ǤͳͻͻͺǤǮ—”˜‡›”–‹ Ž‡ǣŠ‡‘‹‰‘ˆ‰‡‘ˆ‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǯǤJournalofPoliticalPhilosophy͸ȋͶȌǣͶͲͲȂͶʹͷǤ ‘Šƒǡ ƒ‡•ǤʹͲͲͲǤPublicDeliberation:Pluralism,ComplexityandDemocracyǤ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡǣ ”‡••Ǥ ‘Ž–ƒ•‹ǡ— Ǥǡƒ†ƒ—”‡–Š‡˜‡‘–ǤͳͻͻͻǤŠ‡•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ǡ Europ.J.SocialTheory2(3)ǡ͵ͷͻȂ͹͹Ǥ ‘Ž–ƒ•‹ǡ— Ǥǡƒ†ƒ—”‡–Š‡˜‡‘–Ǥ ʹͲͲ͸ȏͳͻͻͳȐǤOnJustification,economiesof worth.”‹ ‡–‘ ǣ”‹ ‡–‘‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ‘‘‰ƒƒ”†ǡǤǤǡǤǤ‘ ǡǤ Ǥ‘•–‹‰ǡ ǤǤǤ‹•‡”‡ǡƒ†Ǥ Ǥƒ†‡”‹Œ’’ǤʹͲͳͳǤ ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆ†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰ǣ–Š‡ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘ˆƒ ‡•‘ˆ ‘†‡”‹–›ǤJournalofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthicsʹͶȋ͵ȌǣʹͷͻȂʹͺʹǤ ‘‘‹ŒǡǤʹͲͲͶǤ”‹‡”‘„‘–•–‡‘‘’ǤVeeteeltǤͳ’”‹ŽǣͶʹȂͶ͵ ‘”‰ƒǡŽ„‡”–ǤͳͻͺͶǤTechnologyandtheCharacterofContemporaryLife. Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǡ ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘”‡••Ǥ ‘”‰ƒǡŽ„‡”–ǤʹͲͲͲǤ‡’Ž›–‘› ”‹–‹ •Ǥ Technologyandthegoodlife?†ǤǤ ‹‰‰•ǡǤ‹‰Š–ǡƒ†Ǥ–”‘‰ǡ͵ͶͳȂ͵͹ͲǤŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘”‡••Ǥ ‘””›ǡƒ• ƒŽǡƒ†ƒ—Ž Š‘–•ƒ•ǤʹͲͲͶǤǮ’‹”‹ ƒŽ–Š‹ •ǤŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘ ‹‘‡–Š‹ •ǯǤMedicine,HealthCareandPhilosophy͹ȋͳȌǣͳȂ͵Ǥ ‘””›ǡƒ• ƒŽǡƒ—Ž Š‘–•ƒ•ǡ ƒ†”‹• ‹‡”‹ šǤʹͲͲͷǤǮŠ‡‹”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ —”‹‹‘‡–Š‹ •ǯǤBioethicsͳͻȋͳȌǣͶͻȂ͹ͳǤ ‘•ǡ”ƒǤʹͲͲͶǤEenkwestievanbeheersing,overderolvanplanten,dieren mensenintechnologischesystemenǤ•–‡”†ƒǣ‡Ž‹‡‰‡†‡‡‡”Ǥ ‘•ǡ”ƒǤʹͲͲͺǤ •–”—‡–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘–Š‡‘”›ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‡†‡•‹‰‹ƒ‹ƒŽ Š—•„ƒ†”›ǡSocialEpistemology,22(1),ʹͻȂͷͲǤ ‘•ǡ”ƒǡ‡–‡” ”‘‘–‘‡”ƒ’ǡƒ†ƒ”‹ ”‘‡‡•–‡‹ǤʹͲͲ͵ǤǮ‘˜‡Ž‡•‹‰ ’’”‘ƒ Šˆ‘”‹˜‡•–‘  ‘—•‹‰ƒ•‡†‘‡ —”•‹˜‡‘–”‘ŽȄ™‹–Ššƒ’Ž‡• –‘‡†— ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǯǤLivestockProductionScienceͺͶȋʹȌǣͳͷ͹Ȃ ͹ͲǤǤ ‘•ǡ”ƒǡƒ”‡Ž†‡ ”‡‡ˆǡ‡–‡” ”‘‘–‘‡”ƒ’ǡǤ˜ƒ ”‹‡‡ǡƒ† ‘Š ”‹Ǥ ʹͲͲ͸ǤŽ‡‡•‹†—•–”‹‡Ȁ‡•–ƒ†‘‡–ǯ˜ƒ”‡•ˆŽƒ–ǯ‘ƒ”‡Ǥ”‘—™ǡͳͳ ‡’–‡„‡”Ǥ ‘•ǡ”ƒǡƒ† ‘Š ”‹ǤʹͲͲͺǤǮDz‘‹‰dz‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‡‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‹‹‰ —•„ƒ†”› Š‡ ƒ”†‘”‘ˆŠƒ‰‹‰–Š‡‘—”•‡‘ˆƒ‹˜‡”ǯǤScience,Technology& HumanValues͵͵ȋͶȌǣͶͺͲȂͷͲ͹Ǥ ‘—•‡ǡ‡”‡ǤʹͲͳͳǤWildlifeFilmsǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ”‡••Ǥ ‘˜‡‡”ǡ‡”‹ ‡ǡ ”ƒ•”‘ǡƒ†ƒ„•˜ƒ†‡‡”‰ŠǤʹͲͲʹǤǮ”ƒ˜‡‡™‹”†•ǣ Š‡•‡‘ˆDz‹ƒŽ –‡‰”‹–›dz‹‹ƒŽ–Š‹ •ǯǤHastingsCenterReport͵ʹȋͳȌǣ ͳ͸ȂʹʹǤ

 bibliography287  ‘›†ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤʹͲͲͳǤƒ‹‰‡ƒ–ǣ ‹‡ ‡ǡ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ†‡”‹ ƒ’‘—Ž–”› ’”‘†— –‹‘ǤTechnologyandCultureͶʹȋͶȌǣ͸͵ͳȂ͸͸ͶǤ ”ƒ ‡ǡƒ” ǤǤǡƒ† ƒ• ‘’•–‡”ǤʹͲͲ͸ǤǮ••‡••‹‰–Š‡ ’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ˆ‘”‹ƒŽ‡Žˆƒ”‡ǯǤJournalofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthics ͳͻȋͳȌǣ͹͹ȂͺͻǤ ”ƒ ‡ǡƒ” ǤǤǡƒ† ƒ•ǤǤ’‘‘Ž†‡”ǤʹͲͳͳǤǮ‡˜‹‡™‘ˆƒŽŽ‘™‹‰‹‹‰•ǣ ’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”‹ƒŽ‡Žˆƒ”‡ǯǤAnimalWelfareʹͲȋ͵Ȍǣ͵Ͷ͹Ȃ͸͵Ǥ ”ƒ‹–Š™ƒ‹–‡ǡ‹ –‘”‹ƒǤʹͲͳͲǤDoFishFeelPain? šˆ‘”†Ǥ ”ƒ„‡ŽŽǡ ǤǤǤͳͻ͸ͷǤ‡’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ‘‹––‡‡–‘‡“—‹”‡‹–‘–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•‡’–—†‡”‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž‹˜‡•–‘ Š—•„ƒ†”›•›•–‡•Ǥ‘†‘ǣ  †Ǥʹͺ͵͸Ǥ ”ƒ—ǡ”— ‡ǡƒ†ƒ”ƒŠ ǤŠƒ–‘”‡ǤʹͲͳͲǤPoliticalMatter:Technoscience, Democracy,andPublicLifeǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹‡•‘–ƒ”‡••Ǥ ”‡Žƒ†ǡǤǡƒ†Ǥ”‡Žƒ†Ǥͳͻ͸ͳǤǮŠ‡‹•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆ”‰ƒ‹••ǤǯAmerican Psychologistͳ͸ȋͳͳȌǣ͸ͺͳǤ ”‘ǡ ”ƒ•ǤǤǡƒ–Œƒƒ‹•ƒǡ ”ƒ  ‡‹Œ„‘‘ǡ› ”‡™‡”ǡƒ† ƒ•˜ƒ ”‹Œ’ǤʹͲͲ͸ǤǮ ‘‘†ǡ‹–‹œ‡•ǡƒ†ƒ”‡–ǣŠ‡—‡•–ˆ‘”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡‘•—‹‰Ǥǯ UnderstandingConsumersofFoodProductsǡ͸ͳͲȂʹ͵Ǥ —ŽŽ‡”ǡ ‡”›ǡƒ†ƒ‘‡ǤʹͲͳʹǤ‘‘†‹ˆ›‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ǥ‹ƒŽ Welfare—TheUFAWJournalʹͳȋͳȌǣͳ͵ͳǤ —ŽŽ‡”ǡ ‡”›ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤǮ‹ƒŽ‡Žˆƒ”‡ǣ ”‘”‘†— –‹‘–‘‘•—’–‹‘ǯǤ  ImprovingFarmAnimalWelfareǡ‡†Ǥ ƒ””›Ž‘Š—‹•ǡƒ”ƒ‹‡Ž‡ǡ •ƒ„‡ŽŽ‡ ‡‹••‹‡”ǡƒ†”›ƒ ‘‡•ǡͶͻȂ͸ͻǤƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ƒ†‡‹ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀŽ‹Ǥ•’”‹‰‡”Ǥ ‘Ȁ Šƒ’–‡”ȀͳͲǤ͵ͻʹͲȀͻ͹ͺǦͻͲǦͺ͸ͺ͸Ǧ͹͹ͲǦ͹̴͵Ǥ —ŽŽ‡”ǡ ‡”›ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤǮ †‹˜‹†—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ••ƒ† ƒ” ‹ƒŽ•ǯǤTheory,Culture& Societyǡ –‘„‡”ǡ͵Ͳȋ͹ȀͺȌǣͳͷͷȂͳ͹ͷǤ —”–ǡ ‘ƒ–ŠƒǤʹͲͲͳǤǮŠ‡ ŽŽ—‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒŽ‹‰†‘ǣŠ‡‘Ž‡‘ˆ‹‰Š– ƒ†Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›‹‹ƒŽ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǯǤSocietyandAnimalsͻȋ͵ȌǣʹͲ͵ȂʹͺǤ —”–ǡ ‘ƒ–ŠƒǤʹͲͲʹǤAnimalsinFilmǤ‡ƒ–‹‘‘‘•Ǥ —• Šǡƒ™”‡ ‡ǤʹͲͲͲǤŠ‡‘”ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›‘ˆ‰”ƒ†‡•ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǤJournalof RuralStudies16,ʹ͹͵Ȃʹͺ͵Ǥ —›–‡†‹Œǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥͳͻͷ͵ǤǮ‘— Š‡”‡–3–”‡‘— Š±ǯǤArchivesNéerlandaisesdeZoologie ͳͲǣ͵ͶȂͶͶǤ ƒ”‹ Šƒ‡ŽǡǤʹͲͳ͵ǤǮͳͲ ƒ‡•–‘ ‡Ž’‘—‡‰ƒ‹‘—” —ƒ‹–›ƒˆ–‡”Žƒ›‹‰  ǯǡ ƒ‡•‡ƒ–ǤVenturebeat.comǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ˜‡–—”‡„‡ƒ–Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳ͵ȀͳͲȀͲͻȀͳͲǦ ‰ƒ‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ„ƒŽƒ ‡Ǧ‘—–Ǧ–Š‡Ǧ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ‰”ƒ†Ǧ–Š‡ˆ–Ǧƒ—–‘Ǧ˜ȀʹȀǤ ƒ”•‘ǡƒ Š‡ŽǤʹͲͲʹǤSilentSpringǤ ‘—‰Š–‘‹ˆˆŽ‹ ƒ” ‘—”–Ǥ CatCatRevolution:AnInterspeciesGamingExperienceǤʹͲͳͲǤ

 288bibliography  Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›‘—–—„‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ™ƒ– Šǫ˜α–Ͳ›–ͷǦ ƬǤ ƒ––•ǡ”‘ǡƒ† ‘ƒ–—””ǤʹͲͲʹǤ ”‘™‹‰•‡‹ǦŽ‹˜‹‰• —Ž’–—”‡•ǣŠ‡–‹••—‡ —Ž–—”‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –ǤLeonardo͵ͷȋͶȌǣ͵͸ͷǦ͵͹ͲǤ ‘‡ ‡Ž„‡”‰Šǡƒ”ǡƒ† ‡••‹ ƒ‡•ƒǤʹͲͲ͹ǤǮ‹–Š ‘’‡ƒ† ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ǣ ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡‘”ƒŽ‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰‹‡‘ƒ–ƒŽ –‡•‹˜‡ƒ”‡‹–•ǯǤEthical TheoryandMoralPracticeͳͲȋͳȌǣ͵ȂʹͳǤ ‘‡ ‡Ž„‡”‰Šǡƒ”ǤʹͲͲ͹ǤǮ‹‘Ž‡–‘’—–‡” ƒ‡•ǡ’ƒ–Š›ǡƒ† ‘•‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ‹•ǯǤEthicsandInformationTechnologyͻȋ͵ȌǣʹͳͻȂ͵ͳǤ ‘‡ ‡Ž„‡”‰Šǡƒ”ǤʹͲͳʹǤGrowingMoralRelations:CritiqueofMoralStatus AscriptionǤƒŽ‰”ƒ˜‡ƒ ‹ŽŽƒǤ ‘‡–œ‡‡ǡ ǤǤʹͲͲ͵ǤElizabethCostelloǤ‡™‘”ǣ‹‹‰Ǥ ‘‡–œ‡‡ǡ ǤǤʹͲͲͻǤǮ‘–‡•‘ ••—‡•ƒ‹•‡†„›ƒ––Š‡™ƒŽƒ” ‘ǯǤ ǣTheDeathofthe Animal:ADialogueǤƒ‘Žƒƒ˜ƒŽ‹‡”‹ǡ‡†Ǥ‘Ž—„‹ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͺͻȂͻʹǤ ‘Š‡ǡ‹ƒǤǡ ”ƒ•Ǥ”‘ǡƒ†Ž•„‡–ŠǤ–ƒ••‡ǤʹͲͲͻǤ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‘”ƒŽ ––‹–—†‡•–‘‹ƒŽ•ƒ†Š‡‹”‘Ž‡‹ —†‰‡–ǣ’‹”‹ ƒŽ‘†‡Ž–‘ ‡• ”‹„‡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‘”ƒŽ––‹–—†‡•–‘‹ƒŽ•ƒ†Š‡‹”‘Ž‡‹ —†‰‡– ‘–Š‡—ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆ ‡ƒŽ–Š›‹ƒŽ•—”‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ‹•‡ƒ•‡’‹†‡‹ ǡJournal ofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthics,22,͵ͶͳȂ͵ͷͻǤ ‘Ž‡ǡƒ––Š‡™ǤʹͲͳͳǤǮ ”‘Dz‹ƒŽƒ Š‹‡•dz–‘Dz ƒ’’›‡ƒ–dzǫ ‘— ƒ—Ž–ǯ• †‡ƒ•‘ˆ ‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ†ƒ•–‘”ƒŽ‘™‡”’’Ž‹‡†–‘Dz‹ƒŽǦ‡–”‡†dz‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‹• ‘—”•‡ǯǤAnimalsͳȋͳȌǣͺ͵ȂͳͲͳǤ ‘”ƒ†–ǡǡƒ†Ǥ ‘’‡”ǤʹͲͲ͹ǤǮ‡‘ ”ƒ ›‹‹ƒŽ•ǣŠ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆŠƒ”‡† ”‘—’‡ ‹•‹‘•ǯǤProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyB:BiologicalSciencesʹ͹Ͷ ȋͳ͸ʹ͵Ȍǣʹ͵ͳ͹Ȃʹ͸Ǥ ‘•–ƒ ‡ǡǤ ǤʹͲͲͻǤŠ‡ˆ‘—”“—‡•–‹‘•‹ƒ‰”‹ˆ‘‘†•–—†‹‡•ǣƒ˜‹‡™ˆ”‘–Š‡„—•Ǣ –Š‡ʹͲͲͺ ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ††”‡••ǤAgricHumValues26ǡ͵ȂͳͶ ‘‘‡ǡƒ‡˜‡ǤʹͲͲͲǤǮ ‹˜‡”‰—‡–•ˆ‘”‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǯǤPoliticalStudies ͶͺȋͷȌǣͻͶ͹Ȃ͸ͻǤ ‘’’‹ǡƒ™ǤʹͲͲ͵ǤǮ ‘— ƒ—Ž†‹ƒ ‘‰ —–—”‡•ǯǤTheSociologicalQuarterlyͶͶȋͶȌǣ ͷͻ͹Ȃ͸ͳ͸Ǥ ‘”„‡›ǡƒ›‘†ǤʹͲͲͷǤTheMetaphysicsof:NegotiatingtheAnimalǦHuman BoundaryǤƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ”‡ ‡–‡ǡ”‹ƒǤʹͲͳʹǤǮŠ‡Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆŽƒ›‹‰‹–Š‘—” ‘‘†ǯǤTheVergeǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ͳ͸ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–Š‡˜‡”‰‡Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳʹȀͳȀͳ͸Ȁʹ͹ͳͲ͹ͻ͹Ȁ–Š‡Ǧ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǧ ‘ˆǦ’Žƒ›‹‰Ǧ™‹–ŠǦ›‘—”Ǧˆ‘‘†Ǥ ”‹– ŠŽ‡›ǡ‹‘ƒ†ƒ”Ž‡†‡”•–”ڏǤʹͲͳͲǤHowtoStopLivingandStartWorrying. ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ‘Ž‹–›”‡••Ǥ ”‹•–ǡ‹Ž‡‡ǤʹͲͲͶǤ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆƒ–—”‡ƒ†™‹Ž†‡”‡••Ǥ

 bibliography289  EnvironmentalEthicsʹ͸ȋͳȌǣͷȂʹͶǤ ”‘‘ǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤͳͻͻ͸ǤǮŠ‡”‘—„Ž‡™‹–Š‹Ž†‡”‡••ǣ”ǡ ‡––‹‰ƒ –‘–Š‡”‘‰ ƒ–—”‡ǯǤEnvironmentalHistoryͳȋͳȌǣ͹Ǥ ”‘™‡ŽŽǡǤʹͲͳʹǤ‘„‘–‹ ‹Ž‡”•„”‡ƒ–Š‡‡™Ž‹ˆ‡‹–‘–Š”‡‡Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ†ƒ‹”›ǤFarmandDairyǣͳͶ —‡Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥˆƒ”ƒ††ƒ‹”›Ǥ ‘Ȁ–‘’Ǧ•–‘”‹‡•Ȁ”‘„‘–‹ Ǧ‹Ž‡”•Ǧ„”‡ƒ–Š‡Ǧ‡™ǦŽ‹ˆ‡Ǧ ‹–‘Ǧ–Š”‡‡Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ’‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒǦ†ƒ‹”›Ȁ͵ͺ͵͸͵ǤŠ–Ž ‡••‡†ͳͺ —Ž›ʹͲͳʹǤ —””ƒǡǤǤʹͲͲͳǤǮ ‘— ƒ—Ž–‘–Š‡ ƒ”ǣ”‘†— ‹‰™‹‡ƒ†—„Œ‡ –•ǯǤSouthern RuralSociologyͳ͹ǣͳʹȂ͵͸Ǥ ƒ•–‘ǡ‘””ƒ‹‡ǡƒ† ”‡‰‰‹–ƒǤʹͲͲͷǤThinkingwithAnimals:NewPerspectives onAnthropomorphismǤ‘Ž—„‹ƒ‹˜”‡••Ǥ ƒ˜‹‡•ǡ ƒ‹ŽǤʹͲͲ͸ǤŠ‡•ƒ ”‡†ƒ†–Š‡’”‘ˆƒ‡ǣ‹‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†’—„Ž‹  †‡„ƒ–‡ǤEnvironmentandPlanningA͵ͺȋ͵ȌǣͶʹ͵ǦͶͶͶ ƒ˜‹‡•ǡ ƒ‹ŽǤʹͲͳʹǤƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡—Ž–‹–—†‡ǣƒ••‡„Ž‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ”‹–‹“—‡ǤEnvironmentandPlanningD:Societyand Space͵ͲȋͶȌǣ͸ʹ͵Ȃ͸͵ͺǤ ƒ˜‹•ǡǤǤǡƒ† Ǥ Ǥ ƒ‰‘ǤʹͲͲʹǤ ‘™‹–ǯ•†‘‡ǣ ‘™–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ–ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†‹Ž‹‰ ˆƒ”Ž‡–ǤNewZealandDairyExporterǤ —Ž›ǣͷͶȂͷͷǤ ƒ™‹•ǡƒ”‹ƒ–ƒ’ǤʹͲͲ͵ǤǮ‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ•ƒ‘‘Ž‹–Š‡••‡••‡–‘ˆ‹ƒŽ ‡Žˆƒ”‡ǯǤZoologyͳͲ͸ȋͶȌǣ͵ͺ͵Ȃͺ͹Ǥ ‡‘‡”ǡǤǤǡ Ǥ ǤǤ‡–œǡƒ† ǤǤƒ–‡”Ǧ —‹Œ•‡ǤͳͻͻͶǤVolautomatische MelksystemenǤ‹‹•–‡”‹‡˜ƒƒ†„‘—™ǡƒ–——”„‡Š‡‡”‡‹••‡”‹Œǡ‹”‡ –‹‡ ‡–‡• Šƒ’‡‡‹•‘˜‡”†”ƒ Š–ǡ–——”‰”‘‡’‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹• Š •’‡ –‡‘†‡”œ‘‡ǡ‡’‘”–‘ǤͶǤ ‡ ”‡‡ˆǡǤ ǤǡǤǤ‡ƒ—™‡”‡ǡ ǤǤ–ƒˆŽ‡—ǡ ǤǤǤ‡‹Œ„‘‘ǡǤ†‡‘‘‹Œǡ ǤǤǤ ”‘ǡ ǤǤ˜ƒ†‡”Ž‘‡‰ǡǤƒ‹•‡”ǡƒ†Ǥ‹‡ǤʹͲͲ͸ǤǮ‘™ƒ”†•ƒŽ—‡ƒ•‡† —–‘‘›‹‹˜‡•–‘  ƒ”‹‰ǫǯEthicsandthePoliticsofFoodǡ͸ͳȂ͸ͷǤ ‡ ‘‰‡ǡ ”ƒ ‹‡ ǤʹͲͲͲǤ‹‘Ǧ‹†—•–”‹‡‹•™‡”‡Ž‹Œ‡‡‘‘”††ƒ†‹‰”‡‰‹‡Ǥ Trouwǡ –‘„‡”ʹͳǤ ‡ ‘‰‡ǡ ”ƒ ‹‡ Ǥǡƒ”ƒŠǦ‡‡‹ŽŽ›ǡ‡ƒ”‹‡Ǥƒƒ”•ǡƒ†‡””›Ǥ’”—‹Œ–Ǥ ʹͲͲͺǤǮ–Š‡‡™ƒ”†‹‰ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ’’‡–‹–‹˜‡ ‡‡†‹‰‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹‹‰•ȋ—•  ”‘ˆƒȌǣ‘‘‡•–‹ ƒ–‡†‹‰•‘–”ƒˆ”‡‡Ž‘ƒ†ǫǯAppliedAnimalBehaviour ScienceͳͳͶȋ͵ǦͶȌǣ͵ͷͻȂ͹ʹǤ ‡”‘ǡ‹ Š‹‡ŽǤǤǤǡƒ†”–Š—”Ǥ Ǥ‘ŽǤʹͲͳͲǤǮ ‘‘†‹••ƒ†‘•—‡””—•–Ǥ ˜‹ƒ ˆŽ—‡œƒƒ†–Š‡‘™‹‰ƒ†‘Ǧ‘™‹‰‘Š‘’’‹‰ Ž‘‘”•ǯǤ Appetiteͷͷȋ͵Ȍǣ͸͹ͳȂ͹ͺǤ ‡”‹‡•ǡ ‡”ƒ”†ǤͳͻͻͻǤZeppelins:OverFilosofie,TechnologieEnCultuurǤƒ ‡‡’Ǥ

