PRIN Decennio Francese in Calabria

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PRIN Decennio Francese in Calabria yg La nave di Odisseo e la campagna francese nelle Terre dello Stretto* Rosario Giovanni Brandolino, Andrea Gioco, Rosina Giovanna Maione, Leonardo Strati Mi succede di non avere più voglia di uscire da questo mondo di miti e di non sapere più nemmeno dov’è il mondo reale Hugo Pratt1 PALCOSCENICO BINARIO Per terre e per mari. Questo è un testo anfibio, in parte saggio, in parte racconto. Si rivolge ad un ascolto doppio, o meglio polimorfo. Non solo ad un creativo che si fa lettore, ma ad un lettore che sia anche creativo2. È una lettura che si esprime su alcune considerazioni di voci narranti, tra mito e leg- genda, su personaggi che non hanno solcato il suolo ma appartengono al dizionario del mito. Un parallelo senza identità, posto tra le figure di Ulisse e Napoleone Bonaparte. Un discorso tra Epica ed Epopea, che cerca di legare indissolubilmente alcune pagine che, in Calabria e nell’Area dello Stretto, si relazionano. Il poema immaginario e la dimensione del reale, si propongono come intermediari di un proces- so comune. Avvenimenti appartenenti entrambi a due latitudini latine, espresse sia dal tempo che da un fugace parallelo mediterraneo, e che incontrano storia e vicende di un territorio che coesiste, in modo marginale, tra il periplo di Ulisse e le conquiste di Napoleone Bonaparte. Fig. 1. Kehinde Wiley, Napoleon Leading The Army Fig. 2. Jacques-Louis David, Bonaparte Crossing the Letteratura e storia, alla ricerca di un mito, poste nella terra di mezzo, in cui vicine Over The Alps, 2005. Alps at Grand-Saint-Bernard, 1800-1801. dissolvenze alludono alla distanza che permette di trascrivere narrazioni di gesta indissolubili su territori di area vasta. su un poema dall’artista mai letto. Un quaderno di schizzi, al margine di un’incontro, Geometrie e geografie mediterranee, poste, tra la Calabria e il mare. nella Parigi, nel 1938, tra Silvia Beach, James Joyce e Adrienne Monnier: sono i viag- Alterne equidistanze, tra Itaca e Parigi, che riflettono tracciati e itinerari intermedi di gi mediterranei in omaggio ad Omero5. appartenenza tra le culture che permangono alla rilevante distanza di un extra-muros. Una rappresentazione grottesca fornisce una nuova estetica, nei dipinti di Kehinde Una dimensione tutta europea che, dal sud Italia, trascina il Mare Nostrum, in una Wiley (Fig. 1), tra le figure afroamericane e le icone del passato. Trasformazioni gan- sola geografia, posta al centro del Mediterraneo occidentale. giste e dipinti di un mix, trascritti in un ghetto, del South Central di Los Angeles, filma- Una sorta di Sliding Doors3 cinematografico che, nel volgere di un istante atemporale, to in Rize da David La Chapelle. segna la distanza incommensurabile del divenire, tra analogie e dissonanze: un dialo- “Viviamo in un’epoca pop industrializzata in cui possiamo vedere gli stessi vestiti go attivo in un viaggio a margine di un confine incerto. addosso a persone che vivono in quartieri simili e che guardano tutti gli stessi show. Il poeta narra l’errare della nave di Odisseo4 e la lotta contro esseri ostili: il Ciclope, i C’è un’omologazione continua in atto”, afferma nell’hip pop art, colui che ritrae come Mostri, le Sirene e l’otre di Eolo. È l’odissea di un eroe, fiducioso nella forza dell’intel- aristocratici e celebri condottieri del passato, Kheinde Whiley, presunto erede di Jean- letto fino ad accettare la sfida della natura e delle divinità avverse. Michel Basquiat. Egli evidenzia la transumanza atipica di un dipinto di Jacques-Louis Non pochi sono i luoghi comuni che uniscono episodi e vicende ma è la salda tempra David, (Fig. 2) ritraendo in Napoleon Leading The Army Over The Alps, in modo goffo, dell’animo e la sottigliezza dell’ingegno che rendono simili i condottieri: per mare e un’icona immortale. Un paragone iconoclasta, un altero paradosso, che la stampa per terra, vi si ritrova la fenomenologia dello spirito. Usa pone tra le tele di Tiepolo e Tiziano, come un’esponente della cultura (black) 6 È la dimensione di un pachiderma che si intaglia indelebile su due figure oniriche. contemporanea . MEDITERRANEO Una rappresentazione idilliaca fornisce ancora un sintomatico stupore che appare nei La stessa fenomenologia dello spirito, che Hegel descrive parlando di una tribù imma- disegni di Henry Matisse. Sono i disegni di Ulisse, disegni carsici di un protagonista, ginaria, la si ritrova in Napoleone e nella sua potenza, nella dimensione materiale. 