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THE BRITISH ARMY in the LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 By
‘FAIRLY OUT-GENERALLED AND DISGRACEFULLY BEATEN’: THE BRITISH ARMY IN THE LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 by ANDREW ROBERT LIMM A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. University of Birmingham School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law October, 2014. University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The history of the British Army in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars is generally associated with stories of British military victory and the campaigns of the Duke of Wellington. An intrinsic aspect of the historiography is the argument that, following British defeat in the Low Countries in 1795, the Army was transformed by the military reforms of His Royal Highness, Frederick Duke of York. This thesis provides a critical appraisal of the reform process with reference to the organisation, structure, ethos and learning capabilities of the British Army and evaluates the impact of the reforms upon British military performance in the Low Countries, in the period 1793 to 1814, via a series of narrative reconstructions. This thesis directly challenges the transformation argument and provides a re-evaluation of British military competency in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. -
The Art of War in the Middle Ages, A.D. 378-1515
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/artofwarinmiddleOOomanuoft otl^xan: ^rt§e ^ssag 1884 THE ART OF WAR IN THE MIDDLE AGES PRINTED BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY THE ART OF WAR [N THE MIDDLE AGES A.D. 37^—15^5 BY C. W. C. OMAN, B.A. FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE WITH MAPS AND PLANS OXFORD B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 BROAD STREET LONDON T. FISHER UNWIN, 26 PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1885 [^// rights reserved '\ O/M The Author desires to acknowledge much kind help received in the revision and correction of this Essay from the Rev. H. B. George, of New College, and Mr. F. York Powell, of Christ Church. 6/ 37 05 , — — CONTENTS. PAGE ' Introduction . i CHAPTER 1. The Transition from Roman to Medieval forms in War (a.d. 378-582). Disappearance of the Legion.—Constantine's reorgajiization. The German tribes . — Battle of Adrianople.—Theodosius accepts its teaching.—Vegetius and the army at the end of the fourth century. —The Goths and the Huns. Army of the Eastern Empire.— Cavalry all-important . 3— 14 CHAPTER n. The Early Middle Ages (a.d. 476-1066). Paucity of Data for the period.—The Franks in the sixth cen- tury.—Battle of Tours.—^Armies of Charles the Great. The Franks become horsemen.—The Northman and the Magyar.—Rise of Feudalism.—The Anglo-Saxons and their wars.—The Danes and the Fyrd.—Military importance of the Thegnhood.—The House-Carles.—Battle of Hastings . Battle of Durazzo 15 — 27 W — VI CONTENTS. -
Member of the House of Assembly, and of St
WHO WAS WHO, 1897-1916 HORDES Sir William 5th Bt. 3rd BOOTH, Henry Gore-, ; Secretary 1884 ; 2nd Secretary 1888 ; 1760 D.L. ; Arctic traveller ; served at cr. ; J.P., Athens, , Brussels, Lisbon, Rome, ' Chairman of Sligo, Leitrim, and Northern Vienna, Munich, and Paris ; Acting Charge" Counties Railway, Ireland; b. 1843; S. d'Affaires and 1st Secretary Rio de Janeiro o. d. of late Col. father 1876 ; m. Georgina, (retired) ; 1st Secretary at Tokio, 1901- C. J. Hill, of Tickhill Castle, Yorks, 1867. 1902 ; Secretary of Legation, Brussels, acres 1902-5 Educ. : Eton. Owned about 32,000 ; Councillor of Embassy at Vienna, in Ireland, and property in Salford, Man- 1905-7. Heir: b. Charles, b. 22 June 1858. chester. Publications : Whaling (Badmin- Address : British Embassy, Santiago. Clubs : St. ton Library) ; Basking Sharks (Longman's James's, Travellers'. in 1913. Mag.) ; Shark and Whaling Encyclopaedia [Died 22 Jan. : of Sport. Recreations shooting, fishing, BOOTHBY, Guy Newell, novelist ; b. Adelaide, life Heir : South *. of yachting, and in early hunting. Australia, 13 Oct. 1867 ; e. : s Josslyn b. 1869. Address Lissadel, ] Thomas Wilde Boothby, for some time Sligo. Clubs : Carlton, Windham, Royal I member of the House of Assembly, and of St. George Yacht. [Died 13 Jan. 1900. g.-s. Mr. Justice Boothby ; m. Rose Alice, General 3rd d. of William Bristowe of Champion BOOTH, Rev. William, D.C.L. Oxon. ; and Commander-in-Chief of Salvation Army Hill. Educ. : Salisbury. In 1891 crossed Australia from north to south travelled and director of its social institutions for ; classes in the East, etc. Publications : On the destitute, vicious, and criminal ; 1894 In 1894 formerly Minister of the New Connection Wallaby, ; Strange Company, ; The of Lost 10 1829 Marriage Esther, 1895 ; A Church'; b. -