 290bibliography  ‡”‹‡•ǡ ‡”ƒ”†ǤʹͲͲ͹ǤŠƒ–‹•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•—„Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǫ ‘™”‹•–‘–Ž‡‹‰Š–Š‡Ž’ ǤSocialStudiesofScience͵͹ȋͷȌǣ͹ͺͳǦͺͲͻǤ ‡ƒƒŽǡ ”ƒ•ǤʹͲͲ͹ǤPolitics:PowerandSexamongApesǤ ”‡••Ǥ ‡‹Ž†‡ǡ‡‹ǤʹͲͲͲǤDeVoorspellers:eenkritiekopdetoekomstindustrieǤ •–‡”†ƒǣ‡ƒŽ‹‡Ǥ ‡‹Ž–ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ǥ Ǥ˜ƒ‘•–‡ǡƒ†Ǥ–‡””‡„‡”‰ǤʹͲͲͲǤAgroproductieparken: PerspectievenenDilemma’sǤ‡ ƒƒ‰ǣ ‘˜ƒ–‹‡‡–™‡” ”‘‡‡—‹–‡‡ ‰”‘ Ž—•–‡” ‡„‡”‰ŠǡǤʹͲͲͷǤ –‡•‹‡ˆ”‘„‘–‡Ž‡‹ƒƒ†ƒǤVeeteelt ʹʹȋͳȀʹȌǣͷͲȂͷͳǤ ‡„‡”‰ŠǡǤʹͲͲ͹Ǥ—–‘ƒ–‹• Šƒƒ‰‡ǤVeeteelt ʹͶȋͳͲȌǣʹ͸Ȃ͵ͳǤ ‡ƒ˜ƒŽǤǤ†ǤǮ‡ƒ˜ƒŽ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›‹Ž‹‰•›•–‡ǮǤ Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›‘—–—„‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ™ƒ– Šǫ˜αʹͶœ™„ Šͻ  ‡••‡†ͳͳƒ” ŠʹͲͳͶǤ ‡Ž‰ƒ†‘ǡŠ”‹•–‘’Š‡”ǤʹͲͲ͵ǤǮ‹•‹‰‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ–ƒ†‹Ž‹‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡• ƒ•”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ‡™ ‘‘†‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǯǤTheJournalofNutritionͳ͵͵ ȋͳͳȌǣ͵ͻͲ͹Ȃ͵ͻͳͲǤ ‡”œ‡ǡ‡–”ƒǡƒ†‡––‹ƒǤ‘ ǤʹͲͲ͹ǤǮŠ‡‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ †‡–‹–›ǣ›„‘Ž‹ ‘™‡”‹—”ƒŽƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•‹Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǯǤSociologia RuralisͶ͹ȋ͵ȌǣͳͺͻȂʹͲͶǤ ‡•’‘‹‡”ǡ‹ •‘ǤʹͲͲͻǤ ‡––‹‰ˆ‘‘†–‘–Š‡†ƒ”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘ǤŠ‡„‹‰ –Š‹Ǥ”–•Ƭ—Ž–—”‡ǡͳͳƒ” ŠǤ”ƒ• ”‹’–Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ Š––’ǣȀȀ„‹‰–Š‹Ǥ ‘Ȁ‹†‡ƒ•Ȁͳ͵ͷʹʹ ‡••‡†ʹͺ’”‹ŽʹͲͳʹǤ ‡•’”‡–ǡ‹ ‹ƒ‡ǤʹͲͲͶǤǮŠ‡‘†›‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘”ǣ ‹‰—”‡•‘ˆ–Š”‘’‘Ǧ‘‘Ǧ ‡‡•‹•ǯǤ Body&SocietyͳͲȋʹǦ͵ȌǣͳͳͳȂ͵ͶǤ ‡•’”‡–ǡ‹ ‹ƒ‡ǤʹͲͲ͸ǤǮŠ‡‡’‘ ƒ˜‡’‹‹‘•ǯǤMakingThingsPublic. AtmospheresofDemocracyǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ‘”„‹Ǥ—Ž‰Ǥƒ Ǥ„‡ȀŠƒ†Ž‡Ȁʹʹ͸ͺȀͳ͵ͷͷͻͲǤ ‡•’”‡–ǡ‹ ‹ƒ‡ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤǮ‡•’‘†‹‰‘†‹‡•ƒ†ƒ”–‹ƒŽˆˆ‹‹–‹‡•‹ —ƒȂ‹ƒŽ ‘”Ž†•ǯǤTheory,Culture&Society͵Ͳȋ͹ǦͺȌǣͷͳȂ͹͸Ǥ ‡•’”‡–ǡ‹ ‹ƒ‡ǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ ”‘•‡ ”‡–ƒ‰‡–•–‘‹–‡”ƒ‰‡ ›ǤHistoryandTheory ͷʹȋͶȌǣʹͻȂͶͶǤ ‡™‡›ǡ ‘ŠǤͳͺͻ͸ǤǮŠ‡‡ˆŽ‡š” ‘ ‡’–‹•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤǯPsychologicalReview͵ ȋͶȌǣ͵ͷ͹Ǥ ‡™‡›ǡ ‘ŠǤͳͻͷͶȏͳͻʹ͹ȐǤThePublicanditsProblemsǤ‡˜‡”ǡǣ™ƒŽŽ‘™”‡••Ǥ ‡™‡›ǡ ‘ŠǤʹͲͲͷȏͳͻ͵ͶȐǤArtasExperienceǤ‡™‘”ǣ‡”‹‰‡‡‘‘•Ǥ ‡™‡›ǡ ‘ŠǤʹͲͲͺǤLogicǦTheTheoryofInquiryǤ‡ƒ†‘‘•Ǥ ‹ƒ‘†ǡ‘”ƒǤͳͻ͹ͺǤǮƒ–‹‰‡ƒ–ƒ†ƒ–‹‰‡‘’Ž‡ǯǤPhilosophy ͷ͵ȋʹͲ͸ȌǣͶ͸ͷȂ͹ͻǤ ‹ƒ‘†ǡ‘”ƒǤͳͻͺͺǤǮ‘•‹‰‘—”‘ ‡’–•ǯǤEthics ͻͺȋʹȌǣʹͷͷȂ͹͹Ǥ ‹ƒŽ˜‘ǡƒ”ŽǤʹͲͲͻǤ‡•‹‰ƒ†–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ •ǤDesignIssues ʹͷȋͳȌǣͶͺǦ ͸͵Ǥ

 bibliography291  ‹•‹ǡ ‡›ǤʹͲͳͳǤWhatIDon’tKnowaboutAnimalsǤƒŽ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ‘Š‡ǡǤǡ Ǥ‡‹Œ‡Š—‹•ǡƒ† Ǥ ‘‰‡˜‡‡ǤʹͲͳͲǤ‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡—††‡” Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†Š›‰‹‡‡‘ˆƒ”•™‹–Šƒƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ‹Ž‹‰•›•–‡ǤJournalofDairy Scienceͻ͵ǣͶͲͳͻȂͶͲ͵͵Ǥ ‘ƒŽ†•‘ǡ—‡ǡƒ†‹ŽŽ›Ž‹ ƒǤʹͲͳͳǤZoopolis:APoliticalTheoryofAnimal RightsǤšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ‘””‡•–‹Œǡ–‡˜‡ǤʹͲͳʹǤǮ‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†—„Œ‡ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǣ”ƒ ‹‰ƒ† š–‡†‹‰ ‘— ƒ—Ž–ǯ•Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯǤPhilosophy&TechnologyǡͳȂ ʹͳǤ ”‡–Š‡ǡƒ”–‹ǤʹͲͲͻǤǮ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ–—”‡Ž‘‰—– Š‹˜‡”•ǣŽƒ ‡‘”‘ǦŽƒ ‡ǯǤ NewVisionsofNatureǡʹͲͷȂʹͺǤ’”‹‰‡”Ǥ ”‡›ˆ—•ǡ —„‡”–Ǥͳͻͻ͵ǤǮ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǯ•”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆ–Š‡ —••‡”ŽȀ‡ƒ”Ž‡ ‘—–‘ˆ –‡–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ǯǤSOCIALRESEARCHǦNEWYORKǦ͸Ͳǣͳ͹Ȃͳ͹Ǥ ”‹‡••‡ǡŽ‡‡•ǤʹͲͲ͹Ǥ–ƒ ‹‰‹‰•ǣ—– Š’‹‰ –‘™‡”†‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ†–Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰ ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡–Š‹ ƒŽŽ‹˜‡•–‘ ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ǣ‘ŽŽ‹–• ŠǡǤǡ‹ Ž‡”ǡǤǡƒ‹„Ž‹‰‡”ǡ Ǥƒ† ƒ•Ž„‡”‰‡”ǡǤǡ‡†ǤSustainablefoodproductionandethicsǤƒ‰‡‹‰‡ǣ ƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ƒ†‡‹ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡʹͳͻǦʹʹ͵Ǥ ”‹‡••‡ǡŽ‡‡•ǤʹͲͲͺǤ–Š‹ •‹–Š‡ƒ”Ǣ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡–Š‹ •ǤEursafeNewsletterǡͳͲȋͶȌǡͷǦͺǤ ”‹‡••‡ǡŽ‡‡•ǤʹͲͳʹǤǮ ƒ”‡”•‰ƒ‰‡†‹‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǣ –Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘•ƒ‹ ‘ˆ‘ ‡”•‹‹˜‡•–‘ ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǯǤ JournalofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthicsʹͷȋʹȌǣͳ͸͵Ȃ͹ͻǤ ”‹‡••‡ǡŽ‡‡•ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤǮ ™‡‘ˆ ‹•Šǫš’Ž‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ–Š‹ •ˆ‘”‘Ǧ—††Ž› ’‡ ‹‡•ǯǤ TheEthicsofConsumptionǡ‡†‹–‡†„› ‡Ž‡ƒÚ Ž‹•„‡”‰ƒ†‡” ƒ†‹ǡʹͷͳȂͷ͸Ǥƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ƒ†‡‹ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀŽ‹Ǥ•’”‹‰‡”Ǥ ‘Ȁ Šƒ’–‡”ȀͳͲǤ͵ͻʹͲȀͻ͹ͺǦͻͲǦͺ͸ͺ͸Ǧ͹ͺͶǦͶ̴ͶͲǤ ”‹‡••‡ǡŽ‡‡•ǡƒ†‹ Š‹‡Ž ‘”–ŠƒŽ•ǤʹͲͳʹǤǮ‹‰‘™‡”•ƒ†‹‹–”‘‡ƒ–ǣ ‹• Ž‘•‹‰‘”ƒŽ‘”Ž†•„›‡•‹‰ǯǤSocialStudiesofScienceͶʹȋ͸Ȍǣ͹ͻ͹ȂͺʹͲǤ ”‹‡••‡ǡŽ‡‡•ǡƒ†‡‘‹‡ ‡—–‹ ǤʹͲͳͶǤǮ‘™•‡•‹”‹‰–‘‡‹Ž‡†ǫ‹Ž‹‰ ‘„‘–•ƒ†–Š‡‘Ǧ˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹ •ƒ†‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‘—– Šƒ‹”› ƒ”•ǯǤ AgricultureandHumanValuesǤȋ‘Ž‹‡ˆ‹”•–Ȍ ”›œ‡ǡ ‘ŠǤͳͻͺ͹ǤRationalEcology:EnvironmentandPoliticalEconomyǤǤ Žƒ ™‡ŽŽǤ ”›œ‡ǡ ‘ŠǤͳͻͻͷǤǮ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ† ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǯǤEnvironmentalPolitics ͶȋͶȌǣͳ͵Ȃ͵ͲǤ ”›œ‡ǡ ‘ŠǤʹͲͲͲǤDeliberativeDemocracyandBeyondǤšˆ‘”†ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••Ǥ ”›œ‡ǡ ‘ŠǤʹͲͲͺǤǮ ”‡‡‡ƒ•‘ǯǤEnvironmentalEthics ͳʹȋ͵ȌǣͳͻͷȂʹͳͲǤ

 292bibliography  ——›ǡǤǡǤǤ‘’‡•ǡ ǤǤ ƒƒ‰•ƒǡƒ†ǤǤ‘‡Ž‡ǤʹͲͳͳǤƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ ‘Ǧ ‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆͶǡ ƒ†ʹ‹’Ž—”‹’‘–‡– ‡ŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘” ‹‡ ‡„”›‘ǡ‹˜‹˜‘ƒ†‹˜‹–”‘ǤTheriogenology͹ͷȋ͵Ȍǣͷͳ͵Ǧͷʹ͸Ǥ —ǡ‹ Šƒ‡Žǡƒ† ‘ƒ–Šƒ ˜‡•ǤʹͲͲͻǤǮ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǡ’‹•–‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ†’‹”‹ ƒŽ ‹‘‡–Š‹ •‡•‡ƒ” Šǣ‘•–”— –‹˜‡Ȁ‹•–‘‡–ƒ”›ǯǤTheAmericanJournalof Bioethicsͻȋ͸Ǧ͹Ȍǣͻ͵ȂͻͷǤ  ‡”•Ž‡›ǡ‘„›ǤͳͻͻͷǤǮ‹„‡”ƒŽ‡‘ ”ƒ ›ƒ†–Š‡‹‰Š–•‘ˆƒ–—”‡ǣŠ‡–”—‰‰Ž‡ ˆ‘”  Ž—•‹‘ǯǤEnvironmentalPoliticsͶȋͶȌǣͳ͸ͻȂͻͺǤ  ‡”•Ž‡›ǡ‘„›ǤͳͻͻͻǤǮŠ‡‹• ‘—”•‡–Š‹ ƒ†–Š‡”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ ƒ–—”‡ǯǤEnvironmentalPoliticsͺȋʹȌǣʹͶȂͶͻǤ Ž‡ –”‘Ž—šʹͲͲͻǤŽ‡ –”‘Ž—š‘ ‘‘‘ ‡’–Ȃ ‰”‘™›‘—”‘™ Š‘’Ǩ‡•‹‰ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘’”‹œ‡”‡’‘”–ǤElectroluxNewsroomUKǡͳʹ ƒ—ƒ”›Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ Š––’ǣȀȀ‡™•”‘‘Ǥ‡Ž‡ –”‘Ž—šǤ ‘Ȁ—ȀʹͲͲͻȀͳʹȀͲͳȀ‡Ž‡ –”‘Ž—šǦ ‘ ‘‘Ǧ ‘ ‡’–Ǧ ‰”‘™Ǧ›‘—”Ǧ‘™Ǧ Š‘’Ȁ Žœ‡ǡ‘‡Ž‹‡ǡƒ” ƒ”„‹‡”ǡƒ”‹ƒ‡‡”ˆǡƒ† ‘Š ”‹ǤʹͲͳʹǤǮ–‹—Žƒ–‹‰ ”ƒ•‹–‹‘•–‘™ƒ”†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”‹‰›•–‡•ǯǤ FarmingSystems Researchintothe21stCentury:TheNewDynamicǡͶ͵ͳȂͷͷǤ’”‹‰‡”Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀŽ‹Ǥ•’”‹‰‡”Ǥ ‘Ȁ Šƒ’–‡”ȀͳͲǤͳͲͲ͹Ȁͻ͹ͺǦͻͶǦͲͲ͹ǦͶͷͲ͵Ǧʹ̴ͳͻǤ •Š—‹•ǡ ƒ•’‡”ǡƒ†ƒ”Œƒ–—‹˜‡”ǤʹͲͲͷǤ‡ƒ”‹‰‹ ‘–‡š––Š”‘—‰Š ‘ˆŽ‹ –ƒ† ƒŽ‹‰‡–ǣ ƒ”‡”•ƒ†• ‹‡–‹•–•‹•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ AgricultureandHumanValues22ǡͳ͵͹ȂͳͶͺ —”‘’‡ƒ‘‹••‹‘ǤʹͲͲͳǤǮ‘‹••‹‘‹”‡ –‹˜‡ʹͲͲͳȀͻ͵Ȁ‘ˆͻ‘˜‡„‡” ʹͲͲͳ‡†‹‰‹”‡ –‹˜‡ͻͳȀ͸͵ͲȀƒ›‹‰†‘™‹‹—–ƒ†ƒ”†•ˆ‘” –Š‡”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‹‰•ǯǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ‡—”Ǧ Ž‡šǤ‡—”‘’ƒǤ‡—Ȁ‡š”‹‡”˜Ȁ‡š”‹‡”˜Ǥ†‘ǫ—”‹αǣ͵ʹͲͲͳͲͲͻ͵ǣ‡ǣǤ —”‘’‡ƒ‘‹••‹‘ǣ ǤʹͲͳʹǤǮŽƒ›–‹‡ˆ‘” —ƒ•ƒ†‹‰•ǣ‡™ƒ„Ž‡– ƒ‡‹‘‡‡”‹‰ ‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‹ƒŽ‡Žˆƒ”‡ǯǤNewsroomǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ ‘”†‹•Ǥ‡—”‘’ƒǤ‡—Ȁˆ‡– Šǫα̴Ƭ αƬ Ƭ α͵Ͷ͵Ͳ͹Ǥ ƒ‹”Ž‹‡ǡ‹‘ǤʹͲͳͲǤMeat:ABenignExtravaganceǤŠ‡Ž•‡ƒ ”‡‡—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ ‡‡„‡”‰ǡ†”‡™ǤͳͻͻͻǤQuestioningTechnologyǤ‡™‘”ƒ†‘†‘ǣ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ ‡‡„‡”‰ǡ†”‡™ǤʹͲͲ͵Ǥ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•ƒ† ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤTechné͹ȋͳȌǣ ͶʹǦͶͺǤ ‡•‹”‡ǡ–‡˜‡ǤͳͻͻͻǤǮ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ƒ•”–ǣ‡™‡›ǡ‡–ƒ’Š‘”ǡƒ†‘”ƒŽ ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ǯǤ TransactionsoftheCharlesS.PeirceSociety͵ͷȋ͵Ȍǣͷʹ͹ȂͷͲǤ Žƒƒ‰ƒǡƒ”›ǤʹͲͲͻǤCriticalPlay:RadicalGameDesignǤ ”‡••Ǥ Ž›˜„Œ‡”‰ǡ‡–ǤʹͲͲ͸ǤǮ ‹˜‡‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•ƒ„‘—–ƒ•‡Ǧ–—†›‡•‡ƒ” ŠǯǤ QualitativeInquiryͳʹȋʹȌǣʹͳͻȂͶͷǤ

 bibliography293  ‘‡”ǡ ‘ƒ–Šƒƒˆ”ƒǤʹͲͳͲǤEatingAnimalsǤ‡‰—‹‘‘•‹‹–‡†Ǥ ‘— ƒ—Ž–ǡ‹ Š‡ŽǤͳͻͺͺǤTheHistoryofSexuality,Vol.3:TheCareoftheSelfǤ‹–ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘— ƒ—Ž–ǡ‹ Š‡ŽǤͳͻͻͺǤTheHistoryofSexuality,Vol.1:TheWilltoKnowledgeǤ ”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†„›‘„‡”– —”Ž‡›Ǥ‡™†‹–‹‘Ǥ ƒ”‘†•™‘”–Šǣ‡‰—‹Ǥ ”ƒ’–‘ǡƒ—ŽǤʹͲͳʹǤWhenIAmPlayingwithMyCat,HowDoIKnowThatSheIs NotPlayingwithMe?MontaigneandBeinginTouchwithLifeǤƒ†‘ ‘—•‡ ‹‰‹–ƒŽǡ  Ǥ ”ƒ•‡”ǡƒ˜‹†ǤͳͻͻͷǤ ‹‡ ‡ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǣ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡Dz‹‡š–”‹ ƒ„Ž‡ ‘‡ –‹‘Ǥdz‹ƒŽ‡Žˆƒ”‡ͶȋʹȌǣͳͲ͵Ȃͳͳ͹Ǥ ”ƒ•‡”ǡƒ˜‹†ǤͳͻͻͻǤ‹ƒŽ‡–Š‹ •ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡• ‹‡ ‡ǣ„”‹†‰‹‰–Š‡–™‘ —Ž–—”‡•ǤAppliedAnimalBehaviourScience65ǡͳ͹ͳȂͳͺͻǤ ”ƒ•‡”ǡƒ˜‹†ǤʹͲͲͳǤŠ‡Dz‡™’‡” ‡’–‹‘dz‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǣŽ‡‰Ž‡•• ‘™•ǡ ˆ‡ƒ–Š‡”Ž‡•• Š‹ ‡•ǡƒ†ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”‰‡—‹‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǤJAnimSci,79ǡ͸͵ͶȂͶͳǤ ”ƒ•‡”ǡƒ˜‹†ǤʹͲͲͳǤǮ ƒ”‹ƒŽ”‘†— –‹‘ǣŠƒ‰‹‰‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹ƒŠƒ‰‹‰ —Ž–—”‡ǯǤJournalofAppliedAnimalWelfareScienceͶȋ͵Ȍǣͳ͹ͷȂͻͲǤ ”ƒ•‡”ǡƒ˜‹†ǡƒ†ǤǤƒ––Š‡™•Ǥͳͻͻ͹ǤǮ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ†‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‡•–‹‰ǯǤ ”‡™‡”ǡǤ ǤǡǤ‘Ž‡ǡǤǤǤ˜ƒ†‡”‘‘ǡƒ†Ǥ†‡ƒ—™‡”‡ǤʹͲͲͷǤǮ‘•—‡” ––‹–—†‡•‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‹ƒŽǦ ”‹‡†Ž› —•„ƒ†”››•–‡•ǯǤ JournalofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthicsͳͺȋͶȌǣ͵ͶͷȂ͸͹Ǥ —†‰‡ǡ”‹ ƒǤʹͲͲ͹ǤǮŠ‡‘‰ǡ–Š‡ ‘‡ƒ†–Š‡ —ƒǡƒ†–Š‡ ‡•–”›‘ˆ ‡””‹†ƒǯ•ƒ–ǯǤOxfordLiteraryReviewʹͻȋͳǦʹȌǣ͵͹ȂͷͶǤ —ŽŽ‡”ǡ–‡˜‡ǤʹͲͳʹǤǮ ǣ—Šƒ†ƒ–‘—”ǯǤSocialStudiesofScience Ͷʹȋ͵ȌǣͶʹͻȂ͵ͶǤ ƒ„”›•ǡ ‡‹ˆ‡”ǡƒ†ƒ–Š”›—•‘ˆˆǤ ʹͲͳͳǤ”–•ǡ• ‹‡ ‡•ƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǣ ”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ––Š‡–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†ǤScienceasCultureǣͳǦʹͶ ƒ†ƒ‡”ǡ ƒ•Ǧ ‡‘”‰ǤʹͲͳͲǤGesammelteWerke:Hermeneutik :Wahrheitund Methode.Ǧ1.GrundzügeeinerphilosophischenHermeneutik.Bd.1Ǥ‘Š”‹‡„‡ Ǥ ‡‡Ž•ǡ ”ƒǤʹͲͲͷǤTechnologicalTransitionsandSystemInnovations:ACoǦ EvolutionaryandSocioǦTechnicalAnalysisǤ†™ƒ”†Ž‰ƒ”—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ ‡‡”–œǡŽ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǤʹͲͲͲǤAvailableLight:AnthropologicalReflectionsonPhilosophical TopicsǤ”‹ ‡–‘ǡ ǣ”‹ ‡–‘‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ‡˜‡”•ǡ ‡ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤYesNaturally:HowArtSavestheWorldǤƒ‹‹–‰‡˜‡”•Ȁ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ ‹‡†‹‘ǡ‹‰ˆ”‹‡†ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤMechanizationTakesCommand:AContributionto AnonymousHistoryǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹‡•‘–ƒ”‡••Ǥ ‹‡”›ǡŠ‘ƒ• Ǥͳͻͺ͵ǤǮ‘—†ƒ”›Ǧ‘”ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ” ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ˆ”‘‘Ǧ  ‹‡ ‡ǣ–”ƒ‹•ƒ† –‡”‡•–•‹”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ †‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆ ‹‡–‹•–•ǯǤAmerican SociologicalReviewǡ͹ͺͳȂͻͷǤ ”ƒ†‹ǡ‡’Ž‡ǡƒ†ƒ–Š‡”‹‡ ‘Š•‘ǤʹͲͲͻǤAnimalsinTranslation:Usingthe MysteriesofAutismtoDecodeAnimalBehaviorǤ‹‘ƒ† Š—•–‡”Ǥ

