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Monterey Bay CONDITION REPORT UPDATE 2015 Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary

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Monterey Bay CONDITION REPORT UPDATE 2015 Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary CONDITION REPORT Monterey Bay PARTIAL UPDATE: National Marine Sanctuary A New Assessment of the State of Sanctuary Resources 2015 December 2015 U.S. Department of Commerce Penny Pritzker, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn Sullivan, Ph. D. Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere National Ocean Service Russell Callender, Ph.D., Acting Assistant Administrator Office of National Marine Sanctuaries John Armor, Acting Director National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of National Marine Sanctuaries SSMC4, N/ONMS 1305 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-713-3125 Cover credits: http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov Map: Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Bathymetric grids provided by: Office of National Marine Sanctuar- 99 Pacific Street, Bldg. 455A ies. Feb. 2003. 70 meter bathymetric data. Original data sets Monterey, CA 93940 from NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey, and Monterey Bay Aquarium 831-647-4201 Research Institute. http://www.ccma.nos.noaa.gov/products/bioge- http://monterey.noaa.gov ography/canms_cd/htm/data.htm Report Preparers: All cover photos courtesy of Steve Lonhart, NOAA MBNMS Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary: Clockwise: Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis), Pacific Jennifer A. Brown, Ph.D., Erica Burton, white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), Tube-dwelling Andrew DeVogelaere, Ph.D., Bridget Hoover, anenome (Pachycerianthus fimbriatus), Great Blue Heron (Ardea Steve I. Lonhart, Ph.D. herodias), Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), Juvenile vermilion rockfish (Sebastes miniatus), Juvenile purple sea urchin (Strongylo- Office of National Marine Sanctuaries: centrotus purpuratus) on a red volcano sponge (Acarnus erithacus) Kathy Broughton, Stephen R. Gittings, Ph. D and Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Copy Editor: Kate Spidalieri Suggested Citation: Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. 2015. Monterey Bay National Layout: Crimson Pavlekovsky Marine Sanctuary Condition Report Partial Update: A New Assess- ment of the State of Sanctuary Resources 2015. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD. 133pp. Table of Contents About this Update ........................................................................................................2 Summary and Findings ................................................................................................3 Condition Summary Tables ..........................................................................................5 State of Sanctuary Resources: Overview ....................................................................13 State of Sanctuary Resources: Estuarine Environment ...............................................15 Water Quality ................................................................................................................15 Habitat ..........................................................................................................................18 Living Resources ..........................................................................................................23 Maritime Archaeological Resources .............................................................................27 State of Sanctuary Resources: Nearshore Environment .............................................28 Water Quality ................................................................................................................28 Habitat ..........................................................................................................................37 Living Resources ..........................................................................................................45 Maritime Archaeological Resources .............................................................................57 State of Sanctuary Resources: Offshore Environment ................................................61 Water Quality ................................................................................................................61 Habitat ..........................................................................................................................66 Living Resources ..........................................................................................................75 Maritime Archaeological Resources .............................................................................86 State of Sanctuary Resources: Davidson Seamount ...................................................90 Water Quality ................................................................................................................91 Habitat ..........................................................................................................................94 Living Resources ..........................................................................................................98 Maritime Archaeological Resources ...........................................................................102 Cited Resources........................................................................................................104 Appendix A: Rating Scheme for System-Wide Monitoring Questions ......................116 Appendix B: Consultation with Experts and Document Review ...............................127 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................133 1 Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary • 6,094 square miles (15,783 square kilometers). • Includes bays, estuaries, coastal and oceanic waters • Congressionally designated in 1992 as a National • Contains the Monterey Canyon, a submarine canyon Marine Sanctuary for the purpose of resource that rivals the Grand Canyon in size protection, research, education, and public use • Contains an estimated 225 documented shipwrecks or • High diversity of flora and fauna including 34 lost aircraft and 718 historic sites species of marine mammals, more than 180 species of seabirds and shorebirds, at least 525 species of fishes, • The Davidson Seamount is an undersea mountain and an abundance of invertebrates and algae habitat and is the first seamount to be protected within a United States national marine sanctuary About this Update This document provides a partial update to Monterey Bay Na- the first time in this update due to the addition of Davidson Seamount tional Marine Sanctuary’s 2009 Condition Report. The 2009 report Management Zone to the sanctuary in November 2008 (Figure 1). provided a summary of resources in the National Oceanic and At- In order to address the set of 16 questions, sanctuary staff con- mospheric Administration’s Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctu- sulted with outside experts familiar with the resources and with ary (MBNMS or sanctuary), pressures on those resources, current knowledge of previous and current scientific investigations in the conditions and trends, and management responses to reduce or sanctuary. Evaluations of status and trends are based on interpreta- mitigate human pressures. Specifically, the State of Sanctuary Re- tion of quantitative and, when necessary, qualitative assessments, sources section of the 2009 Condition Report presented responses and the observations of scientists, managers and users. The ratings to a set of 17 questions posed to all sanctuaries (see Appendix A). reflect the collective interpretation of the status of local issues of These responses provided information on the status and trends of concern among sanctuary system staff and outside experts based water quality, habitat, living resources and maritime archaeological on their knowledge and perception of local problems. The final rat- resources, and the human activities that affect them. These 17 ques- ings were determined by sanctuary staff. This report has been peer tions were completed for three marine environments: (1.) estuarine, reviewed and complies with the White House Office of Management (2.) nearshore and (3.) offshore. The 2009 report can be downloaded and Budget’s peer review standards, as outlined in the Final Informa- from the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries website1. tion Quality Bulletin for Peer Review. This report provides an updated assessment of the health of the This is the second effort to comprehensively describe the status sanctuary in the State of Sanctuary Resources section. Sanctuary and trends of resources at Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. staff, with input from regional scientific experts, re-evaluated status The report helps identify gaps in current monitoring efforts, as well and trend ratings for 162 of the questions. Each question was re- as causal factors that may require monitoring and potential remedia- evaluated for accuracy and completeness, given new data sets, pub- tion in the years to come. The data discussed will not only enable lished literature and expert opinion that have become available since resource managers and stakeholders to acknowledge prior changes 2009. In most cases, new information and updated narratives are in resource status, but will also provide guidance for future man- provided for each question, and many include new status and trend agement challenges imposed by issues such as increasing coastal ratings. Trend ratings are generally based on trends since 2009. This populations and climate change. This updated condition report also re-evaluation was completed
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