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Annales Historiques De La Révolution Française Annales historiques de la Révolution française 348 | Avril-Juin 2007 Guerre(s), société(s), mémoire Édition électronique URL : https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/8933 DOI : 10.4000/ahrf.8933 ISSN : 1952-403X Éditeur : Armand Colin, Société des études robespierristes Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 juin 2007 ISSN : 0003-4436 Référence électronique Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 348 | Avril-Juin 2007, « Guerre(s), société(s), mémoire » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 juin 2010, consulté le 01 juillet 2021. URL : https:// journals.openedition.org/ahrf/8933 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ahrf.8933 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 1 juillet 2021. Tous droits réservés 1 SOMMAIRE Articles Guerre(s), société(s), mémoire Annie Crépin et Bernard Gainot « Tout Français est soldat et se doit à la défense de la patrie » (Retour sur la naissancede la conscription militaire) Philippe Catros « Réduit à désirer la mort d’une femme qui peut-être lui a sauvé la vie » : la conscription et les liens du mariage sous Napoléon Jennifer Heuer Armement des hommes de couleur et liberté aux Antilles : le cas de la Guadeloupe pendant l’Ancien régime et la Révolution Frédéric Régent Des républiques en armes à la République armée : guerre révolutionnaire, fédéralisme et centralisme au Venezuela et en Nouvelle-Grenade, 1808-1830 Clément Thibaud « La manière la plus efficace de maintenir la tranquillité » ? La place de la gendarmerie impériale dans le dispositif français du nord de l’Espagne (1810-1814) Gildas Lepetit De la guerre de siège à la guerre de mouvement : une révolution logistique à l’époque de la Révolution et de l’Empire ? Jean-Philippe Cénat Les soldats allemands dans l’armée napoléonienne d’après leurs autobiographies : micro- républicanisme et décivilisation Thomas Hippler Français et Britanniques dans la Péninsule, 1808-1814 : étude de mémoires français et britanniques Laurence Montroussier Violences de guerre et transmission de la mémoire des conflits à travers l’exemple de la campagne de Calabre de 1806-1807 Nicolas Cadet La mort des anciens officiers de la Grande Armée à travers l’exemple charentais Stéphane Calvet Rebâtir après les défaites napoléoniennes : les enjeux de la reconstruction immobilière dans la France du Nord et de l’Est (1814-1860) Jacques Hantraye Hommage Émile ducoudray Roland Gotlib et Bernard Gainot Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 348 | Avril-Juin 2007 2 Comptes rendus – Histoire militaire The Command of the Ocean. A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815 Edmond Dziembowski L’Armée en Bretagne au XVIIIe siècle. Institution militaire et société civile au temps de l’intendance et des États Martial Gantelet Soldats et citoyens. Naissance du service militaire en France et en Prusse Annie Crépin Quand les enfants parlaient de gloire. L’armée au cœur de la France de Napoléon Annie Crépin Registres matricules des sous-officiers et hommes de troupe de la garde et de l’infanterie de ligne (1803-1815), Répertoire numérique, Département de l’Armée de Terre, Sous-Séries 20 et 21 Yc, Édition annotée des notices historiques de la garde Annie Crépin Correspondance générale, publiée par la Fondation Napoléon, volume III, Pacifications, 1800-1802 Josiane Bourguet-Rouveyre Souvenirs d’un cavalier de la Grande Armée 1800-1810 Philippe Catros Lettres d’un Lion. Correspondance inédite du général Mouton, comte de Lobau (1812-1815) Jacques Logie Waterloo. 18 juin 1815. Le dernier pari de Napoléon Jacques Logie Dans les derniers numéros des AHRF Comptes rendus – Varia Kant and the Culture of Enlightenment Raymonde Monnier Le monde des salons. Sociabilité et mondanité à Paris au XVIIIe siècle Éric Saunier Science and Polity in France: the End of the Old Regime ; Science and Polity in France: the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years Patrice Bret Les Mémoires policiers 1750-1850. Écritures et pratiques policières du Siècle des Lumières au Second Empire Jean-Marc Berlière Réjouissances citoyennes en Côte-d’Or 1789-1800 Michel Biard Varennes. La mort de la royauté Annie Duprat Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 348 | Avril-Juin 2007 3 Charlotte Corday en 30 questions Michel Biard Archives parlementaires. Première série, tome CI, du 19 au 30 brumaire an III (9 au 20 novembre 1794) Michel Biard Mémoires et miroirs de la Révolution française Julien Louvrier Au-delà du maître. Girodet et l’atelier de David Annie Duprat Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 348 | Avril-Juin 2007 4 Articles Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 348 | Avril-Juin 2007 5 Guerre(s), société(s), mémoire Annie Crépin et Bernard Gainot La nouvelle histoire militaire se déploie dans de multiples directions illustrées par les travaux de jeunes chercheurs auxquels nous avons voulu donner la parole dans ce numéro intitulé « Guerre(s), société(s), mémoire », centré à la fois sur la guerre et les sorties de guerre. Les recherches