 294bibliography  Dz ”ƒ•„ƒƒŽdzʹͲͲͻǤ‡Ž˜‡‡ ƒ†‡‹‡Ȅ–‘–‘ƒǤ‡Ž˜‡‡Š‘—†‡”•”‹‡„‘”† Š––’ǣȀȀ‡Ž˜‡‡Š‘—†‡”•Ǥ‹‡—™•‰”ƒœ‡”ǤŽȀ–‘’‹ Ȁ͵ͳͻͶ͹Ȁ ‡••‡†ʹͶƒ” Š ʹͲͳͶǤ ”‹ˆˆ‹ǡ‘ƒŽ†Ǥͳͻ͹͸ǤTheQuestionofAnimalAwareness:EvolutionaryContinuityof MentalExperienceǤ‘ ‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‡”‹˜Ǥ”‡••Ǥ ”‹ˆˆ‹ǡ‘ƒŽ†ǤͳͻͺͶǤAnimalThinkingǤ ƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ”‹ˆˆ‹ǡ‘ƒŽ†ǤͳͻͻͶǤAnimalMindsǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘”‡••Ǥ ”‹ˆˆ‹ǡ‘ƒŽ†ǤʹͲͲͳǤAnimalMinds:BeyondCognitiontoConsciousnessǤ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘”‡••Ǥ ”‹ǡ ‡”™‹‰ǤʹͲͳͲǤDasmoralphilosophischeExperiment:JohnDeweysMethode empirischerUntersuchungenalsModellderproblemǦund anwendungsorientiertenTierethikǤ‘Š”‹‡„‡ Ǥ ”‹ǡ ‘Šǡ ”ƒ ‡• ƒ ‡Ž‹šǡ”ƒ‘•ǡƒ†‹‡”’‘‡Ž•–”ƒǤʹͲͲͶǤ”ƒ –‹ ‡•ˆ‘” ”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‡†‡•‹‰ǣ‡••‘•ˆ”‘ƒ—– Š’”‘‰”ƒ‡‘•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ InternationalJournalofForesightandInnovationPolicyͳǣͳʹ͸ǦͳͶͻ ”‘••ǡƒ––Š‹ƒ•ǤʹͲͳͲǤŠ‡’—„Ž‹ ’”‘ ‡†—”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘–‹‰‡ ›ǣ”—‘ƒ–‘—” ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǤSocialEpistemologyʹͶȋͳȌǣ͸͵Ǧ͹ͶǤ ƒƒ‰•ƒ ǤǤǡǤ Ǥ ‡ŽŽ‹‰™‡”ˆǡ ƒ†ǤǤ Ǥ‘‡Ž‡ǤʹͲͲͻǤ”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘–‡‹•„› ‡ŽŽ•›•–‡•ǡ†‡••–—†›‘ —Ž–—”‡†‡ƒ–ȋǮ™‡‡˜Ž‡‡•ǯȌǤ ƒ —Ž–› ‘ˆ‡–‡”‹ƒ”›‡†‹ ‹‡ǡ–”‡ Š–‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡™Ǧ Šƒ”˜‡•–Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‹‰Ȁˆ‹Ž‡•Ȁ’”‘†— –‹‘̴‘ˆ̴ƒ‹ƒŽ̴’”‘–‡‹•̴ͳʹͲ͹Ǥ’†ˆ ‡••‡†ʹͺ ’”‹ŽʹͲͳʹǤ ƒ„‡”ƒ•ǡ —‡”‰‡Ǥͳͻ͸ͻǤTechnikandWissenschaftals‘Ideologie’Ǥ ”ƒˆ—”–ǣ†‹–‹‘ —Š”ƒ’Ǥ ƒ‰‡ǡ”‹•–‹ǡƒ†‘ƒŽ†Ǥ”‘‘ǤʹͲͲͶǤǮ‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ –‹‘•–‘‡ƒ”‹‰‹ ƒ––Ž‡ǯǤAppliedAnimalBehaviourScienceͺͷȋ͵ȂͶȌǣʹͲ͵Ȃͳ͵Ǥ ƒ•‡ǡǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ‡ ‘‹‰„‘˜‹‡ǣ‡ Šƒ‹ •ƒ†‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‹•‹ ‘ƒ‹†‘ǯ• ƒ‹ƒŽǦŠ—ƒǦƒ Š‹‡ǤJournalofRuralStudies͵͵ȋͳȌǣͳͳͻȂͳ͵Ͳ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ǡ‘ƒǤͳͻͻͳǤ‘Simians,CyborgsandWomen:TheReinventionofNature’. ‘†‘ǣ ”‡‡••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ǡ‘ƒǤʹͲͲͺǤWhenSpeciesMeetǤ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ‹‡•‘–ƒ”‡••Ǥ ƒ”„‡”•ǡ ƒ•ǤʹͲͲʹǤ‡ƒ‡–Š‹ •ǡ•–”‘‰ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•Ǥ ǣ Pragmatistethics fora technologicalcultureǡ‡†Ǥ‡—Žƒ”–œ ǤǡǤ‘”–ŠƒŽ•ǡǤ Š‡”‡”ǡƒ†Ǥ™‹‡”•–”ƒǡ ͳͶ͵ȂͳͶͻǤ‡˜‡–‡”ǣŽ—™‡” ƒ†‡‹ —„Ž‹•Š‡”• ƒ”ƒǡ ”ƒŠƒǤʹͲͲͻǤPrinceofNetworks: BrunoLatourandMetaphysicsǤ ‡Ž„‘—”‡ǣ”‡Ǥ’”‡••Ǥ ƒ›‡•ǡ‹ Šƒ”†ǤʹͲͲͺǤǮ ”ƒ•‡”‘‹ƒŽ‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ ‹‡ ‡ǡƒ†–Š‹ •ǯǤ ‡ƒ”‡ǡ‹ ‹ǤʹͲͲ͹ǤAnimalHappiness:AMovingExplorationofAnimalsandTheir

 bibliography295  EmotionsǤ›Š‘”•‡—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǡƒ”–‹Ǥͳͻ͹ͳǤPoetry,Language,ThoughtǤ‡™‘”ǣ ƒ”’‡”Ƭ‘™Ǥ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǡƒ”–‹Ǥͳͻ͹͹ǤTheQuestionConcerningTechnologyandOtherEssays.‡™ ‘”ǣ ƒ”’‡”Ƭ‘™Ǥ ‡‹•‡ǡ”•—ŽƒǤʹͲͲͺǤSenseofPlaceandSenseofPlanet:TheEnvironmental ImaginationoftheGlobalǤšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡǤ ‡Ž†ǡƒ˜‹†ǤʹͲͲ͸ǤModelsOfDemocracyǤ‘Ž‹–›Ǥ ‡”ƒ•ǡ Ǥ ǤǤǡǤ‡Ž‹ǡ Ǥ‡––‡”•‘ǡƒ† Ǥ‹–‘”••‘ʹͲͲͶǤ‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠǦ ƒ†Ž‘™Ǧ”ƒ‡††ƒ‹”› ‘™•ƒˆ–‡””‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‹•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‰ƒ–‡•‹ƒƒ—–‘ƒ–‹  ‹Ž‹‰•›•–‡Ǥ Automaticmilking:abetterunderstandingǡ‡†Ǥ‡‹Œ‡”‹‰ǡǤǡ Ǥ ‘‰‡˜‡‡ǡƒ†Ǥ ǤǤǤ†‡‘‹‰ǡͶͳͺȂͶͳͻǤƒ‰‡‹‰‡ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǣ ƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ƒ†‡‹ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ ‡”œ‘‰ǡ ƒŽǤʹͲͳͳǤSomeWeLove,SomeWeHate,SomeWeEat:WhyIt’sSoHardto ThinkStraightAboutAnimalsǤ ƒ”’‡”‘ŽŽ‹•Ǥ ‡—–‹ ǡ‡‘‹‡ ǤǤǡƒ†Ž‡‡• ”‹‡••‡ǤʹͲͲ͹ǤŠ‡‡–Š‹ •‘ˆƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ‹Ž‹‰ •›•–‡•ƒ†‰”ƒœ‹‰‹†ƒ‹”› ƒ––Ž‡Ǥ Sustainablefoodproductionandethics: preprintsofthe7thCongressoftheEuropeanSocietyforAgriculturalandFood Ethics;EurSAFE2007,Vienna,AustriaǤƒ‰‡‹‰‡ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǣ ƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ƒ†‡‹ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǣʹͶͻȂʹͷͶǤ ‡—–‹ ǡ‡‘‹‡ ǤǤǡƒ†Ž‡‡•”‹‡••‡ǤʹͲͳͲǤǮ‡†›ƒ‹‡‹†‡‡Ž˜‡‡Ǧ ‡–Š‹‡ǯǤVǦfocus͹ȋͳȌǣʹʹȂʹ͵Ǥ ‡—–‹ ǡǤ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǤǤ˜ƒ‘‘”‡ǡƒ† Ǥ‹‡™‡‰ƒǤʹͲͲͶǤ—–‘ƒ–‹ ‹Ž‹‰ƒ† ‰”ƒœ‹‰‹†ƒ‹”› ƒ––Ž‡ǣ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ Automaticmilking:abetter understandingǡ‡†Ǥ‡‹Œ‡”‹‰ǡǤǡ Ǥ ‘‰‡˜‡‡ǡƒ†Ǥ ǤǤǤ†‡‘‹‰ǡͶͲ͹ȂͶͳ͵Ǥ ƒ‰‡‹‰‡ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǣƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ƒ†‡‹ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ ‹‡•–”ƒǡǤʹͲͲ͹ǤDzƒƒ–†‡‘‡†‡„ƒƒ•œ‹Œdz Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ” Š‹‡ˆǤ˜‡”ƒ–™‘‘”†‡˜‡‡Š‘—†‡”‹ŒǤŽȀ’”‘†— –‡Ȁ‘‡‡™‹ŒȀŽ‰‡ ‡‡Ȁƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ’†ˆǤ ‡••‡†ʹͲƒ›ʹͲͳͶǤ ‹‰‰‹•ǡǤʹͲͲ͸Ǥ‡ˆ‹‰—”‹‰–Š‡”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ ƒ”‡”‰‡ ›‹‰”‹Ǧ ‘‘†–—†‹‡•ǣ ”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘’’”‘ƒ ŠǤAgricultureandHumanValues23ȋͳȌǡͷͳǦ͸ʹǤ ‹ ŠŽ‹ˆˆ‡ǡ–‡˜‡ǡƒ––Š‡™Ǥ‡ƒ”‡•ǡ‘‹ ƒ‡‰‡ǡƒ†ƒ”ƒŠŠƒ–‘”‡ǤʹͲͲͷǤ Ǯ”„ƒ‹Ž†Š‹‰•ǣ‘•‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽš’‡”‹‡–ǯǤEnvironmentandPlanning D:SocietyandSpaceʹ͵ȋͷȌǣ͸Ͷ͵ȂͷͺǤ ‹”†ǡ›”ƒ ǤʹͲͳͲǤ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ•›„‹‘•‹•ǡƒ†•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›ǤEcologicalEconomics ͸ͻȋͶȌǣ͹͵͹Ȃ͹ͶʹǤ ‘ƒ”†ǯ•ƒ‹”›ƒǤʹͲͳʹǤ ‹”•–‹Ž‹‰”‘„‘–ˆƒ –‘”‘’‡•‡š–™‡‡Ǥ ‘ƒ”†ǯ• ƒ‹”›ƒʹͳƒ” ŠǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŠ‘ƒ”†•Ǥ ‘Ȁ„Ž‘‰̴‡Ž›Ǧ”‘„‘–‹ Ǧˆƒ –‘”›Ǥ  ‡••‡†͵Ͳ —Ž›ʹͲͳʹǤ

 296bibliography  ‘„•‘ǡ‡”•–›ǤʹͲͲ͹ǤǮ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹ƒŽ•ǫ‹ƒŽ•ƒ•—„Œ‡ –•‹ƒŽƒ”‰‡† ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǯǤPoliticalGeographyʹ͸ȋ͵ȌǣʹͷͲȂ͸͹Ǥ ‘„•‘ǡ‡”•–›ǤʹͲͲͻǤǮ–Š‡‘†‡”ƒ†–Š‡‘‘†‡”‹‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǯǤGlobalEnvironmentalPoliticsͻȋͶȌǣ͸ͶȂͺͲǤ ‘‡ˆƒǡǤͳͻͻͺǤŽƒ–‡‰‡œ‘ Š–†‹‡„‹Œ†‡”‘„‘–’ƒ••‡ǡBoerderij/Veehouderij ͺͶȋʹͳȌǣͳͺȂͳͻǤ ‘‡•ǡ‡ǦŠƒ”Ž‘––‡ǡƒ”„ƒ”ƒ‡‰‡‡”ǡ ƒ† ‘•‡ —†‡”•ǤʹͲͲͺǤ”ƒ• ‘”‡”•‹ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡’”‘†— –‹‘ǣ„—‹Ž†‹‰• ‹‡ ‡Ǧ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –‹‘ ‡ƒ”‹‰ǣ‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡͷȋ͵ȌǣʹͲ͹ǦʹʹͲ ‘ˆ•ǡǤʹͲͳͲǤ‡‡ƒ”–•ƒƒ–‘‡‹‡—‹‡”Dz’ƒ••‡†dz˜‘‘”‡Ž”‘„‘–ǤVolkskrantͶ ƒ—ƒ”›Ǥ ‘‰‡˜‡‡ǡ Ǥǡƒ†Ǥ‡‹Œ‡”‹‰ʹͲͲͲǤRoboticmilking.Proceedingsofthe internationalsymposiumheldinLelystad,TheNetherlands,17Ȃ19August2000Ǥ ƒ‰‡‹‰‡ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǣƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ƒ†‡‹ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ›ǡ‡™‹•ǤʹͲͲͳǤǮ‡–•ƒ†”‘–‡‹ǣŽƒ ‹‰‘‡•–‹ ‹˜‡•–‘ ‘ ‘„„›Ǧ ƒ”•‹‰Žƒ†ƒ†ƒŽ‡•ǯǤJournalofRuralStudiesͳ͹ȋ͵Ȍǣʹͻ͵Ȃ͵Ͳ͹Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ›ǡ‡™‹•ǤʹͲͲ͹Ǥ—„Œ‡ –‹‰ ‘™•–‘”‘„‘–•ǣˆƒ”‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ‹‰‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ǡEnvironmentandPlanningD:SocietyandSpaceʹͷǣ ͳͲͶͳǦ͸Ͳ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ›ǡ‡™‹•ǡŠ”‹•‡ƒ”ǡƒ†ƒ–Š› ‹Ž‹•‘ǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ‡Ǧ ƒ’–—”‹‰„‘˜‹‡Ž‹ˆ‡ǣ ”‘„‘–Ȃ ‘™”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡˆ”‡‡†‘ǡƒ† ‘–”‘Ž‹†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‹‰ǤJournalof RuralStudiesǣ͵͵ȋͳȌǣͳ͵ͳǦͳͶͲǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ›ǡ‡™‹•ǡŠ”‹•‡ƒ”ǡƒ†ƒ–Š›‹Ž‹•‘ǤʹͲͳͶǤ‘„‘–‹ ‹Ž‹‰ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†”‡‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‡†‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•‘†ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”•ǤAgricultureandHumanValues͵ͳȋʹȌǣͳͺͷȂͳͻͻǤ ‘’‹•ǡǤǤƒ†ƒ ‡›ǡǤʹͲͲͺǤ‡‰‡–ƒ”‹ƒ‡ƒ–ǣ‘—Ž†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›•ƒ˜‡ƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒ†•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‡ƒ–‡ƒ–‡”•?JournalofAgriculturalEnvironmentalEthicsʹͳǣͷ͹ͻȂ ͷͻ͸Ǥ ‘’•–‡”ǡ ǤǡǤǤ”— ƒ‹‡”ǡ ǤǤǤ˜ƒ†‡”‡”ˆǡǤǤ‘”–‡ǡ Ǥƒ —Š‘˜ƒǡ Ǥ‘”–‡Ǧ ‘—™•ǡƒ†Ǥ Ǥ˜ƒ‡‡‡ǤʹͲͲʹǤ–”‡••”‡•’‘•‡•†—”‹‰‹Ž‹‰ǣ ‘’ƒ”‹‰ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽƒ†ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ‹Ž‹‰‹”‹‹’ƒ”‘—•†ƒ‹”› ‘™•ǤJournalofDairy Scienceͺͷǣ͵ʹͲ͸Ȃ͵ʹͳ͸Ǥ ‘—™‡Ž‹‰‡ǡǤǤǡǤ ǤǤ ƒƒǡ ǤǤ Ǥ‡••‹ ǡǤǤŠ‹Ž‹’•‡ǡƒ†ǤǤƒƒ”•Ǥ ʹͲͲͻǤǮ‡”•–‡”˜ƒ”‹‰‡‡–†‡‘„‹‡Ž‡‡Ž”‘„‘–ǣ”˜ƒ”‹‰‡’ ‡Ž˜‡‡’”‘‡ˆ„‡†”‹Œˆ‡‰˜‡Ž†α ‹”•–š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‹‘„‹Ž‡—–‘ƒ–‹ ‹Ž‹‰ǯǤ Š––’ǣȀȀƒ‰”‹•Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁƒ‰”‹•Ǧ •‡ƒ” ŠȀ•‡ƒ” ŠȀ†‹•’Žƒ›Ǥ†‘ǫˆαʹͲͳʹȀȀʹͲͳʹ͵ͺ͵ͶͶͳʹͲǤšŽǢʹͲͳʹͲ͵ͺͶ͵ͲǤ ”‹„ƒŽǡ ƒ•‘ǡƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡”›–ǤŽƒ‹”ǤʹͲͳͳǤFearoftheAnimalPlanet:TheHidden

 bibliography297  HistoryofAnimalResistanceǤ”‡••Ǥ •—ǡ ‡”‡›ǤʹͲͳʹǤǮ‡ƒŽ ƒ”˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‹ƒ† ƒ‡‘—Ž†‡–‹‰•Žƒ›™‹–Š —ƒ•ȁ ‹‰Šƒ•‡ȁǯǤLiveScience.comǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŽ‹˜‡• ‹‡ ‡Ǥ ‘Ȁͳ͹ͻͲͳǦ’‹‰Ǧ Šƒ•‡Ǧ ‹’ƒ†Ǧ˜‹†‡‘Ǧ‰ƒ‡ǤŠ–ŽǤ ‡••‡†ͳ͵ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳʹǤ —‹†‡ǡ ǤʹͲͲͻǤ‡‡Ž”‘„‘–‹•˜‘Ž™ƒ••‡ǤBoerderij ͻͶȋʹͶȌǣʹͳǦʹʹ —‹œ‹‰ƒǡ ‘ŠƒǤͳͻͶͻǤHomoLudens:AStudyofthePlayǦElementinCultureǤ ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ —–ǡ›ǤʹͲͲͺǤInventingHumanRights:AHistoryǤǤǤ‘”–‘Ǥ ‰Ž‹•ǡ ƒǤǡŒ‘” ‘”ƒǡƒ† ‘Šƒœƒ”—•Ǥͳͻͻ͹ǤǮ ”‡‡ ‘‘†‘”ƒ”‡† ‘‘†ǫ ‡˜‹‡™ƒ† —œœ›‘†‡Ž‘ˆ‘–”ƒˆ”‡‡Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ǯǤAnimalBehaviourͷ͵ȋ͸Ȍǣͳͳ͹ͳȂ ͻͳǤ ‰‘Ž†ǡ‹ǤʹͲͳʹǤǮ‘™ƒ”†ƒ ‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȗǯǤAnnualReviewofAnthropology ͶͳȋͳȌǣͶʹ͹ȂͶʹǤ ‘˜ƒ–‹‡‡–™‡”ǤʹͲͲͶǤVerguldenVerguisd,AgroparkenindeMedia,‡ ƒƒ‰ǣ ‘˜ƒ–‹‡‡–™‡” ”‘‡‡—‹–‡‡‰”‘ Ž—•–‡”Ǥ ƒ ‘„•ǡ ǤǤǡƒ† ǤǤ‹‡‰ˆ‘”†ǤʹͲͳʹǤ ˜‹–‡†”‡˜‹‡™ǣ–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ‹Ž‹‰ •›•–‡•‘†ƒ‹”› ‘™ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡƒ†™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǤJournalof DairyScienceͻͷǣʹʹʹ͹ȂʹʹͶ͹Ǥ ƒ‡•ǡ‹‘ǤʹͲͲͻǤǮŠ‡‘‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–Š‡”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ‹ƒŽ‹†•ǯǤ EnvironmentalValuesͳͺȋͳȌǣ͵͵ȂͶͻǤ ƒ•ƒ‘ˆˆǡŠ‡‹ŽƒǤʹͲͲ͵Ǥ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆŠ—‹Ž‹–›ǣ‹–‹œ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹‰‘˜‡”‹‰ • ‹‡ ‡ǤMinervaͶͳȋ͵Ȍǣʹʹ͵ȂʹͶͶǤ ƒ•ƒ‘ˆˆǡŠ‡‹ŽƒǤʹͲͳ͵ǤStatesofknowledge:thecoǦproductionofscienceandthesocial orderǤ‘†‘ǡǣ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ ‡•‡ǡǤǤǡƒ† ǤǤޔ‡•‡ǤͳͻͻͻǤŠ‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆǮ‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ ‘—–‹‰ǯˆ‘”ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‘  ˆƒ”ǤJournalofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthics11ǡͺͷȂͳͲͲǤ ‘Š•–‘ǡ‘‹‡ǤǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡ• ‹‡ ‡ǡƒ†•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›ǣˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ†—”‘’‡ǤGeographyCompass͹ȋʹȌǣͳ͵ͻȂͳͶͺǤ ƒ‹•‡”ǡƒ––Š‹ƒ•ǡƒ†ŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‡ ‘”•„‡”‰Ǥ ʹͲͲͳǤ••‡••‹‰ˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡•Ȅ—•‹‰ƒ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒ–”‹š‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”›’”‘ ‡••ǤJournalofAgriculturaland EnvironmentalEthics14(2),ͳͻͳȂʹͲͲǤ ƒ’Š‘ˆǡ ‡ǤʹͲͳͳǤǮ‡„ ƒ•–‘ƒ˜‡ƒ–—”‡ǣŽ‹‡’ƒ ‡ƒ•ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†–Š‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ ‡ǯǤFoundationsofScienceͳ͸ȋʹǦ͵ȌǣʹͷͻȂ͹ͶǤ ƒ’Š‘ˆǡ ‡ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤǮ‡†‹ƒ–‹‰’‡ ‹‡•‘’ƒ‹‘•Š‹’Ǥ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‡„ ƒ•ǯǤ  YesNaturally.ANewVisionforEcologicalIntelligenceǡͳ͸ͶȂ͹ͲǤ Ǥ ‡ƒ‡ǡ‡„„ǤʹͲͲ͵ǤǮ‡‹‘–‹ •ƒ†–Š‡‘ ‹ƒŽƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŠ‹‰•ǯǤLanguage &Communicationʹ͵ȋ͵ȌǣͶͲͻȂʹͷǤ ‡†”‹ ǡ‡‹–ŠǤǡƒǤ†ƒ‘•–ƒǡ†”‡ƒǤ‡‹‰Šǡ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤ ‹–‘ǡƒ† ‘Ǥ

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ƒ–‘—”ǡ”—‘ǤʹͲͲ͹ǤPoliticsOfNature ƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜”‡••Ǥ ƒ–‘—”ǡ”—‘ǤʹͲͳͳǤ ”‘—Ž–‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹•–‘—Ž–‹ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•ǣŠƒ–”—Ž‡•‘ˆ ‡–Š‘†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™•‘ ‹‘Ǧ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǫNatureandCulture͸ȋͳȌǣͳǦͳ͹Ǥ ƒ–‘—”ǡ”—‘ǤʹͲͳͶǤǮ‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‘‡•‘–‡ƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǯǤHAU:Journalof EthnographicTheoryͶȋͳȌǣͷͲ͹ȂͳͲǤ ƒ–‘—”ǡ”—‘ǡƒ†‡–‡”‡‹„‡Žǡ‡†•ǤʹͲͲͷǤMakingThingsPublic:Atmospheresof DemocracyǤ ”‡••Ǥ ƒ—”‹‡”ǡ”‹ ǡƒ‹ƒƒœ‡ǡƒ† ‘Šƒ—†‹ǤʹͲͲ͸ǤǮ—––‹‰–Š‡‘‰ƒ ‹–Š‡ ƒ”ǣ‹ƒŽƒ† —ƒ‹†Ǧ‹Ǧ –‹‘ǯǤMind,Culture&Activityǡͳ͵ǣʹǦʹͶǤ ƒ™ǡ ‘ŠǤʹͲͲͻǤ‡‡‹‰Ž‹‡ƒ•—”˜‡›ǤCulturalSociology ͵ȋʹȌǣʹ͵ͻǦʹͷ͸Ǥ ƒ™ǡ ‘ŠǤʹͲͲͻǤǮ –‘”‡–™‘”Š‡‘”›ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡‹‘–‹ •ǯǤTheNewBlackwell CompaniontoSocialTheoryǡͳͶͳȂͷͺǤ ƒ™ǡ ‘Šǡƒ†‡ƒ”‹‡‘ŽǤʹͲͲʹǤǮ‘ ƒŽ–ƒ‰Ž‡‡–•‘”–‘’‹ƒ‘˜‡•ǣ “—‹”›‹–‘”ƒ‹ ‹†‡–•ǯǤUtopiaandOrganizationǡͺʹȂͳͲͷǤ ƒ™ǡ ‘Šǡƒ†‡ƒ”‹‡‘ŽǤʹͲͲͺǤǮŠ‡ –‘”Ǧƒ –‡†ǣ—„”‹ƒŠ‡‡’‹ʹͲͲͳǯǤ MaterialAgencyǡ‡†‹–‡†„›ƒ„”‘•ƒŽƒˆ‘—”‹•ƒ†ƒ”Žƒ’’‡––ǡͷ͹Ȃ͹͹Ǥ ’”‹‰‡”Ǥ ƒ™ǡ ‘Šǡƒ†‡ƒ”‹‡‘ŽǤʹͲͲͺǤ Ž‘„ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǣ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆ „‘‹Ž‹‰’‹‰•™‹ŽŽǤGeoforum39ǡͳ͵͵ȂͳͶ͵ ‡‘’‘Ž†ǡŽ†‘ǤʹͲͲͳǤASandCountyAlmanacǤšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ‡•–‡Žǡ‘‹‹“—‡ǡ Ž‘”‡ ‡”—‘‹•ǡƒ† Ž‘”‡ ‡ ƒ—‡–ǤʹͲͲ͸ǤǮ–Š‘Ǧ–Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ†–Š‘Ǧ–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯǤSocialScienceInformationͶͷȋʹȌǣͳͷͷȂ͹͹Ǥ ‡˜‹Ǧ–”ƒ—••ǡŽƒ—†‡Ǥͳͻ͸͸ǤǮŠ‡ƒ˜ƒ‰‡‹†Ǥͳͻ͸ʹǯǤChicago:University ofChicago PressǤ ‹‰Š–ǡ†”‡™ǡƒ†”‹ ƒ–œ‡†•Ǥͳͻͻ͸ǤEnvironmentalPragmatismǤ‘†‘ǣ ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ ‘ ™‘‘†ǡŽ‡šǤʹͲͳʹǤǮŠ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡‰ƒ ›‘ˆ‹Ž‡–’”‹‰ǯǤEnvironmental Humanitiesͳǣͳʹ͵ȂͶͲǤ ‘ˆ–—•ǡ ‡‘ˆˆ”‡›Ǥǡƒ†Ž‹œƒ„‡–Š Ǥ‘ˆ–—•Ǥͳͻͺ͵ǤMindatPlay:ThePsychologyof VideoGamesǤƒ•‹ ‘‘•Ǥ ‘”‹‡”ǡ ƒ›†‡ǤʹͲͲ͸ǤǮ ‡”†‹‰‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ —ƒ•ƒ†‹ƒŽ•ǯǤEnvironment andPlanningDʹͶȋͶȌǣͶͻ͹Ǥ ‘”‹‡”ǡ ƒ‹‡ǡƒ†Ž‡‡•”‹‡••‡ǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ‘˜‹‡„‹‘’‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ†–Š‡’”‘‹•‡‘ˆ ‘•–‡”•‹–Š‡”‡™‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆ ‡  ƒ––Ž‡ǤGeoforumͶͺǣʹͶͻȂʹͷͻǤ ‘”‹‡”ǡ ƒ‹‡ǡƒ†Ž‡‡•”‹‡••‡ǤʹͲͳͶǤǮ‹Ž†š’‡”‹‡–•ƒ––Š‡ ‘•–˜ƒƒ”†‡”•’Žƒ••‡ǣ‡–Š‹‹‰˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹•‹–Š‡–Š”‘’‘ ‡‡ǯǤ TransactionsoftheInstituteofBritishGeographers͵ͻȋʹȌǣͳ͸ͻȂͺͳǤ › Šǡ‹ Šƒ‡Žǡƒ†ƒ”‡›”‘–ǤͳͻͻʹǤǮ –”‘†— –‹‘ǣ‡ƒ†‡”ǯ• —‹†‡–‘ bibliography301