Wellington's Two-Front War: the Peninsular Campaigns, 1808-1814 Joshua L
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Wellington's Two-Front War: The Peninsular Campaigns, 1808-1814 Joshua L. Moon Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES WELLINGTON’S TWO-FRONT WAR: THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGNS, 1808 - 1814 By JOSHUA L. MOON A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History In partial fulfillment of the Requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded Spring Semester, 2005 The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Joshua L. Moon defended on 7 April 2005. __________________________________ Donald D. Horward Professor Directing Dissertation ____________________________________ Patrick O’Sullivan Outside Committee Member _____________________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member ______________________________ Edward Wynot Committee Member ______________________________ Joe M. Richardson Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named Committee members ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No one can write a dissertation alone and I would like to thank a great many people who have made this possible. Foremost, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Donald D. Horward. Not only has he tirelessly directed my studies, but also throughout this process he has inculcated a love for Napoleonic History in me that will last a lifetime. A consummate scholar and teacher, his presence dominates the field. I am immensely proud to have his name on this work and I owe an immeasurable amount of gratitude to him and the Institute of Napoleon and French Revolution at Florida State University. -
National Identity and the British Common Soldier Steven Schwamenfeld
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 "The Foundation of British Strength": National Identity and the British Common Soldier Steven Schwamenfeld Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ARTS AND SCIENCES “The Foundation of British Strength:” National Identity and the British Common Soldier By Steven Schwamenfeld A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2007 The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Steven Schwamenfeld defended on Dec. 5, 2006. ___________________ Jonathan Grant Professor Directing Dissertation _____________ Patrick O’Sullivan Outside Committee Member _________________ Michael Cresswell Committee Member ________________ Edward Wynot Committee Member Approved: ___________________ Neil Jumonville, Chair History Department The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables iv Abstract v Introduction 1 I. “Thou likes the Smell of Poother” 13 II. “Our Poor Fellows” 42 III. “Hardened to my Lot” 63 IV. “…to Conciliate the Inhabitants” 92 V. Redcoats and Hessians 112 VI. The Jewel in the Crown of Thorns 135 VII. Soldiers, Settlers, Slaves and Savages 156 VIII. Conclusion 185 Appendix 193 Bibliography 199 Biographical Sketch 209 iii LIST OF -
The History of Napoleon Buonaparte
THE HISTORY OF NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE JOHN GIBSON LOCKHART CHAPTER I BIRTH AND PARENTAGE OF NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE—HIS EDUCATION AT BRIENNE AND AT PARIS—HIS CHARACTER AT THIS PERIOD—HIS POLITICAL PREDILECTIONS—HE ENTERS THE ARMY AS SECOND LIEUTENANT OF ARTILLERY—HIS FIRST MILITARY SERVICE IN CORSICA IN 1793. Napoleon Buonaparte was born at Ajaccio on the 15th of August, 1769. The family had been of some distinction, during the middle ages, in Italy; whence his branch of it removed to Corsica, in the troubled times of the Guelphs and Gibellines. They were always considered as belonging to the gentry of the island. Charles, the father of Napoleon, an advocate of considerable reputation, married his mother, Letitia Ramolini, a young woman eminent for beauty and for strength of mind, during the civil war— when the Corsicans, under Paoli, were struggling to avoid the domination of the French. The advocate had espoused the popular side in that contest, and his lovely and high-spirited wife used to attend him through the toils and dangers of his mountain campaigns. Upon the termination of the war, he would have exiled himself along with Paoli; but his relations dissuaded him from this step, and he was afterwards reconciled to the conquering party, and protected and patronised by the French governor of Corsica, the Count de Marbœuff. It is said that Letitia had attended mass on the morning of the 15th of August; and, being seized suddenly on her return, gave birth to the future hero of his age, on a temporary couch covered with tapestry, representing the heroes of the Iliad. -