récentes sur les guerres de la Révolution et de l’Empire convoquent des méthodes et une terminologie empruntées à l’historiographie des conflits du XXe siècle, et singulièrement à celle de la Première guerre mondiale. Toutefois, il convient de replacer ces guerres dans leur environnement et dans leur contexte, et relativiser leur « nouveauté ». À bien des égards (logistique, tactique, armement, stratégie), elles se situent dans le prolongement des grands conflits européens de la fin du XVIIe et du XVIIIe siècles. Nous avons donc voulu replacer les conflits européens en perspective, d’une part dans la durée, privilégiant ici, il est vrai, la phase ultime de la période des « révoltes et révolutions », au-delà de 1815 ; et dans l’espace, en accordant une attention particulière aux conflits coloniaux américains, qui inscrivent dans des configurations nouvelles, idéologiques et politiques, les héritages des guerres du XVIIe siècle. Au fil des contributions, il apparaît une sorte de jeu de miroir entre les pratiques, les contingences du processus révolutionnaire et l’idéologie, entre la mutation de la société et celle de la guerre. Si la dynamique de la guerre transforme la nature des forces armées, tout aussi bien, les bouleversements sociaux accélèrent le surgissement de cette guerre nouvelle par un effet de « boule de neige ». Ph. Catros le montre dans son article consacré à la loi Jourdan, étape fondamentale dans l’établissement de nouveaux rapports entre l’État, la nation et le peuple. J.-Ph. Cénat l’atteste aussi à propos d’une question en apparence technique, la logistique, qui a en fait des implications politiques. Ce qui est vrai pour l’espace français et – inévitablement – européen, l’est tout autant dans d’autres espaces, comme la Nouvelle-Grenade (Colombie actuelle) et le Venezuela, étudiés par Cl. Thibaut au moment de l’indépendance. Là, la dynamique guerrière impose la centralisation politique et constitue le creuset de la communauté nationale. Dans l’espace caraïbéen, les enjeux de l’armement des hommes de couleur sont considérables : F. Régent restitue ces enjeux Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 348 | Avril-Juin 2007 6 pour la Guadeloupe dans le contexte de la transition entre les conflits coloniaux et les troubles de la décennie révolutionnaire. Les affrontements raciaux y croisent la symbolique de la liberté par la prise d’armes. Ces guerres révolutionnaires portent à son paroxysme la contradiction entre barbarie et civilisation à laquelle se heurtèrent les hommes des Lumières. Menées par des combattants convaincus de la justesse de leur cause, ce qui pouvait être un progrès, elles posent la question de la « discipline librement consentie », et donc des rapports entre officiers et soldats comme le montre Th. Hippler, mais aussi révèlent la confrontation à la violence déchaînée, reçue et donnée, dans une tragique surenchère. Ce surgissement de la barbarie est connu pour la guerre d’Espagne, évoquée dans les articles de G. Lepetit, L. Montroussier et Th. Hippler (qui mentionne également la campagne de Russie) ; mais il est encore largement méconnu en ce qui concerne l’épisode calabrais que N. Cadet invite à redécouvrir. L’« après-guerre » est une expression qui fut longtemps réservée au XXe siècle. Une partie des articles de ce numéro traite des « sorties de guerre », comme on parle des « sorties de révolution ». La fin des guerres napoléoniennes est une période au cours de laquelle les traces matérielles, culturelles, sociales et mémorielles de la guerre sont très présentes. J. Hantraye évoque plus particulièrement la reconstruction – autre terme utilisé seulement pour le XXe siècle – dans le Nord-Est de la France et il en examine la poursuite jusqu’au Second Empire. C’est à une sorte de « reconstruction » culturelle et sociale que J. Heuer consacre son article en étudiant les demandes d’annulation, présentées sous la Restauration, des faux mariages contractés uniquement dans le but d’échapper à la conscription. S. Calvet, quant à lui, analyse les derniers moments des officiers de la Grande Armée revenus dans la société civile à une période où l’on ne parlait pas encore d’anciens combattants. Il évoque aussi les premières tentatives de célébration mémorielle. C’est aussi au cours de ces « sorties de guerre » que se construit une mémoire qui surévalue l’expérience vécue des combattants, présentée comme inouïe et irréductible à toute autre, porteuse d’une réinterprétation du conflit, comme le montraient déjà à des titres divers N. Cadet, L. Montroussier et Th. Hippler. Ces contributions, dans leur diversité, témoignent de la richesse et du renouvellement des recherches actuelles en histoire militaire. AUTEURS BERNARD GAINOT Université d’Artois, Rue du Temple, 62 000 Arras, [email protected] Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 348 | Avril-Juin 2007 7 « Tout Français est soldat et se doit à la défense de la patrie » (Retour sur la naissancede la conscription militaire) Philippe Catros « Votre commission n’a pas modelé son travail sur les usages des peuples anciens et encore moins sur ceux des peuples modernes.
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