–Š‘‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǯǤQualitativeSociology ͳͷȋʹȌǣͳͳ͵ȂʹʹǤ ƒ –›”‡ǡŽƒ•†ƒ‹”ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤAfterVirtue:AStudyinMoralTheoryǤŽ‘‘•„—”›  ƒ†‡‹ Ǥ ƒ†‡”•Ž‘‘–ǡ Ǥǡƒ†ǤǤ Ǥ˜ƒ Š‡’’‹‰‡ǤͳͻͻͳǤ •‡”–‘‡‘•–˜‘‘”†‡ ‡Ž”‘„‘–ǫPraktijkonderzoek,WaiboerhoeveͶǣʹͺȂ͵ͲǤ ƒ‹ƒ–‡•ǡ‹ Šƒ‡Ž ǤʹͲͲͳǤǮ †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǣŽƒ–ƒ”‡‡ǡ—› ƒ‹‡ǡƒ˜‡–Š‡ ‘”Ž†ǫǯGlobalEnvironmentalPoliticsͳȋ͵Ȍǣ͵ͳȂͷʹǤ ƒ‹ǡ‡”ƒ”†Ǥͳͻͺ͹ǤǮ‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›ƒ†‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǯǤPoliticalTheoryͳͷ ȋ͵Ȍǣ͵͵ͺȂ͸ͺǤ ƒ”‘™‹–œǡ ǤǡǤ–‡˜‡•ǡ Ǥ‡ŽŽ‘ǡƒ†Ǥƒ””‘™ǤͳͻͺͳǤǮ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆƒƒ†”‹ŽŽ ȋƒ†”‹ŽŽ—•’Š‹šȌ‹‘’‡–‹–‹‘™‹–Š‘‘‹•‹–‘”•ƒ†‘’—–‡”‘ƒ ‡ƒ –‹‘Ǧ‹‡ ƒ‡ǯǤActaZoologicaetPathologicaAntverpiensia͹͸ǣͳ͸ͻȂͺͲǤ ƒ””‡•ǡ‘‘”–Œ‡ǤʹͲͲ͹ǤŠ‡‹••—‡•†‡•‡”˜‡‘”‡ ”‡†‹–Ǥ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘ –Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹ ‘–”‘˜‡”•›ǤSocialStudiesofScience͵͹ȋͷȌǣ ͹ͷͻǦ͹ͺͲǤ ƒ””‡•ǡ‘‘”–Œ‡ǤʹͲͲͻǤǮ‡•–‹‰‘™‡”•‘ˆ‰ƒ‰‡‡– ”‡‡‹˜‹‰š’‡”‹‡–•ǡ –Š‡–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”ƒ†–Š‡†‘ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ ˜‘Ž˜‡‡–ǯǤEuropeanJournalof SocialTheoryͳʹȋͳȌǣͳͳ͹Ȃ͵͵Ǥ ƒ””‡•ǡ‘‘”–Œ‡ǤʹͲͳʹǤMaterialParticipation:Technology,theEnvironmentand EverydayPublicsǤƒŽ‰”ƒ˜‡ƒ ‹ŽŽƒǤ ƒ”•†‡ǡǤǡ—–‘ǡǤǡƒ”†ǡǤǡƒ†Šƒ–‘”‡ǡǤȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š› ƒ†–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǣ”‡˜‹‡™ǤEconomicGeography,72ȋͶȌǡ ͵͸ͳǦ͵͹ͷǤ  Ž‘‡ǡ Ǥ ǤʹͲͲͳǤ ƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‹–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•‘ ‹‡–›‹••—‡•ǣ –‘™ƒ”†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡•›•–‡•ǤLivestockProductionScience72ǣ͹ͷȂͺͳ  ‘‹‰ƒŽǡ ƒ‡ǤʹͲͳͳǤRealityIsBrokenWhyGamesMakeUsBetterandHowThey CanChangetheWorldǤ‡™‘”ǣ‡‰—‹”‡••Ǥ  —‰Šǡ—•ƒǤʹͲͳͲǤ‡ƒŽƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽǣ‹••—‡Ǧ —Ž–—”‡†‡ƒ–ǡ‰‡‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ˆƒ”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ†ˆ‹ –‹‘•ǤConfigurationsͳͺȋͳǦʹȌǣͳͺͳǦͳͻ͹Ǥ  ‡ƒǡ”‹ǡƒ††”‡™‹‰Š–ǤʹͲͲͶǤAnimalPragmatism:RethinkingHumanǦ NonhumanRelationshipsǤ †‹ƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ‡‹Œ„‘‘ǡ ”ƒ ǤǤʹͲͲͻǤƒ”‡ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ•‡› ‘ ‡’–•‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ •Ǥ ‹ŽŽƒ”ǡǤǡ‡•–ǡǤ Ǥǡ‡”Ž‹ ŠǡǤǡ–Š‹ ƒŽ —–—”‡•ǣ„‹‘• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†ˆ‘‘† Š‘”‹œ‘•Ǥƒ‰‡‹‰‡ǣƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ƒ†‡‹ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡʹ͵͹ǦʹͶͲǤ ‡‹Œ„‘‘ǡ ”ƒ Ǥǡƒ–Œƒƒ‹•ƒǡƒ† ”ƒ•ǤǤ”‘ǤʹͲͲ͸ǤǮ ”‘”—•––‘ ”—•–™‘”–Š‹‡••ǣŠ› ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ •‘–‘—‰Š‹–Š‡ ‘‘†‡ –‘”ǯǤJournal ofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthicsͳͻȋͷȌǣͶʹ͹ȂͶʹǤ ‡‹Œ‡”ǡ˜ƒǤʹͲͳ͵ǤǮ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹ƒŽ•ǯǤHumanimaliaͷȋͻȌǤ 302bibliography

‡‹Œ‡”‹‰ǡǤǡ Ǥ ‘‰‡˜‡‡ǡƒ†Ǥ ǤǤǤ†‡‘‹‰ʹͲͲͶ‡†ǤAutomaticmilking:a betterunderstandingǤƒ‰‡‹‰‡ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǣƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ƒ†‡‹  —„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ ‡‹†‡”–•ƒǡŠ”‹•–‹‡ǤʹͲͲ͹ǤPig05049:1Ǥ Ž‘ •Ǥ ‡Ž‡Š›ǡ ƒ••ƒǤʹͲͲ͸ǤǮ‹Ž‡ ‹‰–Š‡‹ƒŽ•ǣ‘–ƒ‹‰‡ǡ‡• ƒ”–‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡ ›’‡”„‘Ž‡‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘ǯǤSymplokeͳ͵ȋͳȌǣʹ͸͵ȂͺʹǤ ‡’Šƒǡ‡ǤʹͲͲͲǤ ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‘˜‡Ž ‘‘†•ǣŠ‡ –Š‹ ƒŽƒ–”‹šǤJournalofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthics12,ͳ͸ͷȂͳ͹͸Ǥ ‹‡Ž‡ǡƒ”ƒǡ ‘ƒ–Šƒ—”†‘ Šǡƒ†ƒ‘‡ǤʹͲͲͷǤǮ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ǡ ‘˜‡”‹‰ ƒ”‹ƒŽ‡Žˆƒ”‡‹–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ ‘‘†‡ –‘”ǯǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ‡’”‹–•Ǥ•‘–‘Ǥƒ Ǥ—Ȁͷͺ͸Ͷ͵ȀǤ ‹ŽŽƒ”ǡƒ–‡ǤʹͲͲͲǤ‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽƒ—–‘‘›‹„‹‘‡–Š‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•ǣ–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ‹Ž‹‰•›•–‡•ǤJournalofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthicsͳʹǣ ͶͳȂͷͲǤ ‹œ‡ŽŽ‡ǡ”‡––ǤʹͲͳͳǤPigǤ‡ƒ–‹‘‘‘•Ǥ ‘Žǡ‡ƒ”‹‡ǤͳͻͻͻǤǮ–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ‘”†ƒ†‘‡—‡•–‹‘•ǯǤThe SociologicalReviewͶ͹ȋͳȌǣ͹ͶȂͺͻǤ ‘Žǡ‡ƒ”‹‡ǤʹͲͲʹǤTheBodyMultiple:OntologyinMedicalPracticeǤ—‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ‘Žǡ‡ƒ”‹‡ǤʹͲͲͻǤǮ‹˜‹‰™‹–Š‹ƒ„‡–‡•ǣƒ”‡„‡›‘†Š‘‹ ‡ƒ†‘–”‘ŽǯǤThe Lancet͵͹͵ȋͻ͸͹͹Ȍǣͳ͹ͷ͸Ȃͷ͹Ǥ ‘Žǡ‡ƒ”‹‡ǡ ‰—‘•‡”ǡƒ† ‡ƒ‡––‡ ‘Ž•ǤʹͲͳͲǤCareinPractice:On TinkeringinClinics,HomesandFarmsǤͺǤ”ƒ• ”‹’–‡”Žƒ‰Ǥ ‘•ǡ ǤǡʹͲͲ͹Ǥ ƒ˜”ƒƒ‰ǣ™ƒ–†‘‡–†‡‡Ž”‘„‘–„‘‡”‡–†‡˜”‹Œ‰‡‘‡–‹Œ†ǫ AgrarischDagbladʹ͵ƒ” Šǣ͹Ǥ ‘–ƒ‹‰‡ǡ‹ Š‡Ž›“—‡ǤͳͻͷͺȏͳͷͻͷȐǤTheCompleteEssaysofMontaigneǤ –ƒˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ —•‰ƒƒ”†ǡǤǡƒ†Ǥސ†‡”‰ƒƒ”†ǤʹͲͲͶǤ™‘ ƒ•‡•–—†‹‡•‘ˆƒ”• ‘„‹‹‰ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ‹Ž‹‰™‹–Š‰”ƒœ‹‰Ȅ–‹‡„—†‰‡–•ǡ•› Š”‘‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ƒ†˜‹•‹–•–‘–Š‡”‘„‘–Ǥ Automaticmilking:abetterunderstandingǡ‡†ǤǤ ‡‹Œ‡”‹‰ǡ Ǥ ‘‰‡˜‡‡ǡƒ†Ǥ ǤǤǤ†‡‘‹‰ǡʹͺ͸ȂʹͻͳǤƒ‰‡‹‰‡ǡ–Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǣƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ƒ†‡‹ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ —•• Š‡‰ƒǡŽ„‡”–ǤʹͲͲͷǤǮ’‹”‹ ƒŽ–Š‹ •ǡ‘–‡š–Ǧ‡•‹–‹˜‹–›ǡƒ† ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹•ǯǤJournalofMedicineandPhilosophy͵ͲȋͷȌǣͶ͸͹ȂͻͲǤ ǤʹͲͲͳǤ‹‰‹–›™‡„•‹–‡Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ ™™™Ǥ˜”†˜ǤŽȀ͓Ȁ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ȁ™‘”•’ƒ ‡•Ȁͳͺͳ’‹‰ ‹–› ‡••‡†ͷƒ” ŠʹͲͳͳǤ ƒ‰‡ŽǡŠ‘ƒ•Ǥͳͻ͹ͶǤǮŠƒ– • –Ž‹‡–‘‡ƒƒ–ǫǯThePhilosophicalReviewͺ͵ȋͶȌǣ Ͷ͵ͷȂͷͲǤ bibliography303  ƒŠ—‹•ǡ‡‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ””‘˜ƒ‡–‡ǤʹͲͲͺǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǫ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘ †‡‘ ”ƒ ›ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤScienceTechnology,&HumanValues͵͵ȋͷȌǣͷͷͻǦ ͷͺͳǤ ‡—”ƒ–ŠǤǡǤ‡—”ƒ–ŠǡǤǤ‘Š‡Ǥͳͻ͹͵ǤEmpiricismandSociologyǤ‘”†”‡ Š–ƒ† ‘•–‘ǣǤ‡‹†‡ŽǤ ‹Œ•‹‰Šǡ‹‡Ž•ǡƒ†ƒ” —•ò™‡ŽŽǤʹͲͲͻǤǮ –‡”†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”‹–›ǡ’’Ž‹‡†–Š‹ •ƒ† ‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡ǯǤ EvaluatingNewTechnologiesǡ‡†‹–‡†„›ƒ—Ž‘ŽŽ‹‡ƒ† ƒ” —•ò™‡ŽŽǡ͹ͻȂͻʹǤŠ‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‹ •ǡƒ™ƒ† ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›͵Ǥ’”‹‰‡”‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ ‘‘”†‡”Ž‹ Š–ǤʹͲͲ͸Ǥ”‹Œ•˜”ƒƒ‰™‡‡˜Ž‡‡•ǣ†‡—‹–•Žƒ‰ǡǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ Š––’ǣȀȀ‘‘”†‡”Ž‹ Š–Ǥ˜’”‘ǤŽȀƒ”–‹‡Ž‡Ȁʹͺͷ͹ͲʹʹͺȀ ‡••‡†ʹ͹’”‹ŽʹͲͳʹǤ ‘‘”†Š‘ˆˆǡ ‡‡ǤʹͲͲͻǤ”‹Œ‡‡—œ‡‘‡‹‡ǤNRCHandelsblad ʹͶ ƒ—ƒ”›Ǥ —••„ƒ—ǡƒ”–ŠƒǤʹͲͲͻǤFrontiersofJustice:Disability,Nationality,Species MembershipǤ ƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ Ž‹˜‡”ǡ‡ŽŽ›ǤʹͲͲͻǤAnimalLessons:HowTheyTeachUstoBeHumanǤ‘Ž—„‹ƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ —™‡Ž–Œ‡•ǡǤǡƒ†Ǥ ǤǤǤ†‡‘‹‰ǤʹͲͲͶǤ‡ƒ†•ƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘” ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–•—’’‘”–Ǥ Automaticmilking:abetterunderstandingǡ ‡†Ǥ‡‹Œ‡”‹‰ǡǤǡ Ǥ ‘‰‡˜‡‡ǡƒ†Ǥ ǤǤǤ†‡‘‹‰ǡͶ͵͵ȂͶͶ͵Ǥƒ‰‡‹‰‡ǡ –Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǣƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ƒ†‡‹ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ ƒ Š‹”ƒ–ǡ‹‘–Š›ǤʹͲͳͳǤEveryTwelveSeconds:IndustrializedSlaughterandthe PoliticsofSightǤ‡™ ƒ˜‡ǣƒŽ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ƒ””›ǡ ‘˜‹ƒǤʹͲͲͻǤǮ”›šƒ†”ƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡‡™‘•–ƒŽ‰‹ƒˆ‘”‡ƒ–ǯǤSocietyand Animalsͳ͹ȋ͵ȌǣʹͶͳȂͷ͸Ǥ ƒ––‡‡—™ǡ‡”‘‹“—‡Ǥȋ‡†ǤȌǤʹͲͲ͵ǤReadingMVRDVǤ‘––‡”†ƒǣ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ ƒ––‡”•‘ǡŠƒ”Ž‡•ǤʹͲͲʹǤEternalTreblinka:OurTreatmentofAnimalsandthe HolocaustǤ‡™‘”ǣƒ–‡”‘‘•Ǥ ƒ—Ž›ǡƒ‹‡ŽǤͳͻͻͷǤǮ‡ †‘–‡•ƒ†–Š‡Š‹ˆ–‹‰ƒ•‡Ž‹‡›†”‘‡‘ˆ ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǯǤ TrendsinEcology&EvolutionͳͲȋͳͲȌǣͶ͵ͲǤ ǤʹͲͲͺƒǤ ˜‹–”‘‡ƒ–’”‡••”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ’‡–ƒǤ‘”‰Ȁˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ȁ Ǧ‹–”‘Ǧ‡ƒ–Ǧ ‘–‡•–Ǥƒ•’š ‡••‡†ʹͺ’”‹ŽʹͲͳʹǤ ǤʹͲͲͺ„Ǥ ‹–”‘‡ƒ– ‘’‡–‹–‹‘”—Ž‡•Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ’‡–ƒǤ‘”‰Ȁ’†ˆ•Ȁ ̴‹–”‘̴‘–‡•–̴—Ž‡•Ǥ’†ˆ  ‡••‡†ʹͺ’”‹ŽʹͲͳʹǤ Š‹Ž‘ǡŠ”‹•ǤʹͲͳʹǤǮDz‡™ ‘— ƒ—Ž–dz™‹–Š‹˜‡Ž› ’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ȃ ‘”Dz–Š‡”ƒ™ˆ‹•Š †˜ƒ ‡•‹†‡™ƒ›•dzǯǤTransactionsoftheInstituteofBritishGeographers͵͹ȋͶȌǣ Ͷͻ͸ȂͷͳͶǤ

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‹ ǡƒ–ǤʹͲͳͳǤCreaturelyPoetics:AnimalityandVulnerabilityinLiteratureand FilmǤ‘Ž—„‹ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ‹ ǡƒ–ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤǮDz‘‡ƒŽŽ‹• ”‡’ƒ ›dzǣ ‡ƒǦŠ”‹•–‘’Š‡ƒ‹ŽŽ›ǯ•”‡ƒ–—”‡Ž› –‘Ž‘‰›ǯǤJournalofAnimalEthics͵ȋʹȌǣͳ͸͵Ȃ͹ͶǤ ‹ Šǡ”‡˜‘” Ǥǡƒ†‹‡„‡Ǥ‹Œ‡”ǤͳͻͺͶǤǮŠ‡‘ ‹ƒŽ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ ƒ –•ƒ† ”–‡ˆƒ –•ǣ” ‘™–Š‡‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†–Š‡‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‹‰Š–‡‡ˆ‹–ƒ Š–Š‡”ǯǤSocialStudiesofScienceǡ͵ͻͻȂͶͶͳǤ Žƒ–‘ǡƒ† ƒ”‘Ž†‘”–Š ‘™Ž‡”ǤͳͻͻͲǤEuthyphro,Apology,Crito,Phaedo,PhaedrusǤ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡƒ••Ǥǣ ƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ Ž—Šƒ”ǡ˜‡Ž›ǤʹͲͳͲǤ‡ƒ–ƒ†‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǣŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘ˆƒ –‘”›ˆƒ”‹‰ǤJournal ofAgriculturalEnvironmentalEthicsʹ͵ǣͶͷͷȂͶ͸ͺǤ Ž—™‘‘†ǡƒŽǤͳͻͻͷǤǮ ƒ•‡‘ ”ƒ › ƒ‹Ž‡† ‘Ž‘‰›ǫ ‘ˆ‡‹‹•–‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǯǤ EnvironmentalPoliticsͶȋͶȌǣͳ͵ͶȂ͸ͺǤ ‘’‡ǡ‹ ‡–ǡƒ†‹ Š‹‡Ž‘”–ŠƒŽ•ǤʹͲͳͲǤǮ–Š‹ ƒŽ‘‘ˆ‘”ƒ‡—˜‡”ǣ Žƒ›‰”‘—†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘‘†—•‹‡••ǯǤBusinessandSocietyReviewͳͳͷȋ͵Ȍǣ͵͸͹Ȃ ͻͳǤ ‘‘”–ǡ‘‡‡ǡ‘”ƒ ‘Ž„‡”‰ǡƒ†ƒŽ‹ †‡Žƒ†ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤǮ”‹‰‹‰‹–Š‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•›ǣ‡Ǧ‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œ‹‰–Š‡†‡Ǧ‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œ‡†–”ƒ–‡‰›‘ˆ–Š‹ •‘‹––‡‡•ǯǤ LifeSciences,SocietyandPolicyͻȋͳȌǣͳͳǤ ”‹•ǡǤʹͲͲ͸Ǥ‡Ž™ƒŽ‹–‡‹–‡–‡Ž”‘„‘–Ǥ‡‡–‡‡Ž–ˆ‘”—Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ˜‡‡–‡‡Ž–ˆ‘”—ǤŽȀ˜‹‡™–‘’‹ Ǥ’Š’ǫ–αʹͺ͸Ǥ ‡••‡†ʹͳ‡ ‡„‡” ʹͲͳ͵Ǥ ”›‘”ǡƒ”‡Ǥͳͻͺ͸ǤǮ‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ• –‡”•’‡ ‹‡•‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǯǤ  DolphinCognitionandBehavior:AComparativeApproachǡ‡†‹–‡†„›‘ƒŽ† Ǥ  Š—•–‡”ƒǡ ‡ƒ‡––‡ǤŠ‘ƒ•ǡƒ† ‘””‡•– Ǥ‘‘†Ǥ ‹ŽŽ•†ƒŽ‡ǡǤ Ǥǣ”Ž„ƒ— ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡•ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ”‡ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ‹†Ǥ ‘Ȁ’†ˆ•Ȁ Š̴ͲͺȀ Š̴Ͳͺ̴’†ˆ̴ͲͳǤ’†ˆǤ ‡†ƒŽǡƒ˜‹†ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤǮ ‘Ž›‘•ƒ‹‘Ž˜‡•ǣŠ‹Š—ƒŠ—ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”‹• ‹Ž–‘ ›†”‘‡ǯǤInternationalJournalofCulturalStudiesǡ ƒ—ƒ”›Ǥ ‡‰ƒǡ‘ǤʹͲͲͶǤTheCaseforAnimalRights:UpdatedwithaNewPrefaceǤ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ”‡••Ǥ ‹‹•ǡޔ‡ǤʹͲͲͺǤŠ‡•›‡–”›„‡–™‡‡”—‘ƒ–‘—”ƒ†ƒ”–‹ ‡‹†‡‰‰‡”ǣŠ‡ –‡ Š‹“—‡‘ˆ–—”‹‰ƒ’‘Ž‹ ‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”‹–‘ƒ•’‡‡†„—’ǤSocialStudiesofScience ͵ͺȋʹȌǣʹͺͷȂ͵ͲͳǤ ‹•ƒǡƒ”•ǤʹͲͲͷǤŠ‡„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ‹–›ǤEnvironmentandPlanningD:Society andSpaceʹ͵ǣ͹ͺ͹Ȃ͹ͻ͵Ǥ ǮŠ‡‘„‘”‘ƒ ŠǯǤʹͲͳͶǤ ‡••‡†’”‹ŽͳʹǤ Š––’•ǣȀȀ„ƒ ›ƒ”†„”ƒ‹•Ǥ ‘Ȁ’”‘†— –•Ȁ”‘„‘”‘ƒ ŠǤ ‘†‡„—”‰ǡ ǤǤ†Ǥ‹‡ˆ‘”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ”‘„‘–‹ ‹Ž‹‰Šƒ•„‹‰Žƒ„‘—”•ƒ˜‹‰ bibliography305