War of the Fourth Coalition 1 War of the Fourth Coalition
War of the Fourth Coalition 1 War of the Fourth Coalition The Fourth Coalition against Napoleon's French Empire was defeated in a war spanning 1806–1807. Coalition partners included Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Many members of the coalition had previously been fighting France as part of the Third Coalition, and there was no intervening period of general peace. In 1806, Prussia joined a renewed coalition, fearing the rise in French power after the defeat of Austria and establishment of the French-sponsored Confederation of the Rhine. Prussia and Russia mobilized for a fresh campaign, and Prussian troops massed in Saxony. Overview Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians in a lightning campaign that culminated at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on 14 October 1806. French forces under Napoleon occupied Prussia, pursued the remnants of the shattered Prussian Army, and captured Berlin on October 25, 1806. They then advanced all the way to East Prussia, Poland and the Russian frontier, where they fought an inconclusive battle against the Russians at Eylau on 7–8 February 1807. Napoleon's advance on the Russian frontier was briefly checked during the spring as he revitalized his army. Russian forces were finally crushed by the French at Friedland on June 14, 1807, and three days later Russia asked for a truce. By the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, France made peace with Russia, which agreed to join the Continental System. The treaty however, was particularly harsh on Prussia as Napoleon demanded much of Prussia's territory along the lower Rhine west of the Elbe, and in what was part of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. -
An Examination of Private Military and Security Contractors and Their Effect on Sovereignty and Fundamental Rights in a Globalised World
The Privatisation of Violence: An Examination of Private Military and Security Contractors and Their Effect on Sovereignty and Fundamental Rights in a Globalised World Daniel James Gough A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Birmingham City University Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences October 2017. In Loving Memory of Frances Gough _________________________________ The most incredible Mother a person could have ever wished for. 1965 - 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................. i Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... xi Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 General Theme of Enquiry ........................................................................................................... 1 Understanding the Importance of the Investigation ................................................................. 1 Gaps in the Current Research ................................................................................................... 4 Illicit Actors ......................................................................................................................... -
Reinventing the Sword
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2007 Reinventing the sword: a cultural comparison of the development of the sword in response to the advent of firearms in Spain and Japan Charles Edward Ethridge Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Ethridge, Charles Edward, "Reinventing the sword: a cultural comparison of the development of the sword in response to the advent of firearms in Spain and Japan" (2007). LSU Master's Theses. 3729. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3729 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REINVENTING THE SWORD: A CULTURAL COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SWORD IN RESPONSE TO THE ADVENT OF FIREARMS IN SPAIN AND JAPAN A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The School of Art by Charles E. Ethridge B.A., Louisiana State University, 1999 December 2007 Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Fredrikke Scollard, whose expertise, understanding, and patience added considerably to my graduate experience. I appreciate her knowledge of Eastern cultures and her drive to promote true ‘cross-cultural’ research. -
The History of Private Violence
