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Broad Area Wireless Networking Via High Altitude Platforms

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Broad Area Wireless Networking Via High Altitude Platforms Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2013-06 Broad area wireless networking via high altitude platforms Cook, Eric C. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34648 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS BROAD AREA WIRELESS NETWORKING VIA HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORMS by Eric C. Cook June 2013 Thesis Advisor: Alexander Bordetsky Second Reader: John Looney Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2013 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE BROAD AREA WIRELESS NETWORKING VIA 5. FUNDING NUMBERS HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORMS 6. AUTHOR(S) Eric C. Cook 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ___N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This thesis explores a novel network design concept to address the data and communications needs of the Department of Defense (DoD). Current and future military operations are increasingly reliant upon data connectivity to facilitate situational awareness and distribute vital information. Current infrastructures are insufficient to meet the growing demand, especially in the myriad austere environments where military forces operate. The DoD has become reliant upon increasingly vulnerable and expensive satellite communications to fill those gaps. The wireless data technologies utilized in the commercial sector to meet the data distribution requirements of business and commercial telecommunications providers can be leveraged and adapted to meet the connectivity requirements of the DoD. By pairing these technologies with developing HAPs and their capabilities the potential for a long-range wireless broadband solution emerges. This thesis evaluates broadband wireless data technologies in combination with High Altitude Platform (HAP) technologies. It proposes a network design concept to serve as a model for future research and the ultimate integration of HAPs into battlefield information architectures—bringing the concepts of network centric warfare ever closer to reality. 14. SUBJECT TERMS High Altitude Platforms, Wireless Network, WiMAX, Tactical 15. NUMBER OF Networks, Satellites, Network Design PAGES 115 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540–01–280–5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8–98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited BROAD AREA WIRELESS NETWORKING VIA HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORMS Eric C. Cook Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy B.S., University of North Dakota, 2000 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND OPERATIONS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2013 Author: Eric C. Cook Approved by: Alexander Bordetsky Thesis Advisor John Looney Second Reader Dan C. Boger Chair, Department of Information Sciences iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT This thesis explores a novel network design concept to address the data and communications needs of the Department of Defense (DoD). Current and future military operations are increasingly reliant upon data connectivity to facilitate situational awareness and distribute vital information. Current infrastructures are insufficient to meet the growing demand, especially in the myriad austere environments where military forces operate. The DoD has become reliant upon increasingly vulnerable and expensive satellite communications to fill those gaps. The wireless data technologies utilized in the commercial sector to meet the data distribution requirements of business and commercial telecommunications providers can be leveraged and adapted to meet the connectivity requirements of the DoD. By pairing these technologies with developing HAPs and their capabilities the potential for a long-range wireless broadband solution emerges. This thesis evaluates broadband wireless data technologies in combination with High Altitude Platform (HAP) technologies. It proposes a network design concept to serve as a model for future research and the ultimate integration of HAPs into battlefield information architectures—bringing the concepts of network centric warfare ever closer to reality. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 A. BACKGROUND ................................................................................... 1 B. OBJECTIVE ......................................................................................... 2 C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................... 2 1. Primary Question ......................................................................... 3 2. Secondary Questions .................................................................. 3 D. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ................................................................ 3 E. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 4 F. THESIS ORGANIZATION .................................................................... 4 II. HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORMS ..................................................................... 7 A. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 7 B. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT ........................................................... 8 C. CURRENT PROGRAMS .................................................................... 11 1. StratXX AG ................................................................................. 12 2. CAPANINA .................................................................................. 12 3. Space Data Corporation ............................................................ 13 4. Lockheed Martin ........................................................................ 15 D. SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 18 III. WIRELESS PROTOCOLS, EQUIPMENT AND REGULATIONS ................. 19 A. IMT-2000 ............................................................................................ 19 B. IMT-ADVANCED ................................................................................ 20 1. LTE-Advanced ............................................................................ 22 a. Carrier Aggregation .................................................... 22 b. Enhanced Multi-antenna Support .............................. 23 c. Improved Support for Heterogeneous Deployments ............................................................... 23 d. Relay Capability .......................................................... 25 2. WiMAX 2 ..................................................................................... 25 a. Multicarrier Operations ............................................... 26 b. Femto-cells .................................................................. 27 c. Self-organizing Networks ........................................... 27 d. Multi-radio Access Technologies .............................. 28 e. Multi-hop Relay ........................................................... 28 3. IEEE 802.11 ................................................................................. 29 C. SMART ANTENNAS .......................................................................... 29 D. COGNITIVE RADIOS ......................................................................... 31 E. NATO FREQUENCY BANDS FOR POSSIBLE HAP USE ................ 32 F. END USER EQUIPMENT ................................................................... 33 1. Lockheed Martin’s MONAX™ ................................................... 34 2. Smartphone Handsets, Home Base Stations and Hotspots .. 36 3. Commercial WiMAX Equipment ............................................... 37 vii G. SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 38 IV. HAP NETWORK DESIGN ...........................................................................
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