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‹Ž• Š—– ǡ ǤǤ ƒƒ‰•ƒƒ†ǤǤ‘‡Ž‡ǤʹͲͳͲǤš–”ƒ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”ƒ–”‹š ‘’‘‡–• †‹”‡ –’‘” ‹‡—• Ž‡•–‡ ‡ŽŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǤExperimentalCellResearch͵ͳ͸ȋ͵Ȍǣ ͵ͶͳǦ͵ͷʹǤ ‹‡”ǡƒ‰†‘ǤͳͻͺͺǤTheWhaleandtheReactor:ASearchforLimitsinanAgeof HighTechnologyǤŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘”‡••Ǥ ‹”ƒǡ ƒƒǡ ”‹ŽŽ‹‡‹–•ǡ ‹‘—ǡƒ†”‹Ž•‘—‡ǤʹͲͳͳǤǮ‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†„›ƒ ”ƒ‰—–ƒǫ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰”‘••Ǧ’‡ ‹‡• ƒ‡’Žƒ›ǯǤ DiGRA2011Conference, UtrechtSchooloftheArts(14Ǧ17September2011)Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀŠƒƒ™‹”ƒǤ‡–Ȁ™‹”ƒ̴†‹‰”ƒʹͲͳͳ̴ƒ„•–”ƒ –Ǥ’†ˆǤ ‹––‰‡•–‡‹ǡ—†™‹‰ǡ‹‡””‡Ž‘••‘™•‹ǡƒ†‡”–”ƒ†—••‡ŽŽǤͳͻͺ͵ǤTractatus LogicoǦPhilosophicusǤƒ”‹•Ǥ ‹––‰‡•–‡‹ǡ—†™‹‰ǤʹͲͳͲǤPhilosophicalInvestigationsǤ ‘Š‹Ž‡›Ƭ‘•Ǥ ‘Žˆ‡ǡƒ”›ǤʹͲͲ͵ǤAnimalRites:AmericanCulture,theDiscourseofSpecies,and PosthumanistTheoryǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘”‡••Ǥ ‘Žˆ‡ǡƒ”›ǤʹͲͳͲǤWhatIsPosthumanism? ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹‡•‘–ƒ”‡••Ǥ ‘‘Ž‰ƒ”ǡ–‡˜‡ǡƒ† ƒ˜‹‡”‡œƒ—ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤǮŠ‡”‘‰‹ƒ‰ǣ—”–‘–‘Ž‘‰›‹  ‹‡ ‡ƒ†‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›–—†‹‡•ǫǯSocialStudiesofScienceͶ͵ȋ͵Ȍǣ͵ʹͳȂͶͲǤ ”‡†Ž‡ǡǤǡǤ—•‰ƒƒ”†ǡƒ†Ǥ’‘”†Ž›ǤʹͲͲ͸ǤǮ”ƒ‹‹‰‘™•–‘’’”‘ƒ Š–Š‡ ‹Ž‹‰‹–‹‡•’‘•‡–‘ ‘—•–‹ ‹‰ƒŽ•‹ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ‹Ž‹‰›•–‡ †—”‹‰–Š‡ ”ƒœ‹‰‡ƒ•‘ǯǤJournalofAppliedAnimalBehaviourScienceͳͲͳȋͳǦ ʹȌǣʹ͹Ȃ͵ͻǤ ›•„‡”‰Š‡ǡ‹‡‡˜ƒǤʹͲͳʹǤDesigningrobotswithcare:creatinganethical frameworkforthefuturedesignandimplementationofcarerobotsǤŠ †‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ™‡–‡Ǥ ‘—‡”ǡǤʹͲͳͲǤ†ƒ‹”›ƒ‰‘‡•Š‹‰Š–‡ Š™‹–Š”‘„‘–‹ ‹Ž‡”•ƒ††‹‰‡•–‡”•Ǥ ƒ”Ƭƒ‹”›ǡ —‡ͳͺǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥˆƒ”ƒ††ƒ‹”›Ǥ ‘Ȁ‡™•Ȁ’ƒǦ†ƒ‹”›ƒǦ ‰‘‡•ǦŠ‹‰ŠǦ–‡ ŠǦ™‹–ŠǦ”‘„‘–‹ Ǧ‹Ž‡”•Ǧƒ†Ǧ†‹‰‡•–‡”•Ȁͳͷͳͷ͵ǤŠ–Ž ‡••‡†ͳͺ —Ž›ʹͲͳʹǤ ‘—‰ǡ ”‹•ƒ”‹‘ǤʹͲͳͳǤJusticeandthePoliticsofDifference(NewinPaper)Ǥ ”‹ ‡–‘‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ‘—‰ǡ‘„‡”– Ǥǡƒ†Ž‹•–ƒ‹”Ǥƒ™”‡ ‡ǤʹͲͲ͵ǤǮ‘‘‡•–‹ ‹‰•‹‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ˜‹”‘‡–•‘–”ƒˆ”‡‡Ž‘ƒ†ǫǯJournalofAppliedAnimalWelfareScience͸ȋͶȌǣ ͵ͲͻȂͳͺǤ —•‘ˆˆǡƒ–Š”›ǡƒ† ‡‹ˆ‡” ƒ„”›•ǤʹͲͳͳǤǮŽ‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ǯǤ WileyInterdisciplinaryReviews:ClimateChangeʹȋͶȌǣͷͳ͸Ȃ͵ͶǤ ‡ŽŽ‡”ǡǤʹͲͳʹǤ‘„‘–‹ ‹Ž‹‰•›•–‡•‰”‘™‹‰•Ž‘™Ž›‘‹• ‘•‹†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”•Ǥ ‘Ž•–‡‹™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‘Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŠ‘Ž•–‡‹™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‘Ȁ•–‘”›Ǥ’Š’ǫ‹†αʹͶͻͳ  ‡••‡†ͳͷ—‰—•–ʹͲͳʹǤ bibliography313

Summary

Animaldeliberation:

thecoͲevolutionoftechnologyandethicsonthefarm

What can a philosopher contribute to understanding and debating ethical concerns regardingthefarmingofanimals?Thisthesisstartswithaprologue,whichsketchesthe situation of someone asking himself this question at a pig farm while discussing the problem of pig boredom and how to meet the regulatory requirement of pigpen enrichment.

Animal farming is an increasingly problematic and contested activity. A mosaic of interlockingconcerns,whichisoutlinedinchapter1,isbecomingevermoreprominent. Theseconcernsincludeanimalsuffering,environmentalpollutionofwater,soilandair, emissions that induce climate change, zoonotic diseases, antibiotic resistance, food risks, deforestation, global nutrient imbalance, eutrophication of marine ecosystems, depletionofscarceresources(includingfossilfuels,phosphorousandfreshwater),and issuesofglobaljustice,landuseandhunger.Apartfromtheseexternaleffects,animal farmingismeanttoprovideaffordable,goodquality,safefoodthatishealthyandtasty. Thisalsoinvolvesworkingconditionsonfarms,farmers’incomesandrurallivelihoods, theculturalvalueofagriculturallandscapes,andthetraceabilityoffoodforconsumers. Whatstandsoutfromthisoverviewisthesheervarietyofissues,aswellastherangeof institutionsandscientificdisciplinesassociatedwithregulatingandassessingthem.

The myriad of interconnected concerns –or even merely the plight of production animals– may suggest a rather simple and obvious ethical solution: the complete abolition of using animals to produce food. By situating ethics on the farm, this dissertation starts from the idea that it might be possible to retain forms of animal 316summary  productioninamoreorlesssustainableworld,withaperhapsacceptableamountof animalsuffering.Nevertheless,eventhoughitwouldinvolvehubristotaketheroleof global decision maker on this, the more radical solution to the whole pressing conundrumofanimalfarmingdoesspringupinthethesisinvariousways.  Whoistodecideuponthisethicalconundrumisunclear.Onewayinwhich,overthe past decade, the wider public has learned about these concerns is through visually strikingdocumentariessuchasOurDailyBread.Fromthese,onemaygetasensethat humans are caught up in industrial food chains in which little moral agency or even subjectivityremains.Therebyaseriesofquestionsemergesthatthisthesisdelvesinto: how to conceive of moral and political agency in our contemporary highͲtech food system? Where to situate ethics and where to look for ethical subjects? And what genres of moral debate and philosophical inquiry are appropriate and helpful (or irritatinganddisruptive)forengagingwiththeconcernslistedabove?  Thegenreofappliedethicsasafieldofacademicresearchtendstobegearedtowards certaintypesofinstitutionalinterventions–procedures,protocols,ethicscommittees, andpolicyadvice–thatimplyaparticularunderstandingofwhatitmeanstoengagein ethics:namelythesystematic,rational,andconceptuallyclearreflectiononwhatright andwrongactions.Oftenthisformofethicsinvolvesexplicatingandweighingvalues and principles. However, critics of this type of ethical theorizing and reflection have pointedtohowtheseapproachestendtolimittherangeofconsiderationsthatcanbe articulatedandthusdepoliticizesituationswhileturningthemintostaticdilemmas.On topofthis,ethicalargumentsinthisgenredonotseemveryconvincingtoconsumers andfarmersalike,justasmerelylistingtheissuesabovedoesnotresultinwidesocietal change.  Inpractice,ourethicalunderstandingsofissuescanbefoundtobeinfluencedbythe developmentofnewtechnologies.Thisthesisisinformedbyrecentworkinpragmatist ethics and science and technology studies (STS) that highlights the ‘coͲevolving’ character of moral norms in relation to technological change as a promising way to understand ethics in our technological culture. Ethics in philosophical pragmatism meansafocusontheexperienceof‘problematicsituations’.Pragmatistethicalinquiryis notaboutjustifyingabstractanddistancedpositionsbutaboutembodied,active,and lively engagement in situations. Besides the rational, ‘prosaic’, problemͲsolving orientationthatpragmatismisknownfor,thereisalsoa‘romantic’or‘poetic’sideto

 summary317  pragmatistphilosophy,whichemphasizesthecreativeand‘worldͲdisclosing’character ofthought.Inthisformofpragmatism,ethicscanbeunderstoodasanongoingprocess of directing attention, offering rich interpretations of practices, cultivating moral experiences,andimaginingalternativeworlds.Thisthesisoffersarangeofexperiments with genres of inquiry and intervention (such as ethnography, case studies, photomontageandgamedesign)tofindouthowtoinvolveparticularmoralsubjects andpromotepossiblemodesofdeliberatingethicsonthefarm.  Theextensiveethicaldebatesthathaveemergedonthevariousissueslistedinchapter 1tendtofocusonsingleissues,suchasanimalwelfareorenvironmentalpollution.The viewsoffarmersinthesedebateshavebeenlargelyabsent,orhavemerelyfiguredas (increasinglymarginal)interests,insteadofbeingconsideredmorallyworthwhileinand of themselves. As an alternative to seeing ethical issues as mere challenges for technological optimization or as dilemmas to analyse in terms of ethical principles, chapter2looksatethicsonthefarm,offeringanethnographicexplorationofthemoral experiences of farmers. The variety of norms that figure in contemporary farming practicesissystematicallychartedintermsofdifferentformsofjustification.Reviewing thepracticalargumentsandcommitmentsoffarmerswithinthisframeworkrevealsthat farming practices are subject to mixed motives, in which an amalgam of types of concernsplaysarole.Farmsarenotjustindustrialsitesforefficientfoodproduction, butalsodomesticplaceswherefarmingfamilieslive,whocanstillbethoughttohave multifacetedrelationstotheiranimalsandland.  When focusing on single issues, the full range of justifications in farming life comes across as an inefficiently muddled practice or even an ‘ethical chaos’. But when consideredasanintricatemeshofsocietaldomainsandnormativelogics,thepeculiarly entanglednatureofethicsonthefarmcouldbebetterarticulatedinpublicdebates.A moreencompassingdescriptionofparticularissues,then,canbedevelopedthatdoes justicetothewaysinwhichfarmersintegratethemosaicofconcerns,informedbya variety of moral experiences. This may counter the tendency in policymaking, technologicalinnovation,scientificresearch,andethicalthoughttocompartmentalize ourmorallandscape.  Ethicsthenbecomesanongoinglearningprocessinwhichconsiderationsfrommultiple orderscanplayarole,andinwhichembodiedformsofexperience,skills,selfͲidentity, and relations are part of the dynamic. Thus, questions about ethics on the farm can

 318summary  rarelybeexpectedtoproducesingle,genericallyrightanswers,asthesealwaysinvolve interconnected ideas on what kind of farmer one should be, what a good life for an animalis,andhowtorelatetotheland.  In chapter 3, the focus moves to technology. Whereas technological change is often consideredasathreattoduedemocraticprocessandmoraldecisionmaking,hereitis arguedthatthecoͲevolutionofethicsandtechnologyisaprimeopportunityforpolitical and moral engagement. Two technological projects that proposed to do away with farmsandfarmersandthepublicreceptiontotheseproposalsareanalysed:schemes for pig farming in highͲrise ‘agroͲproduction parks’ that came to be known as ‘pig towers’(varkensflats),andeffortstodeveloptechniquesforproducingmeatbygrowing cellsoutsideofanimals,labelled‘invitromeat’.Ratherthanassessingthepossiblepros andconsoftheseproposals,thischapterfocusesonthedynamicethicalprocessesthey instigated.Bycloselyexamininghowfeaturesofthesedesignsenteredpublicdebates and ethical thought, this chapter traces the moral ‘worldͲdisclosing’ character of technologicalprojects.  Firstofall,evenbeforebeingrealizedsystemsorcommerciallyviableproducts,these two technologies functioned as fresh occasions for debate. Not just on whether to accepttheproposedtechnologyornot,butalsoonthewiderissuetheyweremeantto intervene in. These debates occurred in very different settings from the ones where agriculturalissuesusuallytendtobediscussed,andtheyinvolvedpeopleotherthanthe usual suspects. On the one hand, new coalitions sprang up around the new technologies, such as those between farmers and urbanite protesters and between biotechnologists and vegans. While on the other hand, rifts occurred within existing organizations,suchasanimalrightsorganizationsandenvironmentalNGOs.  Secondly, both designs gave rise to shifts in understandings of the existing societal issues that surround farming. While imagining these newly proposed alternatives to farming practices, implicitly new benchmarks by which to judge the existing situation arose. Both pig towers and in vitro meat revealed contemporary intensive meat production to be, in many ways, inefficient and suboptimal. System boundaries were redrawn,andparticularkindsofargumentsemergedwitheachtechnology.Analogies betweenintensivefarmingandtheholocaustsuddenlybecamemainstreaminresponse tothepigtowers.WhereashighͲrisepigfarmsproducedacollectivepublicrefusalto seriously discuss the proposal, in vitro meat was much less controversial, making the

 summary319  issueprimarilyintoasubjectivequestionofwhetherornotonewouldliketoeatit.In discussing the design proposals, even ontological shifts could be seen to occur in relationtowhatistobeconsidered‘realmeat’andthe‘truenature’ofanimalfarming.  And thirdly, responding to these new technologies involved a renewed sense of the characterofpoliticalandmoralagency,whilethesensibilitiesthatconstituteamoral subject in relation to an issue were also rethought. This involves ideas on what are deemedappropriatesensibilitiesandashiftedappreciationofembodiment,emotions, experience, and the relevance of particular moral commitments. For instance when learningtorelatetothephysicaldisgustthatforsomeisarousedbythethoughtofin vitromeat.  Thechaptercontemplatestheinnertensionsandambiguitiesofthisprocessofmoral and political change by confronting the different understandings of world disclosure developedbyDeweyandHeidegger.Partofthecritiquesofboththepigtowersandin vitro meat tend to align with the Heideggerian dismissal of modern technology on metaphysical grounds: as a wrong kind of thinking’ that turns everything, including ourselves, into mere resources. With Dewey, however, we can point to how these proposalscouldbeconsideredpartofanexperimentalformofcreativeinquiry,whichin a dramatic way integrates technological design, scientific research, and artistic imagination. The influence on public debate and the (moral) imagination of these technologiescanbeviewedasakintothatofthearts,makingartisticdesignawayto relate actively to world disclosure andprocesses ofcoͲevolution. Buteven thoughall kindsofsocietalactorsgatheredtodiscussthesedesigns–andthusalsoconventional farming– in heated and sometimes constructive debates, there was very little (pig towers)orno(invitromeat)roleforfarmers.Theirexperiences,ideas,andknowledge wereimplicitlydefinedasobsolete,atbestonlypartoftheproblem.  Chapter4bringsusbacktothefarmagain,toseehowcoͲevolutiontakesplacenotjust in public debates evoked by spectacular designs, but also in more mundane material processesoftechnologicalchange.Milkingrobots,whicharelittleknowntothewider public,have,overthelastdecade,becomeincreasinglyusedonDutchdairyfarms.At firstitseemedtobeasmalltechnologicalstepofautomatingtheattachmentoftheteat cupsofthemilkingmachinetotheuddersofthecows.Butinpracticethishasbeen foundtoentailacompletereorganizationofdairyfarming.Theethicalimplicationsand evaluation of this device are not selfͲevident, but are themselves part of a dynamic

 320summary  processinwhichwhatisconsideredagoodfarmer,agoodcow,andagoodrobotcan beseentoshift.  Thischapterexploresthequestionofhowtoengageinethicsfromarelationalandfluid understanding of humans, animals, and technologies. Based on interviews, attending farmers’networkmeetings,takingabriefpracticaltrainingcourseindairyfarming,and studying professional literature and web forums, the coͲevolution of ethics and technologyisdescribedindetail.Witharobot,cowsarenolongermilkedtwiceadayby thefarmer,butinsteadmustvoluntarilypresentthemselvestobemilkedindividually. Thismeanstheyneedtolosesomeoftheirherdmentalityanddecideforthemselves when it is time to be milked. Atthe same time farmers need to learn to leave these decisions to the cows in such a way that they remain productive. In the wake of implementing this robot on farms, an ethical norm of (individual) freedom or even autonomyforcowshasgainedground.Thisisnotonlypartofthemarketingrhetoricof robotproducers.Evencriticsoftherobotformulatetheirconcernsintheseterms:itis arguedthattherobotisnotasliberatingaspromised,oronlypromotesaparticularidea offreedomandsubjectivity.  Farmerswhoinstallarobotgraduallyfindoutthat‘robotcows’reallyaredifferent.This meansthatinpractice,animalwelfareisnoteasilydefinedingenericterms,butalso dependsoncontextsandrelations.Thus,whatacowis,andhowbesttorelatetoher,is theoutcomeofongoingprocessesofsocioͲtechnicalchange.  ‘Robotfarmers’changedtoo.Theynolongerhaveroutineinteractionwiththecowsbut move to a regime of management by exception. Whereas automation is generally thoughttoleadtodeskillingoflabourandalienation,whatfarmersfoundoutwasthat they developed a more calm and friendly relation with their cows, who no longer associatedthefarmerwithbeingmilkedandpushedaround.Withtherobot,anidealof ‘notinterferingwiththeherd’emerges,whichmeansthatthefarmerleavesmoreto processesintheherd,whiletherobotchangesthese.Therebytheresponsibilityofthe farmeristhoughttoshiftfromcaringfortheanimalstowardsallowingtheanimalsto takegoodcareofthemselves.Similartothecasesinthepreviouschapter,heretoothe dynamics of ethical evaluation involves changing the terms of debate and the subjectivities of, in this case, both farmers and cows. At the same time – in true coͲ evolutionaryfashion–weseehowthesenewrolesandethicalnormsfeedbackintothe materiallayoutoftherobotinthebarn.Farmersnowtendtomoveawayfromearlier

 summary321  setͲupswith‘forcedcowtraffic’thatrequiredthemtopasstherobottogettothefeed, offeringinsteadopportunitiesto(insomesense)morefreelydeterminetheirbehaviour.  EmbracingcoͲevolutionanddoingawaywithstablenormsandmoreformalmodesof moralcritiqueinvolvestheriskoflosingethicalgroundandgivingupcriticaltermssuch as ‘natural’, ‘autonomy’, ‘freedom’, ‘exploitation’, and ‘alienation’. On the one hand, these terms can indeed be found to lack stable meanings in a dynamic technological culture.Butontheotherhand,thischapterarguesthat,throughbeingcontested,these terms are still vital in making sense of the changing experiences and moral commitmentsoffarmers.  Chapter5alsousestheexampleofthemilkingrobot.Butratherthanmerelyexpanding thedescriptionofcoͲevolutioninthepreviouschapterwithfurtherdetails,itiswritten inamoreargumentativestyle:asakindofmanifestoforappreciatingtheactiveroleof animalsaspoliticalbeingswithwhomweengagein‘animaldeliberation’.  Thereisagrowinginterestinnotjustthemoralbutalsothepoliticalstatusofanimals. This raises a challenge of how to conceive of animal politics both in theory and in practice.Againstthecommonassumptionthatanimals‘havenovoice’andthatbeing somehow represented by humans is all they can hope for, this chapter develops an understandingofdeliberativedemocracywhichacknowledgesexistingformsofpolitical communicationacrossthespeciesbarrier.Thechapterintroducestheideaofdesignas political anddesigning withanimals as deliberative via a simple domestic technology: the cat flap. This everyday example already shows how people and domestic cats negotiate and probe their human–feline relations. When technological design is understood as a process of tinkering with our ideas of the good life and appropriate human–animalrelations,thendesigningforandwithanimalscanbeappreciatedasa kindofmultispecieslearningprocessesthatcouldbeaccordedpoliticalstatus.  The chapter follows a group of farmers and technologists who,together with a small herdofdairycows,overthecourseofseveralyearsexperimentedwithamobilemilking robotthatwouldmilkcowsoutinthepasture.Again,aseeminglysimpleadjustmentof a technology entailed a complex dynamic. Technical challenges in making this new deviceworkandhavingthecowsperformproductivelyweremixedwithwhatinethical theorizingwouldbeconsideredconceptualquestionsonthecentralityandappropriate meaningsofnaturalness,freedom,voluntariness,andfarmerresponsibility.Thesewere

 322summary  not taken up as questions to be answered purely or primarily on a discursive level. Variouspracticalmeaningsofthesenotionswereexperimentedwithbycreatingnew material arrangements and watching the subsequent interactions. Continually, the characterofthecowsissubjecttointerpretationbythefarmer:toassesswhetherthey aregenetically‘lazy’ordonotreceivetherightfeed,whethertheyaretoostubbornor notintelligentenoughtovisittherobot,orwhethertheydislikebeingforcedtowardsit andwouldratherdecideforthemselveswhentoenterit.Theprocessoftinkeringor bricolage revealed how in situations of technological innovation a responsive relationshipemergesofmutuallearning,inwhichbothfarmerandanimalsubjectivities arecontinuallyredefinedanddelineated.  Thetheoryofdeliberativedemocracyemphasizesthatthepoliticalprocessisnottobe thought of as an encounter between individuals with given preferences, but as something that encompasses their formation. Recent theorists of deliberation stress that it is a style of politics which is grounded in everyday experiences and that deliberativeformsofinteractioncanbefoundinunexpectedsites.Acknowledgingthe active and meaningful role of animals and appreciating that these everyday, partly material and nonͲdiscursive processes are of a deliberative kind may contribute to taking animals seriously in public debates over how to farm, manage, conserve, or liberateatleastanumberofhithertoignoredmembersofourpoliticalcommunity.By recognizing the interdependence, reciprocity, and inherent ambiguity in our dealings with animals, and in theirs with us, we can experience a call for an inquisitive, experimental,andongoingpoliticsofeverydayanimalencounters.  In an intermezzo, the author of the thesis again finds himself sitting with a group of farmers.Similartothesituationsketchedintheprologue,butthistimeatadairyfarm discussingthemobilemilkingrobot.Ratherthanofferingconceptualanalysisandtrying tomakethefarmersinternalizeparticularnotionstomakethemunderstandtheethical character of what they are doing, he started experimenting with a different, more evocative,visualapproach.  Inchapter6wereturntothepigfarmandtotheEUrequirementforpigpenenrichment thataimstodiminishpigboredomandpreventpigsfrombitingeachother’stails.When spectacular technological proposals can publicly disclose moral worlds, and when implementing farm technologies can lead to animal deliberation on the farm, then a promisingwaybothtostudyandtointerveneinthissituationistodesignanevocative

 summary323  farmingtechnology.Extrapolatingtherequirementforpigstoreceivesomethingtoplay with,aprojectisoutlinedtocreatevideogamestoentertainthem.Thisinitselfcould beawaytodrawattentiontothewelfaresituationaswellasthecognitivepotentialof pigs.Butitisevenmoreinterestingtotrytointerveneinhuman–animalrelationsby creatingagamethatwouldallowthepigstoplaywithhumans.  ThisprojectconnectsdebatesonanimaluseandanimalwelfarewithJohnBerger’sidea ofthe‘disappearanceoftheanimal’inmodernculture,where”onlypetsandcarcasses remain.”Playingwithpigs,moreover,offersawaytoactivelyexplorerecentdebateson alternativemodesofscientificallyunderstandinganimalcognitionandbehaviour,such asthosediscussedunderthebannerof‘multispeciesethnography’.  Thischapterdescribesafirstgameconcept,forwhichthedesignerscreateda(partly mock up) video: Pig Chase connects humans and pigs by enabling them to together move a sparkling dot over a screen in the pigpen and on an iPad. The evocative characterofthisinterventioninpublicdebateentailedthatwedidnotfullycontrolor even imagine its possible meanings and full potential for rethinking human–pig relations.Thereforethevarietyofresponsestheprojecthasalreadygeneratedisused to outline the kinds of implications that ‘playing with your food’, as the project was labelledinthepopularpress,couldbethoughttohave.  Chapter7probestheextenttowhichthedesignofplayingwithpigscanfunctionasa subversive intervention visͲàͲvis existing animal practices such as farming and pet keeping. Questions that are dealt with in the design process concern the ideal of naturalness,thehierarchicalrankingofspeciesbasedoncognitiveabilities,notionsof symmetry in human–animal relations, and the character of play defined in terms of openness. Ideas concerning these themes were partly conceived at the outset of the projectasdesigncriteria,toensurethatanimalsduringthedesignprocessandinthe eventualgameemergeasmeaningfulandactiveparticipants.Thesethemesarefurther elaboratedhere,informedbyworkonhuman–animalrelationsanddiscussionsofnew modes of doing research into animal behaviour that allow or even call for an active humanpresence.Butthesethemesarealsothecoreissuesthatwehavebeengrappling withinthedesignprocess.Thefocushereultimatelycomesdowntothequestionof whatitmeanstoplayandthepeculiarcharacterofinterspeciesplay. 