THE HISTORY OF PRIVATE VIOLENCE Erkki Holmila 1. Introduction Since the very beginnings of organized violence armed force (loosely speak- ing) has been applied through the use of professional ad hoc soldiers, often of foreign origin. Yet in the last few centuries the idea that men should not take part in armed conflict for monetary compensation has come to be an almost unquestionable fact of life. Contracted combatants, including mercenaries, are almost universally condemned and the word itself is highly pejorative. To accuse somebody of being a mercenary is to make a moral statement about the persons character and occupation. This chapter will briefly explain mercenarism in a wider historical context. It would be difficult to understand the practice of using private citizens in warfare without knowledge of the social and historical context in which this activity takes and has taken place. Another reason for describing the history of the use of mercenaries in some detail is to show that the monopolisation of violence into the public sphere is a rather recent trend. The best example, of course, is the fact that the basic social institution in international relations the nation state is merely a few hundred years old. During this short time of the nation states existence it has become the dominant player in international affairs as well as the primary subject of international law, but it would be wrong to assume that this has always been, or that it will necessarily continue to be, the case.1 Standing armies are very much connected with the nation state and conse- quently they are also relatively new in the history of warfare. -
PRIN Decennio Francese in Calabria
yg La nave di Odisseo e la campagna francese nelle Terre dello Stretto* Rosario Giovanni Brandolino, Andrea Gioco, Rosina Giovanna Maione, Leonardo Strati Mi succede di non avere più voglia di uscire da questo mondo di miti e di non sapere più nemmeno dov’è il mondo reale Hugo Pratt1 PALCOSCENICO BINARIO Per terre e per mari. Questo è un testo anfibio, in parte saggio, in parte racconto. Si rivolge ad un ascolto doppio, o meglio polimorfo. Non solo ad un creativo che si fa lettore, ma ad un lettore che sia anche creativo2. È una lettura che si esprime su alcune considerazioni di voci narranti, tra mito e leg- genda, su personaggi che non hanno solcato il suolo ma appartengono al dizionario del mito. Un parallelo senza identità, posto tra le figure di Ulisse e Napoleone Bonaparte. Un discorso tra Epica ed Epopea, che cerca di legare indissolubilmente alcune pagine che, in Calabria e nell’Area dello Stretto, si relazionano. Il poema immaginario e la dimensione del reale, si propongono come intermediari di un proces- so comune. Avvenimenti appartenenti entrambi a due latitudini latine, espresse sia dal tempo che da un fugace parallelo mediterraneo, e che incontrano storia e vicende di un territorio che coesiste, in modo marginale, tra il periplo di Ulisse e le conquiste di Napoleone Bonaparte. Fig. 1. Kehinde Wiley, Napoleon Leading The Army Fig. 2. Jacques-Louis David, Bonaparte Crossing the Letteratura e storia, alla ricerca di un mito, poste nella terra di mezzo, in cui vicine Over The Alps, 2005. Alps at Grand-Saint-Bernard, 1800-1801. -
The Nelson Collection Factsheet 2
The Nelson Collection factsheet 2 The Nelson Collection is a display of prized artefacts, letters and valuable silverware from an important period in history. It vividly recalls the exciting times following the Revolution, and a series of brilliant naval victories, ending with Trafalgar. Lord Nelson & Lloyd’s The Nelson Collection at Lloyd’s vividly recalls the long war with France following the French Revolution, and the brilliant series of naval victories ending with Trafalgar. It is also a reminder that this was a relatively dramatic era for Lloyd’s. From a disorganised coffee house, the Society had emerged as a powerful fraternity of underwriters who were playing a leading part in supporting the nation’s war efforts. Lloyd’s links with Horatio Nelson date from the first of his great victories, the Battle of the Nile, 1798. A fund of over £38,000 was raised at Lloyd’s to relieve the suffering of the wounded and bereaved. The fund’s management committee under the great John Julius Angerstein, also voted Nelson £500 ‘...to be laid out in plate in such a manner as you will be pleased to direct, as a small token of their gratitude...’ Nelson’s ‘Nile Dinner Service’ was later augmented with a similar gift from the Lloyd’s fund raised after the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801. These silver dinner services formed the nucleus of the Nelson Collection. Vice Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson KB The son of a Norfolk rector, Horatio Nelson was born at Burnham Thorpe on 29th September 1758. When he was 12 years old he joined the Royal Navy and three years later was on an expedition to the Arctic.