29 yg UNITÀ DI RICERCA DELL’UNIVERSITÀ MEDITERRANEA DI REGGIO CALABRIA Nell’impossibilità di trovare una soluzione non rimase che tentare di prepararsela in casa. La storia racconta che i fedelissimi improvvisarono facendo uso di prodotti locali (rosmarino, limone, bergamotto) pur di accontentare il loro triste padrone10. Nelle considerazioni a margine di un racconto è, dunque, la solitudine, ultima nota di un’isola, che nell’approssimarsi della fine, emana l’odore di un frutto speciale e che, nel fiore di bergamotto e in Napoleone, richiama il sentore di Calabria. È certo che anche nel momento di tendere l’arco Ulisse traccia lo stesso sguardo mediterraneo. Non è adesso il caso di ricordare che gli eroi resteranno nella letteratura, ma quel mondo che è ormai tanto cambiato, forse, in parte, ancora ci circonda … È su queste considerazioni, nella direzione della freccia di Ulisse che solca i fori di Fig. 3. Lorenzo Mascheroni, Il problema di ogni ascia, che vorremmo voltare pagina, in omnibus terrae, per leggere la Calabria Napoleone. come terra delle ipocondrie rubate alle gesta di Omero ed alle imprese di Napoleone. La leggenda vuole che, come scrive Antonio Gnoli, egli stesso finisse di scrivere la CRONISTORIA DI UN DECENNIO Fenomenologia dello Spirito, il giorno stesso in cui Napoleone entrò a Iena vincitore, Il decennio francese (1806-1815) costituisce cronologicamente un periodo ristretto, annotando l’evento in una lettera. ma importante e significativo. Il 1806 è una data epocale nella storia del Mezzogiorno Ho visto l’imperatore, quest’anima del mondo, cavalcare attraverso la città per andare in d’Italia. Cade la dinastia borbonica con l’avvento del regime napoleonico, che trasfor- ricognizione: è davvero un sentimento meraviglioso la vista di un tale individuo che, con- ma radicalmente le strutture politiche, amministrative ed economico-sociali dell’Italia. centrato qui in un punto, seduto su un cavallo, abbraccia il mondo e lo domina. […] Il dominio napoleonico favorisce un rapido ammodernamento delle strutture istituzio- Erano stati gli anni decisivi di Iena: il tuonare dei cannoni, le soste delle truppe francesi nali in termini di diritto, abolizione dei privilegi di nascita e di ceto, riorganizzazione che occupavano la città, i fuochi che appaiono dalla finestra dello studio, ne destavano la dello Stato e razionalizzazione del prelievo fiscale. L’abolizione della feudalità, l’ever- fantasia. […] Nulla è più infido e più instabile di quel suolo coperto di polvere e sangue, sione dell’asse ecclesiastico, l’abolizione delle tasse e di ogni altro vincolo contribui- sovrastato dal rumore della battaglia, dagli echi dei passi dei soldati. Non è solo Iena7. scono alla nascita di una società nuova. Tuttavia la subordinazione del regno napole- Ma Napoleone non è solo l’uomo di strategie belliche ed eroiche battaglie. Ogni buon tano agli interessi francesi ne condiziona pesantemente l’economia. stratega nasconde una innata vocazione alla geometria. Lo dimostra la soluzione del- Il sistema doganale instaurato nella penisola si articola in modo da favorire l’importa- l’insolito “Problema di Napoleone”. L’Imperatore si pone il quesito di determinare il zione dei prodotti francesi e l’esportazione verso la Francia delle materie prime. centro di una circonferenza con il solo uso di un compasso (Fig. 3). Dell’episodio è Il malcontento popolare cresce, e si esprime soprattutto attraverso il brigantaggio, dif- riportata la soluzione che diviene elegia d’ouverture. Nella Geometria del compasso, fuso in moltissime zone del sud della penisola. I moti generalizzati sono scongiurati e del 1917, Lorenzo Mascheroni apre l’opera con i seguenti versi: repressi dalla massiccia presenza dell’esercito (Figg. 7-10). Ben presto il brigantaggio Io pur vidi coll’invitta mano, nel Mezzogiorno diviene vera e propria guerriglia popolare e nazionale, alimentato Che parte i regni e a Vienna intimò pace, dalla vicina Sicilia, dai Borboni, che provano insieme agli Inglesi anche spedizioni con Meco divider con attento guardo l’intento di riconquistare il Regno. Il curvo giro del fedel compasso8. Anche se l’età napoleonica, nell’immediato è stata portatrice di squilibri, disagi, diffi- Altre vicende sono a latere nel declino dell’Imperatore. Una sensibilità tutta francese, coltà varie, nel lungo periodo, bisogna considerare la profonda trasformazione giuridi- che nel ruolo sublime delle vanità, a volte descritte nel regolamento sull’abbigliamento ca, economica e sociale che si concretizza. La società italiana esce rinnovata dalle – copricapo, distintivi e mostrine, il grosso e minuto equipaggiamento, le armi delle vicende degli anni del Decennio, con istituzioni moderne, con amministrazioni giudi- truppe di terra e delle sellerie – pone attenzione al “costume” militare (Figg. 4-6). ziarie e militari molto più coscienti del proprio ruolo e con l’effettivo ridimensionamen- Sono abiti rimasti sulla carta, quelli descritti da Antoine-Charles-Horace Vernet, sul- to del potere ecclesiastico. l’uniforme dell’esercito imperiale. Nel 1806 la conquista di Napoli costituisce la prima manifestazione del sistema del La rappresentazione dei disegni d’uniforme deriva dall’ordine di Napoleone, pervenu- Grande Impero. Il Regno di Napoli ha allora un posto importante nei progetti to a Parigi nel 1812 dalla lontana Russia. dell’Imperatore, costituisce la base primaria dei grandi progetti orientali e mediterranei L’incarico per lo studio delle nuove uniformi della Grande Armata fu affidato al colon- che affascinano la fantasia di Napoleone sin dai tempi della prima campagna d’Italia.
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