 324summary  ByinͲdepthdiscussionofparticulardesignchoicesforthefirstprototypeofthegame, whichwearecurrentlytesting,thechapterexplicatesthewayinwhichtheprocessof design can function as a form of multispecies philosophy: as both a material and a discursivewayofinvestigatinginterlinkedethical,philosophical,andscientificquestions onhowwecould(andperhapsshould)relatetopigs.  Thenextchapter,8,offersfurtherspeculationsonthemoralcharacterofthistypeof mediatedintervention,inthelightofhistoricalprocessesofcoͲevolvingmoralitiesand genres.Intheongoingreflectionsonthedesignprocessandthepotentialimpactsofthe experienceofinterspeciesplayonhumanandnonhumanplayers,questionsregarding human(moral)subjectivityarefoundtobedeeplyintertwinedwiththeissueofhowto conceive of (animal) minds. Thus, this chapter explores how an understanding of morality as coͲevolving with particular cultural genres such as novels, film, or video games,canbethoughttoresonatewithalternativeformsofrelatingtoanimals.Aseries ofdiscussionsonhuman–animalrelationsisbroughtintoconnectionwithoppositions such as those between empathy and sympathy, and those between liberal ideals of individuationvspostͲhumanistcommitmentstotheprimaryrelationalityofindividuals, human or otherwise. Ultimately, it is argued that the tension generated by these oppositions,whicharefoundtobecentralinenvisagingtheexperienceof(premodern) farmers and animals, comes down to whether or not we can distinguish between touchingandbeingtouched.Thechapterendsbytakingseriouslytheaccusationmade by numerous (online) commentators that the project is deeply problematic, or even disgusting and perverse. With that we (re)turn to the question of the potential for a multispeciescommunityinourtechnological(farming)culture.  The conclusion of this thesis is that we should go to farms, talk to farmers, live with animalsanddesignnewfarmequipmentasthebestwaytodoagriculturalethics.But when tinkering in practice is the ideal, is it not strange to argue for this in written words?Chapter9springsfromasenseofwonderabouttheselfdefeatingcharacterof writing a long winding academic treatise that is meant to argue that ethics actually happens in material practices on the farm. This is the paradox of writing pragmatist ethics: when viewed pragmatically, all that writing and reading about situated experience,embodiedpracticesandtheimportanceofstandingwithyourfeetinthe mud actually turns us into brains on sticks. The inescapable subtext of a PhD thesis seemstobethattrueknowledgeandethicalargumentsarewritteninacademicprose. 

 summary325  After contemplating the various implicit effects of writing and language as the commonlyassumedmodeofengagingwithethicalconcerns,thethesisarguesthatfully disbandingwithwordswouldgotoofar.Languageandwritingscaninspireandcritique creativematerialpractices,inabackͲandͲforthbetweenreadingandtinkering.Justas theoreticaldiscussionsinformedthemakingofPigChaseandviceversa;aslongasitis clearthatdeployingthealphabetisnotaneutralchoiceindoingethics,andmaterial practicesaretakenseriouslyasformofethicalreflectiontoo.  Thischapterendswiththeideathatthepointofthethesiscanbestbeunderstoodasto show, not tell. The least self defeating way to conclude is then by showing how the Playing with Pigs design project itself, as a situated and material endeavour, can be consideredtobetheconclusiontothistheoreticalandpracticalresearch.  Chapter10indeedtriestorefrainfrommakinggeneralclaims.Nordoesitofferasetof tools for policy makers. Instead, this chapter looks back at how the various earlier chaptersinformedthepiggamedesignprojectandhowthatcouldhelpusunderstand, in a handsͲon way, processes of coͲevolution between technology and ethics on the farm.Thechaptersofthethesiscanbeseenasattemptstogenerateenthusiasmfor joiningindeliberationsunderstoodinevermoreexpandedways:includingfarmersand their embodied practices, radical technological designs, tinkering with farm technologies, animals as active participants in this, and creative design as a way to activelyrelatetothisprocess.  Next to the evocative genres, which we have discussed, that call for action on environmentalandanimalissues,interspeciesvideogamedesignwasexploredasanew modeofcreatinginterestingsituationsformoralexperience,reflection,anddebate.In thegameprojectadifferentmoralsubject,beyondcitizenandconsumerisinvitedand generated, opening up a new genre of engaging in ethics by involving us in affective relations.  Theproposeddesigndoesnotcomewithaclaimtobemorallyneutral.Instead,itaims to intensify the experience of ambivalence with regard to animal farming, combining industrial food production and ideals of meaningful humanͲanimal interaction of contemporary pet keeping. In the design project, the process of socioͲtechnical coͲ evolution is used to intervene and study the way technological change generates occasions for debate, new understandings of an issue and of what it means to be a

 326summary

moralsubjectinrelationtoproducingfoodwithandfromanimals.Ratherthanoffering a purely technological fix, or succumbing to technological determinism, this type of design means actively relating to coͲevolving norms, including shifting meanings of central terms. What it means toplay, and what the moral meaningof mediatedplay withotherspeciescouldbe,canbecontestedinthelightofthisproject.

WesetupourdesigninterventionexplicitlyasanexperimentwithnewhumanͲanimal relations,whichinvolveddevelopingnewsensibilitiesandincreasingourresponsiveness to animal behaviour. This made it evident to grant animals a serious role as coͲ designers. In the process we became more responsive to their behaviour while developingvariouswaystointerpretitsmeanings.Aswewereinteractivelyreimagining life on the farm and ways to connect that to wider audiences, thegame project was envisagedasaplatformfor‘animaldeliberation’.

It can be challenging to locally engage with issues that cannot be fully grasped by situated experience. There does not seem to be a generic answer to this type of concern.TodoethicsinacoͲevolutionaryveinwecanindulgeininspiringexamplesof artists and designers. In order to open up our sensibilities to forms of suffering and increaseourimaginationofthewaylocalsituationsareconnectedtoglobalconcerns– concernswhichthemselvesarealwaysalsolocalandarenottobesolvedsolelyfrom afar.

Intheepiloguewerevisitthepigfarmeroftheprologue,whointhemeantimehad beenradicallyalteringherfarm.

  



Samenvatting

Deliberatiemetdieren:

decoͲevolutievantechnologieenethiekopdeboerderij   Wat kan een filosoof bijdragen aan het begrip van en debat over ethische kwesties rondomdeveehouderij?Ditproefschriftbegintmeteenvoorwoordwaarindesituatie wordtgeschetstvaniemanddiezichditafvraagtopeenvarkensboerderijtijdenseen discussieoverhetprobleemvanvervelingbijvarkensenhoevoldoenaandevereiste vanhokverrijking.  Het gebruik van productiedieren is een in toenemende mate problematische en omstreden activiteit. Een mozaïek van onderling verbonden zorgen, geschetst in hoofdstuk1,komtsteedsmeeronderdeaandacht.Dezezorgenbetreffenhetlijdenvan dieren,milieubelastingvanwater,bodemenlucht,emissiesvan stoffendieleidento klimaatverandering, uitbraken van voor mensen gevaarlijke dierziekten, antibiotica resistentie, voedselveiligheid, ontbossing, onbalans in de wereldwijde verdeling van nutriënten,eutrofiëringvanwaterecosystemen,hetoprakenvanschaarsegrondstoffen (waaronder fossiele brandstoffen, fosfaten, en zoet water) en kwesties aangaande wereldwijde rechtvaardigheid, landgebruik en honger. Buiten deze effecten, is veehouderijeropgerichtombetaalbaar,kwalitatiefenveiligvoedselteproducerendat gezondenlekkeris.Hierbijkomtooknogdekwaliteitvanarbeidopboerderijen,het inkomen van boeren en de leefbaarheid van het platteland, de culturele waarde van agrarische landschappen en de traceerbaarheid van voedsel voor consumenten. Wat opvaltbijdezeopsommingisdegrotevariatieaankwestiesendediverseinstitutiesen wetenschappelijkedisciplinesdiebetrokkenzijnbijhetregulerenenbeoordelenervan.  De overdaad aan onderling verbonden kwesties –of alleen al het lijden van productiedieren–suggereerteenevensimpelealsvoordehandliggendeoplossing:de volledige afschaffing van het gebruik van dieren voor voedselproductie. Met het 330samenvatting

situerenvanethiekopdeboerderijvertrektditproefschriftvanuitdegedachtedathet mogelijkisombepaaldevormenvandierlijkeproductieterealiserenalsonderdeelvan eenminofmeerduurzamewereld,meteenwellichtaanvaardbarehoeveelheiddierlijk lijden.Desalniettemin,ookalzouhetnogalovermoedigzijnomhieromtrentderolvan wereldwijdebeslisserintenemen,demeerradicaleoplossingvanheturgentealgehele vraagstuk van de veehouderij komt her en der in het proefschrift op verschillende manierennaarvoren.

Wiezoumoetenbeslissenoverditvraagstukisonduidelijk.Eenmanierwaaropinhet afgelopendecenniumeenbrederpubliekmetdezezorgenwerdgeconfronteerdisdoor inhetoogspringendedocumentaireszoalsOurDailyBread.Opgronddaarvanzou het gevoel kunnen krijgen dat mensen gevangen zitten in industriële voedselketens, waarin weinig ruimte voor moreel handelen of zelfs morele subjectiviteit overblijft. Hiermee komt een reeks vragen op waar dit proefschrift mee aan de slag gaat: hoe kunnen we de morele en politieke handelingsruimte opvatten in ons hedendaagse hoogtechnologischevoedselsysteem?Waarkunnenweethieksituerenenwaarmoeten we op zoek naar morele subjecten? En welke genres van moreel debat en filosofisch onderzoek zijn geschikt en nuttig (of irritant en ontwrichtend) om met de zorgen die hierbovenwerdenopgesomdaandeslagtegaan?

Het genre van de toegepaste ethiek als terrein van universitair onderzoek is veelal gericht op bepaalde soorten insitutionele interventies –procedures, protocollen, ethischecommissiesenbeleidsadvies–dieeenspecifiekbegripimplicerenvanwathet betekentomonsmetethiekbezigtehouden:namelijkdesystematische,rationeleen conceptueelhelderereflectieopjuisteenonjuistehandelingen.Vaakgaathetindeze vormvanethiekomhetexpliciterenenafwegenvanwaardenenprincipes.Criticivan dit soort ethisch theoretiseren en reflecteren hebben  echter op gewezen dat deze benaderingen de diversiteit beperken van het soort overwegingen dat kan worden gearticuleerd. Iets dat kan leiden tot het depolitiseren van situaties en het omzetten ervaninstatischedilemma’s.Daarbovenoplijkendeethischeargumentendieditgenre voortbrengtnietergovertuigendvoorconsumentennochboeren,netzoalshetslechts opsommenvandekwestieshierbovennietzomaarresulteertinbredemaatschappelijke verandering.

Indepraktijkblijktonzeethischekijkopkwestiestekunnenwordenbeïnvloeddoorde ontwikkelingvannieuwetechnologieën.Ditproefschriftbouwtvoortoprecentwerkin samenvatting331  pragmatische ethiek en wetenschapsͲ en techniekonderzoek (STS) waarin het ‘coͲ evoluerende’ karakter van morele normen en technologische verandering wordt uitgelichtalseenveelbelovendemanieromethiektebegrijpeninonzetechnologische cultuur. Binnen het filosofisch pragmatisme gaat het bij ethiek om de ervaring van ‘problematischesituaties’.Pragmatischethischonderzoekisnietzozeergerichtophet rechtvaardigenvanabstracteenafstandelijkepositiesmaaropbelichaamde,actieveen doorleefde betrokkenheid bij deze situaties. Naast de rationele, ‘prozaische’, probleemoplossendegerichtheidwaarhetpragmatismeombekendstaat,iserookeen ‘romantische’of‘poetische’kantvanpragmatischefilosofie,waarindenadrukligtop het creatieve en ‘wereld ontsluitende’ karakter van denken. In deze vorm van pragmatismekanethiekwordengezienalseenvoortdurendprocesvanhetrichtenvan aandacht, het leveren van wijdlopige interpretaties van praktijken, het cultiveren van moreleervaringenenhetverbeeldenvanalternatievewerelden.Ditproefschriftbiedt eenreeksvanexperimentenmetgenresvanonderzoekeninterventie(vanetnografie, casestudies,enfotomontagetothetontwerpenvancomputerspellen)omuittevinden hoespecifiekemorelesubjectenkunnenwordenbetrokkenenhoemogelijkevormen vanmoreledeliberatieopdeboerderijtebevorderen.  De uitgebreide ethische debatten die zijn opgekomen rond de verschillende zorgen opgesomdinhoofdstuk1zijndoorgaansgerichtoplossekwesties,zoalsdierenwelzijn of milieuvervuiling. Het perspectief van de boer is hierin meestal afwezig, of komt slechtsvooralseen(steedsmarginaler)deelbelang,inplaatsvantewordengezienalsin zichzelfmoreelrelevant.Alsalternatiefvoorhetkijkennaarethischekwestiesalslouter technischeuitdagingenofalsdilemma’steanalyserenintermenvanethischeprinicipes, richt hoofdstuk 2 de blik op ethiek op de boerderij. Dit hoofdstuk biedt een etnografische verkenning van de morele ervaringen van boeren. De verscheidenheid aannormendievoorkomeninhedendaagseboerenpraktijkenwordthierinsystematisch weergegevenintermenvanverschillendevormenvanrechtvaardigen.Hetviaditkader beschouwen van de praktische argumenten en inzet van boeren laat zien dat boerenpraktijkenonderwerpzijnvangemengdemotieven,waarineencombinatievan soorten zorgen een rol speelt. Boerderijen zijn niet alleen industriële locaties voor efficiëntevoedselproductie,maarookhuiselijkeomgevingenwaarboerenfamiliesleven, vanwiejenogaltijdzoukunnendenkendatveelzijdigeverhoudingenhebbentothun dierenenland.Wanneerweonsrichtenoplossekwestieskomthetvolledigespectrum vanrechtvaardigingeninhetboerenlevenoveralseenonefficienterommeligepraktijk ofzelfseen‘ethischechaos’.Maarwanneerwedezebeschouwenalseenfijnzinnigweb

 332samenvatting

vanmaatschappelijkedomeinenennormatievelogica’s,zouheteigenaardigeverweven karaktervanethiekopdeboerderijbeterwordenverwoordinpubliekedebatten.Een meeromvattendebeschrijvingvanspecifiekekwestieskandanwordenontwikkelddie rechtdoetaandemanierenwaaropboerendemozaïekvankwestiessamenbrengen, geïnformeerddooreendiversiteitaanmoreleervaringen.Ditzoumogelijkdeneiging binnen beleidsontwikkeling, technologische innovatie, wetenschappelijk onderzoek en ethischdenkenomonsmorelelandschaptecompartimentaliserenkunnentegengaan.

Ethiek wordt dan een voortgaand leerproces waarin overwegingen uit verschillende ordes van rechtvaardiging een rol kunnen spelen en waarin belichaamde vormen van ervaring, vaardigheden, identiteiten en relaties onderdeel zijn van veranderingsprocessen.Jekandanmaarzeldenverwachtendatethischevragenopde boerderij eenduidige en algemeen geldende antwoorden opleveren, aangezien deze altijdzijnverbondenmetideeënoverwatvoorsoortboerjezoumoetenzijn,wateen goedlevenvooreendieris,enhoeonstothetlandteverhouden.

In hoofdstuk 3 verschuift de aandacht naar technologie. Terwijl technologische verandering vaak wordt beschouwd als een gevaar voor democratische processen en morele besluitvorming, wordt hier beargumenteerd dat de coͲevolutie van ethiek en technologiebijuitstekgelegenheidbiedtvoorpolitiekeenmorelebetrokkenheid.Twee technologische projecten die voorstelden om boerderijen en boeren af te schaffen worden bekeken: plannen om varkens te houden in grote ‘agro productieparken’ die bekend werden onder de naam ‘varkensflats’, en pogingen om technieken te ontwikkelen waarmee vlees kan worden gemaakt door cellen te laten groeien buiten dieren, onder de naam ‘kweekvlees’. In plaats van de mogelijke voors en tegens van deze voorstellen te analyseren,gaathet in dit hoofdstuk om de dynamische ethische processendiezijingangzetten.Doornauwgezetteonderzoekenhoekenmerkenvan dezeontwerpenwerdenopgenomeninpubliekedebattenenethischdenken,volgtdit hoofdstukhetmorele‘wereldontsluitende’karaktervantechnologischeprojecten.

Ten eerste, zelfs nog voor zij gerealiseerde systemen of commercieel levensvatbare productenzijn,functioneerdendezetweetechnologieënalsnieuwegelegenheidvoor debat. Niet alleen over het al dan niet accepteren van de voorgestelde technologie, maarookoverdebrederekwestiewaarindezewarenbedoeldominteinterveniëren. Deze debatten vonden plaats in hele andere omstandigheden dan waar landbouwkwesties gewoonlijk worden bediscussieerd, en er waren anderen dan de samenvatting333  gebruikelijkedeelnemers bij betrokken. Aan de ene kant ontstonden nieuwe coalities rond de nieuwe technologieën, zoals tussen boeren en stedelijke protesteerders, en tussen biotechnologen en veganisten. Terwijl aan de andere kant bestaande groepen verdeeldraakten,zoalsdierenrechtenͲenmilieuorganisaties.  Tentweedegavenbeideontwerpenaanleidingtotverschuivingeninhoedebestaande maatschappelijkekwestiesrondomdeveehouderijwerdenbegrepen.Doordezenieuw voorgestelde alternatieven voor veehouderijpraktijken in te beelden ontstonden impliciet nieuwe standaarden om de bestaande situatie mee te beoordelen. Zowel varkensflatsalskweekvleesonthuldendatdehedendaagseintensievevleesproductieop allerlei manieren inefficient en suboptimaal is. Systeemgrenzen werden opnieuw getrokken en specifieke soorten argumenten kwamen naar voren met de beide technologieën. Analogieën tussen intensieve veehouderij en de holocaust werden plotselingdoorvelengebezigdinreactieopdevarkensflat.Enwaardezeeencollectieve publiekeweigeringomhetvoorstelserieusteoverwegenvoortbracht,waskweekvlees veelmindercontroversieel,metalsvoornaamsteonderwerpvandebatofmenhetal dan niet zou willen eten. In de discussie over deze ontwerpvoorstellen konden zelfs ontologischeverschuivingenwordenontwaardtenaanzienvanwatwezoudenmoeten zienals‘echtvlees’ende‘wareaard’vandeveehouderij.  Entenderdebrachthetreagerenopdezenieuwetechnologieëneenhernieuwdidee overhetkaraktervanpolitiekenmoreelhandelen,terwijleveneensdegevoeligheden die een moreel subject vormt in relatie tot een kwestie werden heroverwogen. Dit betrofideeënoverwatpassendegevoelighedenzijneneenverschovenopvattingover belichaming, emoties, ervaring en de relevantie van bepaalde morele posities. Bijvoorbeeld bij het leren om zich te verhouden tot de fysieke weerzin die voor sommigenwordtopgeroependoordegedachteaankweekvlees.  Het hoofdstuk doordenkt de interne spanningen en ambiguïteiten van dit proces van moreleenpolitiekeveranderingdooreenvergelijkingvandebetekenissenvan‘wereld ontsluiten’ zoals die door Dewey en Heidegger zijn beschreven. De kritiek op zowel varkensflats als kweekvlees is meestal in lijn met de Heideggeriaanse afwijzing van modernetechnologieopmetafysischegronden:hetzijnuitingenvaneenverkeerdsoort denkendatalles,onszelfincluis,totslechtshulpbronnenmaakt.MetDeweykunnenwe daarentegenwijzenophoedezevoorstellenkunnenwordenbeschouwdalsonderdeel van een experimentele vorm van creatief onderzoek die op dramatische wijze

 334samenvatting  technologisch ontwerp, wetenschappelijk onderzoek en artistieke verbeelding in zich verenigt.Deinvloedvandezetechnologieënkanwordengezienalsvergelijkbaarmetde kunsten, waarmee artistiek ontwerpen een manier is om ons actief tot wereld ontsluiting en processen van coͲevolutie te verhouden. Maar ook al kwamen allerlei soorten maatschappelijke groepen samen om deze ontwerpen –en daarmee dus ook gangbareveehouderij–opvaakverhitteensomscreatievewijzetebediscussiëren,er was een zeer kleine (varkensflats) of geen (kweekvlees) rol voor boeren. Hun ervaringen, ideeën en kennis werden impliciet weggezet als achterhaald, hoogstens onderdeelvanhetprobleem.  Hoofdstuk 4 brengt ons weer terug op de boerderij, om te zien hoe coͲevolutie niet alleen plaatsvindt in publieke debatten in gang gezet door spectaculaire ontwerpen, maar ook in meer alledaagse materiële processen van technologische verandering. Melkrobots, die nauwelijks bekend zijn bij een groter publiek, zijn het afgelopen decennium meer en meer in gebruik genomen op Nederlandse melkveebedrijven. In eerste instantie leek het een kleine technologische stap om het aansluiten van de melkmachineopdeuiersvandekoeteautomatiseren.Maarindepraktijkbleekditeen volledig nieuwe opzet van het melkveehoudersbedrijf met zich mee te brengen. De ethischeimplicatiesenbeoordelingvanditnieuweapparaatsprekennietvanzelf,maar zijn onderdeel van een dynamisch proces waarin verschuift wat wordt gezien als een goedeboer,eengoedekoeeneengoederobot.  Dithoofdstukverkentdevraaghoewemetethiekaandeslagkunnengaanvanuiteen relationeelenveranderlijkbegripvanmensen,dierenentechnologieën.Opbasisvan vraaggesprekken, het bijwonen van boerennetwerkbijeenkomsten, een korte praktijkcursus melkveehouderij, en het bestuderen van professionele literatuur en webfora,wordtdecoͲevolutievanethiekentechnologiegedetailleerdbeschreven.Met eenrobotwordendekoeiennietmeertweemaaldaagsgemolkendoordeboer,maar moetenzijzichzelfvrijwilligindividueelmeldenbijderobot.Ditbetekentdatzijeendeel vanhunkuddementaliteitmoetenkwijtrakenomvoorzichzelftebeslissenwanneerhet tijdisomgemolkenteworden.Tegelijkertijdmoetenboerenlerendezebeslissingenaan dekoeienovertelatenopzo’nmanierdatzijproductiefblijven.Inhetkielzogvanhet installeren van de robot op boerderijen heeft een ethische norm van (individuele) vrijheidofzelfsautonomievankoeienterreingewonnen.Ditisnietslechtsonderdeel vandeverkoopretoriekvanrobotproducenten.Zelfscriticivanderobotformulerenhun bedenkingen in deze termen: er wordt gesteld dat de robot niet zo bevrijdend is als

 samenvatting335  beloofd,ofslechtseenbepaaldideevanvrijheidensubjectiviteitbevordert.Boerendie een robot in gebruik nemen komen er gaandeweg achter dat ‘robotkoeien’ daadwerkelijkanderszijn.Ditbetekentdatindepraktijkdierenwelzijnnieteenvoudigin algemenetermenisvasttestellen,maarookafhangtvancontextenenrelaties.Dus, wateenkoeis,enhoeweonshetbestetothaarkunnenverhouden,isdeuitkomstvan voortgaandeprocessenvanmaatschappelijkͲtechnologischeverandering.  ‘Robotboeren’veranderdenook.Nietlangerhebbenzijeenroutinematigeomgangmet alle koeien maar gaan ze over tot management op basis van uitzonderingen. Terwijl automatisering veelal wordt geassocieerd met vervreemding en een afname van ambachtelijkheid,kwamenboerenerjuistachterdatzeeenrustigereenvriendelijkere verhoudingtothunkoeienontwikkelden,aangeziendezedeboernietlangerinverband brachtenmetgemolkenenopgedrevenworden.Metderobotkwameenideaalopom ‘dekuddenietteverstoren’,watbetekentdatdeboermeeraanprocessenindekudde overlaat,terwijlderobotdezeverandert.Daarmeeverschuiftdeverantwoordelijkheid vandeboervanhetzorgenvoordierennaardiereninstaatstellengoedvoorzichzelfte zorgen.Netalsbijdecasusinhetvorigehoofdstukomvatookhierdedynamiekvan ethischebeoordelenveranderingenindetermenvanhetdebatendesubjectiviteiten van,inditgeval,zowelboerenalskoeien.Tegelijkertijd,alsdaadwerkelijkecoͲevolutie, zienwehoedezenieuwerollenenethischenormenookweerdemateriëleorganisatie vanderobotindestalbeïnvloeden.Boerennemeninveelgevallenafstandvaneerdere opstellingen met ‘gedwongen koeverkeer’, waarbij de koeien verplicht door de robot moestenomhunvoertebereiken,ominplaatsdaarvangelegenheidtebiedenvoorhen om(inzekerezin)meervrijelijkhungedragtebepalen.  MethetomarmenvancoͲevolutieenhetloslatenvanvastenormenenmeerformele vormenvanmorelekritiekontstaatereengevaardatweethischterreinverliezenen kritischetermenzoals‘natuurlijk’,‘autonomie’,‘vrijheid’,‘exploitatie’en‘vervreemding’ moeten opgeven. Enerzijds hebben deze termen in een technologische cultuur inderdaadgeenvastebetekenis.Maaranderzijdssteltdithoofdstukdatdezetermen, juist doordat ze worden betwist, nog steeds belangrijk zijn bij het omgaan met veranderendeervaringenmorelebetrokkenheidvanboeren.  Hoofdstuk5gebruiktookhetvoorbeeldvandemelkrobot.Maarinplaatsvanslechtsde beschrijvingvancoͲevolutieuithetvorigehoofdstukmetnaderedetailsuittewerken,is dithoofdstukgeschrevenineenmeerargumentatievestijl:alseensoortmanifestvoor

 336samenvatting  de waardering van de actieve rol van dieren als politieke wezens met wie we ‘dierendeliberatie’aangaan.  Erisintoenemendemateaandachtvoornietalleendemorelemaarookdepolitieke statusvandieren.Ditlevertdeuitdagingophoedierenpolitiektebegrijpen,zowelin theorie als in de praktijk. Tegenover de gangbare aanname dat dieren ‘geen stem hebben’endatopeenofanderemaniervertegenwoordigdwordendoormensenhet enige is waar ze op kunnen hopen, ontwikkelt dit hoofdstuk een begrip van deliberatievedemocratiewaarinbestaandevormenvanpolitiekecommunicatieoverde soortgrenzenheenwordenerkend.Hethoofdstukintroduceerthetideevanontwerpen alspolitiekenontwerpenmetdierenalsdeliberatiefdoormiddelvaneeneenvoudige huiselijke technologie: het kattenluikje. Dit alledaagse voorbeeld laat al zien hoe mensen en huiskatten onderhandelen en hun onderlinge verhouding uittesten. Wanneerontwerpenvantechnologiewordtbegrepenalseenprocesvanknutselenmet onze ideeën van het goede leven en passende mensͲdier relaties, dan kan het ontwerpen voor en met dieren worden gewaardeerd als een leerproces tussen de soortendatpolitiekestatuszoukunnenwordenverleend.  Hethoofdstukvolgteengroepboerenentechneutendiesamenmeteenkleinekudde melkkoeiengedurendeeenpaarjaarexperimenteerdenmeteenmobielemelkrobotom de koeien buiten in de wei te melken. Weer leidde een schijnbaar eenvoudige aanpassing van een technologie tot een complexe dynamiek. Technische uitdagingen om het apparaat aan de praat te krijgen en de koeien productief te laten zijn waren verweven met wat in ethische theorievorming zou worden gezien als conceptuele vragenoverhetbelangendebetekenisvannatuurlijkheid,vrijheid,vrijwillgheid,ende verantwoordelijkheidvanboeren.Dezevragenwerdennietpuurenalleenopgevatop eendiscursief,taligniveau.Erwerdmetverschillendepraktischebetekenissenvandeze centralenotiesgeëxperimenteerddoornieuwemateriëlearrangemententecreërenen de daaropvolgende interacties te bekijken. Voortdurend was het karakter van de koe onderwerpvaninterpretatiedoordeboer:omtebepalenofzegenetisch‘lui’zijnof niethetjuistevoerkrijgen,ofzeteeigenwijsofnietintelligentgenoegzijnomderobot tebezoeken,ofdatzehetnietprettigvindenomnaarderobotgedirigeerdteworden enlieverzelfbeslissenwanneerzeeringaan.Hetprocesvanknutselenofbricolageliet zienhoeinstituatiesvantechnologischeinnovatieeenresponsieveverhoudingontstaat van wederzijds leren, waarin de subjectiviteiten van zowel boeren als dieren voortdurendopnieuwwordengedefinieerdenafgebakend.

 samenvatting337  De theorie van deliberatieve democratie benadrukt dat politiek niet moet worden beschouwdalseensamenkomenvanindividuenmetgegevenvoorkeuren,maaralseen proces waarin zij ontstaan. Hedendaagse denkers over deliberatie geven aan dat het een politieke stijl is die vertrekt vanuit alledaagse ervaringen en dat deliberatieve vormen van interactie op onverwachte plekken kunnen worden aangetroffen. De erkenning van de actieve en betekenisvolle rol van dieren en de waardering van het deliberatieve karakter van deze alledaagse, deels materiële en nietͲdiscursieve processenkanbijdragenaanhetserieusnemenvandiereninpubliekedebattenover hoe tenminste een aantal van tot nu toe genegeerde leden van onze politieke gemeenschapmoetenwordengehouden,gemanaged,behouden,ofbevrijd.Dooroog te hebben voor de onderlinge afhankelijkheid, wederkerigheid en inherente meerduidigheidvanonzeomgangmetdieren,endievanhenmetons,kunnenweons aangespoord voelen tot een onderzoekende, experimentele en voortdurende politiek vanalledaagseontmoetingenmetdieren.  Ineenintermezzobevindtdeauteurvanhetproefschriftzichweeraantafelmeteen groep boeren. Een vergelijkbare situatie zoals die werd geschetst in het voorwoord, maarditkeeropeenmelkveeboerderijineendiscussieoverdemobielemelkrobot.In plaatsvanbijtedragendoordegebruikteconceptentedefiniërenenteproberende boerenzichspecifieketermeneigentelatenmakenomhetethischekaraktervanwatze aan het doen zijn te begrijpen, begon hij te experimenteren met een andere, meer evocatieve,visuelebenadering.  Inhoofdstuk6kerenweterugnaardevarkenshouderijennaardeEuropeseregelrond hokverrijkingdiebeoogtdevervelingvanvarkensteverminderenentevoorkomendat zijinelkaarsstaartenbijten.Wanneerspectaculairetechnologischevoorstellennieuwe morelewereldenkunnenopenen,enwanneerhetimplementerenvantechnologiekan leiden tot deliberatie met dieren op de boerderij, dan is het ontwerpen van een aansprekende veehouderijtechnologie een veelbelovende manier om deze situatie zoweltebestuderenalserinteinterveniëren.Doordeeisomvarkensietstespelente geven radicaal door te trekken wordt een project geschetst om computerspellen te makenwaarmeezekunnenwordenvermaakt.Ditopzichzelfzoueenmanierkunnen zijn om aandacht te vragen voor zowel het welzijn als de geestelijke vermogens van varkens.Maarhetisnoginteressanteromteproberenintegrijpenindeverhouding tussenmensendierdooreenspeltemakenwaarmeedevarkensmetmensenzouden kunnenspelen.

 338samenvatting  Dit project verbindt debatten over het gebruik van dieren en dierenwelzijn met de gedachte van John Berger over ‘het verdwijnen van het dier’ in de moderne cultuur, waarin “nog slechts huisdieren en karkassen overblijven.” Spelen met varkens biedt daarbij een manier om actief in de weer te gaan met recente discussies over alternatievevormenvanwetenschappelijkonderzoeknaardierlijkecognitieengedrag, zoalsonderdenoemer‘meersoortigeetnografie’.  Dit hoofdstuk beschrijft een eerste spelidee, waarvoor de ontwerpers een (deels trucage) video hebben gemaakt: Pig Chase verbindt mensen en varkens door hen in staat te stellen samen een lichtgevende stip te bewegen over een scherm in de varkensstalenopeeniPad.Hetevocatievekaraktervandezeinterventieinhetpublieke debathieldindatwedemogelijkebetekenissenervanendepotentieommensͲvarken verhoudingente doordenken niet volledig beheersten of zelfs maar konden voorzien. Daarom wordt de verscheidenheid aan reacties die het project al heeft weten te genererengebruiktomdemogelijkeimplicatiesteschetsenvan‘metjeetenspelen’, zoalshetprojectindepopulairemediawerdgenoemd.  Hoofdstuk 7 verkent de mate waarin het ontwerpen aan spelen met varkens kan werkenalseensubversieveingreeptenopzichtevanbestaandedierpraktijkenzoalsde veehouderijenhethoudenvanhuisdieren.Vragendieinhetontwerpprocesopkomen betreffenhetideaalvannatuurlijkheid,dehiërarchischeordeningvansoortenopbasis vancognitievevermogens,mogelijkesymmetrieinmensͲdierverhoudingen,enhetal dannietopenkaraktervanspelen.Ideeëntenaanzienvandezethema’swarendeels aanhetbeginvanhetontwerpprocesontwikkeldalsontwerpcriteria,omtezorgendat dieren daarin en in het uiteindelijke spelontwerp een betekenisvolle en actieve rol hadden. Hier worden deze thema’s verder uitgewerkt, op basis van literatuur op het gebied van mensͲdier relaties en discussies over nieuwe vormen van onderzoek naar diergedragdieeenmeeractievemenselijkeaanwezigheiddaarintoestaanofdaarzelfs toe oproepen. Maar deze thema’s zijn ook de belangrijkste kwesties waar we in het ontwerpprocesmeeworstelden.Uiteindelijkkomthethierbijneeropdevraagwathet betekent om te spelen en het eigenaardige karakter van spel tussen verschillende (dier)soorten.  Door specifieke ontwerpkeuzes voor het eerste prototype van het spel, dat we momenteelaanhettestenzijn,uitgebreidtebespreken,toonthethoofdstukdewijze waarop het ontwerpproces kan werken als een vorm van ‘meersoortige filosofie’: als

 samenvatting339  een zowel materiële als discursieve vorm van onderzoek naar onderling verweven ethische, filosofische en wetenschappelijke vragen over hoe we ons kunnen (en misschienmoeten)verhoudentotvarkens.  Het volgende hoofdstuk, 8, speculeert verder over de morele aard van dit type gemedieerde interventie, in het licht van historische processen van coͲevoluerende moraliteiten en genres. Bij het doordenken van het ontwerpproces en de mogelijke effectendiedeervaringvanonderlingspelenopmenselijkeennietͲmenselijkespelers zou kunnen hebben, bleken vragen over de (morele) subjectiviteit van mensen diepgaandverweventezijnmetdevraaghoe(dierlijk)denkvermogentebegrijpen.Dit hoofdstukverkentvervolgenshoedecoͲevolutievanmoraliteitmetbepaaldeculturele genres, zoals romans, film of computerspellen, invloed zou kunnen hebben op alternatievevormenvanomgaanmetdieren.EenreeksvandebattenovermensͲdier relatieswordeninverbandgebrachtmettegenstellingenzoalsdietussenempathieen sympathie,entussenliberaleidealenvanindividualiseringversusdepostͲhumanistische nadruk op het primair relationele karakter van (al dan niet menselijke) individuen. Uiteindelijk wordt beargumenteerd dat de spanning gegenereerd door deze tegenstellingen, die centraal bleken in het voorstellen van de verhouding tussen (premoderne)boerenenhundieren,neertekomenoponsvermogenomonderscheid temakentussenaanrakenenaangeraaktworden.Hethoofdstukeindigtmethetserieus nemen van de beschuldiging van een aantal (online) commentatoren dat het project uiterstproblematisch,ofzelfswalgelijkenperversis.Daarmeerichtenweons(weer)op devraagnaardemogelijkheidvaneengemeenschapvanmeerdanalleenmensenin onzetechnologische(veehouderij)cultuur.  Deconclusievandieproefschriftisdatdebestemanieromaanlandbouwethiektedoen isomnaarboerderijentegaan,metboerentepraten,samenmetdierentelevenen nieuwetechnologieënteontwikkelen.Maarwanneerpraktischknutselenhetideaalis, ishetdannietvreemdomhierzoveelmoeilijkewoordenaanvuiltemaken?Hoofdstuk 9spruitvoortuiteengevoelvanverwonderingoverhetzelfondermijnendekaraktervan hetschrijvenvaneenellenlangacademischtraktaatdatbeoogttebeargumenterendat ethiekeigenlijkplaatsvindtinmateriëlepraktijkenopdeboerderij.Ditisdeparadoxvan hetschrijvenoverpragmatischeethiek:pragmatischgezienverandertaldatgeschrijfen gelees over gesitueerde ervaringen, belichaamde praktijken en het belang van met beidevoetenindemodderstaanonsslechtsinbreinenopstokjes.Deonvermijdelijke

 340samenvatting  eigenlijke boodschap van een proefschrift lijkt te zijn dat ware kennis en ethische argumentenzijngeschreveninacademischproza.  Na het overdenken van diverse impliciete effecten van schrijven en taal als de veelal aangenomenmaniervanomgaanmetethischekwesties,steltditproefschriftdathet volledigafzienvanwoordenteverzougaan.Taalenschrijfselskunneninspirerentot creatieve materiële praktijken en deze ook weer bekritiseren, in een heenͲenͲweer tussenlezenenknutselen.NetzoalstheoretischediscussieshetmakenvanPigChase informeerdenen andersom;zoang maarduidelijk isdathetbenuttenvan het alfabet geenneutralekeuzeisbijhetdoenaanethiek,endatmateriëlepraktijkenookserieus wordengenomenalseenvormvanethischereflectie.  Dithoofdstukeindigtmetdegedachtedathetdoelvanhetproefschrifthetbestkan wordenopgevatalslatenzien,nietvertellen.Deminstzelfondermijnendemanierom hetaftesluitenisdandoortelatenzienhoehet‘spelenmetvarkens’ontwerpproject zelf, als een gesitueerde en materiële onderneming, kan worden beschouwd als de eigenlijkeconclusievandittheoretischeenpraktischeonderzoek.  Hoofdtuk10poogtinderdaadverreteblijvenvanhetmakenvanalgemeneclaims.Ook biedt het geen set instrumenten voor beleidsmakers. In plaats daarvan kijkt dit hoofdstuk terug op hoe de verschillende voorgaande hoofdstukken het varkensspel ontwerpproject informeerden, en hoe dat op een handige manier ons zou kunnen helpenomprocessenvancoͲevolutietussentechnologieenethiekopdeboerderijte begrijpen. De hoofdstukken van het proefschrift kunnen worden beschouwd als pogingen om enthousiasme op te wekken om deel te nemen aan deliberatie, die op steedsruimeremanierwordtbegrepen:onderboerenenhunbelichaamdepraktijken, in radicale technologische ontwerpen, door te knutselen aan agroͲtechnologie, met dieren als actieve deelnemers hieraan, en creatief ontwerpen als eenmanier om ons actief tot dit proces te verhouden. Naast de besproken suggestieve genres, die oproepentotactierondmilieuͲendierenkwesties,ismensͲdiercomputerspelontwerp verkendalseennieuwemanierominteressantesituatiesvoormoreleervaring,reflectie endebattecreëren.Inhetspelprojectwordteenandermoreelsubjectuitgenodigden vormgegeven, voorbij burger en consument. Een nieuw genre ontstaat om ons met ethiekbezigtehouden,dooronstebetrekkeninaffectieverelaties. 

 samenvatting341  Hetvoorgesteldeontwerpvertrektnietvanuitdegedachtedathetmoreelneutraalzou zijn. In plaats daarvan beoogt het de ervaring van ambivalentie ten opzichte van dierhouderij te intensiveren, door industriële voedselproductie te combineren met idealenvanbetekenisvollemensͲdierinteractiezoalsbijhethedendaagsehuisdier.In het ontwerpproject wordt het proces van maatschappelijkͲtechnische coͲevolutie ingezet als interventie. Daarbij is het ook een vorm van onderzoek naar de manier waaroptechnologischeveranderingaanleidingvormtvoordebat,nieuwemanierenvan kijkennaareenkwestielevert,eninvloedheeftopwathetbetekenteenmoreelsubject tezijntenaanzienvanvoedselproductiemetenvandieren.Inplaatsvanhetaanbieden vaneenpuurtechnischeoplossing,ofhetgeloofdatwevolledigbepaaldwordendoor de technologie, houdt dit type ontwerpen in dat we ons actief verhouden tot coͲ evoluerendenormen,inclusiefhetverschuivenvandebetekenissenvancentralenoties. Wathetbetekentomtespelenenwatdemorelebetekenisvangemedieerdspelenmet anderesoortenzoukunnenzijnkanwordenbediscussieerdinhetlichtvanditproject.  Wehebbenonzedesigninterventieexplicietopgezetalseenexperimentmetnieuwe mensͲdier verhoudingen, inclusief het ontwikkelen van nieuwe gevoeligheden en het vergroten van onze responsiviteit ten opzichte van diergedrag. Dit maakte het vanzelfsprekendomdiereneenserieuzerolalsmedeontwerperstegeven.Gedurende het proces leerden we steeds meer te reageren op hun gedrag en ontwikkelden we verschillende manieren om de betekenis ervan te interpreteren. Aangezien we interactiefbezigwarenonshetlevenopdeboerderijopnieuwteverbeeldenendatte verbindenmeteenbrederpubliek,steldenweonshetspelprojectvooralseenplatform omtedelibererenmetdieren.  Hetisnietaltijdeenvoudigomonslokaalbezigtehoudenmetkwestiesdienietvolledig zijn te begrijpen vanuit gesitueerde ervaring. Er lijkt geen standaardoplossing te zijn voor dit typeprobleem. Om ethiek te bedrijven op coͲevolutionaire wijze kunnen we onsonderdompelenininspirerendevoorbeeldenvankunstenaarsenontwerpers.Om zo onze zinnen te openen voor vormen van lijden en ons inbeeldingsvermogen te vergroten voor manieren waarop lokale omstandigheden altijd zijn verbonden aan wereldwijde kwesties – kwesties die zelf altijd ook lokaal zijn en niet alleen van op afstandzijnoptelossen.  In het nawoord keren we terug bij de varkenshouder uit het voorwoord, die in de tussentijdhaarboerderijradicaalheeftveranderd.

      



Acknowledgments    FarfrombeingthesolitaryaffairthatwritingaPhDthesisisoftensaidtobe,thisone hasledmetomeetanamazingarrayofpeoplewhoinvariouswaysandstageshave beenkindenoughtohelpmeandspurmeon.Listingeveryonewhohasbeenimportant in realizing this thesis is a hopeless task. Nevertheless I think it is not only a friendly gesturetotryandgiveduecredits.AlsothisattemptmayoffersomeinsightintohowI wentaboutstudyingethics,onthefarmandbydesign.Thusbesidesacknowledgments, this is also a kind of methods section, revealing the social nature of ‘empirical philosophyinaction’.Moreorless‘inorderofappearance’,thesepeopleIwouldliketo thank:  BeforecomingtoWageningen,IbovandePoelattheTUDelfthadhelpedmeonmy first steps of researching ethics in the field. Whereas at the UvA the late Wouter Achterberg had raised an interest in environmental philosophy and Gerard de Vries introducedmetoSTSandtheworkofLatour.HimIalsoneedtothankforforwarding me the vacancy that led to this thesis, at a moment when I had no idea I would be suitableforattemptinganacademiccareer.  My main indebtedness in making this thesis is of course to my promotor Michiel Korthals and coͲpromotor Volkert Beekman. First of all for not only setting up the ‘EthicalRoomforManoeuvreinLivestockFarming’project,butalsoforbelievingthatI wastheappropriatecandidatetoexecuteit.Thisappearedtobeanunwaveringtrust evenwhenIkeptonmovinginevermorestrangedirectionswithoutchurningoutthe promised chapters. I don’t remember a hint of panic with them when I drifted into extensivelystudyingthephilosophyofbiofuels,ortheabolitionofslaveryasasystem innovationprocess.Michiel,thankyouforprovidingalotofroomformanoeuvreand for showing me how things may become truly interesting when pushed just a little further. Volkert, even though you weren’t panicking, you were probably right when threemonthsintotheprojectyoutoldmeIhadstartedtorunbehindschedule.When 344acknowledgments  writingisdeleting,whichIbelieveinmycaseisextremelyso,thenVolkerthaswritten largepartsofthisthesis.Icannotthankyouenoughformassmurderingmydarlingsand withMichielweedingoutnumerous(thoughnotquiteall)pointlessdigressions.  The project was kindly funded by NWO as part of the ‘Ethics, Research and Policy’ programme,whichtomyluckmeantthatalsothreeveryfriendlyandinterestinganimal welfarespecialistsofWageningenUR‘LivestockResearch’wereactivelyinvolved.Hans Spoolder,thankyouforyourideasondevelopmentsinanimalwelfareresearch.Leonie Heutinck,thankyouforputtingmeontothemilkingrobot,fordoingsomeinterviews togetherandforinsightsintodairyfarming.AndMarcBracke,forinvolvingmeinyour workonpigpenenrichmentandtakingmealongtothefarmmeetingdescribedinthe prologue,whicheventuallyprovedtobethestartofacentralpartofthethesis.Istill rememberfondlyyourenthusiasmwhenIfirsttoldyouImetupwithdesignerswho maybeabletomakesomethingforpigstoplaywithus.  Besidesthesecolleagueswhowereformallyinvolved,Ienjoyedtheaddedbonusofa vibrantAppliedPhilosophy(bynowrebrandedasjustPhilosophy)chairgroup.Mysuper kind roommates Liesbeth Schipper and Silvia Blok always brightened up the day and weregoodsparringpartnersathandonanimalandnatureethics.Theotherswhowere ahead on the PhD track and with whom we had a good time figuring out what pragmatistethicsmightmeaninvariouspractices:fromRixtKomduur’snutriͲgenomics, toBramdeJonge’splantknowledgebenefitsharing,fromGilbertLeistra’slegitimations ofnaturepolicies,toTassosMichalopoulos’supermarkettomatoesandbiofuelsandto Mohammad Balali’s traditional Iranian irrigation systems. With Vincent Pompe I had heated discussions on what it is like to have ethical room for manoeuvre, and with CristianTimmermannitwasfunlamentingthesorrowsofacademia.  Thepermanentmembersofthegrouphavebeenverycentralindevelopingthisthesis: LeonPeijnenburgwithhelpfulscepticismregardingbuzzwordsandvaguenotionssuch as‘practices’and‘participation’andfordiscussionsonslaveryanditsabolition.Henk vandenBeltwhowasequallysceptictowardsthetheoreticalhypesIlikedtoembrace butneverthelessopentoencouragemy‘wildideas’,whiletryingtoprovidesomemore seriousbackingtomyleapfroggingacrosstheoriesandphilosophers,andalwayswilling to discuss Heidegger over lunch. Jozef Keulartz, thanks for as a true pragmatist downplayinganytheory,forpromotingRachelCarson,andfordiscussionsonzooand circusanimalwelfareandenrichmentdebateswhichhewasworkingonwhenIstarted

 acknowledgments345  to think ofplaying withpigs. The ‘specialprofessors’: Henk Jochemsen with a shared interestinthepositionsoffarmers.ThewonderfulBertBlans,whosadlypassedaway just after retiring. And most of all Cor van der Weele, for convincing me of the fascinatingcharacterofinvitromeatonwhichwearestillintensivelycollaborating,for promoting Dewey, and for showing the value of writing clearly and sincerely about complicatedmatters.  Eventhoughmostofthethesiswasdonebythetimetheyjoined(andIleft)thegroup, alsothankyouforsupport:MarcelVerweij,RobertͲJanGeerts,JosetteJacobs,Vincent Blok,BartGremmen,BerniceBovenkerk,andJacquelineBoswhowasthereduringone of the frantic last minute draft thesis printing sessions. Of course also the invaluable administrativeandsecretarialsupportofthegroup:BeaPrijnwhowastherefromstart tofinish,aswellasMirjamCevat,AnnetDijkstra,andVeraMentzelwhowereallvery kind.TowardstheendIfullyreliedonIngeRuischwhoduringthefinalmonthsprobably hasdoneevenmoreformethanformanyoftheAfrican,AsianandSouthͲAmerican PhDsshehasmanagedtosupportacrosscontinents.  But this is running ahead of things. Various people outside of my formal institutional basehavebeencrucialfromthestart.InanearlystageIreceivedaverywarmwelcome, especiallybyKareldeGreefandBramBos,tothebothpracticalandtheoreticalfieldof livestock innovation projects as developed by the Wageningen UR Livestock Research systeminnovationgroup.Yourprojectsareinspiringinmanywaysandmademewant toinitiatealittleinnovationprojectmyself.  Asacompletefarmingignoramus,thepracticaltrainingcourseatthenowdefunctPTC+ Oenkerk,onoccasionorganizedbythe‘Boerengroep’ofWageningenUniversitywasa wonderfulwaytogetimmersedindairyfarminglife.MythanksgoesouttoallfarmerͲ lecturers and the other participants, but most of all to Lars Keizerwaard and Douwe Kappers.Notonlyforyourenthusiasmtoorganizethis,butyourplansofstartingyour owndairyfarmlentaserioustouchtoaweekthatwasasfascinatingasitwasfun.Lars, theideathatIgotmyfirst(andlast)cheesemakinglessonwithsomeonewhonowon hisfarmmakesthebestgoatcheeseoftheNetherlandsishumbling.  Perhapslackofspace,butalsoresearchethicsandthenormofanonymitypreventme fromthankingallthefarmers(around50ofthem)whowerekindandopenenoughto talk to or even welcome in their home this strange character of an ‘agricultural

 346acknowledgments  philosopher’.Butobviouslythesevisitswerecentralforrealizingthisthesis.Ihope(but inmostcasesdoubt)thatitactuallysomehowmayhavebeenworthyourtrouble.Afew farmers I can thank because they have been explicitly involved in our game design project:MarijkeNooijenforherunwaveringenthusiasm(atvair.nlyoucanfeedherpigs anapple);andDickvanderVegtforhiswillingnesstohaveabunchofdesignersfordays amidstyourpigsandtoplaywiththemthroughourprototype.Ingeneralwhenfarmers arewillingtotalkprofessionallythismostlymeansaverypersonalwelcomeinahome, whereby personal and professional identities and concerns are indistinguishable. This experiencewasthestartofchapter2.  The weeklong field trips with vocational and academic farming students set up by WankaLelieveldwerefascinatingnotonlyforhavinginnovativefarmersexplaintheir inspiring practices on their farms, but also to discuss these afterwards with sceptical youngfarmers.Thanksalsototheothersinvolvedinthesetrips:FlorienKuyper,Barbara Tielemans, Sanne van den Dungen, Harmen Riphagen, the historian of intensive pig farmingMathijsWitte,andfellowagroͲSTSͲerHannekeMiedema,aspiringdairyfarmer Maarten Kea, and agroͲtechnologist Peter Groot Koerkamp. I learned a lot from students of HAS Den Bosch, CAH Dronten, Jan Harm Borger, students of AOC Leeuwarden, Durk Oosterhof, Gea Zandvliet, and various students of Wageningen University.  Alotofpeoplesomehowcontributedtomystudyingandthinkingofthevariousthemes andchaptersofthethesis.ThegraduatesummerschooloftheRathenauInstitutewas very nice to get a sense of ideas on system innovation and transition management, thankyouMarietteOverschiefororganizingitaswellasJohnGrin,FrankGeels,Marian Stuiver and others. And the summerschool on farm animal ethics in the middle of Finland was a wonderful experience, with the teachers Helena Rocklinsberg, Peter Sandøe,AnnaValros,andothers.Inhindsightitwasspecialforgettingtoknowthelate Vonne Lund. Also did I meet fellow students with whom conversations are ongoing, especiallyDavidDíazPardodeVeraandFredrikKarlsson.  Thank you Hans Harbers of Groningen University and Debatcentrum Dwarsdiep for organizingapubliceventonthefutureoffarmersandgivingmeachancetotryout somefirstideasonwhatturnedouttobeinpartanaudienceoffarmers.Duringfurther researchforchapter2IwashelpedbyCarolavanderPeetandAnitaHoofswhoIjoined onavisittoassesspigwelfare.Alsoitgreatlybenefitedfromtwoanonymousreviewers

 acknowledgments347  and the kind editor of the Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Richard Haynes.  I presented a very early version of chapter 3 at the 2008 Summerschool of the Netherlands Graduate Research School of Science, Technology and Modern Culture (WTMC), organized by Sally Wyatt and Willem Halffman, and featuring Andrew FeenbergandLucySuchman.Theytogetherwiththeotherparticipantshelpedmeto turnamereideaintoanargument.InterestingconversationsstartedtherewithAnneͲ CharlotteHoes,SarahSlaghuis,enJennyBoulboullé.Onvarkensflats,agroparksandthe like,IenjoyedasmalldebatewithPeterSmeetssetupbyDeBoerengroep.MarjanSlob andJandeWiltlaterinvitedmeforafascinatingdiscussionontheuneaseovertheissue ofscaleinagriculture.TsjallingSwierstraorganizedasessionatthe2009Societyforthe Philosophy of Technology conference which was valuable for feedback. The 2011 symposiumoninvitromeatattheCentreforSocietyandGenomics,RadboudUniversity Nijmegen with Neil Stephens provided a friendly setting to discuss ideas, as did the recent‘invitroflesh’meetingorganizedbyJanDeckersinrothbury,.(IthinkIfinally managetoquoteyourightlyinthisthesis,Neil.)AverybigthanksalsotoMichaelLynch astheeditorofSocialStudiesofScienceforextensivehelpfulcomments,togetherwith thoseofthreeanonymousreviewers.MarkCoeckelberghhadsomeincisivecomments on the final version. More cultured meat experiences sprung from people at V2 Rotterdamorganizingthe‘ArtMeatFlesh’InVitroMeatLiveCookingBattle:Michelvan Dartel,OronCatts,CatKramerandZackDenfeldoftheCenterforGenomicGastronomy, andBernardRoelenastheadversary.KoertvanMensvoortandHendrikJanGrievinkfor having me at your Next Nature in vitro meat design workshop. Earlier I had enjoyed discussingsomeideasonthetopicwithStevenDorresteijnandDaisyvanderSchaftat theEnschedeScienceCafe.TheBergen/Trondheimcrowdhelpedmeconnectideasof thispaperwiththerestofthethesis:RogerStrand,AlanAlvarez,LarsUrsin,AsleKiran, SophiaEfstathiou.RuneNydal,PeterDanielsson,DesireeFoerster,andothers.Theyalso listenedtoanevenmoremeanderingversionofchapter9.  For the milking robot theme I am grateful to Jan Bloemert, Kees de Koning, Bert Philipsen, Carolien KetelaarͲde Lauwere, members of the OostͲOverijsselse melkrobot networkandZwiervanderVegte,HenriHolster,FrankLenssinck,StevenVrielinkand other members of the Mobiele melkrobot network, and the Melkveeacademie. Frank Hesen,thankyouforhostingmeinyourruralretreatanddroppingmeoffatremote farms.Chapter4hasgreatlyimprovedfromfouranonymousreviewersandtheeditorof

 348acknowledgments  AgricultureandHumanValues,HarveyJames.Alongtheway(farm)animalgeographers LewisHollowayandChrisBearturnedoursharedinterestinfarmers,cowsandrobots into an exciting scholarly conversation. Also it was interesting to be interviewed on robotsandcreativedesigninconnectiontotheDutchDesignWeekbySebastiaanAalst ofFoodcabinet.  Chapter 5 has been severely cut down and sharpened after an intense week of discussions at the Antwerp joint sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research.AndfurthersoafterthefirmeditingbytheorganizersMarcelWissenburgand David Schlossberg for their forthcoming Political Animals and Animal Politics edited volume.Thechapterwasseriouslygrilledatthepracticalphilosophycolloquiumatmy temporary home the Philosophy Department / Ethics Institute of Utrecht University. ThankyouBerniceBovenkerkandFrederikeKaldewaijforofferingmethestimulating experienceofwhatit’sliketobetornapartbyapackofhounds.132Iverymuchenjoyed ongoing conversations with truly everyone at Utrecht, but to name a few who were especially relevant:Jan Vorstenbosch, Mariette van den Hoven, Ineke Bolt, Robert Heeger Franck Meijboom, Rob van Gerwen, Frans Stafleu, Marcel Verweij, Joel Anderson,KirstenPols,FransBromandCarolineHarnacke.Paragraph1.4grewfrommy wonder over ethics as a theoretical and empirical field, on which I enjoyed a conversationonatrainwithNielsNijsingh.  The intermezzo/cover image I tested not only with farmers but also at the Hunnie polderartseventinthe‘GreenHeart’oftheNetherlands,setupbyartistsSophieKrier andHenrietteWaal.AndIenjoyedtheconversationatthegraduationseminarofthe WillemdeKooningRotterdamartschool,whereIwasinvitedbyKevinSträter.  Movingtochapters6to8Itrulygetintotroublethankingallthoserelevant,herethe peopleactivelyinvolvedslowlyexploded.MarcBrackewasimportantintheearlystage of the project when we were thinking through what pigs might be interested in and whatgamingwiththemmaymeantofarmers.Itwasattimesexhaustingbutoverall veryexcitingtostartwhatturnedouttobeanongoingcollaborationwiththeUtrecht School of the Arts (HKU) team. Marinka Copier, wonderful that you were willing to embark on this adventure with me and to find out together in what roles we could   132Ittookfriendlyconversationswiththemafterwards,aswellaswithKerstyHobsonandEvaMeijertohelp meregainsometheoreticalconfidencetoperseverewithseeinganimalsasdeliberating.

 acknowledgments349  collaborate.DesignersKarsAlfrink,IrenevanPeerandHeinLagerweij,thankyouvery muchforacceptingmeinyourmidst,ItrulylearnedalotfromyourenviablehandsͲon creativityandourjointpublictalks.Ilookforwardtousgivingourvisionanothergo. AlsoconsecutivegroupsofHKUstudentscameupwithinterestingideasonformsand meaningsofinterspeciesplay.  Itwasnicetoalsoinfusethefishwelfareprojectwiththeaimofcreatingmeaningful interaction, together with the HKU designers including Rob Zimmermann. This led to veryenjoyableconversationsonfishminds,biologyandethicswithGertFlik,Ruudvan den Bos, Hans van de Vis, Bernice Bovenkerk, Franck Meijboom, Remy Manuel en JeroenBoerrigter.AlsoothersintheNWO‘ValueofAnimalWelfare’programcameup with interesting ideas and comments, Marianne Benard, Marjolein Kops and Irene Camerlink.  InthemeantimeIhadmovedtoKing’sCollegeLondonforayear,whichturnedoutto beveryrewarding.ThankyouJamieLorimerforwhathasbecomeanongoingintensive collaboration and for helping me discover various moreͲthanͲhuman geographies. Krithika Srinivasan has also been a major inspiration for thinking through animals. OthersattheLondonanimalstudiesreadinggroupprovidedfreshperspectives,suchas Beth Greenhough, Kim Stallwood and Alasdair Cochrane. As did the friends from the postdocroom:SebastienNobert,theEmma’sJackson,HintonandStreetandtherestof thewonderfulidiosyncraticbunchthatgeographydepartmentstendtogathertogether.  Besidesthosedirectlyinvolvedininterspeciesplayprojects,therehasbeenalargearray of people with whom our Pig Chase conversation piece generated interesting ideas. MostnotablyEllenvanWeeghel,AriannaFerrari,HennyvanRijoftheministryEZ,the ViennacrowdofHerwigGrimm,GyulaGajdonandJudithBenzͲSchwarzburgwithwhom weorganizedapiggamedesignworkshopatEursafeinTübingen,andthosepresent there.GiovanniAloiandTomTyler,whoheardmepresentthepiggamestoryoncetoo oftenbutneverthelessinvitedapieceforthespecialissueofAntennaeonanimalsin video games. Game designer Hanna Wirman of Hong Kong polytechnic for inspiring conversations on her project to create Orang Utan games in . Others who connectedtheprojectinfreshwaystovariousanimaldebateswereAnatPick,Hanneke Nijland,TimothyPachirat,JonathanBalcombe,PaulThompson,IkeKamphof,Godelieve Kranendonk,HansHopster,MarijkedeJongoftheDierenbescherming,GeertWilmsat Landbouw Innovatie Brabant, Tineke Schuurmans and her ‘Meating’ pig oriented art

 350acknowledgments

events,SabrinaBrandowithherethicscourseforanimaltrainers,TamarStellingofNRC Handelsblad,JanGroeneveldandJanHartholtofKasteelGroeneveld.ThanksalsoIne Geversandothercuratorsof‘Howartsavestheworld’attheGemeentemuseum/GEM DenHaagforexhibitingourconceptvideo.

ForintegratingthevariouslinesinthethesisitwashelpfultocollaboratewithJeroen KramerandhisstudentsattheRietveldDesignLABincombinationwithmyWageningen students who were trying to make sense of arts and design. Also helpful was a conversation with Taco Schmidt on design thinking, and with Michiel de Krom on his sociologicalfindingsonanimalwelfareinpigfarmingpractice.

There are others associated with this odd communal place that is Wageningen UniversityIneedtothank:allthepeopleat(whatisnow)WASSgraduateschool,and especiallyitscommittedleadership,(untilrecently)EvelineVaane.Itwasgoodtoknow thatyou were waiting for me to finish. The fellow members of the PhD council Enna Vlajic,JolandaJansen,RobertDemeter,NidhiGupta,EvelienvandeVeerandElsBilman. Gert Jan BecxͲKomduur and the rest of the board of the RUW foundation which still keepsonorganizingsurprisingandinterestingevents.

OverthepastfewmonthsIwasluckyenoughtohavesomeindepthconversationsand receiveincisivecritiquesoftheentirethesis.AtmynewlivelyWageningenhomebase ofculturalgeography,whereabunchofyouhadsometoughandexcitingcomments, Hamzah Muzaini, Lauren Wagner, Iulian Barba Lata, Martijn Duineveld, Meghann Ormond,MaartenJacobs,ArjaanPellis,andHenkdeHaan,tounjustlynamebutafew ofthosewhocameupwithcritiquesandideas.EspeciallyClaudioMincaIneedtothank forbeingwillingtotakethisendlessPhDonboardandforgivingmethefinalpushI neededtogetridofit.EstherTurnhout,BasArtsandSusanBoonmanͲBersson,thank youforalsotakingmeonboardofFNPandinvolvingmeinyourprojectsandteaching.

ThegroupofMartinDrentheninNijmegen,withGlennDeliege,AndreaGammonand MateuszTokarskiwasverykindtohavemefora3.5hourintensebutfriendlydiscussion of the thesis. I enjoyed an extensive discussion with fellow experiential philosopher Mihnea Tanasescu with an interest in animals and animal politics. And pig boredom expertFrancoiseWemelsfelderwaskindenoughtohavemeaskheraboutchapter8 whilescalingahillinNorthernEngland,respondinginawaythattookmealltheway downtoponderitover. acknowledgments351

ThenIneedtothankBevSykesforproofreadinganearlierversionofchapter4,chapter 10andtheEnglishsummary;aswellasIrenePekaarandGerbenKrukforhelpingout withimagepostͲproduction.MartijnCoppoolseandJasperJorritsma,greatthatyouare willing to stand guard on stage during the defence. And thank you very much, my committee members Annemarie Mol, Cees Leeuwis, Henry Buller, and Tsjalling Swierstra, for not only coming to Wageningen, but especially for your willingness to ploughthroughallthosepagesofmeanderingideas.

Ofcoursenotallwhowereimportantforrealizingthisthesishavebeenmentionedin orderoftheirappearance.Sotheremainderisinreverse:

Renate, in each thesis acknowledgement there is someone who cannot be thanked enough. Thank you nevertheless, for revealing thatprolonged coͲevolutioncan bean enjoyableprocesswhereveritleads.Withyoucombiningtherolesofbeingmybiggest scepticandmostenduringsupport,thisthesisisverymuchtheproductofourshared life.Andyouwereprobablyrightinvetoingmyinitialresearchplanoftryingtobecome adairyorpigfarmerasaparticipatorymethod.

AlsoI’dliketothankmywisesisterEugeniewhoalwaysseemedconfidentIwasmaking sensiblechoices,whichsincesheisaprofessionalcareeradvisorattimesseemedquite puzzling to me. Finally there are two people for whom ending this thesis is a rite of passageaswell.Iguess(orherebypropose)finishingmyformaleducationabsolvesyou fromanyfurtherparentaldutiesandworries.Peterand,Idedicatethisthesisto you,forshowing,nottelling,mehowtoreadandhowtolisten.

  



Biography    ClemensDriessenwasborninAmsterdamonacoldandstormywinternightin1976. Hisparentssoonaftermovedhimandhisoldersistertothecoastalsuburbantownof Castricum. There, little Clemens spent his free time reading cowboy stories, climbing trees, playing field hockey and doing some windsurfing. After graduating in the Gymnasium class of the Bonhoeffer College he went to Delft to study Systems EngineeringandPolicyAnalysisattheUniversityofTechnology.Afterayear,hestarted tocombinethiswithPhilosophyattheUniversityofAmsterdam.Sinceheadvancedin bothrathersmoothlybutunspectacularly,hewasindangeroffinishingwithinayearof fivewithoutasenseofwhattodo.Instead,helandedaweekendjobatabookstoreand spentthenextfiveyearsreadingJGBallardnovels,contemplatinglife,andwondering howtogetaninterestingnewtakeontechnology,science,politicsand(occasionally) animals.In2005heresumedhisstudieswhenBrunoLatouroccupiedtheSpinozachair attheUvA,whichopenedhiseyestodoingphilosophy‘byothermeans’.Hefinishedhis MScinDelftwithIbovandePoelbystudyingtheethicsofthe‘membranebioreactor’at engineeringfirmDHV,andhisMAinAmsterdamwithathesisonrarehamsters,organ donation,childhoodADHDandhighͲrisepigfarms,supervisedbyGerarddeVries.  In2006MichielKorthalsandVolkertBeekmanhiredClemensasaPhDstudentatthe (then)AppliedPhilosophygroupofWageningenUniversity,towritea dissertationon theethicsoffarmers.Thenextfouryearshespentamidstfarmers,cows,pigs,students andbooks,whilealsopromotingWageningenstudentdebateasaboardmemberofthe RUWfoundation.InthefinalofhisfouryearsintheDutchPhDsystemheinitiateda project to design, together with designers of the Utrecht School of the Arts, a video gameforpigsandhumanstoplaytogether.Thisledhimtogiveaseriesofpublictalks andarangeofnationalandinternational(andregional)mediainterviews–butnotto finish the PhD. Instead, in 2010 he went straight on to become a ‘post doc’ at the Geography Department of King’s College London. Together with Jamie Lorimer, he studied ‘rewilding’ as a form of nature conservation, in particular focusing on the 354biography  Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve and the dubious history of the backͲbred deͲ domesticatedHeckcattlelivingthere.ThelattereventuallyledhimtofeatureasanonͲ siteexpertintheNationalGeographicChanneldocumentary‘Hitler’sJurassicMonsters’. AfterreturningtotheNetherlandsin2011,hebecamea‘postdoc’atthePhilosophy department of Utrecht University, on a project researching the (lack of) public appreciationofthewelfareoffish,incollaborationwithFranckMeijboomandBernice Bovenkerk. In 2012 and 2013 he combined this with part time teaching jobs at Wageningen University and Utrecht University, teaching ethics and philosophy of science to students of pharmacy, veterinary science, disaster studies, landscape architecture,ecology,biology,andtheearthsciences.  Besideshisacademicoutput,hehasgiventalksandwrittenbookchaptersforbroader audiencesonart,architecture,natureandanimals.Andhehasbeeninvolvedinvarious artisticperformancesanddesignworkshopsinrelationtonature,agricultureandfood. In2013heresearchedthepublicappreciationof‘invitromeat’fortheDutchministryof Economic Affairs with Cor van der Weele. With Jeroen Kramer he set up an elective course ‘Environmental Humanities: Wageningen Goes Arts & Design’ in which Wageningen students team up with design students of the Rietveld Academy for the Arts in Amsterdam. Currently Clemens is a lecturer and ‘post doc’ at the Cultural Geography as well as the Forest and Nature Conservation Policy chair groups of Wageningen University. He is a board member of the Dutch Society for Bioethics (NVBe),organizesthenational‘DayofEnvironmentalPhilosophy’,isaguestlecturerat severalartschools,andagainwonderingwhattostudynext.Meanwhileheandthelove of his life have been blessed with two enthusiastic toddlers with whom they live in Rotterdam.    

 





Publications    Publicationsfromthisthesis Driessen, C. (2012). Farmers Engaged in Deliberative Practices; An Ethnographic Exploration of the Mosaic of Concerns in Livestock Agriculture, Journal of AgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthics25(2):163Ͳ179(chapter2).

Driessen,C.,Korthals,M.(2012).PigtowersandInͲvitromeat:disclosingmoralworlds bydesign.SocialStudiesofScience,42(6):799Ͳ822(chapter3).

Driessen,C.,Heutinck,L.(2014).Cowsdesiringtobemilked?MilkingrobotsandthecoͲ evolutionofethicsandtechnologyonDutchdairyfarms.AgricultureandHuman Values.(onlinefirst)(chapter4).

Driessen, C. (2014). Animal Deliberation. In: M. Wissenburg and D.Schlossberg (ed.), AnimalPoliticsandPoliticalAnimals.PalgraveMacmillan(inpress)(chapter5).

Driessen,C,Alfrink,K,Copier,M,Lagerweij,H,VanPeer,I,(2014).Whatcouldplaying withpigsdotous?Gamedesignasmultispeciesphilosophy.Antennae,theJournal ofNatureinVisualCulture(forthcoming)(chapters6and8). 

Otherpeerreviewedpublications

Driessen,C.,Lorimer,J.(2015).BackͲbreedingtheaurochs:theHeckbrothers,National SocialismandimaginedgeographiesfornonhumanLebensraum.In:C.Mincaand P.Giaccaria.Hitler’sGeographies.UniversityofChicagoPress(underreview).

Lorimer,J.,Driessen,C.(2014).WildexperimentsattheOostvaardersplassen:rethinking environmentalism in the Anthropocene. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,39:169–181.

Lorimer,J.,Driessen,C.(2013).Bovinebiopoliticsandthepromiseofmonstersinthe rewildingofHeckcattle.Geoforum.48(8):249–259. 356publications  Van der Weele, C., Driessen C. (2013). Emerging Profiles for Cultured Meat; Ethics throughandasDesign.Animals.3(3):647Ͳ662.

Driessen,C.(2013).Inaweoffish?AnimalethicsfornonͲcuddlyspecies(NemovsJaws). In: H. Rocklinsberg & P. Sandin (ed.), The ethics of consumption. Wageningen AcademicPublishers,pp.251Ͳ6. 

Nonpeerreviewedbookchapters

VanderWeele,C.,Driessen,C.(2014).Invitromeatasanimalliberation.In:TheInVitro MeatCookbook.VanMensvoort,K.,Grievink,H.J.(ed.)BISPublishers,pp.76Ͳ88.

Driessen, C. (2013) Filosoferen met de Raven. In: Abels, P. (ed.) Wild en Bijster Land: PlankenWambuis.AFdHUitgevers/Natuurmonumenten,pp.42Ͳ59.

Driessen, C. (2013). ‘’/’Menscentrisme’. In: Gevers, I. (ed.) Yes naturally; a new vision for ecological intelligence. Rotterdam: Nai 010 Uitgevers/Publishers,pp.77Ͳ91.

Driessen,C.,Lorimer,J.(2011).KneppEstate,eenverwilderendlandgoedtenzuidenvan Londen. In: H. Teerds, J. van der Zwart, Levend landschap. Nijmegen: SUN Architecture,pp.100Ͳ131.

Driessen,C.(2009).‘OneDaythesewillbeBeautifulRuinsToo’.In:KramerJ.,Vander Veer,M.(ed.),Citydust:KramervanderVeerattheVeniceBiennale.  

 



   

ClemensDriessen WageningenSchoolofSocialSciences(WASS) CompletedTrainingandSupervisionPlan    

Nameofthelearningactivity Department/Institute Year ECTS*

A)Projectrelatedcompetences RathenauSummerschoolTechnologyAssessment RathenauInstitute 2006 2 International Summerschool: ‘A Critical Theory of Netherlands Graduate School of Science, 2008 3 Technology’ TechnologyandModernCulture(WTMC) PhDWorkshop:RationalityinScience&Technology DutchͲFlemish Network for Philosophy of 2006 2 ScienceandTechnology(NFWT) PhD workshop: The concept of nature and its DutchͲFlemish Network for Philosophy of 2009 2 cognates in social and natural sciences and ScienceandTechnology(NFWT) humanities AnimalEthicsSummerschool Research School for Animal Welfare & Ruralia 2007 5 Institute; UniversityofHelsinki Discussion Group 20th century Ethics; Applied WUR 2006Ͳ 6 PhilosophyGroup 2010 Masterclass Ethics of nature: Environment, animals NWO programme ‘Ethics, Research and Policy 2008 1 andnaturalresources (E&OB) Mansholt Multidisciplinary Seminar (Peer review WASS 2009 1 presentation) PracticalTrainingDairyfarming PracticalTrainingCentreOenkerk,Friesland 2007

B)Generalresearchrelatedcompetences

Introductioncourse WASS 2007 1.5 Scientificwriting CENTA 2008 2 QualitativeResearchMethods WASS 2006 3 EthicalDilemmasforLifeScientists WUR 2007 1

C)Careerrelatedcompetences/personaldevelopment

GuestLecture‘FoodEthics’ WUR 2007 1 Lecturing: ‘Analyse van een Probleemveld’ (Food & WUR 2008; 1 Health;Disasters) 2009

 

PhDCouncil(WASS&WUR) WUR 2008Ͳ 1.5 2009 Stacking pigs: Dutch pig tower debates and the Conference of the European Society for 2007 1 changingnatureofethicallivestockproduction AgricultureandFoodEthics(Eursafe) Participation or demarcation? Animal science and Conferenceofthe SocietyofthePhilosophyof 2007 1 animalethicsinaction ScienceinPractice(SPSP) CowsDesiringtobeMilked:DairyFarmingEthicsand ConferenceoftheEuropeanAssociationforthe 2008 1 theDevelopmentofAutomatedMilkingSystems StudyofScienceandTechnology(EASST/4S) Technologiesasdisclosingmoralworlds;Shiftingthe Conferenceofthe SocietyforthePhilosophyof 2009 1 ethical focus from risks and side effects to ethical Technology(SPT) learningprocesses Ethics in transition; what system innovators could Conference of the Knowledge Network for 2009 1 learn from the abolition of slavery and the SystemInnovationsandTransitions(KSI) emergenceoffairtrade. Designing a computer game for pigs; to create a ConferenceoftheEuropeanAssociationforthe 2010 1 playful interface between animals, science and StudyofScienceandTechnology(EASST/4S) ethics’ Boardmember RUWFoundation 2009Ͳ 1 2010

Total 40  *OnecreditaccordingtoECTSisonaverageequivalentto28hoursofstudyload













   



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